f.ngh.

j (cau;juk;)

capupay;
nrad;Kiw mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

(2012 Mk; Mz;b ypUe;J eilKiwg;g Lj;j g;g Lk;)

tpQ; Q hdk; kw;W k; RfhjhuKk; clw;f y; t pf;F khd Jiw tpQ;Q hd njhopDl;g g; gPl k; Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;

ngsjpftpay; gupNrhjidfs; njhlu;g hd Mrpupau; ifNaL

f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;) (2012 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;)

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2011

tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gjpg;G:

tsthsu; FO topfhl;ly; :
Nguhrpupau; mNguj;d gz;lhu gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; jpU. vy;. vr;. tpN[rpq;f cjtpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gzpg;G

jpU. rp. vk;. Mu;. me;jdp - gzpg;ghsu; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; jpUkjp. vr;. vk;. khghFzuj;d cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> nraw;wpl;lf; FOj; jiytu; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,izg;g hf;fk;:

ghlj;jpl;l kPsha;Tf; FO: Nguhrpupau; [p. v];. tpjhdg;gj;jpuz - rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;

Ez;Zapupay; Jiw - fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;. Nguhrpupau; vk;. N[. v];. tpN[uj;d - rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau; tpyq;fpay; Jiw - fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;.

tsthsu;fs; :
jpUkjp v];. vk;. rp. N[. tpN[Nrfu c.nraw; w pl; l mjpfhup
tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpUkjp. vr;. V. v];. N[. ngNuuh - Mrpupau;

rpupkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f kfspu; kfh tpjj ; pahyak;> nfhOk;G - 7.

jpUkjp. rp. tp. rpuhzp njnthl;l - Mrpupau;

jk;kp];]hu fy;Y}up - ehj;jhz;bah

jpUkjp. v];. b. vd;. mNgNfhd; - Mrpupau;

nrd;. me;jdp kfspu; ghlrhiy - fz;b.

jpUkjp. v];. b. gp. gz;lhu - Mrpupau;

ju;kuh[h fy;Y}up - fz;b

jpUkjp. vk;. Mu;. gp. Mu;. g];ehaf;f - Mrpupau;

FU/ nrd; md;]; fy;Y}up - FUzhfy

jpUkjp N[. V. N[. `dp - Mrpupau;

rh`puh fy;Y}up - fk;gis

jpUkjp. g. vr;. eprhdp Fyjpyf;f - Mrpupau;

ky;ypa Njt kfspu; ghlrhiy - FUzhfy.

jpUkjp. rp. Mu;. la]; - Mrpupau;

nrd; Njhk]; fy;Y}up - fy;fp];i]

jpUkjp. gP. fNzrjh]; - Mrpupau;

nfhOk;G ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up - uj;kyhid

jpU. lg;spt;. N[. gjpuz - Mrpupau;

tp[pjh kj;jpa fy;Y}up - jpf;nty;iy.

jpUkjp. gp. V. Nf. ngNuuh - Mrpupau;

Njtp ghypfh tpj;jpahyak; - nfhOk;G

nkhopngau; g ; G

jpUkjp. gP. fNzrjh]; - Mrpupau;

nfhOk;G ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up - uj;kyhid fzpdpg; gjpg;G k; tbtikg;G k; :

jpUkjp. r[Pj h ,f;u hk;

njhopDl;g cjtpahsu; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tiygpd; d y;

www.nie.lk

iii

cs; s lf; f k;
gf; f k ; 1. xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk;> nghUl;fis mtjhdpg;gjw;F EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jYk; 2. khg;nghUs;> jho;j;Jk; nty;yk;> jho;j;jh nty;yk;> Gujk;> nfhOg;G> vz;nza; vd;gtw;iw ,dk; fhz;gjw;fhd vspa Ma;T $lr; Nrhjidfs; 3. fy cs;slf;fq;fspd; fl;likg;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s ,yj;jpud; Ez;tiuaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; 4. gy;NtW tifahd jhtu ,ioaq;fis EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw ,dq;fhzy; 5. gy;NtW tifahd tpyq;F ,ioaq;fis EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw ,dq;fhzy; 6. ...... 6 ...... 5 ...... 4 ...... 3 ...... 1 .

EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,ioAUg;gpupT> xLf;fw;gpupT Mfpatw;wpd; gy;NtW epiyfis ,dq; fhzy; ...... 7

7.

nehjpaj; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; nehjpaj; jhf;f tPjj;ijj; Jzptjw;Fkhd Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjidfs; (khg;nghUs; - mikNyR) ..... 8

8.

ntsptplg;gLk; xl;rprdpd; msitf; nfhz;L xspj;njhFg;G tPjj;ij Jzpjy; ...... 9

xspj;njhFg;gpw;fhd ,irthf;fj;ij nfhz;l ,iy xd;wpd; FWf;F ntl;L Kfj;ij EZf;Ff; fhl;bapy; mtjhdpj;jy; ...... ...... 10 11

10. 11.

Kisf;Fk; tpj;Jfisg; gad;gLj;jp Rthr tPjj;ijj; Jzpjy; tiff;Fupa gw;wPupah> raNdhgw;wPupah vd;gtw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;jy;

.......

13

iv

12.

Ciliophora, Rhizopoda, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta Nghd;w fzq;fspy; mlq;Fk; tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;jy; ....... 14

13. fzk; Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota vd;gtw;iwr; Nru;e;j tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;jy; ....... 15

14. fzk; Bryophyta, Lycophyta, Pterophyta, Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta vd;gtw;wpdJk; tFg;G Monocotyledoneae, Dicotyledoneae vd;gtw;wpdJk; tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;jy; 15. fzk; Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata vd;gtw;iwr; Nru;e;j tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; Nematoda jtpue;j Vida xt;nthU fzj;jpdJk; tFg;Gf;fspy; mlq;Fk; khjpup mq;fpfspdJ Gw ,ay;GfisAk; mtjhdpj;jy; 16. tFg;Gfs; Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia vd;gtw;wpy; mlq;Fk; tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; ...... 19 rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;jy; ...... 17 ...... 16

17. kdpjdpd; czTf; fhy;thapd; mbg;gil ,ioatpay; fl;likg;igf ; fw;W> ntt;NtW gpuNjrj;jpYs;s gpujhd khwy;fis njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;jy; 18. khjpupfs; / tiuglq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kdpjdpd; Rthrj; njhFjpiaf; fw;W> Rthr tPjj;jpYk; ehbj;Jbg;G tPjj;jpYk; clw;gapw;rpapd; tpisit mtjhdpj;jy; 19. Rhoeo Nkw;NwhYupapd; fiua mOj;jj;ijj; Jzpjy; ...... ..... 22 23 mtw;wpd; ...... 20

20. Colocasia

,iyf;fhk;gpd; my;yJ cUisf;fpoq;Fj; Jz;lj;jpd; ...... 26 ,iyf;fhk;gpd; ePuOj;jj;ijj; Jzpjy;

ePuOj;jj;ijj; Jzpjy; A) Colocasia B) cUisf;fpoq;Fj; Jz;lj;jpd; ePuOj;jj;ijj; Jzpjy;

21. ,iyfs;> mq;Fuq;fspy; eilngWk; MtpAapu;g;G tPjj;ijj; Jzpjy; ...... 22. khjpupg; nghUl;fs;> khjpupAUf;fs;> tiuglq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kdpj Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjpapidf; fw;wy;; 23. khjpupg; nghUl;fs;> glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg;; gad;gLj;jp tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; euk;Gj; njhFjpf; Nfhyq;fisf; fw;wy;; ..... .....

29

30

31

24. glq;fs; / khjpupfisg; gad;gLj;jp tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l Gydq;fq;fisf; fw;wy; 25. kdpjf; fz;> fhJ vd;gtw;iw glq;fs; / khjpupfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;wy; 26. tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; foptq;fq;fspd; gpujhd tiffis glq;fspd; cjtpAld; fw;wy; 27. kdpj jiyNahL> Ks;se;jz;L epuy; vd;gtw;wpd; nkhj;jf; fl;likg;ig ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;jp glq;fs; / khjpupg; nghUl;fs; / khjpupAUf;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;wy; ...... 28. khjpupfs; / glq;fs; / khjpupAUf;;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L kdpj khu;G tisak;> ,Lg;G tisak;> J}f;ftd;$L vd;gtw;iwf; fw;wy; ..... 29. Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj;njhFjpia khjpupfs; my;yJ glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;wy; 30. ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjpia khjpupfs;> glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;wy; ...... 39 ..... 38 37 35 ..... 34 ..... 33 ..... 32

vi

31. xU tpj;jpiy> ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu Kjyhd jz;L> Kjyhd Ntu; vd;gtw;wpd; FWf;F ntl;LKfq;fisf; fw;wy; ..... 40

32. ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ituq;fspd; Jizahd fl;likg;ig EZf;Ff; fhl;bapDhlhfTk; ntw;Wf;fz;zpD}lhfTk; gupNrhjpj;jy; ..... 33. gy;NtW tifahd Ez;zq;fpfis ,dk; fz;L gw;wPupah> gq;fR vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;jy; 34. ePu;> tsu;g;G Clfk;> fz;zhb cgfuzq;fs;> ntg;g khWkpay;Gs;s gjhu;j;jq;fs;> fpUkp GFj;Jk; Crpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fpUkpaopf;Fk; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gly; 35. vspa tsu;g;G Clfj;ij (Nghriz Vfhu;) jahupj;J> fs; / Nahfl; khjpupapypUe;J fpUkp GFj;jy; 36. vspa rhaq;fisg; (nkjpyPd; ePyk;) gad;gLj;jp fs; my;yJ Nahfl; khjpupapy; fhzg;gLk; gw;wPupahitr; rhakply; 37. ePu; tsu;g;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kPd;> ,why;> myq;fhuj;jhtu ,dq;fis ,dq;fhzy; 38. ,yq;ifapy; ney;> njd;id vd;gtw;wpd; nghJthd G+r;rpg; gPilfisf; fw;wy; 39. ,yq;ifapy; gpd;tUk; xl;Lz;zpfspd; tho;f;if tl;l epiyfis mtjhdpj;J> mit gw;wpa juTfisAk; guk;giyAk; fw;wy; kNyupah xl;Lz;zp> igNyupah xl;Lz;zp> nfhSf;fpg; GO 40. njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; ntt;NtW tifahd fisfisf; fw;W> mtw;iw cUttpay; ,d uPjpapy; NtW gpupj;jy; gpd;dpizg;G ...... ...... 54 55 ..... 53 ..... 52 ..... 51 ..... 49 ...... 47 ...... 45 ..... 43 41

vii

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

Gjpa fy;tp kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l f.ngh.j cau;ju capupay; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fupa nrad;Kiw nraw;ghLfs; njhlufk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sJ. tFg;giw fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfis nra;jyhdJ vz;zf;fU miltpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ. mj;NjhL khztu; FOf;fshfr; Nru;e;J nraw;gLk; NghJ mtu;fsJ nkd; jpwd;fs; ( Soft skills) tpUj;jpailAk;.

tFg;giwapy; khztu; ikakhd tifapy; gpur;rpidfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;F MrpupauJ tsg;gq;fspg;G khztUf;Ff; fpilf;Fnkdg; ngupJk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.

Nguhrpupau; mNguj; d gz; l hu gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tpQ;Q hdk; kw;W k; RfhjhuKk; clw;f y;t pf;F khd Jiwg; gzpg;g hsupd; nra;j p.
Gjpa fy;tp kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo;> mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLk; f.ngh.j cau;ju capupay; nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; njhlufj;jpy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fhytPr;rpDs; epiwT nra;aj;jf;f tifapy; Mrpupau;fs; Neuj;ij Kfhik nra;J nfhs;tu; vd;gJ vkJ vjpu;ghu;gg ; hFk;. ,aYkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;gg ; q;fspYk; nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; khztu;fsplj;Nj vz;zf;fUf;fis milaj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;gLtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Ma;T $lj;jpNyh tFg;giwapNyh nghUj;jkhdthW re;ju;gg ; q;fis toq;fp> Fwpj;j cgfuzq;fs; ,y;yhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Njitf;Nfw;g jUzj;jpw;Nfw;g cgfuzq;fis toq;fp> tpuakhFk; nghUs;fis rpff ; dkhfg; gad;gLj;jp ,Jtiu fhyKk; vkJ Mrpupau;fs; ghlrhiyfspy; gps;isfspd; capupaw; nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; fhl;ba cld;ghlhd Neu;fzpakhd gq;fspg;ig njhlu;e;Jk; ey;Fjy; Ntz;Lnkd Ntz;LfpNwd;. tpQ;Qhd g+u;tkhf mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;> gupNrhjidfspd; NghJ Vw;gLk; tOf;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw ,ad;wstpw;F Fiwe;jjhf;fp gupNrhjidfis Nkk;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;F Cf;Fjyspj;jy; %yNk nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; ntw;wpaspf;fpd;wd. nra;a Kbahj tFg;G khztu;fis rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J Ntiy epiyaq; fSf; F mDg; g p> nraw; g hLfspy; <LgLj; JtNjhL> trjp fpilahnjd Mrpupau; fUJtjhapd; mt;thwhd gupNrhjidfis Mrpupau; nra;J fhl; l ypdhy; Kd; i tg; g jw; F g; gjpyhf> khztu; FOnthd; w pid (Ie; J khztu;fis) tFg;gpd; vjpNu mioj;J mtu;fisf; nfhz;L mr;nra;J fhl;liyr; nra;t pj; J tFg; G khztiu fye; Jiuahlypy; <u;g ;gJ gaDWjpkpf;fnjd typAWj;jpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwd;. (fl;lhakhf Mrpupau; nra;J fhl;lyhf nra;a Ntz;Lnkd rpghupR nra;ag;gbd; MrpupaNu nra;J fhl;ly; Ntz;Lk;). Ma;T$lr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;j Kd;du; Ma;T$lj;jpy; ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjk;> ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fis ifahs Ntz;ba Kiw> gupNrhjidfisr; nra;a Ntz;ba tpjk;> mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba tpjk; Mfpad gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fj;ij Mrpupau; toq;FtJ mtrpakhdJ. f.ngh.j cau;ju capupay; Mrpupau; ,r;nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghl;L njhlufj;ij ed;F crhtp Njitahd ,urhad gjhu;j;jq;fisAk;> cgfuzq;fisAk; Neu fhyj;Jld; xOq;F nra;J nfhs;s Mtd nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. iii

khztuplj;Nj RaCf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jk; ghlk; njhlu;ghd tpUg;igAk;> Mu;tj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;JtNj Kjd;ikahdit. vdNt> gpsi ; sfis njhlu;rr ; pahd ePNuhl;lkhd tifapy; jpirKfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk; vd;gij <z;L Fwpg;gpl tpUk;GfpNwd;. ,q;F tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s capupay; nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ngWk; mDgtq;fs; ,yq;if khzt khztpau;fis vjpu;fhyj;jpy; capupay; tpQ; Qhdpfshf cUthf; F tjw;F mbj; jskhf mikal; Lk; vd; gJ vdJ gpuhu;j;jidahFk;.

jpU.rp.vk; . Mu; . me; j dp gzpg; g hsu;

iv

cs; s lf; f k;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp KfTiu tsthsu;fs; cs;slf;fk; nrad;Kiwfs;

ii iii-iv v - vi vii 01 - 80

vii

1) xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; gFjpfSk; njhopyf ; Sk;> nghUl;fis mtjhdpgg ; jw;F EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jYk;. 2)khg;nghUs;> jho;jJ ; k; nty;yk;> jho;jj ; h nty;yk;> Gujk;> nfhOg;G> vz;nza; vd;gtw;iw ,dk; fhz;gjw;fhd vspa Ma;T$lr; Nrhjidfs;
3)

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 01
xsp EZf; F f; f hl; b apd; gFjpfSk; njhopy; f Sk; > mtjhdpg;gjw;F EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jYk;.
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; gFjpfis mwpe;J nfhz;L mtw;wpd; njhopy;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tu;. EZf;Ff;fhl;biar; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtu;. capUs;s fyq;fs; my;yJ ,ioaq;fspd; <u Vw;Wifia (wet mount) jahupg;gu;. khjpupfis mtjhdpf;f EZf;Ff;fhl;biaf; ifahs;tu;;. nghUl;fspd; cUg;ngUf;fj;ijf; fzpg;gu;. nghUj;jkhd msT> mstpilfSf;F Vw;g fyq;fis tiutu;. fyq;fspd; cz;ikahd msitj; Jzptu;.

nghUl; f is

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : jho;> eLj;ju> cau; tYg; nghUs;tpy;iy nfhz;l vspa xsp EZf;Ff; fhl;b. Rj;jkhd> cyu;e;j tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk;. Kfit> fbfhuf; fz;zhb / ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fs;. taypypUe;J ngwg;gl;l ePu; khjpup> itf;Nfhy; Cwy;> Fsj;J ePu; khjpup> ntq;fha Nkw;NwhYup;. tu;zj; J}upif> rtumyF tiuGj;jhs;

mwpTWj;jy; : EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; gpujhd gFjpfis ,dk;fhzy;: cly;> mb> ghu;itf; Foha;> ghu;itj;Jz;L (khw;wg;glf;$ba)> Row;wg;glf;$ba nghUs;tpy;iy jhq;fp> jho; - eLj;ju> cau; tYf; nfhz;l nghUs; tpy;iyfs;> nrg; g khf; F k; Fkpopfs; - mz; z sthd / gUk; g b nrg; g khf; f p> Ez;nrg;gkhf;fp> eLtpy; tl;l tbtkhd Jis nfhz;l Nkil> Nkilf; ft;tpfs;> xU gf;fj;jpy; FopthbiaAk; kW gf;fj;jpy; FtpthbiaAk; nfhz;l nra;af; $ba Mb.

nghUj;jkhd EZf;Ff;fhl;b El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> khjpupfis mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztu;fis topelj;Jjy;. ntq; f ha Nkw; NwhYupapd; nky; ypa Jz; L fis vLj; J> fbfhuf; fz;zhbapYs;s my;yJ ngj;jpupf; fpz;zj;jpYs;s ePupy; ,ly;. Rj;jkhd fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; eLtpYs;s ePu;j;Jsp xd;wpd; kPJ Nkw;NwhYupj; Jz;L xd;iw tu;zj; J}upifapd; cjtpahy; ,lk; khw;Wjy;. Vw;Wk; Crp xd;wpd; cjtpAld;> %bj;Jz;il ePu;j;Jspapd; Xuj;jpy; rha;j;J itj;jy;. gpd;du; nkJthf %bj;Jz;il Crpahy; jhq;fpg; gpbj;jgb rha;itg; gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;J> tspf;Fkpop rpiwg; gpbf;fg;glhj tz;zk; ePuj ; J ; sp

kPJ Nghly;. EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; Nkil kPJ tOf;fpia itj;J jho;tYg; nghUs; tpy;iyiaj; jhdj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUjy;. ghu;itj; Jz;bd; Clhfg; ghu;j;jtz;zk;> nghUs; Gyg;glf; $bathW tOf;fpia mirj;jy;. njspthfg; ghu;g;gjw;fhf> xspiaf; $bastpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba tpjj;jpy; Mbiaj; jpUg;Gjy;.

mz;zsthd / gUk;gb nrg;gkhf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,ad;wtiuapy; njspthd tpk;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;. Gyg;gLk; fl;likg;Gf;fisf; ftdpj;Jf; fw;wy;. nghUs; tpy;iyj;jhq;fpiar; Row;wp> eLj;ju tYtpy; mtjhdpj;J> Ez; nrg;gkhf;fpia nrg;gd; nra;tjd; %yk; njspthd tpk;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

cau;tY tpy;iyiaj; jhdj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUjy;. Ez; nrg;gkhf;fpiar; nrg;gd; nra;tjd; %yk; njspthd tpk;gj;ijg; ngWjy;. jho;tY> eLj;ju tY> cau;tY vd;gtw;wpy; mtjhdpj;jtw;iwg; gjpT nra;J fw;wy;. jug;gl;l fyj;jpd; cz;ikahd msitj; Jzptjw;fhd Kiwiar; nra;J fhl;b> fynkhd;wpd; msit khztiuj; Jzpar; nra;jy;. NtW khjpupfisf; fw;wy;. taypy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l ePu;j;Jsp> itf;Nfhy; Cwy;> Fsj;J ePu;> tha;f;Fop Nkyzpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l fyq;fs;; vd;gtw;iwf; fw;gjw;F Nkw;$wg;gl;l topfhl;ly;fisg; gpd;gw;wy;. mtjhdpj;jtw;iw tiue;J> Fwpg;Gfs; vLj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 02
khg;nghUs;> jho;j;J k; nty;y k;> jho;j;jh nty;y k;> Gujk;> nfhOg;G> vz;nza; vd;gtw;iw ,dk; fhz;gjw;fhd vspa Ma;T$lr; Nrhjidfs;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. jug;gl;l czTg; nghUl;fis ,dk; fhz;gjw;fhd gupNrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;tu;. Ma;T$lr; Nrhjidr; nra;Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtu;. jFe;j ghJfhg;Gld; gupNrhjidfis elhj;Jtu;. nra;KiwfisAk; mtjhdq;fisAk; gjpT nra;tu;. ngwg;gl;l ngWNgWfis GJikfisg; GFj;jp Kd;itg;gu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : pH jhs; Nrhjidf;Foha;fs;. Nrhjidf;Foha; jhq;fp gd;rd; RluLg;G Spatula 1 cm3 kUe;J GFj;jp (Syringe) mabd; - nghw;whrpak; maill; fiury;. Ijhd IjNuhf; FNshupf; mkpyk; / ry;G+upf; mkpyk;. Nrhbak; ,U fhgNdw;W (NaHCO3) 1% khg;nghUs; fiury; (Corn flour) ngdbf;w; fiury; #lhd; III 5% nghw;whrpak; Ijnuhl;irl; fiury;. 1% FSf;Nfh]; fiury; 1% Rf;FNuh]; fiury; (Analar Sucrose) xypt; vz;nza; my;yJ Corn Oil Kl;il my;Gkpd; 1% yf;Nlh]; fiury;. 1% Guf;Nlh]; fiury;.

mwpTWj;jy; : khg;nghUs;> jho;j;Jk; nty;yk;> jho;j;jh nty;yk;> Gujk;> nfhOg;G> vz;nza; vd;gtw;wpd; J}a tbtq;fis (Pure form) ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd Ma;T$lr; Nrhjidfisr; nra;J fhl;ly;. khztUf;F nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fisAk; czTg; nghUl;fspd; J}a tbtq;fisAk; toq;Fjy;. Njit Vw;gLk; NghJ khztu;fis topg;gLj;jy;. mtjhdq;fisj;; jFe;jthW gjpT nra;a khztiu newpg;gLj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 03
fy cs; s lf; f q; f spd; fl; l ikg; i g tpsq; f pf; nfhs; s ,yj; j pud; Ez;t iuaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. ,yj;jpud; Ez;tiuaq;fSf;F tpsf;fk; $Wtu;. ,yj;jpud; Ez; tiuaq;fspy; njd;gLfpd;w fy cs;slf;fq;fis ,dk; fhZtu;. fy cs;slf;fq;fis jpl;ltl;lkhf tiutu;. xt;nthU fy cs;slf;fj;jpdJk; msitj; jPu;khdpg;gu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : gw;wPupahf; fynkhd;wpdJ ,yj;jpud; Ez;tiuak;. tpyq;Ff; fynkhd;wpdJ ,yj;jpud; Ez;tiuak;. jhtuf; fynkhd;wpdJ ,yj;jpud; Ez;tiuak;.

mwpTWj;jy; : gw;wPupahf; fyk;> jhtuf;fyk;> tpyq;Ff;fyk; vd;gtw;wpd; ,yj;jpud; Ez;tiuaq;fis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. khztu;fs; fyj;jpYs;s gy;NtW cs;slf;fq;fisAk; /

Gd;dq;fq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; rhu;gsT tpfpjhrhuq;fisAk; ,dk; fhz / njupe;J nfhs;sf; $batu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 04
gy; N tW tifahd jhtu ,ioaq; f is mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw ,dq;fhzy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. gpujhd jhtu ,ioaq;fis ,dk; fhz;gjw;F EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtu;. EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; Clhfj; njuptJ Nghy;> mstpilf;F Vw;g mtjhdpj;j jhtu ,ioaq;fspd; glq;fis tiutu;. xt;nthU ,ioaq;fspdJk; rpwg;gpay;GfSf;Nfw;g jhtu ,ioaq;fis NtWgLj;Jtu;. Gilf;fytpioak;> xl;Lf;fytpioak;> ty;yUf;fytpioak;> (ty;YUf;fs;> ehu;fs;) fho;%yfq;fs;> cupa %yfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,dk; fhz;gu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : EZf;Ff;fhl;b Helianthus jz;L> Ntu;> ,iy vd;gtw;wpd; FWf;F ntl;LKfq;fisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fpfs;. gpujhd jhtu ,ioaq;fisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l NtW nghUj;jkhd tOf;fpfs;: (Nymphaea ,iyf;fhk;gpd; FWf;Fntl;LKfk;> ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu> xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapd; Nkw;Nwhy;> nfha;ah> md;dKd;dhg; goq;fspd; gjdplg;gl;l rij> jz;Lfspd; ituq;fspd; ntl;LKfk; Nghd;wit.) jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fpfs; ,y;yhjtplj;J> tFg;giwapy; nghUj;jkhd <uVw;Wif tOf;fpfisj; jahupf;fTk;. (Wet mounts) tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk;

EZf; F f; f hl; b apd; fP o ;

mwpTWj;jy; : jho;tYtpd; fPo; tOf;fpfis mtjhdpf;f khztUf;F tha;g;gspj;jy;. gy;NtW ,ioaq;fspd; guk;giyf; fhl;Lk; gug;G / gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhz mtu;fSf;F topfhl;Ljy;. eLj;ju> cau; tYf;fspd; fPo; xt;nthU ,ioaq;fspdJk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fhz khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; mspj;jy;.

gy;NtW jhtug; gFjpfis NkYk; ,dk; fhz;gjw;fhd nghUj;jkhd jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fpfis khztUf;F toq;Fjy;. xt;nthU ,ioaq;fspdJk;; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l ,ay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nghUj;jkhd glq;fis tiutjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 05
gy; N tW tifahd tpyq; F ,ioaq; f is EZf; F f; f hl; b apd; fP o ; mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw ,dq;fhzy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. gpujhd tpyq;F ,ioaq;fis ,dk; fhz;gjw;F EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtu;. 2. 3. EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; Clhfj; njd;gLtJ Nghy;> mstpilf;F Vw;g mtjhdpj;j tpyq;F ,ioaq;fis tiutu;. tpyq;F ,ioaq;fspdJ rpwg;gpay;Gf;Nfw;g mtw;iw NtWgLj;Jtu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : EZf;Ff;fhl;b Nkyzp ,ioaq;fs;> mOj;jkhd jir> tupnfhz;l jir> ,jaj; jir> frpapioak; > vd; G kdpj FUjpf;f yq; fs; Nghd; w njhLg; gpioak; vd;gtw;wpidf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fpfs;. mwpTWj;jy; : khztiu EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; jho;tYtpy; Nkyzp ,ioak;> mOj;jkhd jir> tup nfhz;l jir> ,jaj; jir> kdpj FUjpf;fyq;fs;> vd;G> frpapioak; Nghd;w njhLg;gpioak; vd;gtw;wpd; tOf;fpfis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. eLj;ju> cau; tYf;fspd; fPo; xt;nthU ,ioaq;fspdJk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis khztiu ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;. xt;nthU ,ioaq;fspd; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l ,ay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nghUj;jkhd glq;fis tiutjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;jy;. xt;nthU ,ioaj;jpdJk; ,dk; fhZk; ,ay;Gfisj; njspTgLj;jpg; gjpT nra;tjw;F khztiu mwpTWj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk : 06
EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,ioAUg;gpupT> xLf;fw; gpupT Mfpatw;wpd; gy;NtW epiyfis ,dq;fhzy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. fyq;fspy; eilngWk; ,ioAUg;gpupT> xLf;fw;gpupT Nghd;w fyg; gpupTfspd; gpujhd epiyfis ,dq;fhz;gu;. ,Utifahd fyg;gpupTfshd ,ioAUg;gpupT> xLf;fw; gpupTfspd; NghJ epw%u;j;jq;fspd; elj;ijfis NtWgLj;Jtu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;b ,ioAUg;gpuptpd; fw;iff;fhf ntq;fha Ntu;Edpapd; neLf;F ntl;LKfk;. xLf;fw;gpuptpd; fw;iff;fhf kfue;jf;$l;bd; FWf;Fntl;LKfk;. fzpdp tpgupg;Gf;fs;. tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk;

mwpTWj;jy; : xt;nthU tOf;fpiaAk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; jho;> eLj;ju> cau; tYf;fspd; fPo; xOq;FKiwg;gb khztiu mtjhdpf;f tpLjy;. epw%u;j;jq;fspd; tbtj;ijAk; miktplj;ijAk; nfhz;L ,ioAUg;gpupT> xLf;fw;gpupT vd;gtw;wpd; gpujhd epiyfisf; fhl;Lk; fyq;fis khztiu ,dq;fhZk;gb gzpj;jy;. xLf;fw;gpupT> ,ioAUg;gpupT vd;gtw;wpd; mtjhdpj;j epiyfis rupahd xOq;FKiwg;gb tiua khztiu topg;gLj;jy;. epw%u;j;jj;jpd; mikg;G> miktplk; vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis ftdkhff; milahsq;fhz khztiu topelj;Jjy;. xLf;fw;gpupT> ,ioAUg;gpupT vd;gtw;wpw;Fl;gLk; fyq;fspy; fU> Gd;ikaj;jp vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; gjpT nra;AkhW khztiu mwpTWj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 07
nehjpaj; njhopw;g hl;i lf; fhl;L tjw;F k; nehjpaj; jhf;f tPj j;ijj; Jzptjw;Fkhd Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjidfs; (khg;nghUs; - mikNyR)
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. epWj;jy; fbfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jhf;fq;fSf;F vLj;j Neuj;ijg; gjpT nra;tu;. 2. mtjhdq;fisAk; ngWNgWfisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jtu;. 3 khwpfisf; ifahs;tjd; %yk; gupNrhjidfis elhj;Jtu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : (Kg;gJ kzpj;jpahyq;fs; Kisf;f tplg;gl;l gaw;wk; tpj;Jfisg; gpope;njLj;j) gz;gLj;jhj mikNyR tbjputk;. w 1% ( / v) khg;nghUl; fiury;. mabd; fiury;. (KI- I2) epWj;jw; fbfhuk;. ntz;zpw khgps; XL. ntg;gkhdp. Fohap. ePu;j;njhl;b. nfhjp Foha;fs;> Nrhjidf; Foha;fs;. mwpTWj;jy; : fPNo jug;gl;lthW gupNrhjidiar; nra;Ak;gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. ntt;NtW Nrhjidf; Foha;fspy; jpUj;jkhd fdtsT nfhz;l mikNyR fiury; (5ml)> khg;nghUs; fiury; (10ml) vd;gtw;iw mse;njLj;jy;. ,U fiury;fSk; rkkhd ntg;gepiyapy; Ngzg;gly;. ,U fiury;fisAk; xd;whff; fye;J epWj;jw; fbfhuj;ij njhopw;glr; nra;jy;. ,uz;L epkpl ,ilNtisfspy; ntz;zpw khgps; Xl;by; xU Jsp fyitia xU Jsp mabd; fiurYld; Nrhjpf;fr; nra;jy;. epwkhw;wkhdJ> ePyk; - Cjh vd Vw;glhj tiu gupNrhjidiaj; njhlUjy;. mjw;F vLj;j Neuj;ij mtjhdpj;jy;. epwkhw;wj;ijAk; mjw;F vLf;Fk; Neuj;ijAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jk;gb khztu;fis mwpTWj;jy;. 5 OC > miwntg;gepiy> 40 OC, 60 OC Nghd;w ntt;NtW ntg;gepiyfspy; Nkw;gb nra;Kiwia jpUk;gTk; Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;. (ntg;gepiyahdJ Fspu;eu P ; my;yJ nte;ei P u ePuj ; n ; jhl;bapDs; ,Ltjd; %yk; Ngzg;glyhk;.) ngwg;gl;l ngWNgWfis khztu; tpku;rpf;f re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 08
ntsptplg;gLk; xl;rprdpd; msitf; nfhz;L xspj;njhFg;G tPjj;ij Jzpjy ;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. mwpTWj;jypd;gb cgfuzj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jtu;. ePu;j;jhtuj;jpypUe;J xspj;njhFg;gpd; NghJ fhl;Ltu;. jpUj;jkhd mtjhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tu;. xl;rprd; ntspNaWtijf;

ntsptplg;gLk; xl;rprdpd; fdtsit mstpLtjd; %yk; xspj;njhFg;G tPjj;ijj; Jzptu;. khwpfisf; ifahs;tjd; %yk; gupNrhjidfis elhj;Jtu;. gupNrhjid %yk; ngwg;gl;l ngWNgWfspy; ,Ue;J KbTf;F tUtu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : ePupy; ,lg;gl;l Hydrilla my;yJ Elodea Nghd;w ePu;j;jhtuq;fs;. Audus ,d; xspj;njhFg;G cgfuzk;. (Microburette-Ez;mstp ) Nrhbak; ,UfhgNdw;wpd; Ijhd fiury;. (0.01%) Nrhjidf; Foha; Nkir tpsf;F ntg;gkhdp epWj;jw; fbfhuk;. mbkl;lk;

mwpTWj;jy; : Audus ,d; xspj;njhFg;G cgfuzj;ij xOq;FgLj;j khztu;fis newpg;gLj;jy;. (Microburette -Ez;mstp> ePuhy; Kw;whf epug;gg;gl;bUj;jy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.) NghJkhd msT xspia toq;Ftjw;fhf ePu;j;jhtuj;jpd; mz;ikapy; Nkir tpsf;if itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xspj;njhFg;gpd; NghJ xl;rprd; thAf; Fkpopfs; ntsptplg;gLtijAk; Microburette ,d; tistpy; xl;rprd; thA Nrfupf;fg;gLk; tpjj;ijAk; khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. kUe;J cl;GFj;jpia (Syringe) gad;gLj;jp Fwpg;gpl;l Neu ,ilntspapy; ntsptplg;gLk; xl;rprdpd; fdtsit mstpLk;gb mwpTWj;jy;.

Audus cgfuzj;jpypUe;J Nkir tpsf;fpd; J}uj;ij khw;Wtjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; xspr;nrwpT Vw;gLk; khw;wk; my;yJ ,U fhgNdw;W fiurypd; nrwpT khw;wk; Nghd;w NtWgl;l epge;jidfspy; xspj;njhFg;G tPjj;ij mtjhdpf;f topfhl;ly;. khztu;fshy;; ngwg;gl;l ngWNgWfisj; Jzpjy;. ntt;NtW ,U nrwpTfSf;F kl;Lk; NaHCO3 fiurypd; nrwpit khw;wpg; gupNrhjid nra;ag;gly; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.

Fwpg;G :

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 09
xspj;njhFg;gpw;fhd ,irthf;fj;ij nfhz;l ,iy xd;wpd; FWf;F ntl;L Kfj;ij EZf;Ff; fhl;bapy; mtjhdpj;jy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1 2. 3. 4. .EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo; njd;gLfpd;wthW ,Utpj;jpiy ; ,ioaq;fspd; xOq;if mtjhdpg;gu;. ,iywapd; nky;ypa ntl;LKfq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; jpwid tpUj;jpahf;Ftu;. EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; NtWgl;l tYf;fspd; fPo; jpUj;jkhd mtjhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Stu;. EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo; njd;gLfpd;wthW tiutu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jpd; Gjpa ,iy. tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk;. rpwpa tu;zj; J}upif> rtu myF. ePUs;s fbfhuf; fz;zhb. EZf;Ff;fhl;b. ,iyapd; ntl;L Kfj;ij

10

mwpTWj;jy; : ,iyapd nky; y pa ntl; L Kfq; f isg; ngw; W mtw; i w fbfhuf; fz;zhbapDs; cs;s ePupDs; ,lkhw;Wtjw;F khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. tOf;fp kPJs;s xU Jsp ePu; kPJ ntl;L Kfj;ij Vw;wp> %bj;Jz;lhy; khztiu %lr; nra;jy;. vy;yh ,ioaq;fisAk; njspthff; fhl;Lk;> ntl;LKfj;jpd; gFjpnahd;iw njupT nra;Ak;gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. ntt;NtW tifahd fyq;fspdJk; ,ioaq;fspdJk; guk;gy;> jd;ik vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;Fk;gb mwpTWj;jy;. Nfhl;Lg;glk;> tpupthd glk; vd;gtw;iw tiuAk;gb gzpj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 10
Kisf;Fk; tpj;Jfisg; gad;gLj;jp Rthr tPjj;ijj; Jzpjy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. Kisf;Fk; tpj;Jfspd; Rthr tPjj;ijj; Jzptjw;fhd cgfuzj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jtu;. jpUj;jkhd mtjhdq;fisAk; mstPLfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;tu;. cs;nsLf;fg;gl;l xl;rprd; my;yJ ntsptplg;gl;l fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; fdtsT fzpf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; Rthr tPjj;ijj; Jzptu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : gaW tpj;Jfs;. ; ,uz;L Rthrkhdpfs;. (gpd;dpizg;gpy; cs;s glj;ijg; ghu;f;fTk;) KOH fiury;. vupFoha; epWj;jy; fbfhuk;. ePu;j;njhl;b Kr;rl;lj;juhR tRypd;

11

mwpTWj;jy; : 8 kzp Neuk; ePupy; Cwtplg;gl;l gaw;wk; tpj;Jfis xU ehs; tiu <uf; fljhrpapd; kPJ gug;gp itj;J> Kisf;Fk; gaw;wk; tpj;Jfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s khztUf;F topfhl;ly;. gpd;dpizg;gpy; cs;s glj;jpy; cs;sthW ,uz;L Rthrkhdpfis xOq;F nra;a khztUf;F topfhl;ly;. i i iii iv v vi vii viii ix xt;nthU RthrkhdpapDs;Sk; rk jpzpTs;s (25 ) g Kisf;Fk;

gaw;wk; tpj;Jfs; ,ly;. xU RthrkhdpapDs; KOH nfhz;l vupFohiar; nrUFjy;. ,uz;L RthrkhdpfisAk; tspapWf;fkhfg; glj;jpy; fhl;baJ Nghy; ,izj;jy;. ,uz;L RthrkhdpfisAk; ePu;j;njhl;bapy; itj;jy;. C iag; gad;gLj;jp A, B Foha;fspy; cs;s epw%l;lg;gl;l jput kl;lj;ij rkdhf;fy;. jputkl;lk; rkdhf;fg;gl;lTld; epWj;jy; fbfhuj;ij ,af;Fjy;. xt;nthU FohapDs;Sk; epw%l;lg;gl;l jput epuypd; Muk;gkl;lj;ij Fwpj;J itj;jy;. ,uz;L kzpj;jpahyj;jpd; gpd;du; epw%l;lg;gl;l jput epuypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij mtjhdpj;Jg; gjpT nra;jy;. cs;nsLf;fg;gl;l xl;rprd; my;yJ ntsptplg;gl;l fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; fdtsT fzpf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; Rthr tPjj;ijf; fzpj;jy;.

12

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 11
tiff; F upa gw; w Pu pah > raNdhgw; w P u pah vd; g tw; w pd; rpwg; g pay; G fis mtjhdpj;j y ; .
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. tiuglq;fs;> glq;fs; vd;gtw;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp gw;wPupahtpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpg;gu;. 2. 3. 4. jahupf;fg;gl;l epue;ju tOf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp raNdhgw;wPupahtpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpg;gu;. gw;wPupah> raNdh gw;wPupah vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;Jtu;. mtjhdpj;jtw;iwj; jpUj;jkhfg; gjpT nra;tu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : gw;wPupahf; fyq;fspd; glq;fs;> tiuglq;fs;. Nostoc, Anabaena, Lyngbia, Oscillatoria, Microcystis vd;gtw;wpd; epue;ju tOf;fpfs;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b

mwpTWj;jy; : gw;wPupahtpd; glq;fs;> tiuglq;fis khztiug; guprPypf;fr; nra;jy;. Fwpg;G : Ez;zq;fpfspd; tiuglq;fs;> glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; jahupj;J> khztu; mtjhdpg;gjw;F topaikj;jy;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b %yk; NkNy jug;gl;l raNdhgw;wu P pahtpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;J khztu;fis ,dk; fhzr;nra;jy;. mtjhdpj;jtw;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak; gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;.

13

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 12
Ciliophora, Rhizopoda, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta Nghd;w fzq;fspy; mlq;Fk; tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;j y;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. Paramecium, Amoeba, Sargassam, Gelidium, Chlamydomonas, jaw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iw glq;fs; / tOf;fpfs; / khjpupfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp mtjhdpg;gu;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jtu;. NkNy jug;gl;l mq;fpfis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;gu;. mtjhdq;fisj; jpUj;jkhfg; gjpT nra;tu;.

2. 3. 4.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Paramecium, Amoeba, Sargassum, Gelidium, Chlamydomonas, jaw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; glq;fs; / epue;ju tOf;fpfs; / khjpupfs;. ; EZf;Ff;fhl;b. tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk;

mwpTWj;jy; : Paramecium, Amoeba, Sargassam, Gelidium, Chlamydomonas, jaw; wk; vd;gtw;wpd; glq;fs; / tOf;fpfs; / khjpupfs; vd;gtw;iw guprPypf;f Fwpg;G : NkNy jug;gl;l khjpupfisr; Nrfupj;J fw;gjw;fhf fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fis xOq;FgLj;jy;. nra;jy;. NkNy jug;gl;l mq;fpfspd; ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpj;J ,dk; fhzr; nra;jy khztu;fspd; mtjhdq;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak;gb gzpj;jy;;.

14

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 13
f z k ; Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota vd;gtw;iwr; Nru;e;j tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;jy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. Allomyces, Mucor, Aspergillus, Agaricus vd;gtw;iw glq;fs; / tOf;fpfs; / khjpupfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp mtjhdpg;gu;. me;j mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jtu;. ,e;j mq;fpfis NtWgLj;jp ,dk; fhz;gu;. NkNy jug;gl;l mq;fpfspd; mtjhdq;fisj; jpUj;jkhfg; gjpT nra;tu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Allomyces, Mucor, Aspergillus, Agaricus vd;gtw;wpd; glq;fs; / tOf;fpfs; / khjpupfs;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk;

mwpTWj;jy; : Allomyces, Mucor, Aspergillus, Agaricus vd;gtw;wpd; glq;fs; / tOf;fpfs; / khjpupfs; vd;gtw;iwg; guprPypg;gjw;F khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy;. NkNy jug;gl;l mq;fpfis khztu; mtjhdpj;J> ,dk;fhzr; nra;jy;;. mtjhdpg;Gfis gjpT nra;tjw;F khztiu mwpTWj;jy;.

Fwpg;G : ,Ushd ,lq;fspy; gq;fRf;fspd; tsu;r;rp tPjk; mjpfkhFk;. fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; kPJ <uypg;ghd khitg; g+rp itg;gjd; %yk; my;yJ <uypg;ghd ghid fz;zhbr; rhbapdhy; %Ltjd; %yk; Mucor ,d; g+Q;rztiyiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

15

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 14
fzk ; Bryophyta, Lycophyta, Pterophyta, Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta vd;gtw;w pdJk; tFg;G Monocotyledoneae, Dicotyledoneae vd;gtw;wpdJk; tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;jy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. Marchantia, Pogonatum, Selaginella, Nephrolepis, Cycas, Pinus, g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; khjpupfs;> glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpg;gu;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jtu;. me;j mq;fpfis NtWgLj;jp> ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tu;. mtjhdq;fisj; jpUj;jkhfg; gjpT nra;tu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Marchantia, Pogonatum, Selaginella, Nephrolepis, Cycas, Pinus, g+f; Fk; jhtuk; - xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk;> ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; vd;gtw;wpd; khjpup / glq;fs;. iftpy;iy.

mwpTWj;jy; : Marchantia, Pogonatum, Selaginella, Nephrolepis, Cycas, Pinus, g+f;Fk; jhtuk; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk;> ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; vd;gtw;wpd; khjpupfis guprPypf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;. NkNy $wg;gl;l mq;fpfis khztu; mtjhdpj;J ,dk;fhzr; nra;jy;. mtjhdpj;jtw;iwg; gjptjw;F khztiu mwpTWj;jy;.

Fwpg;G : khjpupfis Nrfupj;J fw;gjw;fhd fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fis xOq;F nra;jy;.

16

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 15
fzk; Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata vd;gtw;iwr; Nru;e;j tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; Nematoda jtpue;j Vida xt;nthU fzj;jpdJk; tFg; G f; f spy; mlq; F k; khjpup mq; f pfspdJ Gw ,ay; G fisAk; mtjhdpj; j y; .
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l fzq;fisr; Nru;e;j mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpg;gu;. 2.

Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata vd;gtw;wpd; gpujhd tFg;Gfspylq;Fk; khjpup mq;fpfspd; (Mrpupau;
mwpTiug; G topfhl; b apy; cs; sthW) ntspg; G w rpwg; g pay; G fis mtjhdpg;gu;. me;j mq;fpfis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhZk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtu;. mtjhdpj;jtw;iw jpUj;jkhf gjpT nra;tu;. tpyq;Ffis NtWgLj;Jtjw;F ,izf;ftu;r; Rl;bia cUthf;fpg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.

3. 4. 5.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tFg;Gf;fisr; Nru;e;j mq;fpfspd; glq;fs; tOf;fpfs; / khjpupfs;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b (Njitnadpy;)

mwpTWj;jy; : fPNo jug;gl;l tFg;Gfspy; mlq;Fk; mq;fpfis mtjhdpj;jy;. fzk; Coelenterata ,d; tFg;Gfs; tFg;G : Hydrozoa : Hydra, Obelia, Soft coral (nkd; KUiff;fy;) tFg;G : Scyphozoa : Aurelia (,OJkPd;)

tFg;G : Anthozoa: flydpkdp> Hard coral (td; KUiff;fy;) fzk; Platyhelminthes ,d; tFg;Gfs; tFg;G : Turbellaria : Planaria, Bipalium tFg;G : Trematoda : Fasciola (<uw;wl;ilad;) tFg;G : Cestoda : Taenia (ehlhg;GO)

17

 fzk; Annelida ,d; tFg;Gfs; tFg;G : Polychaeta : Nereis tFg;G : Oligochaeta : kz;GO tFg;G : Hirudenia : yPr; ml;il fzk; Mollusca ,d; tFg;Gfs; tFg;G : Polyplacophora : Chiton tFg;G : Bivalvia : Mussels, Oyster (kl;bfs;> rpg;gpfs;) tFg;G : Gastropoda : Snail, Slug (ej;ij> Xby;yh ej;ij) tFg;G : Cephalopoda : Squid, Octopus (fztha;> Nga;f;fztha;) fzk; Arthropoda ,d; tFg;Gfs; tFg;G : Crustacea : Prawn, Crab (,why;> ez;L) tFg;G : Insecta : fug;ghd; (VjhtJ xU G+r;rp) tFg;G : Chilopoda : Centepede (kl;lj;Njs;) tFg;G : Diplopoda : Millipede (kutl;il) tFg;G : Arachnida : Scorpion, Spider (Njs;> rpye;jp) fzk; Echinodermata ,d; tFg;Gfs; tFg;G : Asteroidea : Starfish (el;rj;jpu kPd;) tFg;G : Ophiuroidea: Brittle star (nehWq;F el;rj;jpuk;) tFg;G : Echinoidea : Sea Urchin (fly; Ks;sp) , Sand dollar tFg;G : Holothuroidea : Sea Cucumber (flyl;il) tFg;G : Crinoidea : Sea lily (fly; ypy;yp) NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fpfspd; fzk;> tFg;G vd;gtw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis khztu; mtjhdpj;J ,dk; fhzr; nra;;jy;. NkNy jug;gl;l mq;fpfspd; Gwj;Njhw;w ,ay;Gfis khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;J> mtw;iwg; gjpT nra;tpj;jy;. NkNyAs;s mq;fpfisg; gpupj;jwptjw;fhf khztu;fis ,izf;ftu;r; Rl;biaj; jahupf;fr; nra;jy;.

Fwpg;G : nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fSf;F> fsr;Rw;Wyhf;fis Nkw;nfhz;L Nrfupf;fg;gl;l khjpupfis Ma;T$lj;jpy; NgZjy;.

18

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 16
tFg;Gfs; Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia vd;gtw;wpy; mlq;Fk; tiff;Fupa mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;j y;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. Shark (Rwh) / Skate (jpUf;if), Grey mullet (rhk;gy; kziy) / Tuna (#iu) / Carangids (ghiu) , Toad (Njiu) / Frog (jtis) / Salamander / Ichthyophis, Lizard (gy;yp) / Cobra (ehfk;) / Crocodile (Kjiy) , fpsp / fhfk;> nghJthd KiyA+l;b (VjhtJ) vd;gtw;iw glq;fs; / khjpupfs; cjtpAld; mtjhdpg;gu;. 2. 3. 4. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis gl;baw;gLj;Jtu;. NkNy Fwpg;gp;l;l mq;fpfis milahsk; fhZk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtu;. mtjhdpj;j mq;fpfspd;; jpUj;jkhd gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;Stu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Shark (Rwh) / Skate (jpUf;if), Grey mullet (rhk;gy; kziy) / Tuna (#iu) / Carangids (ghiu) , Toad (Njiu) / Frog (jtis) / Salamander / Ichthyophis, Lizard (gy;yp) / Cobra (ehfk;) / Crocodile (Kjiy) , fpsp / fhfk;> nghJthd KiyA+l;b (VjhtJ) vd;gtw;wpd; glq;fs; / khjpupfs;. mwpTWj;jy; : NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;Gf;fisr; Nru;e;j Shark (Rwh) / Skate (jpUf;if), Grey mullet (rhk;gy; kziy) / Tuna (#iu) / Carangids (ghiu) , Toad (Njiu) / Frog (jtis) / Salamander / Ichthyophis, Lizard (gy;yp) / Cobra (ehfk;) / Crocodile (Kjiy) , fpsp / fhfk;> nghJthd KiyA+l;b (VjhtJ) Nghd;w mq;fpfspd; glq;fs; / khjpupfs; vd;gtw;iwg; guprPypg;gjw;F khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw ,dk; fhz khztiu topg;gLj;jy;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mtjhdq;fisg; gjpT nra;a khztiu mwpTWj;jy;.

19

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 17
kdpjdpd; czTf; fhy;t hapd; mbg;gil ,ioatpay; fl;likg;igf; fw;W> ntt;NtW gpuNjrj;jpYs;s gpujhd khwy;fis mtw;wpd; njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;j y ;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. kdpjdpd; czTf; fhy;thapd; nkhj;jf; fl;likg;igAk; mjd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; fl;likg;igAk; mtjhdpg;gu;. czTf;fhy;thapd; xt;nthU gFjpfspd; miktplj;ijAk;> Vida mq; fq;f s;; rhu; ghf mg;g Fjpfspd; miktplj;ijAk; mtjhdpj;Jf; Fwpg;gpLtu;. 3. 4. 5. czTf; f hy; t hapd; mbg; g il ,ioatpay; fl; l ikg; g pd; nghJ ,ay;Gfis ,dk; fhz;gu;. xt;nthU gFjpapdJk; fl;likg;ig mtw;wpd; njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;jp njspthff; Fwpg;gpLtu;. czTf; fhy;thapd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; ,ioatpaiyf; fw;gjw;F mtw;wpd; FWf;F ntl;LKfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : KOikahd czTf; fhy;thiaAk; clypDs; cs;sthwhff; fhl;Lk; khjpup my;yJ tiuglk; / fzpdp tpgupg;G. czTf; fhy; t hapd; ntt; N tW gFjpfspd; ntspg; G w nkhj; j cUttpaiyAk; cl;Gw clyikg;gpaiyAk; fhl;Lk; glk; my;yJ tiuglk; / fzpdp tpgupg;G. kdpjdpd; ,iug;ig> rpWFly;> <uy;> ngUq;Fly; vd;gtw;wpd; FWf;F ntl;L Kfj;ijf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fpfs;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b

mwpTWj;jy; : czTf;fhy;thapd; gpujhd gFjpfis mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztUf;F khjpup / Rtu;g;glk;; / fzpdp tpgupg;G vd;gd toq;fg;gly;. czTf;fhy;thapd; xt;nthU gFjpfspd; miktplj;ijAk; kw;iwa mq;fk; njhlu;ghf mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.

20

jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fpfis mtjhdpj;J> mjd; ehd;F ,ioag;gilfisAk; ,dk; fhZk;gb khztiug; gzpj;jy;. ,iug;ig> rpWFly;> ngUq;Fly;> Neu;Fly; vd;gtw;wpd; nkhj;j ntspg;Gw cUttpaiyAk; cl;Gwf; fl;likg;igAk; guprPypg;gjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;jy;. ,iug;igapd; FWf;F ntl;L> rpWFlypd; FWf;F ntl;L> <uypd; FWf;F ntl;L> ngUq;Flypd; FWf;F ntl;L vd;gtw;wpd; EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpfs; / tiuglk; / khjpupfs; / fzpdp tpgupg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l mtjhdpg;Gf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpgupg;Gg; glq;fs;> nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;Gfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jahu; nra;a khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. khjpup / tiuglq;fs; / EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kdpj czTf; fhy; t hapd; ntt; NtW gFjpfspy; cs; s Rtupd; ,ioatpaiyf; fhl;Lk; Nfhl;Lg; glq;fis mtu;fs; tiutjw;F topfhl;ly;. ,iug; i g / rpWFlw; Rtupd; mbg; gilahd ehd; F ,ioatpay; gilfisAk; ,dk; fhz;gjw;F ,iug;ig / rpWFlypd; FWf;F ntl;L nfhz;l tOf;fpfis khztUf;F toq;Fjy;.

ehd;F gilfisAk; cUthf;Fk; gy;NtW tifahd ,ioaq;fis ,dk; fhz khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Ljy;.

21

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 18
khjpupfs; / tiuglq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kdpjdpd; Rthrj; njhFjpiaf; fw;W> Rthr tPjj;jpYk; ehbj;Jbg;G tPjj;jpYk; clw;gapw;rpapd; tpisit mtjhdpj;jy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. kdpj Rthrj; njhFjpapd; nkhj;j fl;likg;ig mtjhdpg;gu;. neQ;riwf; Fopapy; Rthrg;igapd; miktplj;ij tpgupg;gu;. Rthrj; njhFjpapd; gpujhd $Wfspd; fl;likg;ig mtw;wpd; njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;. Rthr tPjk;> ehbj;Jbg;G tPjk; vd;gtw;iw mstpLtu;. Rthr tPjj;jpYk; ehbj;Jbg;G tPjj;jpYk; clw;gapw;rpapd; tpisitj; Jzptu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : kdpj Rthrj; njhFjpapd; khjpupfs; / tiuglq;fs; / fzpdp tpgupg;Gf;fs;. epWj;jy; fbfhuk;;.

mwpTWj;jy; : Rthrj; njhFjpapd; gy;NtW $WfspdJ nkhj;jf; fl;likg;igAk; rhu;ghd miktplq; f isAk; khjpup my; y J tiuglq; f spd; cjtpAld; khztu;fis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.. Mo;ej ; cl;Rthrk;> Mo;ej ; ntspr;Rthrk;> rhjhuzkhd fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj Rthrk; vd;gtw;wpd; NghJ neQ;riwapd; epiyfis mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;. rhjhuz Rthrpj;jypy; ntspr;Rthrj;ijf; fzf;fpLtjw;fhf Ie;J epkplq;fSf;F ehrpj; Jhtuq;fspd; fPohfg; Gwq;ifiag; gpbg;gjw;F khztUf;F topfhl;Ljy;. Xa;T epiyapy;> xU epkplj;jpw;F ehbj;Jbg;G tPjj;jpid Jzpa khztiu gzpj;jy;. %d;W epkp;l Neuj;jpw;F> Mrpupauhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; re;jj;jpw;Nfw;g epd;w ,lj;jpNyNa mzpeil gapYk;gb khztiu gzpj;jy;. gpd;du; xU epkplj;jpw;F ehbj;Jbg;G tPjj;ijAk; %d;W epkplq;fSf;F RthrtPjj;ijAk; Jzptjw;F khztiug; gzpj;jy;.

22

Ie;J epkpl ,ilNtisapy; Nkw;gb gupNrhjidia kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;J xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; Xa;T epiyg; ngWkhdk; va;jg;gLk; fhyj;ijj; Jzpjy;. xt;nthU khztd;> KO tFg;G vd;gtw;wpw;Fg; ngwg;gLk; Xa;Tepiyg; ngWkhdk; va;jg;gLk; fhyj;ij ml;ltizg;gLj;jp> khztu;fis gFg;gha;tpy; <LgLj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 19
Rhoeo Nkw;NwhYupapd; fiua mOj;jj;ijj; Jzpjy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. EZf;Ff;fhl;b mtjhdq;fspD}L KjYU RUq;fpa> KjYU tPq;fpa> KjYUr; RUf;fj; njhlf;f epiyapYs;s Rhoeo Nkw;NwhYupapd; fyq;fis NtWgLj;Jtu;. 2. 3. 4. 5. jug;;gl;l fiurypy; ,Ue;J Fwpg;gpl;l nrwpTs;s fiury;fisj; jahupg;gu;. xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; jpUj;jkhd mtjhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ,ioaq;fspd; KjYUr; RUf;f Ehw;WtPjj;ijj; Jzptu;. ngwg;gl;l juTfis tptuzg;gLj;Jtjw;F tiuigg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. tiugpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;L Rhoeo Nkw;NwhYupapd; fyq;fspd; fiua mOj;jj;ij Jzptu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Gjpa Rhoeo ,iyfs;. %bAld; $ba 6 ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fs; (0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M, 0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M, 0.55M vdr; Rl;baplg;gl;l) 6 gupNrhjidf; Foha;fs; (0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M, 0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M, 0.55M vdr; Rl;baplg;gl;l) Nrhjidf; Foha; jhq;fp ,uz;L> 10.00ml gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;l Fohapfs;. fha;r;rp tbj;j ePUs;s Kfit. 1M Rf;FNuhR fiury; nfhz;l Kfit

23

Ez;zpa ,Lf;fp> rtu myF tOf;fpfSk;> %bj;Jz;LfSk;. tiuGj;jhs;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b.

mwpTWj;jy; : gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;l Fohap> 1M Rf;FNuhR fiury;> fha;r;rp tbj;j ePu; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L (0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M, 0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M, 0.55M vdr; Rl;baplg;gl;l gupNrhjidf; Foha;fspDs; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mNj nrwpTs;s 20ml fdtsT nfhz;l Rf;FNuhR fiury;fisj; jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;. jahupf;fg;gl;l fiury;fis gupNrhjidf; Foha;fspypUe;J ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fspDs;; Cw;Wtjw;F topfhl;Ljy;. Rhoeo ,d; fPo;g;Gw Nkw;NwhYupapd; (Cjh epw) rpW Jz;lq;fisg; ngw;W> xt;nthU ngj;jpupf; fpz;zj;jpYk; cs;s Rf;FNuhR fiurypDs;Sk; xU rpy (2 - 3) Jz;lq;fis ,Lk;gb gzpj;jy;. gpurhuz rkepiyia va;Jk; tiu> ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fis %ba epiyapy; 20 epkplq;fSf;F itf;FkhW mwpTWj;jy;. ngj;jpupf; fpz;zj;jpYs;s fiurypd; xU Jspia tOf;fpapy; ,l;L> mNj fiurypy; cs;s Nkw;NwhYupia mt;tOf;fpapy; Vw;wp itg;gjw;F topfhl;ly;. EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; jho;tYtpy; mtjhdpj;J fyq;fspd; njspthd Gynkhd;iwj; njupT nra;J eLj;ju tYTf;F khw;Wk; gb gzpj;jy;. mg; G yj; j pYs; s fyq; f spd; nkhj; j vz; zpf; i fiaAk; KjYUr; RUf;fkile;j fyq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; fzf;fplr; nra;jy;. KjYUr; RUf;fkile;j fyq;fspd; Ehw;W tPjj;ijf; fzpf;fr; nra;jy;. khztiu X mr;rpy; Rf;FNuhR fiurypd; nrwpitAk; Y mr;rpy; KjYUr; RUq;fy; Ehw;WtPjj;ijAk; nfhz;L tiuG tiuAk;gb gzpj;jy;. tiugpy; ,Ue;J 50% KjYUr; RUq;fy; cs;s NghJs;s fiurypd; %yu; r ; nrwpitj; Jzptjw; F topfhl; l y; . ml; l tizapypUe; J mf;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nrwpTs;s Rf;FNuhRf; fiurypd; fiua mOj;jj;ij jPuk ; hdpj;jy;. ngwg;gl;l ngWNgWfisf; fye;Jiuahly;.

24

20 0C

apy; Rf;FNuhRf; fiurypd; fiua mOj;jk; fiuamOj;jk; (atm) -1.3 -2.6 -4.0 -5.3 -6.7 -8.1 -9.6 -11.6 -12.6 -14.3 -16.0 -17.8 -19.5 -21.5 -23.3 -25.5 -27.5 -29.7 -32.1 -34.6 -65.8 -116.6

; Rf; F NuhR fiury; f spd; fiuamOj;jk; (KPa) nrwpT (%yu; j ; j pwd; ) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.50 2.00 -130 -260 -410 -540 -680 -820 -970 -1 120 -1 280 -1 450 -1 620 -1 800 -1 980 -2 180 -2 370 -2 580 -2 790 -3 010 -3 250 -3 510 -6 670 -11 810

25

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 20
Colocasia Jzpjy; ,iyf;fhk;gpd;/ cUisf;fpoq;Fj; Jz;lj;jpd; ePuOj;jj;ijj;

A) Colocasia

,iyf;fhk;gpd; ePuOj;jj;ijj; Jzpjy;

vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. Colocasia ,iyf; f hk; G j; Jz; l q; f spy; mstpLtjw;fhd Kiwfis tpUj;jp nra;tu;. 2. 3. 4.

tisT

khw; w j; i j

Rf;FNuhRf; fiurypd; nrwpit (X mr;rpYk;) tisT khw;w Ehw;WtPjj;ij (Y mr;rpYk;) nfhz;L tiunghd;iw tiutu;. gupNrhjid KbTfis tpsf;Ftu;. tiugpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l juTfisf; nfhz;L Colocasia ,iyf;fhk;gpd; ePuOj;jj;ij Jzptu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Gjpa Colocasia ,iyf;fhk;G. 6> %bAld; $ba ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fs; (0.15M,0.2M,0.25M,0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M, 0.55M vdr; Rl;baplg;gl;l). 6 gupNrhjidf; Foha;fs; (0.15M,0.2M, 0.25M,0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M, 0.55M vdr; Rl;baplg;gl;l). gupNrhjidf; Foha; jhq;fp. ,uz;L> 10.00ml gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;l Fohapfs;. fha;r;rp tbj;j ePu; nfhz;l Kfit. 1M Rf;FNuhR fiury; nfhz;l Kfit. ,Lf;fp> rtu myF. ghifkhdp. xw;Wj;jhs;.

26

mwpTWj;jy; : . 1M Rf;FNuhR fiury;> gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;l Fohapfs;> fha;r;rp tbj;j ePu; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L 0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M, 0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M, 0.55M nrwpTs;s 20ml Rf;FNuRf; fiury;fis jahupj;J gupNrhjidf; Fohapy; ,Ljy;. Colocasia ,iyf;fhk;gpd; 6 cm ePskhd rPuhd tpl;lKs;s Jz;Lfs; MW vLj;J xt;nthU Jz;bdJk; eLg;Gs;spiaf; Fwpj;jy;. xt;nthd;iwAk; 4 rkdhd Jz;Lfshf Miu topahfg; gpse;J tpLjy;. xt;nthU Jz;ilAk; ntw;Wj;jhspy; itj;J> glj;jpy; fhl;baJ Nghy; %d;W Gs;spfisAk; (A, B, C) Fwpj;jy;.

Muk;g tisthd Nfhzk; ABC I msj;jy;. ngj;jpupf; fpz;zj;jpYs;s xt;nthU Rf;FNuh]; fiurypDs;Sk; 4 Jz;Lfis ,l;Lg; gpurhuz rkepiyia va;Jk; tiu> ngj;jpupf; fpz;zj;ij %ba epiyapy; Mff; Fiwe;jJ 1 kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;F itj;jy;. fiurypypUe;J xt;nthU Jz;lq;fisAk; vLj;j gpd;> xw;Wj;jhs; %yk; Nkyjpf fiuriy mfw;wp> ntw;Wj;jhspy; ,ly;. GwTUit tiutjd; %yk; .Jz;lq;fspd; tisit kPz;Lk; gjpTnra;J> Nfhzk; ABC I msj;jy;. xt;nthU Jz;lj;jpdJk; tisT khw;wj;ijj; Jzpjy;. Rf; FNuhR fiurypd; nrwpTf; F vjpuhf ( X mr; R ) tisT khw; w Ehw;WtPjj;ij (Y mr;R) tiuG tiujy;. ngwg;gl;l juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp Colocasia ,ioaj;jpd; ePuOj;jj;ijj; Jzpjy;. ngwg;gl;l mtjhdq;fisf; fhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.

27

B)

cUisf;fpoq;Fj; Jz;lj;jpd; ePuOj;jj;ijj; Jzpjy;

vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. cUisf;fpoq;Fj; Jz;lj;jpd; ePs khw;wj;ij mstpLk; El;gq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tu;. 2. Rf;FNuh]; fiurypd; nrwpT (X mr;R) vjpu; cUisf;fpoq;Fj; Jz;lj;jpd; ePs khw;wj;jpd; Ehw;WtPjk; tiuig tiutu;. 3. gupNrhjid KbTfis tpsf;Ftu;. 4. cUisf;fpoq;F Kfpo;f; fyq;fspd; ePuOj;jj;ij tiugpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp Jzptu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Gjpa cUisf;fpoq;F Kfpo; %bAld; $ba 6 ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fs; (0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M, 0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M, 0.55M vdr; Rl;baplg;gl;l). 6 gupNrhjidf; Foha;fs;. (0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M, 0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M, 0.55M vdr; Rl;baplg;gl;l). ,uz;L (10 cm3 my;yJ 25cm3) gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;l Fohapfs;. Nrhjidf; Foha;j;jhq;fp fha;r;rp tbj;j ePu;. 1M Rf;FNuhR fiury;. Cork borer ,uz;L 100 cm3 Kfit tiuGj;jhs; mwpTWj;jy; : Vwj;jho 5cm ePskhd> 12 cUisf;fpoq;Fj; Jz;lq;fis Cork borer ,dhy; ntl;bnaLj;jy;. xt;nthU ngj;jpupf; fpz;zj;jpd; fPOk; xt;nthU tiuGj; jhis itj;jy;. xt; n thU ngj; j pupf; fpz; z j; j pDs; S k; ,U cUisf; f poq; F j; Jz;LfisahtJ Kw;whf mkpo;jj ; p cldbahfNt ngj;jpupf; fpz;zj;jpd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tiuGj;jhspd; cjtpAld; mj;Jz;lq;fspd; ePsj;ij msj;jy;. ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fs; %lg;gl;l epiyapy; 30 epkplk; njhlf;fk; 60 epkplk; (Jz;lq;fspd; tpl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g) itf;fg;gly;. Jz;lq;fspd; ePsq;fs; kPz;Lk; msf;fg;gl;L> ePs khw;wj;jpd; ,il (mean) E}w;WtPjk; fzpf;fg;gly;. eP s khw; w j; j pd; ,il E}w; W tP j j; j pw; F k; Rf; F NuhRf; fiurypd; %yu;nrwpTf;Fk; tiuG tiujy;. tiugpypUe;J ePskhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jhj fiurypd; nrwpT Jzpag;gly;. jug;gl;l ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp cUisf; fpoq;Ff; fyq;fspd; ePuOj;jj;ij Jzpjy;.

28

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 21
,iyfs;> mq;Fuq;fspy; eilngWk; MtpAapu;g;G tPjj;ijj; Jzpjy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. mwpTWj;jYf;Nfw;g gupNrhjidfis xOq;fikg;gu;. 2. ,iyapy; ,iytha;fspd; rhu;Gg; guk;giyf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. 3. MtpAapu;g;G tPjj;ij Jzptjw;F Ganong ,d; cwpQ;rd;khdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtu;. 4. MtpAapu;g;gpy; #ow;fhuzpfspd; ghjpg;ig fhl;Ltjw;fhf Ganong ,d; cwpQ;rd;khdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtu;. 5. fz;lwpe;jtw;iw Kd;itg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fis ifahs;tu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Nkw;NwhYupiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ntw;wpiy> Colocasia, Hibiscus Nghd;w jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l MNuhf;fpakhd ,iyfs;. xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;b. tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk; Ganong ,d; cwpQ;rd;khdp tRypd; tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk; mwpTWj;jy; : EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; Nkw;NwhYupia Nrhjpj;J> ,iythapd; rhu;Gg; guk;giyf; fzf;fply;. gpd;tUtdtw;iw xOq;fikf;f khztiu topelj;jy;. eP u pDs; itj; J ntl; l g; g l; l > jhtuj; jz; i l Ganong ,d; cwpQ;rd;khdpf;Fg; nghUj;Jjy;. tspapWf;fkhf milf;Fk; Kfkhf jf;ifapy; tRypid G+Rjy;. cwpQ;rd;khdpapd; kapu;j;Jisf; FohapDs; tspf;Fkpopnahd;iw cl;nrYj;jy;. kapu;jJ ; isf; FohapDs; Fwpg;gpl;l J}uj;ijf; flf;f tspf;Fkpopf;F vLf;Fk; Neuj;ijg; gjpT nra;jy;. MtpAapu; g ; G tP j j; i jAk; tspf; F kpop mirAk; tP j j; i jAk; njhlu;GgLj;jy;. #ow;fhuzpfis khw;Wk; NghJ tspf;Fkpop mirAk; tPjj;jpNyw;gLk; khw;wj;ijf; Fwpj;jy;. #ow;fhuzpfspd; khw;wk; MtpAapu;g;gpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; nry;thf;if tpku;rpj;jy;.

29

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 22
khjpupg; nghUl;fs;> khjpupAUf;fs;> tiuglq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kdpj Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjpapidf; fw;wy ;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. kdpj ,jaj;jpd; miktplk;> mjd; nkhj;j Gwf;fl;likg;G> mjw;fhd FUjp tpepNahfk;> mjDld; njhlu;Gw;w gpujhd ehbfs;> ehsq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpg;gu;. ,jaj;jpd; cl;fl;likg;gpd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpg;gu;. G+uz ,ul;ilr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;Jld; $ba Kiya+l;bapd; ,jaj;jpw;F cjhuzkhf kdpj ,jaj;ij tpgupg;gu;. ,jak;> Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjp vd;gtw;wpd; rhjhuz njhopw;ghl;il tpgupg;gu;. ehbj;Jbg; ig mwp; e; J> ehbj;Jbg; G tPjj; ijf; fzf; fpLk; jpwid tpUj;jpahf;Ftu;. ,ja xypfis fzpdp tpgupg;Gfs; (Computer animations / Simulation) %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;tu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : ,jatiwr; Rw;Wr;rt;T> ,jaj;ij te;jilAk;> ,jaj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWk; gpujhd FUjpf; fyd;fs;> gpujhd KbAU ehbfs; vd;gtw;wpd; nkhj;jg; Gw cUttpaiyf; fhl;Lk; khjpupg; glk; / tiuglk; / fzpdp tpgupg;Gf;fs;. ,jatiwfs;> thy;Tfs;> gpujhd FUjpf; fyd;fspd; cw;gj;jp ];jhdk;> ,ja ,af;fpapd; miktplk;> HIS ,d; fl;L vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; ,ja ntl;L Kfj;Njhw;wj;jpd; nkhj;j> mff; fl;likg;igf; fhl;Lk; khjpupg; glk; / tiuglk; ,ja tl;lk;> FUjp ghAk; jpir> euk;G jirf; fzj;jhf;F flj;jg;gLk; Nfhyk; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; glk;. ,ja tl;lq;fisf; fhl;Lk; fzpdp tpgupg;Gfs; ( Computer animations / Simulations) ehb> ehsq;fSf;$lhd Rw;Nwhl;lk;> kapu;j;Jisf;

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Foha;j;njhFjpfSf;$lhd guty; vd;gtw;wpd; gpujhd Nfhyq;fisf; fhl;Lk; tiuglq;fs;.

30

mwpTWj;jy; : khjpupAUf;fs;> glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,jaj;jpd; Gw> mf fl;likg;Gfis fw;gjw;F khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. . euk;G jirf; fzj;jhf;F flj;jYld; ,ja tl;lj;ijj; njhlu;GgLj;j khztUf;F topfhl;Ljy;. fzpdp tpgupgG ; fs; (Computer animations / simulations) %yk; ,ja xypfisf; Nfl;L> mtw;iw ,dq;fhz topnra;jy;. kzpf;fl;L my;yJ fOj;jpy; ehbj;Jbg;ig czu;eJ ; > ehbj;Jbg;G tPjj;ijf; fzf;fpl khztiu topelj;jy;. mtjhdq;fis gjpT nra;a khztUf;F topfhl;ly;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 23
khjpupg; nghUl;f s;> glq; f s; vd;g tw;i wg; ; gad;g Lj;j p tpyq;F fspy; fhzg;gLk; euk;Gj; njhFjpf; Nfhyq;fisf; fw;wy;;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. khjpupg; nghUl;fs;> glq;fs;> fzpdp tpgupg;Gfs; (Computer animations) Nghd;w nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fs; %yk; euk;Gj; njhFjpapd; nkhj;jf; fl;likg;ig tpgupg;gu;. 2. jug;gl;l tpyq;Ffspd; euk;Gj; njhFjpfis mtjhdpj;J> ,dk;fhz;gu;. 3. jug;gl;l tpyq;Ffspd; euk;Gj;njhFjpfis xg;gpLtu;. 4. kdpj euk;Gj; njhFjpapd; gpujhd gFjpfis ,dq;fhz;gu;. 5. kdpj %isapd; gpujhd gFjpfis gpujhd njhopw;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;. 6. kdpj %isapd; gpujhd gFjpfis mtw;wpd; gpujhd njhopy;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Hydra ,d; euk;G tiyiaf; fhl;Lk; glk; / tiuglk; . Planaria ,d; euk;Gj; njhFjpiaf; fhl;Lk; glk; / tiuglk; / jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fp; kz;GOtpd; euk;Gj; njhFjpiaf; fhl;Lk; khjpupg;nghUs; / glk; / tiuglk;. fu;gg ; hdpd; euk;Gj; njhFjpiaf; fhl;Lk; khjpupg;nghUs; / glk; / tiuglk;. kdpj %is> euk;Gj; njhFjp vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; khjpupg;nghUs; / glk; / tiuglk;.

31

mwpTWj;jy; : NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;;l tpyq;Ffspd; euk;Gj; njhFjpapd; gy;tifikia mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. (Hydra, Planaria, kz;GO> fug;ghd;> kdpj %is> kdpj euk;Gj; njhFjp) kdpj %is> kdpj euk;Gj; njhFjp vd;gtw;wpd; khjpupg;nghUs;fspy;; / glq;fspy;; / tiuglq;fspy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztUf;F topfhl;Ljy;. %is> Kz;zhd; vd;gtw;wpd; nkhj;j Gw cUttpaiy mtjhdpj;jy;. gupT> guhgupT euk;Gj; njhFjpfis mtjhdpj;jy;. kdpj %isapd; glk; / tiuglj;jpy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw mtjhdpj;jy;;. a tbtKk; Nkw;gug;gpd; ,ay;GfSk;> kbg;GfSk;> rhy;fSk;. b %isapd; gpujhd Nrhizfis ,dk;fhZjy;. c %isapd; gpujhd gpuNjrq;fis> njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; glq;fisf; fw;wy;. mtjhdpg;Gfis gjpT nra;a khztUf;F topfhl;ly;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 24
tiuglq;fs;/khjpupfs;/tpsf;fg;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tpyq;F fspy; fhzg;gLk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l Gydq;fq;fisf; fw;wy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. tpyq;Ffspd; gy;NtW tifahd Gydq;fq;fis mtjhdpg;gu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : iftpy;iyfSk;> EZf;Ff; fhl;bAk;. $l;Lf;fz;izAk;> fz;%yfj;jpd; neLf;F ntl;LKfj;ijAk; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;. Planaria tpd; jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fp rpye;jp fug;ghd;. mwpTWj;jy; : Planaria ,d; fl;Gs;spapd; miktplk;> Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpfF ; k;gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. rpye;jpapd; jdpf;fz;zpd; miktplk;> Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;Fk;gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. g+r;rpfspd; $l;Lf;fz;iz iftpy;iyahy; mtjhdpf;Fk;gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. mtjhdpj;j Gydq;fq;fs;> mtw;wpd; gpujhd gFjpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; nghUj;jkhd Nfhl;Lg;glq;fis khztiu tiuar; nra;jy;.

32

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 25
kdpjf; fz;> fhJ vd;gtw;iw tiuglq;fs; /khjpupfs;/tpsf;fg;glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;wy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. kdpjd; fz;> fhJ vd;gtw;wpd; nghUj;jkhd glj;ij tiutu;. kdpjf; fz;> fhJ vd;gtw;wpd; miktplk;> fl;likg;G vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpg;gu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : kdpjdpd; KOf;fz;> mjd; kj;jpa neLq;Nfhl;Lf;Fupa ntl;LKfj; Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;wpd; glk; / khjpup. tpopj;jpiu> tpopj;jpiuf; fyq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; glk;. kdpjf; fhjpd; (Gwf;fhJ> eLf;fhJ> cl;fhJ) vd;gtw;wpd; glk; / khjpup.

mwpTWj;jy; : kdpjf; fz;zpd; miktplk;> fl;likg;G vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;f khztiu topelj;jy;. kdpjf; fz;zpd; gpujhd gFjpfis mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;jp fw;f khztiu topelj;jy;. kdpjf;fhjpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfisAk;> Nfl;ly;> rkepiyg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; mjd; njhopw;ghLfisAk; fw;gjpy; khztiu <LgLj;jy;.

33

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 26
tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; foptq;fq;fspd; gpujhd tiffis glq;fspd; cjtpAld; fw;wy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. fopePufj;jpd; nkhj;jf; fl;likg;igAk; miktplj;ijAk; fw;gu;. ky;gPrpad; rpWFoha;fspd; fl;likg;G> miktplk; vd;gtw;iwf; fw;gu;. kdpjdpd; rpWePufk;> rpWePu;f;Foha;fs;> rpWePu;g;ig> rpWePu;top vd;gtw;wpd; miktplk;> fl;likg;G vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;gu;. rpWePufj;jpd; nkhj;j cl;fl;likg;igf; fw;gu;. mtjhdpj;j fl;likg;Gfspd; ngauplg;gl;l glq;fis tiutu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : kz;GOtpd; fopePufj;jpd; glk; / khjpup. fug;ghdpd; ky;gPrpad; rpWFoha;fspd; glk; / khjpup. kdpjf; foptfw;Wk; njhFjp> kdpj rpWePufj;jpd; neLf;F ntl;L Kfk;> rpWePufj;jp vd;gtw;wpd; nkhj;j cl;fl;likg;igf; fw;gjw;fhd tOf;fpfs; / glk; / khjpup. EZf;Ff;fhl;b

mwpTWj;jy; : kz;GOtpd; fopePufnkhd;iw guprPypg;gjw;F khztUf;F re;ju;gg ; k; toq;fy;. fug;ghdpd; ky;gPrpad; rpWFoha;fspd; miktplk;> fl;likg;G vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. kdpjdpd; rpWePufk;> rpWePu;f;Foha;> rpWePu;g;ig> rpWePu;top vd;gtw;iw

mtjhdpf;Fk;gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. rpW ePufj;jpd; neLf;Fntl;ilf; nfhz;L Nkw;gl;il> ikatpioak; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fis mtjhdpg;gJld; rpWePufj;jpapd; guk;giyAk;> mjd; ghfq;fisAk; mtjhdpf;fTk; khztiu topelj;jy;.

mtjhdpj;j fl;likg;Gfspd; gFjpfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;Lg; glq;fis tiutjw;F khztiu mwpTWj;jy;.

34

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 27
kdpj jiyNahL> Ks;se;jz;L epuy; vd;gtw;wpd; nkhj;jf; fl;likg;ig ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;jp glq;fs; / khjpAUf;fs; / khjpupg; nghUl;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;wy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. jiyNahL> Ks;se;jz;L epuy; vd;gtw;wpd; cUttpaiy tpgupg;gu;. jiyNahl;bd; fl;likg;ig mjd; njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;. epiwiaj; jhq;Fjy;> epkpu;e;j Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;iw njhlu;GgLj;jp> Ks;se;jz;bd; fl;likg;igAk; mjd; %l;LfisAk; gFg;gha;T nra;tu;. jiyNahL> Ks;se;jz;L epuypd; gFjpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Fwpg;gplf;$ba> njspthd ,ay;Gfis ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd glq;fis tiutu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : %l;LfSld; $ba Ks;se;jz;L epuy;> jiyNahL vd;gtw;wpd; glq;fs; / khjpupfs;. mwpTWj;jy; : jiyNahl;bd; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfis khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. a) tbtk;> mOj;jkhd Nkw;gug;G> nfhs;ssT. b) njspthd new;wp> jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l Kfk;> Kd;Ndhf;fp mike;Js;s fl;Fop> njspthd ehb vd;gtw;Wld; $ba Kw;Gwj; Njhw;wk;. c) (rpGfk;) fPo;j;jhilapd; jiyNahl;Lldhd %l;L> gy;yikg;G. d) jiyNahl;bd; Kd;> gpd;> Nky;> fPo; Njhw;wq;fSk;> ngUq;Filak;> gplnud;Gf;Fkpo; vd;gtw;wpd; miktplKk; mj;jpyR Ks;se; jz;nld;Gldhd %l;Lk;. e) Nfl;ly; cgfuzj;jpd; miktplk;. f) RUnsd;GfSk; %f;Ff;Fupa gpuNjrKk;. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; khztu;fis jkJ rf khztupilNaAk; jkJ nrhe;j clypYk; mtjhdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;. a) Kg;gupkhz tPr;Rf;Fupa jiy mirTk; mj;jpy];> mr;R Ks;se;jz;nld;G rhu;ghf jiy mirAk; tpjKk;. b) (rpGfk;) fPo;j;jhil mirAk; tPr;Rk; jpz;k czTg; nghUl;fis nky;Yk; NghJ eilngWk; mirTk;.

35

Ks;se;jz;L epuypd; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpf;Fk; gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. a) gf;fj; Njhw;wj;jpy; njd;gLfpd;wthW Ks;se;jz;L epuypd; tisTfs;. b) Ks;se;jz;L epuypd; Nkw;Gwj;jpypUe;J fPo;g;Gwj;ij Nehf;fp Ks;se;jz;nld;gpd; gUkdpNyw;gLk; mjpfupg;G. c) fOj;Jf;Fupa> neQ;riwf;Fupa> ehupf;Fupa> jpUntd;Gf;Fupa> FapyyFf;Fupa Ks;se;jz;nlz;Gg; gpuNjrq;fSk; mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ks;se;jz; nld;Gfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;. d) neQ;riwf;Fupa Ks;se;jz;nld;Gf;Fk; tpyh vd;Gf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;Gk;> xt;nthU tpyh vd;Gk; mjw;Fupa Ks;se;jz;nld;Gld; nfhz;Ls;s %l;Lk;. e) Ks;se;jz;nld;gpil tl;lj;jl;L. f) jpUntd;Gk;> ,Lg;G tisaj;Jld; mJ nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;Gk;.

nghUj;jkhd glq;fis tiuAk;gb khztu;fis mwpTWj;jy;.

36

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 28
khjpupfs; / glq;fs; / khjpupAUf;;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L kdpj khu;G tisak;> ,Lg;G tisak;> J}f;ftd;$L vd;gtw;iwf; fw;wy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. td;$l;L fl;likg;Gf;fis mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;L tPrR ; ld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;. 2. %l;Lf;fs;> vd;Gfs; vd;gtw;wpw;fpilNaAs;s ,ilj;njhlu;GfisAk; td;$l;L fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; gw;wp mwpe;jtw;iw rupahd cly; epiy Ngzy; (nfhz;epiy)> elj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf gpuNahfpg;gu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : khu;G tisaj;ijAk; Gantd;G> tpyhntd;Gf;$L vd;gtw;Wldhd mjd; njhlu;igAk; fhl;Lk; glq;fs; / khjpupfs; / tptupg;Gfs; / fzpdp tptupg;Gfs;. Nkw;Gak;> Kd;dq;if> kzpf;fl;L> if vd;gtw;wpd; vd;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs; / khjpupfs; / tptupg;Gfs; / fzpdp tptupg;Gfs;. Kd;tisT> gpd;tisT vd;gtw;iwAk; vjpuilAk; ngUtpuy;> Vida tpuy;fs;; vd;gtw;iwAk; fhl;Lk; glq;fs; / khjpupfs; / tptupg;Gfs; / fzpdp tptupg;Gfs;. ,Lg;G tisak;> ge;Jf;fpz;z %l;L> njhil> fizf;fhy;> fZf;fhy;> ghjk; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs; / khjpupfs; / tptupg;Gfs; / fzpdp tptupg;Gfs;. G+uzkhf nghUj;jg;gl;l kdpj td;$l;bd; glq;fs; / khjpupfs; / tptupg;Gfs; / fzpdp tptupg;Gfs;. mwpTWj;jy; : khztiu khu;Gtisaj;jpid mtjhdpj;Jf; fw;fr; nra;jy;. khztiu Nky;mtatj;jpid mtjhdpj;Jf; fw;fr; nra;jy;. %l;Lf;fs;> Kd;tisT> gpd;tisT> vjpuilAk; ngUtpuy; jd;ik vd;gd mlq;fyhf> khu;G tisak;> Njhs;%l;L> mtatk; vd;gtw;iw fw;W gjpT nra;a khztiu topelj;jy;. khztiu ,Lg;Gtisaj;jpid mtjhdpj;J fw;fr; nra;jy;. fPo; mtatk;> ,Lg;G tisak;> ,Lg;G %l;L vd;gtw;wpd; fl;likg;G> njhopy; vd;gtw;wpilNa njhlu;gpid fw;W gjpT nra;a khztiu topelhj;jy;. ghjj;jpd; fl;likg;gpw;Fk;> epiwjhq;Fjy;> ,UfhYz;ik vd;gtw;wpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;gpid fye;JiuahLjy;. elj;jypd; NghJ ngUtpuy;> Fjp> %l;Lf;fs;> fhy;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; mirit njspTgLj;jy;.

37

ntt;NtW tifahd fyq;fspdJk; ,ioaq;fspdJk; guk;gy;> jd;ik vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;Fk;gb mwpTWj;jy;. mtjhdpj;j gFjpfspd; Nfhl;Lg;glk;> tpupthd glk; vd;gtw;iw tiuAk; gb gzpj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 29
Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj;njhFjpia khjpupfs; my;yJ glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;w y;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjpapd; fl;likg;gpid mtjhdpj;J ,dq;fhz;gu;. 2. Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjpapd; ntt;NtW gFjpfshy; Mw;wg;gLk; njhopy;fisAk; mtw;wpd; fl;likg;igAk; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj;njhFjp> rpWePu;j;njhFjp vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd tapw;Wf;Fopapd; fPo;g;Gwg;gFjpapd; epiyf;Fj;J ntl;LKf glq;fs; / tiuglq;fs; / khjpupfs;. kdpj tpijapd; FWf;Fntl;LKfk;. kdpj tpe;jpd; ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b Ez;tiuak;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b. mwpTWj;jy; : glq;fis my;yJ tiuglq;fis / fzpdp tptuzq;fis mtjhdpj;J Mz; ,dg; n gUf; f j; njhFjpapd; xt; n thU mq; f q; f spdJk; fl;likg;GfisAk; rhu;ghd miktplq;fisAk; khztiu tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sr; nra;jy;. tpijapd; FWf;F ntl;il mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; %yTapu; Nkyzpapd; ntt;NtW epiyfisAk; tpe;Jfs;> Nybf; fyq;fs;> Nrw;Nwhyp fyq;fs; vd;gtw;iwAk; mtu;fis ftdpf;fr; nra;jy;. fl; l ikg; G fis njhopYld; njhlu; G gLj; j pf; fye; J iuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

38

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 30
ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjpia khjpupfs;> glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;w y;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjpapd; gFjpfis mtjhdpj;J ,dk; fhz;gu;. kdpj #yfj;jpYs;s Gilg;Gfspd; ntt;NtW epiyfis ,dk; fhz;gjw;F EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtu;. kdpj #ypd; ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;bf; fl;likg;ig tpgupg;gu;. fUg;igr; Rtupd; FWf;F ntl;il mtjhdpj;J ,dq;fhz;gu;. xt;nthU Kk;khj fhyg;gFjpapYk; Kisaj;jpd; tpUj;jp epiyfisAk; ,Lg;Gf; FopapDs; mjd; miktplj;ijAk; mtjhdpg;gu;. kdpj #y;tpj;jfj;jpid Mf;Fk; ntt;NtW $Wfis ,dk; fhz;gu;. ntt;NtW gFjpfshy; Mw;wg;gLk; njhopy;fis mtw;wpd; fl;likg;Gld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjp> rpWePuj ; ; njhFjp vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd tapw;Wf;Fopapd; fPo;g;Gwg;gFjpapd; epiyf;Fj;J ntl;LKfg; glq;fs; / tiuglq;fs; / khjpupfs;. kdpj #yfj;jpd; FWf;Fntl;LKfk;. kdpj #nyhd;wpd; ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b Ez;tiuak;. fUg;igr; Rtupd;; xU gFjpapd; ntl;LKfk; / khjpup / tiuglq;fs; / glq;fs;. kdpj #y;tpj;jfj;jpd; ntl;LKfk; / khjpup / glk; / tiuglk;. xt;nthU Kk;khjj;jpYk; fUg;igapDs; Kjpu;%yTUitf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b.

mwpTWj;jy; : ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjpapd; khjpupia / tiuglq;fis / glq;fisf; ftdkhf mtjhdpj;J mjd; ntt;NtW mq;fq;fspd;; fl;likg;G> rhu;ghd miktplk; vd;gtw;iw khztu;fisf; fw;fr; nra;jy;;. ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjpapd; ntt;NtW mq;fq;fspd; fl;likg;Gfis mtw;wpd; njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fye;Jiuahly;.

39

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 31
xU tpj;jpiy> ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu Kjyhd jz;L> Kjyhd Ntu; vd;gtw;wpd; FWf;F ntl;LKfq;fisf; fw;wy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. jhtug; gFjpfspd; nky;ypa ntl;LKfq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tu;. EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo; Kjyhd jz;L> Ntu; vd;gtw;wpYs;s NtWgl;l ,ioaq;fspd; xOq;fikg;ig jpUj;jkhf mtjhdpj;J fw;gu;. xU tpj;jpiy> ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuf; fl;likg;Gfspd; clyikg;gpay; NtWghLfis ,dk; fhz;gu;. xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpj;j xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu> ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuf; fl;likg;Gfspd; Nfhl;Lg;glj;ij tiutu;. FWf;F ntl;LKfj;jpd; gFjpfisAk; ,ioaq;fisAk; glj;jpy; Fwpg;gu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : mtiu my;yJ mJ Nghd;w ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jpd; ehw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu Ntupd; FWf;F ntl;LKfk;. ntq;fha Ntu; my;yJ mJ Nghd;w xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu NtupypUe;J ngwg;gl;l xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu Ntupd; FWf;F ntl;LKfk;. Tridax Nghd;w ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;LKfk;. Gy; my;yJ mJ Nghd;w xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;LKfk;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b. tOf;fpfSk; %bj;Jz;LfSk; ePUs;s fbfhuf;fz;zhb rpwpa tu;zj; J}upif> rtu myF kuts;spj;; jz;bd; ikatpioak; / cUisf;fpoq;F Kfpo;.

40

mwpTWj;jy; : nky;ypa FWf;F ntl;LKfq;fisg; ngw;W> mtw;iw fbfhuf; fz;zhbapy; cs;s ePupDs; ,lkhw;Wtjw;F khztiug; gapw;Wtpj;jy;. fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; NkYs;s xU Jsp ePupy; ,t;ntl;LKfj;ij ,lkhw;wp %bj;Jz;lhy; %l khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo; jahu; nra;ag;gl;l tOf;fpia itj;J mtu;fis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. gy;NtW tifahd fyq;fspdJk; ,ioaq;fspdJk; guk;giyAk;> jd;ikiaAk; mtu;fis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. nky;ypa FWf;F ntl;LKfq;fisf; nfhz;L jahupjj ; tOf;fpapy; Nkw;Nwhy;> Nkw;gl;il> mfj;Njhy;> guptl;lTiw> fho;> cupak;> ikatpioak; vd;gtw;iw khztu;fis ,dk; fhZk;gb mwpTWj;jy;. fl;likg;Gfspy; fw;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfis Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Nfhl;Lg; glk; xd;iw tiutjw;F topfhl;ly;. mg;glj;jpy; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,ioaq;fis khztu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; gb gzpj;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 32
,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ituq;fspd; Jizahd fl;likg;ig EZf;Ff; fhl;b apDhlhfTk; ntw;Wf;fz;z pD}lhfTk; gupNrhjpj;jy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. Kjpu;tile;j ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; ntt;NtW ,ioaq;fis ,dk; fhz;gu;. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; tsu;r;rp tisaq;fis ,dk; fhz;gu;. jw;fhypf tOf;fpapd; <u Vw;Wifiaj; jahupf;Fk; jpwid tsu;jJ ; f; nfhs;tu;. (Wet mount) nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Stachytarpheta Nghd;w ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; jz;bd; Edpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l ntl;LKfk;. Jiz tsu;r;rpaile;j ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bypUe;J ngwg;gl;l gFjp

41

ePUs;s fbfhuf; fz;zhb> rtu myFk; rpwpa tu;zj; J}upifAk;.

mdpyPd; ry;Ngw;Wf; fiury;. .tOf;fpfs;> %bj;Jz;Lfs;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b mwpTWj;jy; : jz;L Edpapd; nky;y ; pa ntl;LKfj;ijg; ngw;W> fbfhuf; fz;zhbapYs;s ePupDs; ,Ltjw;F khztiug; gapw;Wtpj;jy;. mdpyPd; ry;Ngw;Wf; fiuryhy; rhakpLk;gb gzpj;jy;. tOf;fp kPJs;s xU Jsp ePupy; ntl;LKfj;ij Vw;wp %bj;Jz;lhy; %lr; nra;jy;. EZf; Ff; fhl; b apd; jho; tYtpd; fPo ;> ngwg; g l; l ntl; L Kfj; i j mtjhdpj; J> Jizf; f ho; > Jiz cupak; vd; g d tpUj; j paila Muk;gpj;Js;s gFjpiaj; njupT nraAk;gb khztiug; gzpj;jy;;. cau; tYtpd; fPo; mtjhdpj;J> ntt;NtW tifahd ,ioaq;fspd; guk;giyf; ftdpf;Fk;gb mwpTWj;jy;. Jiz tsu;r;rpaile;j jhtuj; jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;il mtjhdpj;J> kuTup> nkd;ituk;> td; ituk;> tsu;r;rp tisak; Nghd;w Kf;fpa fl;likg;Gfis khztiu ,dk; fhzr;nra;jy;. khztupd; mtjhdq;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak;gb mwpTWj;jy;.

42

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 33
gy;NtW tifahd Ez;zq;fpfis ,dk; fz;L gw;wPupah> gq;fR vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;j y;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3 Ez;zq;fpfspd; gpujhd tiffis ,dk; fhz;gu;. Ez;zq;fpfspd; tiffis gy;NtW ghFghl;L kl;lq;fshfg; ghFgLj;Jtu;. Ez;zq;fpfspd; fw;wYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopDl;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : fs; khjpup Nahfl; / japu; nty;yf; fiurypy; ,lg;gl;l> ntJg;gfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kJtj;jpd; njhq;fy; itf;Nfhy; Cwy;. ney;taypy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l ePu;. G+Q;rzk; gpbj;j ghz;. tOf;fpfs;> %bj;Jz;Lfs;. EZf;Ff;fhl;b

mwpTWj;jy; : EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iw khztiuj; jahupf;fr; nra;jy;. a) fs; khjpup b) c) d) e) f) Nahfl; / japu; nty;yf; fiurypy; ,lg;gl;l> ntJg;gfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kJtj;jpd; njhq;fy; itf;Nfhy; Cwy;. ney;taypy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l ePu;. G+Q;rzk; gpbj;j ghz;.

43

 gpd;tUtd khjpup a - ef;fhdJ. i) khztiu tOf;fpapd; eLNt khjpupapd; xU Jspia itj;J %bj;Jz;lhy; %lr; nra;jy;. ii) EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; cau;tYtpd; fPo; khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. iii) xt;nthU khjpupapYk; gw;wPupah> kJtk;> Gul;NlhNrhth> my;fh Nghd;w Ez;zq;fpfspd; tbtk;> gUkd;> NtW rpwg;gpay;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; ftdkhf mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. gpd;tUtd khjpup (f) f;fhdJ. i) tOf;fpapd; kPJs;s xU Jsp ePupy; G+Q;rzk; gpbj;j ghzpd; rpwpa Jz;nlhd;iw ,l;L mjid %bj;Jz;lhy; %lr; nra;jy;. ii) EZf;Ff;f hl;bapd; jho;> eLj;j u> cau;tYf;fspd; fPo ; khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. iii) gq;fRtpd; G+Q;rztiyapd; fl;likg;G> jd;ik vd;gtw;iwf; ftdkhf mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpg; gupNrhjidiag; gjpT nra;a khztUf;F topfhl;ly;. a) gy;NtW Ez;zq;fpfspd; nghUj;jkhd glq;fs>; GwTUf;fis tiujy;. b) mtw;wpd; fl;likg;G> gUkd;> NtWghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;G vLj;jy;. c) nra;Kiw> ngWNgW vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gply;. d) kJtj;jpd; mUk;Gjiy mtjhdpj;J> Fwpg;G vOjy;.

44

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 34
ePu;> tsu;g;G Clfk;> fz;z hb cgfuzq;fs;> ntg;g khWkpay;Gs;s gjhu;j;jq;f s;> fpUkp GFj;J k; Crpfs; Nghd;w tw;iwf; fpUkpaopf;F k; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gly;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. ntt;NtW gjhu;jj ; q;fis fpUkpaopg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopDl;gq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : mKf;ftLfyd; / mKf;f mLg;G fdyLg;G tsu;g;G Clfk; fpUkp GFj;Jk; Crp gQ;R Fohapfs; $k;Gf; FLitfs; Kfitfs;

mwpTWj;jy; : fpUkpaopj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpd;tUk; njhopDl;gq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wk;gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. a) cyu; ntg;g j;jhy; fpUkpaopj;j y;. (Neubr; Rthiy %yk;) i) ntg;gj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;glhj nghUl;fshd fpUkp GFj;Jk; Crp / jlk; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nrQ;#lhFk; tiu gd;rd; RluLg;gpd; Rthiyapd; kPJ gpbj;jy;. ii) Scalpels > cNyhf Spatulas > fz; z hbf; Nfhy; vd; g tw; i w nkijNyw;wg;gl;l kJrhuk; my;yJ vijy; mw;fNfhypy; mkpo;j;jp Nkyjpf kJrhuk; tbe;j gpd;du;> gd;rd; RluLg;gpd; Rthiy kPJ gpbj;jy;.

45

b)

cyu; ntg;g j;j hy; fpUkpaopj;j y; (fdyLg;g py;) ngj;jpupf; fpz;zk;> FLitfs;> Fohap Nghd;w cyu;e;j fz;zhb cgfuzq;fisf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;F gpd;tUk; gbKiwfshy; fz;zhb cgfuzq;fisf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;F khztiuj; jahu;g;gLj;jy;. i fz;zhb cgfuzq; fis Rj;jkhff; fOtp> ed;F Jilj;J cyu;jj ; y;. i mYkpdpak; jhs; my;yJ fljhrpahy; fz;zhb cgfuzq;fisr; Rw;wp fdyLg;gpDs; itj;jy;. iii $k;Gf; FLitapd; thiar; Rj;jkhd gQ;rpdhy; %b> mYkpdpak; jhspdhy; Rw;Wjy;. iv Fohapapd; thia gQ;rpdhy; %b> kW Kidia gd;rd; RluLg;gpd; Rthiyapy; gpbj;J nkJthfr; #lhf;Fjy;. v vy;yhf; FohapfisAk; jdpj;jdpNa mYkpdpak; jhspdhy; my;yJ fljhrpahy; Rw;wp fdyLg;gpDs; itj;jy;. vi fdyLg;gpd; fjit ,Wf;fkhf %b> 1600C ntg;gepiyapy; 1 - 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; itj;jy;. fdyLg;gpy; itf;fg;gLk; Neuk;> itf;fg;gLk; fz;zhb cgfuzq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. mKf; f tLfydpdhy; fpUkpaopj; j y; . ePu; / tsu;g;G Clfk; vd;gtw;iwf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;F> i) NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy; fz;zhb cgfuzq;fisj; jahu;gg ; Lj;jy;. ii) jahupf;fg;gl;l jput tsu;g;G Clfk; my;yJ ePiug; nghUj;jkhdthW Nrhjidf; Foha;> FLitfs; my;yJ Nghj;jy;fspy; ,ly;. iii) mtw;iw gQ;rpdhy; %b> mYkpdpak; jhs; my;yJ fljhrpapdhy; Rw;Wjy;. iv) %bAs;s Nghj;jnydpy; %bia rpwpjsT ,of;fp tpLjy;. v) mKf;ftLfydpy; fz;zhb cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw itj;jy;. vi) mKf;ftLfydpd; %bia ,Wf;fkhf %b> thy;Tfisj; jpwe;J tply;. vii) 15 ,wh / rJu mq;Fyk; mKf;fj;jpy; mKf;ftLfyidg; Ngzp> 121oC ntg;gepiyf;F cl;gLj;jy;. viii) ePuhtp ntspNaWk; NghJ thy;Tfis %ly;. ix) 121oC ntg;gepiyf;F 15 epkplq;fSf;F mKf;ftLfyid itj;jy;.

c)

46

d)

nkd; r t; T tb cgfuzq; f isg; gad; g Lj; j p tbj; j y; %yk; fpUkpaopj; j y; . ntg;gkhWkpay;Gs;s gjhu;j;jq;fisf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;F i) nkd;rt;T tb cgfuzj;jpd; $Wfis ntt;Ntwhff; fpUkpaopj;jy;. ii) nkd;rt;T tbfisg; gad;gLj;jp jputq;fis tbj;jy;.

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp khztu;fspd; mtjhdq;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;F mtu;fis topfhl;ly;. i) fpUkpaopj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW tifahd cgfuzq;fisg; gw;wpa nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;Gfis gjpT nra;jy;. ii) nra;ag;gl;l nrad;Kiwiag; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis vOjr; nra;jy;.

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 35
vspa tsu;g;G Clfj;ij (Nghriz Vfhu;) jahupj;J> fs; / Nahfl; khjpupapypUe;J fpUkp GFj;jy ;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. vspa tsu;g;G Clfj;ij jahupg;gu;. 2. 3 Ez;zq;fpfspd; rKjhaj;jpd; ntt;NtW tiffis NtWgLj;jp ,dk; fhz;gu;. fpUkp GFj;Jk; njhopDl;gj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : gQ;rhy; ,Wf;fkhf milf;fg;gl;l my;yJ Gup nfhz;l %bahy; %lg;gl;l 150 ml FLit. 100 ml fdtsTs;s> gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;l cUis. (Cylinder) fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l Nfhy;. fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l ngj;jpupf; fpz;zq;fs;. fpUkp GFj;Jk; Crp. gd;rd; RluLg;G. mKf;ftLfyd; Nghriz Vfhu;.

47

i) ii) iii) iv) v)

ngg;Njhd; khl;biwr;rp mtpj;j ePu; Nrhbak; FNshiul;

10g 05g 05g

Vfhu; 15g fha;r;rp tbj;j ePu; 1000ml (Nghriz Vfhu; filapypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glyhk;)

mwpTWj;jy; : fPNo jug;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;wp Vfhu;f; fiuriyj; jahupf;f khztiu jahu; nra;jy; 1) jahupf;fg;gl;l gjhu;j;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J Nghriz Vfhiuj; jahupj;jy;. Nghriz Vfhu;g; Nghj;jypy; jug;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpdg ; w;wy;. jFe;j msTs;s Nghriz Vfhu;j; J}is 100 ml ePupDs; ,l;L> fiuAk; tiu nfhjpf;f tpLjy;. ,f;fiuriy 1210C apy; 15 epkplq;fs; tiu 15 ,wh / rJu mq;Fyk; mKf;fKs;s mKf;ftLfydpy; fpUkpaopj;jy;. 2. Vfhu;j; jl;Lf;fisj; jahupj;jy;. 15 ml fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l Nghriz Vfhiu fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l ngj;jpupf; fpz;zj;jpDs; mOfyw;w El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Cw;wy;. jpz;kkhtjw;F itj;jy;.

3. jl;LfspDs; fpUkp cl;GFj;jy;. xt;nthU Vfhu; jl;LfspdJk; fPo;g;Gwj;ij milahsg;gLj;Jk; Ngdhthy; milahsg;gLj;jy;. fpUkp GFj;Jk; jlj;ij nrQ;#lhFk; tiu Rthiyapy; gpbj;J> Mwpagpd; mOfyw;w Kiwapy; fs; my;yJ Nahfl; khjpupia jlj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;. jlj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l khjpupia Vfhu; jl;bYs;s tpspk;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Vfhu; Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ itj;J Z tbtpy; (zig zag) ,Oj;J (streak nra;J) tply;. miw ntg;gepiyapy; 24 - 48 kzp Neuk; itj;jy;. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp> gupNrhjidiag; gjpT nra;tjw;F khztUf;F topfhl;ly;. a) jl;by; tsu;f;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fisg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;ly;. b) nra;Kiw> mtjhdk; vd;gtw;iwg; gjpT nra;jy;.

48

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 36
vspa rhaq;fisg; (nkjpyPd; ePyk;) gad;gLj;jp fs; my;yJ Nahfl; khjpupapy; fhzg;gLk; gw;wPupahitr; rhakply;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3 jpz;k> jput khjpupfspy; ,Ue;J G+r;Rf;fisj; jahupg;gu;. vspa rhakply; njhopDl;gq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gu;. gw;wPupahg; G+r;Rf;fisg; guprPypf;f EZf;Ff; fhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : fs;> Nahfl;> japu; khjpupfs; nkjpyPd; ePyk; (Ijhd fiury;) tOf;fpfs;> %bj;Jz;Lfs; fpUkp GFj;Jk; Crpfs; gd;rd; RluLg;G fha;r;rp tbj;j ePu; jho;> eLj;ju> cau; tYf;nfhz;l nghUs; tpy;iyfSk; *5> *10> *15 ghu;itj; Jz;LfSk; cs;s EZf;Ff; fhl;b. Marker Ngdh my;yJ Wax ngd;rpy; EZf;Ff;fhl;b.

mwpTWj;jy; : gpd;tUk; nrad;Kiwfis elhj;jp gw;wu P pah tsu;gG ; ngWtjw;F khztiu topelj;Jjy;. 1) G+r;R jahupj;jy;. tOf;fpia ed;whf fOtpr; Rj;jk; nra;J cyu;j;Jjy;. Rj;jkhd tOf;fpfspd; Xuj;jhy; mijf; ifahsy;. rhtzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ. ghtpj;j khjpupfspd; ngaiu Marker Ngdh my;yJ Wax ngd;rpy; %yk; tOf;fpapy; Fwpj;jy;. A) japu; my;yJ Nahfl;bd; gw;wPupah tsu;g;Gf;F fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l fpUkp GFj;Jk; Crpiag; gad;gLj;jp tOf;fp xd;wpd; eLtpy; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L jlk; fha;r;rp tbj;j ePiu ,ly;.

49

fpUkp GFj;Jk; jlj;ij nrQ;#lhFk; tiu #lhf;fp Mwtply;. khjpupapypUe;J rpwpa msit Mwpa fpUkp GFj;Jk; jlj;jhy; Ruz;b vLj;jy;. ,ij xU Jsp ePUld; Nru;j;Jg; ngwg;gl;l njhq;fiy tl;lkhfg; G+Rjy;. (G+r;R kpf nky;ypajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;)

B)

fs;spd; gw;wPupah tsu;g;Gf;F gw;wPupah ePupDs; njhq;fpf; fhzg;gLtjhy; ePu; gad;gLj;JtJ jtpu Vida gbKiwfis Nkw;$wpaJ Nghyr; nra;jy;. tspapy; mg;G+r;ir cyu;j;Jjy;. ,uz;L> %d;W jlitfs; Rthiyapd; Nky; mt; tOf;fpia mirj;J G+r;ir tOf;fpAld; gjpar; nra;jy;. (tspapy; ed;F cyu Kd;G Rthiyapd; kPJ gpbg;gijj; jtpu;j;jy);. ntg;gj;jpdhy; gjpf;fg;gl;l G+r;rpd; kPJ 2 my;yJ 3 Jsp nkjpyPd; ePyj;ij ,l;L> 30 - 60 nrf;fd;fSf;F rhak; gjpf;fg;gl tpLjy;. Nkyjpf rhaj;ij mfw;Wk; Kfkhf XLk; Foha; ePupy; tOf;fpiag; gpbj;jy.; gpd;du; xw;Wj;jhis gad;gLj;jp nkJthf ePiu mfw;wp cyu tpLjy;. rhakplg;gl;l G+r;ir EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo; Nrhjpj;jy;. rhakplg;gl;l gw;wu P pah my;yJ (fs;spYs;s) kJtk; vd;gtw;wpd; epwj;ij> khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;. gw;wu P pah / kJtk; vd;gtw;wpd; nghUj;jkhd glj;ij tiutjw;F khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. gw;wu P pahitAk; Vida Ez;zq;fpfisAk; (kJtk;) NtWgLj;j khztiu topfhl;ly;.

50

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 37
eP u ; tsu; g ; g py; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; kP d ; > ,why; > myq; f huj; j htu; ,dq; f is ,dq; f hzy; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. ,yq;ifapy; ePu;tsu;g;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kPd;> ,why;fspd; gpujhd ,dq;fis ,dq;fhz;gu;. ,yq;ifapy; ePu; tsu;g;gpy; fhzg;gLk; myq;fhu kPd;> myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd ,dq;fis ,dq;fhzy;. kPd; ngUf;Fk; epiyak;> ,why; gz;iz> ePu; tsu;g;gfk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Nkw;nfhz;l fsr; Rw;Wyh gw;wpa mwpf;iffis vOJtu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : kl;L ,why;> ,e;jpad; nts;is ,why; Nghd;w ,why;fspd; khjpupfs;. ag;ghd; kPd;> iey; jpyhg;gpah> fl;yh> NwhF> kpupfhy; Nghd;w kPd;fspd; khjpupfs;. Guppies, Gold fish, Carp, Gouramies, Sword tails, Mollies,barbs, Angel fish Nghd;w myq;fhu kPd;fspd; khjpupfs;. Cabomba, Ceratophyllum, Vallisneria, Aponogeton, Hydrilla, Pistia Nghd;w myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fspd; khjpupfs;. mwpTWj;jy; : gy;NtW ,why;> kPd> ; myq;fhu kPd> ; myq;fhuj; jhtu ,dq;fis mtw;wpd; Gw ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;L khztiu ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;. ,why; gz;iz> kPd; ngUf;Fk; epiyak;> ePu; tsu;g;gfk; vd;gtw;iwj; juprpf;fr; nra;jy;. mtjhdpj;jtw;iw khztiug; gjpar; nra;jy;.

51

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 38
,yq;ifapy; ney;> njd;id vd;gtw;wpd; nghJthd G+r;rpg; gPilfisf; fw;w y;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. ,yq;ifapy; ney;> njd;id vd;gtw;wpd; nghJthd G+r;rpg; gPilfis ,dq;fhz;gu;. 2. jhtuq;fspd; Gwj;Njhw;wj;ijg; ghu;itapLtjd; %yk; Nkw;gb gPilfspd; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd mwpFwpfis ,dq;fhz;gu;. 3. xt;nthU gPilapdhYk; jhtuj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l Nrjj;jpd; jd;ikfis milahsk; fhz;gu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : gpd;tUk; njd;dk; gPilfspd; khjpupfs;> glq;fs; a) fUtz;L (Black beetle) b) nre;epw ePs; %Q;rp tz;L (Red weevil) c) njq;F cz;zp (Coconut mite) gpd;tUk; new;gPilfspd; khjpupfs;> glq;fs;. a) fgpy jhtuj; jj;jp (Brown plant hopper) b) ney; %l;Lg; G+r;rp (Paddy bug) c) kQ;rs; jz;Lf;Nfhjp (Yellow stem borer) Nkw;gb gPilfspd; jhf;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gl;l Nrjq;fis fhl;Lk; glk; / tiuglk;. gPilfspdhy; jhf;fg;gl;l jhtuq;fs; / jhtug;gFjpfs; mwpTWj;jy; : xt;nthU gPilfspdJk; Gwj;Njhw;w cUttpay; ,ay;Gfis guprPypf;f tha;g;gspj;J> mtw;iw ,dk; fhz;gjw;fhd ,ay;Gfisf; ftdpf;fr; nra;jy;. xt;nthU gPilfspdJk; tho;f;if tl;lk;> tho;f;if tl;l epiyfs;> NtW Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw tiuglq;fspy; mtjhdpj;Jf; fw;fr; nra;jy;. jhtuj;jpd; NrjKw;w gFjpfis ,dq;fhz topfhl;ly;. fsg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L> mq;F gPilfisAk;> mit Vw;gLj;jpa Nrjq;fisAk; mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gPilfis ,dq;fhz cjTk; Gwj;Njhw;w ,ay;Gfisg; gjpT nra;ag; gzpj;jy;.

52

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 39
,yq; i fapy; gpd; t Uk; xl; L z; z pfspd; tho; f ; i f tl; l epiyfis mtjhdpj;J> mit gw;wpa juTfisAk; guk;giyAk; fw;wy ;- kNyupah xl;Lz;zp> igNyupah xl;Lz;zp> nfhSf;fpg;GO
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. nfhSf;fpg; GO> igNyupah xl;Lz;zp> kNyupah xl;Lz;zp vd;gtw;wpd; tho;f;if tl;lj;jpd; ntt;NtW epiyfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F EZf;Ff; fhl;biaf; ifahs;tu;. 2. Esk;Gf; fhtpia ,dk; fhz;gu;. 3. ,yq;ifapy; kNyupah Neha;> ahidf;fhy; Neha;> nfhSf;fpg; GO Neha; vd;gtw;wpd; guk;gw; Nfhyj;ij njhlu;ghLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfis tbtikg;gu;. nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : kNyupah xl;Lz;zp> igNyupah xl;Lz;zp> nfhSf;fpg; GO vd;gtw;wpdJk; mtw;wpd; tho;f;iftl;lq;fspdJk; tiuglk;. kNyupah xl;Lz;zp> igNyupah xl;Lz;zp> nfhSf;fpg; GO vd;gtw;wpd; tho;f;if tl;lj;jpd; ntt;NtW epiyfisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fpfs;. ,yq;ifapy; kNyupah Neha;> ahidf;fhy; Neha;> nfhSf;fpg;GO Neha; guk;gy; njhlu;ghf mz;ikapy; ngwg;gl;l juTfs;. rhj;jpakhdtplj;J fhtpfspd; capu;khjpupfs; EZf;Ff; fhl;b> iftpy;iy. fhtpfspd; tOf;fpfs;> glq;fs;> khjpupfs;> tiuglq;fs; mwpTWj;jy; : cau; tYtpd; fPo; kNyupah xl;Lz;zp> igNyupah xl;Lz;zp> nfhSf;fpg; GO vd;gtw;wpd; tho;f;iftl;lj;jpd; ntt;NtW epiyfis ,dq;fhz khztUf;F topfhl;ly;. ,e;epiyfisg; GwTUtg;glk; tiue;J> ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ,ay;Gfis ftdpg;gjw;F topfhl;ly;. kNyupahf; fhtpfisAk; ahidf;fhy; Neha;f;fhtpfisAk; ,dk; fz;L Gwj;Njhw;w ,ay;Gfis ftdpg;gjw;F topfhl;ly;. mtjhdq;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak;gb khztiug; gzpj;jy;.

53

gupNrhjid ,yf;fk; : 40
njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; ntt;NtW tifahd fisfisf; fw;W> mtw;iw cUttpay; ,d uPjpapy; NtW gpupj;jy;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. 2. 3. fis ,dq;fspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;gu;. fisfspd; njspthd Gw ,ay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp> mtw;iw cUttpay; ,d uPjpapy; NtWgpupg;gu;. fisfspd; ,dq;fis ,dk;fhz;gu;.

nghUl;f Sk; cgfuzq;fSk; : Kd;du; gapuplg;gl;L jw;NghJ iftplg;gl;L> fisfs; epiwe;j gapu;fSld; $ba Njhl;lk;. Nrfupg;Gg; igfs;. iftpy;iy.

mwpTWj;jy; : Njhl;lf; fhzpapy; gapupdq;fspd; miktplq;fisf;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;b>

mz;zsthd tiuglk; tiutjw;F khztiu mwpTWj;jy;. vOe;jkhdkhf xU rJu mb gug;Gs;s epyj;ijj; njupT nra;J> mjpYs;s fisfspd; cUttpay; ,dq;fpd;; guk;giyf; fwFk;gb gzpj;jy;. xt;nthU cUttpay; ,dq;fspdJk; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fw;W> mit ,yFthf ,dq;fhzg;gl cjTk; ,ay;Gfisg; gjpT nra;tpj;jy;. ,ad;wtiu fisfspd; ,dq;fis khztiu ,dk;fhzr; nra;jy;. ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ntt;NtW cUttpay; ,dq;fspd; GwTUit tiue;J> nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;Gfis vOj khztUf;F topfhl;ly;. fisfs;> gapu;fis tpl tpiuthf tsu;tjw;F mit nfhz;Ls;s rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;ngLf;f khztUf;F topfhl;Ljy;.

54

gpd;dpizg;G
fhNghitjNuw; W f; f Sf; f hd Nrhjid jho;j;Jk; nty;yk;

ngdbf;bw; Nrhjid.
jho;j;Jk; nty;yf; fiurypd; 2cm3 vLj;J rk fdtsthd ngdbf;wpd;; fiuriyr; Nru;jJ ; > FYf;fp nkJthf ntg;gNkw;wpf; nfhjpf;fr; nra;jy;. jho;j;jh nty;yk; 2cm3 Rf;FNuh]; fiurYf;F 1cm3 Ijhd IjNuhf;FNshupf;fkpyk; Nru;jJ ; xU epkpl Neuk; nfhjpf; f tpLjy; . Nrhbak; ,U fhgNdw; wpdhy; eLepiyahf;fp> pH jhspdhy; mij cWjpg;gLj;jp> ngdbf;w; Nrhjidia elhj;Jjy;. khg;nghUs; 2cm3> 1% khg;nghUs; fiuriy Nrhjidf; Fohapy; vLj;J> mabd; nghw;whrpak; maill; fiurypd; rpy Jspfisr; Nru;j;jy;.

,ypg; g pl; L fSf; f hd Nrhjid 2cm3 vz;nza;ia 2cm3 ePUs;s Nrhjidf; FohapDs; Nru;j;J> rpy Jsp #lhd; III tplg;gl;l gpd;du; FYf;Fjy;. Gujj; J f; f hd Nrhjid

igA+nul; Nrhjid
2cm3 Gujf; fiuriy mNj fdtsTs;s 5% nghw;whrpak; Ijnuhl;irl; fiurYf;F Nru;j;Jf; fyf;fpa gpd; ,UJsp 1% nrg;G ry;Ngw;Wf; fiuriy tpl;Lf; fyf;Fjy;. mabd; fiury; jahupj;jy; : 1.0 g mabd; gspq;Fld; 2.0g nghw;whrpak; maill;> 300cm3 fha;r;rp tbj;j ePu; vd;gtw;iwr; Nru;j;Jf; fiuj;jy;. Ma;T$lj;j py; mq;f p khjpupfisg; NgZjy;. 10cm3 tu;j;jf NghkyPid 90cm3 fha;r;rp tbj;j ePUf;F Nru;j;jy;. gjdplg;g l;l rijg; gjhu;j ;j q;f is jahupj;j y; jhtug; gFjpf;F nrwp. Nru;jJ ; > ePuj ; n ; jhl;bapy; Ie;J epkplq;fs; nfhjpf;f tpl;L> fz;zhbf; Nfhyhy; nkd;ikj; jd;ikiag; guprPypj;jy;. O N H
3

55

COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

Eyepiece lens-magnifies object

Rotating nosepiece - for changing objective lens being used Coarse focus control Low power objective - magnifies object High power objective - magnifies object
Diaphragm lever - adjusts circumferenceof light source Condenser adjustment knob for focusing the condeser
Condenser-focuses light through specimen, thus increasing illumination of the specimen

Fine focus control Limb-use this to carry the microscope clip-to hold glass slide (a mechanical stage may be present) stage-supports specimen base

Mirror-collects light and directs it to codenser (a builtin light source may be present instead)

AUDUS APPARATUS 56

GANONG'S POTOMETER

Delivery tube C 'T' ' Joint

B A KOH Solution Coloured liquid / Hg

Germinating seeds RESPIROMETER

57