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PHP Basics

The document provides an overview of basic PHP concepts including: - PHP is a server-side scripting language used to build dynamic web applications. It supports many databases and is open source. - PHP code is embedded into HTML files and executed on the server to produce plain HTML output. - Basic PHP syntax includes opening and closing tags <?php ?> to embed code, and semicolons to separate statements. - Variables, comments, and data types like strings are introduced, along with functions to manipulate strings. - Control structures like if/else statements and switch statements are covered to conditionally execute code.

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22 views

PHP Basics

The document provides an overview of basic PHP concepts including: - PHP is a server-side scripting language used to build dynamic web applications. It supports many databases and is open source. - PHP code is embedded into HTML files and executed on the server to produce plain HTML output. - Basic PHP syntax includes opening and closing tags <?php ?> to embed code, and semicolons to separate statements. - Variables, comments, and data types like strings are introduced, along with functions to manipulate strings. - Control structures like if/else statements and switch statements are covered to conditionally execute code.

Uploaded by

hobojoe9127
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of PHP (taken directly from w3schools.

com)
What is PHP? PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP PHP scripts are executed on the server PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC,
etc.) PHP is an open source software PHP is free to download and use

What is a PHP File? PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or ".phtml"
PHP code is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent to the browser.

Basic PHP Syntax


A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document. On servers with shorthand support enabled you can start a scripting block with <? and end with ?>. For maximum compatibility, we recommend that you use the standard form (<?php) rather than the shorthand form.

<?php ?>
A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML file, and some PHP scripting code. Below, we have an example of a simple PHP script which sends the text "Hello World" to the browser:

<html> <body> <?php echo "Hello World"; ?> </body> </html>


Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon. The semicolon is a separator and is used to distinguish one set of instructions from another. There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echo and print. In the example above we have used the echo statement to output the text "Hello World". Note: The file must have the .php extension. If the file has a .html extension, the PHP code will not be executed.

Comments in PHP
In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment or /* and */ to make a large comment block.

<html> <body> <?php //This is a comment /* This is a comment block */ ?> </body>

</html>
Variables are used for storing values, such as numbers, strings or function results, so that they can be used many times in a script.

Variables in PHP

Variables are used for storing a values, like text strings, numbers or arrays. When a variable is set it can be used over and over again in your script All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol. The correct way of setting a variable in PHP:

$var_name = value;
New PHP programmers often forget the $ sign at the beginning of the variable. In that case it will not work. Let's try creating a variable with a string, and a variable with a number:

<?php $txt = "Hello World!"; $number = 16; ?>

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language


In PHP a variable does not need to be declared before being set. In the example above, you see that you do not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is. PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on how they are set. In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define) the type and name of the variable before using it. In PHP the variable is declared automatically when you use it.

Variable Naming Rules A variable name must start with a letter or an underscore "_" A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, and _ ) A variable name should not contain spaces. If a variable name is more than one word, it should be
separated with underscore ($my_string), or with capitalization ($myString)

Strings

A string variable is used to store and manipulate a piece of text.

Strings in PHP

String variables are used for values that contains character strings. In this tutorial we are going to look at some of the most common functions and operators used to manipulate strings in PHP. After we create a string we can manipulate it. A string can be used directly in a function or it can be stored in a variable. Below, the PHP script assigns the string "Hello World" to a string variable called $txt:

<?php $txt="Hello World"; echo $txt; ?>


The output of the code above will be:

Hello World
Now, lets try to use some different functions and operators to manipulate our string.

The Concatenation Operator

There is only one string operator in PHP. The concatenation operator (.) is used to put two string values together. To concatenate two variables together, use the dot (.) operator:

<?php $txt1="Hello World"; $txt2="1234";

echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2; ?>


The output of the code above will be:

Hello World 1234


If we look at the code above you see that we used the concatenation operator two times. This is because we had to insert a third string. Between the two string variables we added a string with a single character, an empty space, to separate the two variables.

Using the strlen() function


The strlen() function is used to find the length of a string. Let's find the length of our string "Hello world!":

<?php echo strlen("Hello world!"); ?>


The output of the code above will be:

12
The length of a string is often used in loops or other functions, when it is important to know when the string ends. (i.e. in a loop, we would want to stop the loop after the last character in the string)

Using the strpos() function


The strpos() function is used to search for a string or character within a string. If a match is found in the string, this function will return the position of the first match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE. Let's see if we can find the string "world" in our string:

<?php echo strpos("Hello world!","world"); ?>


The output of the code above will be:

6
As you see the position of the string "world" in our string is position 6. The reason that it is 6, and not 7, is that the first position in the string is 0, and not 1. Operators are used to operate on values.

PHP Operators

This section lists the different operators used in PHP. Arithmetic Operators Operator Description Example Result + Addition x=2 x+2 4 - Subtraction x=2 5-x 3 * Multiplication x=4 x*5 20 / Division 15/5 5/2 3 2.5 % Modulus (division remainder) 5%2 10%8 10%2 1 2 0 ++ Increment x=5 x++ x=6

-- Decrement x=5 x-x=4 Assignment Operators Operator Example Is The Same As = x=y x=y += x+=y x=x+y -= x-=y x=x-y *= x*=y x=x*y /= x/=y x=x/y .= x.=y x=x.y %= x%=y x=x%y Comparison Operators Operator Description Example == is equal to 5==8 returns false != is not equal 5!=8 returns true > is greater than 5>8 returns false < is less than 5<8 returns true >= is greater than or equal to 5>=8 returns false <= is less than or equal to 5<=8 returns true Logical Operators Operator Description Example && and x=6 y=3 (x < 10 && y > 1) returns true || or x=6 y=3 (x==5 || y==5) returns false ! not x=6 y=3 !(x==y) returns true

If.. Else
The if, elseif and else statements in PHP are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.

Conditional Statements

Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute a set of code when a condition is true and another if the condition is not true elseif statement - is used with the if...else statement to execute a set of code if one of several condition are true

The If...Else Statement

If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if a condition is false, use the if....else statement.

The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":

Syntax if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true; else code to be executed if condition is false; Example <html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!"; else

echo "Have a nice day!"; ?> </body> </html>


If more than one line should be executed if a condition is true/false, the lines should be enclosed within curly braces:

<html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") { echo "Hello!<br />"; echo "Have a nice weekend!"; echo "See you on Monday!"; } ?> </body> </html>

The ElseIf Statement


If you want to execute some code if one of several conditions are true use the elseif statement

Syntax if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true; elseif (condition) code to be executed if condition is true; else code to be executed if condition is false; Example <html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!"; elseif ($d=="Sun") echo "Have a nice Sunday!"; else echo "Have a nice day!"; ?> </body> </html>

The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day is Sunday. Otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":

Switch

The Switch statement in PHP is used to perform one of several different actions based on one of several different conditions.

The Switch Statement

If you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed, use the Switch statement. The switch statement is used to avoid long blocks of if..elseif..else code.

Syntax switch (expression) { case label1: code to be executed if expression = label1;

break; case label2: code to be executed if expression = label2; break; default: code to be executed if expression is different from both label1 and label2; } Example

This is how it works: A single expression (most often a variable) is evaluated once The value of the expression is compared with the values for each case in the structure If there is a match, the code associated with that case is executed After a code is executed, break is used to stop the code from running into the next case The default statement is used if none of the cases are true

<html> <body> <?php switch ($x) { case 1: echo "Number 1"; break; case 2: echo "Number 2"; break; case 3: echo "Number 3"; break; default: echo "No number between 1 and 3"; } ?> </body> </html>

What is an array?
When working with PHP, sooner or later, you might want to create many similar variables. Instead of having many similar variables, you can store the data as elements in an array. Each element in the array has its own ID so that it can be easily accessed. There are three different kind of arrays: Numeric array - An array with a numeric ID key Associative array - An array where each ID key is associated with a value Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays

Numeric Arrays
A numeric array stores each element with a numeric ID key. There are different ways to create a numeric array.

Example 1

In this example the ID key is automatically assigned:

$names = array("Peter","Quagmire","Joe"); Example 2


In this example we assign the ID key manually:

$names[0] = "Peter"; $names[1] = "Quagmire"; $names[2] = "Joe";


The ID keys can be used in a script:

<?php $names[0] = "Peter"; $names[1] = "Quagmire";

$names[2] = "Joe"; echo $names[1] . " and " . $names[2] . " are ". $names[0] . "'s neighbors"; ?>
The code above will output:

Quagmire and Joe are Peter's neighbors

Associative Arrays
An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value. When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array is not always the best way to do it. With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign values to them.

Example 1

In this example we use an array to assign ages to the different persons:

$ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34); Example 2 $ages['Peter'] = "32"; $ages['Quagmire'] = "30"; $ages['Joe'] = "34";
The ID keys can be used in a script:

This example is the same as example 1, but shows a different way of creating the array:

<?php $ages['Peter'] = "32"; $ages['Quagmire'] = "30"; $ages['Joe'] = "34"; echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old."; ?>
The code above will output:

Peter is 32 years old.

Multidimensional Arrays
In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array can also be an array. And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on.

Example

In this example we create a multidimensional array, with automatically assigned ID keys:

$families = array ( "Griffin"=>array ( "Peter", "Lois", "Megan" ), "Quagmire"=>array ( "Glenn" ), "Brown"=>array ( "Cleveland", "Loretta", "Junior" ) );
The array above would look like this if written to the output:

Array ( [Griffin] => Array ( [0] => Peter [1] => Lois

[2] => Megan ) [Quagmire] => Array ( [0] => Glenn ) [Brown] => Array ( [0] => Cleveland [1] => Loretta [2] => Junior ) ) Example 2

Lets try displaying a single value from the array above:

echo "Is " . $families['Griffin'][2] . " a part of the Griffin family?";


The code above will output:

Is Megan a part of the Griffin family?


Looping statements in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times.

Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run a number of times. You can use looping statements in your code to perform this. In PHP we have the following looping statements: while - loops through a block of code if and as long as a specified condition is true do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as a special condition is true for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

Looping

The while Statement


Syntax while (condition) code to be executed; Example

The while statement will execute a block of code if and as long as a condition is true.

The following example demonstrates a loop that will continue to run as long as the variable i is less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs:

<html> <body> <?php $i=1; while($i<=5) { echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; $i++; } ?> </body> </html>

The do...while statement will execute a block of code at least once - it then will repeat the loop as long as a condition is true.

The do...while Statement


Syntax do

{ code to be executed; } while (condition); Example


The following example will increment the value of i at least once, and it will continue incrementing the variable i as long as it has a value of less than 5:

<html> <body> <?php $i=0; do { $i++; echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; } while ($i<5); ?> </body> </html>

The for Statement

The for statement is the most advanced of the loops in PHP. In it's simplest form, the for statement is used when you know how many times you want to execute a statement or a list of statements.

Syntax for (init; cond; incr) { code to be executed; }


Parameters: init: Is mostly used to set a counter, but can be any code to be executed once at the beginning of the loop statement. cond: Is evaluated at beginning of each loop iteration. If the condition evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues and the code executes. If it evaluates to FALSE, the execution of the loop ends. incr: Is mostly used to increment a counter, but can be any code to be executed at the end of each loop. Note: Each of the parameters can be empty or have multiple expressions separated by commas. cond: All expressions separated by a comma are evaluated but the result is taken from the last part. This parameter being empty means the loop should be run indefinitely. This is useful when using a conditional break statement inside the loop for ending the loop.

Example

The following example prints the text "Hello World!" five times:

<html> <body> <?php for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++) { echo "Hello World!<br />"; } ?> </body> </html>

The foreach Statement

The foreach statement is used to loop through arrays. For every loop, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value (and the array pointer is moved by one) - so on the next loop, you'll be looking at the next element.

Syntax foreach (array as value) { code to be executed; } Example

The following example demonstrates a loop that will print the values of the given array:

<html> <body> <?php $arr=array("one", "two", "three"); foreach ($arr as $value) { echo "Value: " . $value . "<br />"; } ?> </body> </html>
The real power of PHP comes from its functions. In PHP - there are more than 700 built-in functions available.

PHP Functions

In this tutorial we will show you how to create your own functions. For a reference and examples of the built-in functions, please visit our PHP Reference.

Create a PHP Function

A function is a block of code that can be executed whenever we need it. Creating PHP functions: All functions start with the word "function()" Name the function - It should be possible to understand what the function does by its name. The name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number) Add a "{" - The function code starts after the opening curly brace Insert the function code Add a "}" - The function is finished by a closing curly brace

Example

A simple function that writes my name when it is called:

<html> <body> <?php function writeMyName() { echo "Kai Jim Refsnes"; } writeMyName(); ?> </body> </html>

Use a PHP Function


Now we will use the function in a PHP script:

<html> <body> <?php function writeMyName() { echo "Kai Jim Refsnes"; } echo "Hello world!<br />"; echo "My name is "; writeMyName(); echo ".<br />That's right, "; writeMyName(); echo " is my name."; ?> </body> </html>
The output of the code above will be:

Hello world! My name is Kai Jim Refsnes. That's right, Kai Jim Refsnes is my name.

PHP Functions - Adding parameters


Our first function (writeMyName()) is a very simple function. It only writes a static string. To add more functionality to a function, we can add parameters. A parameter is just like a variable. You may have noticed the parentheses after the function name, like: writeMyName(). The parameters are specified inside the parentheses.

Example 1

The following example will write different first names, but the same last name:

<html> <body> <?php function writeMyName($fname) { echo $fname . " Refsnes.<br />"; } echo "My name is "; writeMyName("Kai Jim"); echo "My name is "; writeMyName("Hege"); echo "My name is "; writeMyName("Stale"); ?> </body> </html>
The output of the code above will be:

My name is Kai Jim Refsnes. My name is Hege Refsnes. My name is Stale Refsnes. Example 2

The following function has two parameters:

<html> <body> <?php function writeMyName($fname,$punctuation) { echo $fname . " Refsnes" . $punctuation . "<br />"; } echo "My name is "; writeMyName("Kai Jim",".");

echo "My name is "; writeMyName("Hege","!"); echo "My name is "; writeMyName("Stle","..."); ?> </body> </html>
The output of the code above will be:

My name is Kai Jim Refsnes. My name is Hege Refsnes! My name is Stle Refsnes...

PHP Functions - Return values


Functions can also be used to return values.

Example <html> <body> <?php function add($x,$y) { $total = $x + $y; return $total; } echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16); ?> </body> </html>
The output of the code above will be:

1 + 16 = 17

FORMS

The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables are used to retrieve information from forms, like user input.

PHP Form Handling

The most important thing to notice when dealing with HTML forms and PHP is that any form element in an HTML page will automatically be available to your PHP scripts. Form example:

<html> <body> <form action="welcome.php" method="post"> Name: <input type="text" name="name" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html>
The example HTML page above contains two input fields and a submit button. When the user fills in this form and click on the submit button, the form data is sent to the "welcome.php" file. The "welcome.php" file looks like this:

<html> <body> Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br /> You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old. </body> </html>
A sample output of the above script may be:

Welcome John. You are 28 years old.

The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables will be explained in the next chapters.

Form Validation

User input should be validated whenever possible. Client side validation is faster, and will reduce server load. However, any site that gets enough traffic to worry about server resources, may also need to worry about site security. You should always use server side validation if the form accesses a database. A good way to validate a form on the server is to post the form to itself, instead of jumping to a different page. The user will then get the error messages on the same page as the form. This makes it easier to discover the error.

$_GET

The $_GET variable is used to collect values from a form with method="get".

The $_GET Variable

The $_GET variable is an array of variable names and values sent by the HTTP GET method. The $_GET variable is used to collect values from a form with method="get". Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to everyone (it will be displayed in the browser's address bar) and it has limits on the amount of information to send (max. 100 characters).

Example <form action="welcome.php" method="get"> Name: <input type="text" name="name" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form>
When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL sent could look something like this:

http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php?name=Peter&age=37
The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_GET variable to catch the form data (notice that the names of the form fields will automatically be the ID keys in the $_GET array):

Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?>.<br /> You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!

Why use $_GET?

Note: When using the $_GET variable all variable names and values are displayed in the URL. So this method should not be used when sending passwords or other sensitive information! However, because the variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark the page. This can be useful in some cases. Note: The HTTP GET method is not suitable on large variable values; the value cannot exceed 100 characters.

The $_REQUEST Variable

The PHP $_REQUEST variable contains the contents of both $_GET, $_POST, and $_COOKIE. The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get the result from form data sent with both the GET and POST methods.

Example Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?>.<br /> You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years old!
The $_POST variable is used to collect values from a form with method="post".

The $_POST Variable

The $_POST variable is an array of variable names and values sent by the HTTP POST method. The $_POST variable is used to collect values from a form with method="post". Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others and has no limits on the amount of information to send.

Example <form action="welcome.php" method="post"> Enter your name: <input type="text" name="name" /> Enter your age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form>
When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL will not contain any form data, and will look something

like this:

http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php
The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_POST variable to catch the form data (notice that the names of the form fields will automatically be the ID keys in the $_POST array):

Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br /> You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old!

Why use $_POST? Variables sent with HTTP POST are not shown in the URL Variables have no length limit
However, because the variables are not displayed in the URL, it is not possible to bookmark the page.

The $_REQUEST Variable

The PHP $_REQUEST variable contains the contents of both $_GET, $_POST, and $_COOKIE. The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get the result from form data sent with both the GET and POST methods.

Example Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?>.<br /> You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years old!
The PHP date() function is used to format a time or a date.

The PHP Date() Function


Syntax date(format,timestamp)

The PHP date() function formats a timestamp to a more readable date and time.

Parameter Description format Required. Specifies the format of the timestamp timestamp Optional. Specifies a timestamp. Default is the current date and time (as a timestamp)

PHP Date - What is a Timestamp?


A timestamp is the number of seconds since January 1, 1970 at 00:00:00 GMT. This is also known as the Unix Timestamp.

PHP Date - Format the Date


The first parameter in the date() function specifies how to format the date/time. It uses letters to represent date and time formats. Here are some of the letters that can be used: d - The day of the month (01-31) m - The current month, as a number (01-12) Y - The current year in four digits An overview of all the letters that can be used in the format parameter, can be found in our PHP Date reference. Other characters, like"/", ".", or "-" can also be inserted between the letters to add additional formatting:

<?php echo date("Y/m/d"); echo "<br />"; echo date("Y.m.d"); echo "<br />"; echo date("Y-m-d"); ?>
The output of the code above could be something like this:

2006/07/11 2006.07.11 2006-07-11

PHP Date - Adding a Timestamp

The second parameter in the date() function specifies a timestamp. This parameter is optional. If you do not supply a timestamp, the current time will be used. In our next example we will use the mktime() function to create a timestamp for tomorrow. The mktime() function returns the Unix timestamp for a specified date.

Syntax mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year,is_dst)
To go one day in the future we simply add one to the day argument of mktime():

<?php $tomorrow = mktime(0,0,0,date("m"),date("d")+1,date("Y")); echo "Tomorrow is ".date("Y/m/d", $tomorrow); ?>


The output of the code above could be something like this:

Tomorrow is 2006/07/12

PHP Date - Reference

For more information about all the PHP date functions, please visit our PHP Date Reference. Server Side Includes (SSI) are used to create functions, headers, footers, or elements that will be reused on multiple pages. You can insert the content of a file into a PHP file before the server executes it, with the include() or require() function. The two functions are identical in every way, except how they handle errors. The include() function generates a warning (but the script will continue execution) while the require() function generates a fatal error (and the script execution will stop after the error). These two functions are used to create functions, headers, footers, or elements that can be reused on multiple pages. This can save the developer a considerable amount of time. This means that you can create a standard header or menu file that you want all your web pages to include. When the header needs to be updated, you can only update this one include file, or when you add a new page to your site, you can simply change the menu file (instead of updating the links on all web pages).

Server Side Includes

The include() Function


Example 1

The include() function takes all the text in a specified file and copies it into the file that uses the include function. Assume that you have a standard header file, called "header.php". To include the header file in a page, use the include() function, like this:

<html> <body> <?php include("header.php"); ?> <h1>Welcome to my home page</h1> <p>Some text</p> </body> </html> Example 2
Now, let's assume we have a standard menu file that should be used on all pages (include files usually have a ".php" extension). Look at the "menu.php" file below:

<html> <body> <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/default.php">Home</a> | <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/about.php">About Us</a> | <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/contact.php">Contact Us</a>
The three files, "default.php", "about.php", and "contact.php" should all include the "menu.php" file. Here is the code in "default.php":

<?php include("menu.php"); ?> <h1>Welcome to my home page</h1> <p>Some text</p> </body> </html>
If you look at the source code of the "default.php" in a browser, it will look something like this:

<html> <body> <a href="default.php">Home</a> | <a href="about.php">About Us</a> |

<a href="contact.php">Contact Us</a> <h1>Welcome to my home page</h1> <p>Some text</p> </body> </html>
And, of course, we would have to do the same thing for "about.php" and "contact.php". By using include files, you simply have to update the text in the "menu.php" file if you decide to rename or change the order of the links or add another web page to the site.

The require() Function

The require() function is identical to include(), except that it handles errors differently. The include() function generates a warning (but the script will continue execution) while the require() function generates a fatal error (and the script execution will stop after the error). If you include a file with the include() function and an error occurs, you might get an error message like the one below. PHP code:

<html> <body> <?php include("wrongFile.php"); echo "Hello World!"; ?> </body> </html>
Error message:

Warning: include(wrongFile.php) [function.include]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5 Warning: include() [function.include]: Failed opening 'wrongFile.php' for inclusion (include_path='.;C:\php5\pear') in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5 Hello World!
Notice that the echo statement is still executed! This is because a Warning does not stop the script execution. Now, let's run the same example with the require() function. PHP code:

<html> <body> <?php require("wrongFile.php"); echo "Hello World!"; ?> </body> </html>
Error message:

Warning: require(wrongFile.php) [function.require]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5 Fatal error: require() [function.require]: Failed opening required 'wrongFile.php' (include_path='.;C:\php5\pear') in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5
The echo statement was not executed because the script execution stopped after the fatal error. It is recommended to use the require() function instead of include(), because scripts should not continue executing if files are missing or misnamed.

PHP File Handling


Opening a File

The fopen() function is used to open files in PHP. The fopen() function is used to open files in PHP. The first parameter of this function contains the name of the file to be opened and the second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened:

<html> <body> <?php $file=fopen("welcome.txt","r"); ?> </body> </html>


The file may be opened in one of the following modes: Modes Description r Read only. Starts at the beginning of the file r+ Read/Write. Starts at the beginning of the file w Write only. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new file if it doesn't exist w+ Read/Write. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new file if it doesn't exist a Append. Opens and writes to the end of the file or creates a new file if it doesn't exist a+ Read/Append. Preserves file content by writing to the end of the file x Write only. Creates a new file. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists x+ Read/Write. Creates a new file. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists Note: If the fopen() function is unable to open the specified file, it returns 0 (false).

Example
The following example generates a message if the fopen() function is unable to open the specified file:

<html> <body> <?php $file=fopen("welcome.txt","r") or exit("Unable to open file!"); ?> </body> </html>

Closing a File
The fclose() function is used to close an open file:

<?php $file = fopen("test.txt","r"); //some code to be executed fclose($file); ?>

Check End-of-file

The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has been reached. The feof() function is useful for looping through data of unknown length. Note: You cannot read from files opened in w, a, and x mode!

if (feof($file)) echo "End of file";

Reading a File Line by Line


The fgets() function is used to read a single line from a file. Note: After a call to this function the file pointer has moved to the next line.

Example

The example below reads a file line by line, until the end of file is reached:

<?php $file = fopen("welcome.txt", "r") or exit("Unable to open file!"); //Output a line of the file until the end is reached while(!feof($file)) { echo fgets($file). "<br />";

} fclose($file); ?>

Reading a File Character by Character


Example

The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file. Note: After a call to this function the file pointer moves to the next character. The example below reads a file character by character, until the end of file is reached:

<?php $file=fopen("welcome.txt","r") or exit("Unable to open file!"); while (!feof($file)) { echo fgetc($file); } fclose($file); ?>

PHP Error Handling


The default error handling in PHP is very simple. An error message with filename, line number and a message describing the error is sent to the browser.

PHP Error Handling

When creating scripts and web applications, error handling is an important part. If your code lacks error checking code, your program may look very unprofessional and you may be open to security risks. This tutorial contains some of the most common error checking methods in PHP. We will show different error handling methods: Simple "die()" statements Custom errors and error triggers Error reporting

Basic Error Handling: Using the die() function


<?php $file=fopen("welcome.txt","r"); ?>
If the file does not exist you might get an error like this:

The first example shows a simple script that opens a text file:

Warning: fopen(welcome.txt) [function.fopen]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 2
To avoid that the user gets an error message like the one above, we test if the file exist before we try to access it:

<?php if(!file_exists("welcome.txt")) { die("File not found"); } else { $file=fopen("welcome.txt","r"); } ?>


Now if the file does not exist you get an error like this:

File not found


The code above is more efficient than the earlier code, because it uses a simple error handling mechanism to stop the script after the error. However, simply stopping the script is not always the right way to go. Let's take a look at alternative PHP functions for handling errors.

Creating a Custom Error Handler


Creating a custom error handler is quite simple. We simply create a special function that can be called when an error occurs in PHP.

This function must be able to handle a minimum of two parameters (error level and error message) but can accept up to five parameters (optionally: file, line-number, and the error context):

Syntax
error_function(error_level,error_message, error_file,error_line,error_context)
Parameter Description error_level Required. Specifies the error report level for the user-defined error. Must be a value number. See table below for possible error report levels error_message Required. Specifies the error message for the user-defined error error_file Optional. Specifies the filename in which the error occurred error_line Optional. Specifies the line number in which the error occurred error_context Optional. Specifies an array containing every variable, and their values, in use when the error occurred These error report levels are the different types of error the user-defined error handler can be used for: Value Constant Description 2 E_WARNING Non-fatal run-time errors. Execution of the script is not halted 8 E_NOTICE Run-time notices. The script found something that might be an error, but could also happen when running a script normally 256 E_USER_ERROR Fatal user-generated error. This is like an E_ERROR set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error() 512 E_USER_WARNING Non-fatal user-generated warning. This is like an E_WARNING set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error() 1024 E_USER_NOTICE User-generated notice. This is like an E_NOTICE set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error() 4096 E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR Catchable fatal error. This is like an E_ERROR but can be caught by a user defined handle (see also set_error_handler()) 8191 E_ALL All errors and warnings, except level E_STRICT (E_STRICT will be part of E_ALL as of PHP 6.0) Now lets create a function to handle errors:

Error Report levels

function customError($errno, $errstr) { echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr<br />"; echo "Ending Script"; die(); }
The code above is a simple error handling function. When it is triggered, it gets the error level and an error message. It then outputs the error level and message and terminates the script. Now that we have created an error handling function we need to decide when it should be triggered.

Set Error Handler

The default error handler for PHP is the built in error handler. We are going to make the function above the default error handler for the duration of the script. It is possible to change the error handler to apply for only some errors, that way the script can handle different errors in different ways. However, in this example we are going to use our custom error handler for all errors:

set_error_handler("customError");
Since we want our custom function to handle all errors, the set_error_handler() only needed one parameter, a second parameter could be added to specify an error level.

Example

Testing the error handler by trying to output variable that does not exist:

<?php //error handler function function customError($errno, $errstr) { echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr"; } //set error handler set_error_handler("customError"); //trigger error echo($test);

?>
The output of the code above should be something like this:

Error: [8] Undefined variable: test

Trigger an Error
In a script where users can input data it is useful to trigger errors when an illegal input occurs. In PHP, this is done by the trigger_error() function.

Example

In this example an error occurs if the "test" variable is bigger than "1":

<?php $test=2; if ($test>1) { trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below"); } ?>


The output of the code above should be something like this:

Notice: Value must be 1 or below in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 6


An error can be triggered anywhere you wish in a script, and by adding a second parameter, you can specify what error level is triggered. Possible error types: E_USER_ERROR - Fatal user-generated run-time error. Errors that can not be recovered from. Execution of the script is halted E_USER_WARNING - Non-fatal user-generated run-time warning. Execution of the script is not halted E_USER_NOTICE - Default. User-generated run-time notice. The script found something that might be an error, but could also happen when running a script normally

Example

In this example an E_USER_WARNING occurs if the "test" variable is bigger than "1". If an E_USER_WARNING occurs we will use our custom error handler and end the script:

<?php //error handler function function customError($errno, $errstr) { echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr<br />"; echo "Ending Script"; die(); } //set error handler set_error_handler("customError",E_USER_WARNING); //trigger error $test=2; if ($test>1) { trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below",E_USER_WARNING); } ?>
The output of the code above should be something like this:

Error: [512] Value must be 1 or below Ending Script


Now that we have learned to create our own errors and how to trigger them, lets take a look at error logging.

Error Logging
By default, PHP sends an error log to the servers logging system or a file, depending on how the error_log configuration is set in the php.ini file. By using the error_log() function you can send error logs to a specified

file or a remote destination. Sending errors messages to yourself by e-mail can be a good way of getting notified of specific errors.

Send an Error Message by E-Mail

In the example below we will send an e-mail with an error message and end the script, if a specific error occurs:

<?php //error handler function function customError($errno, $errstr) { echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr<br />"; echo "Webmaster has been notified"; error_log("Error: [$errno] $errstr",1, "[email protected]","From: [email protected]"); } //set error handler set_error_handler("customError",E_USER_WARNING); //trigger error $test=2; if ($test>1) { trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below",E_USER_WARNING); } ?>
The output of the code above should be something like this:

Error: [512] Value must be 1 or below Webmaster has been notified


And the mail received from the code above looks like this:

Error: [512] Value must be 1 or below


This should not be used with all errors. Regular errors should be logged on the server using the default PHP logging system.

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