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Analysis of A Complex Kind: Week 1

The document is a lecture on algebra and geometry in the complex plane. It introduces complex numbers as expressions of the form x + iy, defines operations like addition, multiplication and conjugation of complex numbers. It also discusses properties of the modulus, inequalities for complex numbers as well as the fundamental theorem of algebra which states that every polynomial of degree n has n roots in the complex number system.

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Kofi Appiah-Danquah
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82 views11 pages

Analysis of A Complex Kind: Week 1

The document is a lecture on algebra and geometry in the complex plane. It introduces complex numbers as expressions of the form x + iy, defines operations like addition, multiplication and conjugation of complex numbers. It also discusses properties of the modulus, inequalities for complex numbers as well as the fundamental theorem of algebra which states that every polynomial of degree n has n roots in the complex number system.

Uploaded by

Kofi Appiah-Danquah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis of a Complex Kind

Week 1 Lecture 2: Algebra and Geometry in the Complex Plane

Petra Bonfert-Taylor

Lecture 2: Algebra and Geometry in C

Analysis of a Complex Kind

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The Complex Plane


Complex numbers: expressions of the form z = x + iy , where
x is called the real part of z ; x = Re z , and y is called the imaginary part of z ; y = Im z .

Set of complex numbers: C (the complex plane). Real numbers: subset of the complex numbers (those whose imaginary part is zero). The complex plane can be identied with R2 .

Lecture 2: Algebra and Geometry in C

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Adding Complex Numbers


Denition (x + iy ) + (u + iv ) = (x + u ) +i (y + v )
z w Re(z +w ) Im(z +w )

Thus Re(z + w ) = Re z + Re w and Im(z + w ) = Im z + Im w . Graphically, this corresponds to vector addition:

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The Modulus of a Complex Number

Denition The modulus of the complex number z = x + iy is the length of the vector z : |z | = x 2 + y 2.

Lecture 2: Algebra and Geometry in C

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Multiplication of Complex Numbers


Motivation: (x + iy ) (u + iv ) = xu + ixv + iyu + i 2 yv So we dene: Denition (x + iy ) (u + iv ) = (xu yv ) + i (xv + yu ) C. Example: (3 + 4i )(1 + 7i ) = (3 28) + i (21 4) = 31 + 17i .

The usual properties hold:


(z1 z2 )z3 = z1 (z2 z3 ) (associative) z1 z2 = z2 z1 (commutative) z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 (distributive)
Lecture 2: Algebra and Geometry in C Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 5 / 11

So What is i ?

i = 0 + 1i , so i 2 = (0 + 1i )(0 + 1i ) = (0 0 1 1) + i (0 1 + 1 0) = 1. i 3 = i 2 i = 1 i = i i 4 = i 2 i 2 = (1)(1) = 1 i5 = i4 i = i i 6 = 1 . . .

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How Do You Divide Complex Numbers?


Suppose that z = x + iy and w = u + iv . What is z w = = = = In particular: 1 1 x iy = = 2 , as long as z = 0. z x + iy x + y2
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z (for w = 0)? w

x + iy u + iv (x + iy )(u iv ) (u + iv )(u iv ) (xu + yv ) + i (xv + yu ) u 2 + v 2 + i (uv + vu ) xu + yv yu xv +i 2 . 2 2 u +v u + v2

The Complex Conjugate


Note the importance of the quantity x iy in the previous calculation! Denition If z = x + iy then z = x iy is the complex conjugate of z . Properties: z=z z +w =z +w |z | = |z | zz = (x + iy )(x iy ) = x 2 + y 2 = |z |2 1 z z = = z zz |z |2

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More Properties of the Complex Conjugate

When is z = z ? z + z = (x + iy ) + (x iy ) = 2x , so Re z = z +z , 2 similarly Im z = z z . 2i

|z w | = |z | |w | z z = , (w = 0) w w |z | = 0 if and only if z = 0.

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Some Inequalities

|z | Re z |z |

|z | Im z |z |

|z + w | |z | + |w | (triangle inequality)

|z w | |z | |w | (reverse triangle inequality)

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The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Theorem If a0 , a1 , . . . , an are complex numbers with an = 0, then the polynomial p(z ) = an z n + an1 z n1 + + a1 z + a0 has n roots z1 , z2 , . . . zn in C. It can be factored as p(z ) = an (z z1 )(z z2 ) (z zn ). We will be able to prove this theorem later in this course! Consider the polynomial p(x ) = x 2 + 1 in R. It has no real roots! But in C it can be factored: z 2 + 1 = (z + i )(z i )!

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