0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views

L1 Functions and Its Operations

The document discusses functions and operations on functions. It defines a function as a correspondence between sets where each element of the domain is mapped to a unique element of the range. It provides examples of different types of functions like polynomial, rational, and radical functions. It also discusses determining the domain of functions. Operations on functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition are defined. Examples are provided to illustrate finding composite functions and their domains.

Uploaded by

mamamiyacocacola
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views

L1 Functions and Its Operations

The document discusses functions and operations on functions. It defines a function as a correspondence between sets where each element of the domain is mapped to a unique element of the range. It provides examples of different types of functions like polynomial, rational, and radical functions. It also discusses determining the domain of functions. Operations on functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition are defined. Examples are provided to illustrate finding composite functions and their domains.

Uploaded by

mamamiyacocacola
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Functions: Domain and Operations

Mathematics 100
Institute of Mathematics

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

1 / 30

Outline

Functions Domain of Some Functions Operations on Functions

Lecture Exercise

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

2 / 30

Functions

"Intuitive" Denition
A function can be thought of as a correspondence from a set X of real numbers x to a set Y of real numbers y , where y is unique for a specic value of x. We say that "y is a function of x", and write this symbolically as y = f (x), (read y equals f of x).

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

3 / 30

Functions

Example
The equation y = x2 + 1 denes a function from the set of real numbers to the set of real numbers. x y = f (x) = x2 + 1 4 17 3 10 2 5 1 2

Another way to denote a function is by the rule method which is used to describe a set. The function given above can be denoted by f = {(x, y )

R2 : y = x2 + 1}.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

4 / 30

Functions
The function can be pictured by an arrow diagram.

Remark: Observe that a function can have the same value at two different values of x from X , but each x is assigned to a single element y of Y .

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

5 / 30

Functions

Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element x X a unique element y Y . The set of all admissible values of x is called the domain of the function, written dom f . The set of all resulting values of y is called the range of the function, written ran f .

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

6 / 30

Remarks

A function may be written as y = f (x) where x is called the independent variable while y is the dependent variable. Alternatively, a function f is a set of ordered pairs (x, y ) in which no two distinct ordered pairs have the same rst coordinate. Moreover, (x, y ) f if and only if y = f (x).

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

7 / 30

Functions

Example
The equation x + y = 1 denes a function. To see this, we isolate the dependent variable on the left hand side so that y = x + 1 . Note that for any given value of x, there is exactly one value for y .

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

8 / 30

Functions

Example
The equation |y | = x + 1 does not dene a function. Observe that (x, y ) = (1, 2) and (x, y ) = (1, 2) both satisfy the given equation. So there are two distinct ordered pairs having the same x-coordinate that satisfy the given equation.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

9 / 30

Functions

Example
Is x2 + y = 3 a function? Solution: It is equivalent to y = x 2 + 3 . Any value of x will give exactly one resulting value of y . Therefore, the given equation denes y as a function of x.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

10 / 30

Functions

Example
Is x2 + y 2 = 4 a function? Solution: Solve for y in terms of x: y= 4 x2 .

So any value of x will correspond to two values of y . Therefore, it is not a function.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

11 / 30

Functions
Example
The equation y =

4 x2 denes a function.

Recall: y denotes the principal square root of 4 x2 , which is unique, whenever it is dened.

Example
The expression y 3x + 2 does not dene a function. Note that the ordered pairs (x, y ) = (1, 5) and (x, y ) = (1, 6) satisfy the given expression.

The examples which do not dene a function are called relations.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

12 / 30

Domain of Some Functions

Polynomial Functions - functions of the form f (x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + . . . + a1 x + a0 , where an , an1 , . . . , a1 , a0 dom f =

R with an = 0 and n is a nonnegative integer

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

13 / 30

Domain of Some Functions

Rational Functions - functions of the form f (x) =

h(x) , where h and g are g (x) polynomial functions, and g is not the constant zero function dom f = {x

R : g(x) = 0}

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

14 / 30

Domain of Some Functions

Functions involving radicals - functions of the form f (x) = If n is a positive even integer, then dom f = {x If n is a positive odd integer, then dom f = {x

g ( x)

R : g(x) 0}. R : g(x) R}.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

15 / 30

Domain of Some Functions

Example
Consider the function f (x) = x 3. dom f =

R, since f is a polynomial function

Example
Consider the quadratic function dened by g (x) = x2 + 5x + 6. dom g =

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

16 / 30

Domain of Some Functions


Example
Find the domain of h(x) =

4 x2 .

Solution: Since h is a radical function with even index, then dom h = {x Solve the inequality: 4 x2 0

R : 4 x2 0}.

(2 x)(2 + x) 0

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

17 / 30

Domain of Some Functions

Solution contd.: Table of Signs: (, 2) 3 + (2, 2) 0 + + + (2, +) 3 +

Test number 2x 2+x (2 x)(2 + x)

Note that equality holds when x = 2 or x = 2. Therefore, dom h = [2, 2].

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

18 / 30

Domain of Some Functions

Example
Find the domain of f (x) = 4 . x2 9

Solution: Since f is a rational function, dom f = {x

R : x2 9 = 0} = {x R : x = 3} = R \ {3}.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

19 / 30

Domain of Some Functions


Example
Find the domain of g (x) = Solution: Since g is a radical function, dom g = {x |x + 3| 4.

= {x

R : |x + 3| 4 0} R : |x + 3| 4}
x + 3 4 x 7

Next, we solve the inequality |x + 3| 4: x+34 x43 x1 Therefore, dom g = (, 7] [1, +).
Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Functions and Its Operations 20 / 30

or

Domain of Some Functions

Example
Find the domain of h(x) =

x2

x+2 . 1

Solution: Since h is written as a fraction, we want all values of x for which its denominator is nonzero. At the same time, the numerator must be dened. numerator - always dened for any real number value of x denominator dom h = {x

R : x2 1 = 0} = R \ {1}.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

21 / 30

Operations on Functions

Denition
If f and g are functions, then their sum, denoted by f + g , is the function dened by (f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x); difference, denoted by f g , is the function dened by (f g )(x) = f (x) g (x); product, denoted by f g , is the function dened by (f g )(x) = f (x) g (x); quotient, denoted by f /g , is the function dened by
f g

(x) =

f (x) g (x) ,

g (x) = 0;

with dom (f + g ) = dom (f g ) = dom (f g ) = dom f dom g, and dom (f /g ) = (dom f dom g ) \ {x : g (x) = 0}.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

22 / 30

Operations on Functions

Let f (x) = 4 x and g (x) = 3 + x. Find the functions f + g , f g , f g and f /g , and nd their respective domains. Solution: (f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) = 4x+ 3 + x, (4 x)(3 + x),

Example

(f g )(x) = f (x) g (x) = 4 x 3 + x, (f g )(x) = f (x) g (x) = 4 x 3 + x = f f (x) 4x 4x (x) = = . = g g ( x) 3+x 3+x

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

23 / 30

Operations on Functions
Solution contd.: The domains of f and g are: dom f = {x

R : x 4} = (, 4], dom g = {x R : x 3} = [3, +).

The intersection of these domains is (, 4] [3, +) = [3, 4]. Thus, dom (f + g ) = dom (f g ) = dom (f g ) = [3, 4]. Since g (3) = 0, x = 3 must be excluded from the domain of the quotient function. Hence, dom (f /g ) = (3, 4].

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

24 / 30

Composition of Two Functions

Denition
If f and g are functions, their composite function, denoted by f g , is dened by (f g )(x) = f (g (x)). The domain of f g is the set of all real numbers x in the domain of g such that g (x) is in the domain of f . That is, dom (f g ) = {x

R : x dom g and g(x) dom f }.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

25 / 30

Composition of Two Functions


Example
Find f g and its domain given f (x) = Solution: We rst state the domains of f and g : dom f = {x

4 x2 and g (x) =

3 x.

R : 4 x2 0} = [2, 2], dom g = {x R : 3 x 0} = (, 3].


= f ( 3 x) = 4 ( 3 x)2 = = 4 (3 x) 1 + x.

Now, let us nd the composition (f g )(x) = f (g (x))

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

26 / 30

Composition of Two Functions

Solution contd.: Even though 1 + x is dened for all x 1, we must restrict the domain of f g to those values that are also in the domain of g . Thus, dom (f g ) = {x

R : x 1 and x 3} = [1, 3].

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

27 / 30

Composition of Two Functions


Example
1 Given f (x) = |x + 3| 2 and g (x) = . Find the composite functions f g x and g f , and their respective domains.

Solution: Note that dom f = For f g :

R and dom g = (0, +).


(f g )(x) = f (g (x)) = f = = = 1 x

1 +3 2 x 1 +32 x 1+ x x

Thus, dom (f g ) = (0, +).


Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Functions and Its Operations 28 / 30

Composition of Two Functions

Solution contd.: For g f : (g f )(x) = g (f (x)) = g (|x + 3| 2) 1 = |x + 3| 2

Now, |x + 3| 2 > 0 when x (, 5) (1, +). Since we need f (x) > 0 in order for g (f (x)) to be dened, we have dom(g f ) = (, 5) (1, +).

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

29 / 30

Lecture Exercise

Let f (x) =

1 x and g (x) =

x1 . Find the composite function f g x+1

and its domain.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics)

Functions and Its Operations

30 / 30

You might also like