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Logic Circuits: S L Battery Light

1) Logic circuits perform operations on digital signals that are restricted to discrete values, typically binary 0 and 1. They are implemented as electronic circuits using logic gates. 2) Logic gates are basic circuit elements that perform logic operations like AND, OR, and NOT on inputs and produce an output. Networks of logic gates can implement more complex logic functions. 3) The behavior of a logic network can be analyzed by constructing a truth table that lists the output for all possible input combinations, or by using a timing diagram to show the dynamic response over time.

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Srinivas Cheruku
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18 views

Logic Circuits: S L Battery Light

1) Logic circuits perform operations on digital signals that are restricted to discrete values, typically binary 0 and 1. They are implemented as electronic circuits using logic gates. 2) Logic gates are basic circuit elements that perform logic operations like AND, OR, and NOT on inputs and produce an output. Networks of logic gates can implement more complex logic functions. 3) The behavior of a logic network can be analyzed by constructing a truth table that lists the output for all possible input combinations, or by using a timing diagram to show the dynamic response over time.

Uploaded by

Srinivas Cheruku
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logic circuits

Logic circuits perform operations on digital signals

ECE380 Digital Logic


Introduction to Logic Circuits: Variables, functions, truth tables, gates and networks

Implemented as electronic circuits where signal values are restricted to a few discrete values

X1 X2 X3 Switching Network Xm

Y1 Y2 Y3

In binary logic circuits there are only two values, 0 and 1 The general form of a logic circuit is a switching network
Electrical & Computer Engineering

Yn

discrete values
Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-2

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-1

Boolean algebra
Direct application to switching networks
Work with 2-state devices 2-valued Boolean algebra (switching algebra) Use a Boolean variable (X, Y, etc.) to represent an input or output of a switching network Variable may take on only two values (0, 1) X=0, X=1 These symbols are not binary numbers, they simply represent the 2 states of a Boolean variable They are not voltage levels, although they commonly refer to the low or high voltage input/output of some circuit element
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-3

Variables and functions


The simplest binary element is a switch that has two states If the switch is controlled by x, we say the switch is open if x =0 and closed if x =1
x = 0 x = 1 (a) Two states of a switch S x (b) Symbol for a switch

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-4

Variables and functions


Assume the switch controls a lightbulb as shown
The output is defined as the state of the light L
If the light is on -> L=1 If the light is off -> L=0 S Battery x L Light

Variables and functions (AND)


Consider the possibility of two switches controlling the state of the light Using a series connection, the light will be on only if both switches are closed
L(x1, x2)= x1 x2 L=1 iff (if and only if) x1 AND x2 are 1
S Power supply x
1

(a) Simple connection to a battery

The state of L, as function of x is


L(x)=x

Power supply

S x L

S x
2

L(x) is a logic function x is an input variable


Electrical & Computer Engineering

(b) Using a ground connection as the return path

Light

AND operator x1 x2 = x1x2 The circuit implements a logical AND function


Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-6

The logical AND function (series connection)


Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-5 Electrical & Computer Engineering

Variables and functions (OR)


Using a parallel connection, the light will be on only if either or both switches are closed
L(x1, x2)= x1+ x2 L=1 if x1 OR x2 is 1 (or both)
S x Power supply
1

Variables and functions


Various series-parallel connections would realize various logic functions
L(x1, x2, x3)= (x1 + x2) x3

S x1 Power supply S x2 S x3 L Light

S x
2

Light

+ OR operator The circuit implements a logical OR function


Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-7

The logical OR function (parallel connection)


Electrical & Computer Engineering

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-8

Variables and functions


What would the following logic function look like if implemented via switches?
L(x1, x2, x3, x4)= (x1 x2) + (x3 x4 )

Inversion
Before, actions occur when a switch is closed. What about the possibility of an action occurring when a switch is opened?
L(x)= x Where L=1 if x=0 and L=0 if x=1

S x1 Power supply S x3

S x2 S x4 L Light

L(x) is the inverse (or complement) of x


R Power supply

x, x, NOT x
x S L

The circuit implements a logical NOT function


Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-10

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-9

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Inversion of a function
If a function is defined as
f(x1, x2)= x1+ x2

Truth tables
Tabular listing that fully describes a logic function
Output value for all input combinations (valuations) x1 x2 x1 x2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
AND

Then the complement of f is


f(x1, x2)= x1+ x2 = (x1+ x2)

Similarily, if
f(x1, x2)= x1 x2

Then the complement of f is


f(x1, x2)= x1 x2= (x1 x2)

x1 x2 x1 + x2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
OR

x1 x1 0 1 1 0
NOT

0 1

1 1

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-11

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-12

Truth tables
Truth table for AND and OR functions of three variables

Truth tables of functions


If L(x,y,z)=x+yz, then the truth table for L is: +
x 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 yz 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 x+yz 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-13

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-14

Logic gates and networks


Each basic logic operation (AND, OR, NOT) can be implemented resulting in a circuit element called a logic gate A logic gate has one or more inputs and one output that is a function of its inputs
x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 xn AND gates x1 x2 xn

Logic gates and networks


x1 x2 x1 + x2 xn OR gates x1 + x2 + + xn

x1 x2

x NOT gate

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-15

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-16

Logic gates and networks


A larger circuit is implemented by a network of gates
Called a logic network or logic circuit
x x x 1 2 3 f = (x + x ) x 1 2 3

Logic gates and networks


Draw the truth table and the logic circuit for the following function
F(a,b,c) = ac+bc
a 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 b 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 c 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ac 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 bc' 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 ac+bc' 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

a c

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-17

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-18

Analysis of a logic network


To determine the functional behavior of a logic network, we can apply all possible input signals to it
x 0 01 1 1 1 1 0 0 A 0 0 0 1 B 11 0 1 f

Analysis of a logic network


The function of a logic network can also be described by a timing diagram (gives dynamic behavior of the network)
1 x 1 0 x 1 2 0 A 1 0 1 0 1 0 Timing diagram Time

0 10 1 2

Network that implements f = x1 + x1 x2

B f

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-19

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 2-20

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