Natural Language Processing
Rada Mihalcea
Fall 2011
Any Light at The End of The Tunnel?
Yahoo, Google, Microsoft Information Retrieval Monster.com, HotJobs.com (Job finders) Information Extraction + Information Retrieval Systran powers Babelfish Machine Translation Ask Jeeves Question Answering Myspace, Facebook, Blogspot Processing of User-Generated Content Tools for business intelligence All Big Guys have (several) strong NLP research labs:
IBM, Microsoft, AT&T, Xerox, Sun, etc.
Academia: research in an university environment
Why Natural Language Processing ?
Huge amounts of data
Internet = at least 20 billions pages Intranet
Classify text into categories Index and search large texts Automatic translation Speech understanding
Understand phone conversations
Applications for processing large amounts of texts require NLP expertise
Information extraction
Extract useful information from resumes
Automatic summarization
Condense 1 book into 1 page
Question answering Knowledge acquisition Text generations / dialogues
Natural?
Natural Language?
Refers to the language spoken by people, e.g. English, Japanese, Swahili, as opposed to artificial languages, like C++, Java, etc.
Natural Language Processing
Applications that deal with natural language in a way or another
[Computational Linguistics
Doing linguistics on computers More on the linguistic side than NLP, but closely related ]
Why Natural Language Processing?
kJfmmfj mmmvvv nnnffn333 Uj iheale eleee mnster vensi credur Baboi oi cestnitze Coovoel2^ ekk; ldsllk lkdf vnnjfj? Fgmflmllk mlfm kfre xnnn!
Computers Lack Knowledge!
Computers see text in English the same you have seen the previous text! People have no trouble understanding language
Common sense knowledge Reasoning capacity Experience
Computers have
No common sense knowledge No reasoning capacity
Where does it fit in the CS taxonomy?
Computers Databases Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Networking
Robotics Information Retrieval
Natural Language Processing Machine Translation
Search
Language Analysis
Semantics
Parsing
Linguistics Levels of Analysis
Speech Written language
Phonology: sounds / letters / pronunciation Morphology: the structure of words Syntax: how these sequences are structured Semantics: meaning of the strings
Interaction between levels
Issues in Syntax
the dog ate my homework - Who did what? 1. Identify the part of speech (POS)
Dog = noun ; ate = verb ; homework = noun English POS tagging: 95%
2. Identify collocations mother in law, hot dog Compositional versus non-compositional collocates
Issues in Syntax
Shallow parsing:
the dog chased the bear the dog chased the bear subject - predicate Identify basic structures NP-[the dog] VP-[chased the bear]
Issues in Syntax
Full parsing: John loves Mary
Help figuring out (automatically) questions like: Who did what and when?
More Issues in Syntax
Anaphora Resolution: The dog entered my room. It scared me Preposition Attachment I saw the man in the park with a telescope
Issues in Semantics
Understand language! How? plant = industrial plant plant = living organism Words are ambiguous Importance of semantics?
Machine Translation: wrong translations Information Retrieval: wrong information Anaphora Resolution: wrong referents
Why Semantics?
The sea is at the home for billions factories and animals The sea is home to million of plants and animals English French [commercial MT system] Le mer est a la maison de billion des usines et des animaux French English
Issues in Semantics
How to learn the meaning of words? From dictionaries:
plant, works, industrial plant -- (buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles") plant, flora, plant life -- (a living organism lacking the power of locomotion) They are producing about 1,000 automobiles in the new plant The sea flora consists in 1,000 different plant species The plant was close to the farm of animals.
Issues in Semantics
Learn from annotated examples:
Assume 100 examples containing plant previously tagged by a human Train a learning algorithm How to choose the learning algorithm? How to obtain the 100 tagged examples?
Issues in Information Extraction
There was a group of about 8-9 people close to the entrance on Highway 75 Who? 8-9 people Where? highway 75 Extract information Detect new patterns:
Detect hacking / hidden information / etc.
Gov./mil. puts lots of money put into IE research
Issues in Information Retrieval
General model:
A huge collection of texts A query
Task: find documents that are relevant to the given query How? Create an index, like the index in a book More
Vector-space models Boolean models
Examples: Google, Yahoo, Altavista, etc.
Issues in Information Retrieval
Retrieve specific information Question Answering What is the height of mount Everest? 11,000 feet
Issues in Information Retrieval
Find information across languages! Cross Language Information Retrieval What is the minimum age requirement for car rental in Italy? Search also Italian texts for eta minima per noleggio macchine Integrate large number of languages Integrate into performant IR engines
Issues in Machine Translations
Text to Text Machine Translations Speech to Speech Machine Translations Most of the work has addressed pairs of widely spread languages like English-French, EnglishChinese
Issues in Machine Translations
How to translate text?
Learn from previously translated data
Need parallel corpora French-English, Chinese-English have the Hansards Reasonable translations Chinese-Hindi no such tools available today!
Even More
Discourse Summarization Subjectivity and sentiment analysis Text generation, dialog [pass the Turing test for some million dollars] Loebner prize Knowledge acquisition [how to get that common sense knowledge] Speech processing
What will we study this semester?
Intro to Perl
Great great for text processing Fast: one person can do the work of ten others Easy to pick up
Some linguistic basics
Structure of English Parts of speech, phrases, parsing
Morphology N-grams
Also multi-word expressions
Part of speech tagging Syntactic parsing Semantics
Word sense disambiguation Semantic relations
What will we study this semester?
Information Retrieval Question answering Text classification Text summarization Sentiment analysis
Depending on time, we may touch on
Speech recognition Dialogue Text generation Other topics of your interest
Administrivia
Instructor: Rada Mihalcea, F228, [email protected] Class meetings: TTh 11-12:20pm Office hours: TTh 4:00-5:00pm TA: TBA Textbook: Speech and Language Processing, by Jurafsky and Martin (2nd edition)
Recommended: Statistical Methods in NLP, by Manning and Schutze
Other readings (papers) may be assigned throughout the semester Grading: Assignments, 2 exams, term project
Late submission policy for assignments: can submit up to three days late, with 10% penalty / day
