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Natural Language Processing Notes

This document provides an overview of natural language processing (NLP). It discusses major companies and research labs involved in NLP and some of its applications like information retrieval, machine translation, question answering, and sentiment analysis. It also outlines key issues in various areas of NLP like syntax, semantics, information extraction, and machine translation. The document concludes by describing what will be covered in the NLP course, including introductions to programming with Perl and linguistic concepts as well as specific NLP tasks.

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558 views

Natural Language Processing Notes

This document provides an overview of natural language processing (NLP). It discusses major companies and research labs involved in NLP and some of its applications like information retrieval, machine translation, question answering, and sentiment analysis. It also outlines key issues in various areas of NLP like syntax, semantics, information extraction, and machine translation. The document concludes by describing what will be covered in the NLP course, including introductions to programming with Perl and linguistic concepts as well as specific NLP tasks.

Uploaded by

cpasd
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Natural Language Processing

Rada Mihalcea

Fall 2011

Any Light at The End of The Tunnel?

Yahoo, Google, Microsoft Information Retrieval Monster.com, HotJobs.com (Job finders) Information Extraction + Information Retrieval Systran powers Babelfish Machine Translation Ask Jeeves Question Answering Myspace, Facebook, Blogspot Processing of User-Generated Content Tools for business intelligence All Big Guys have (several) strong NLP research labs:
IBM, Microsoft, AT&T, Xerox, Sun, etc.

Academia: research in an university environment

Why Natural Language Processing ?


Huge amounts of data
Internet = at least 20 billions pages Intranet
Classify text into categories Index and search large texts Automatic translation Speech understanding
Understand phone conversations

Applications for processing large amounts of texts require NLP expertise

Information extraction
Extract useful information from resumes

Automatic summarization
Condense 1 book into 1 page

Question answering Knowledge acquisition Text generations / dialogues

Natural?
Natural Language?
Refers to the language spoken by people, e.g. English, Japanese, Swahili, as opposed to artificial languages, like C++, Java, etc.

Natural Language Processing


Applications that deal with natural language in a way or another

[Computational Linguistics
Doing linguistics on computers More on the linguistic side than NLP, but closely related ]

Why Natural Language Processing?


kJfmmfj mmmvvv nnnffn333 Uj iheale eleee mnster vensi credur Baboi oi cestnitze Coovoel2^ ekk; ldsllk lkdf vnnjfj? Fgmflmllk mlfm kfre xnnn!

Computers Lack Knowledge!


Computers see text in English the same you have seen the previous text! People have no trouble understanding language
Common sense knowledge Reasoning capacity Experience

Computers have
No common sense knowledge No reasoning capacity

Where does it fit in the CS taxonomy?


Computers Databases Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Networking

Robotics Information Retrieval

Natural Language Processing Machine Translation

Search

Language Analysis

Semantics

Parsing

Linguistics Levels of Analysis


Speech Written language
Phonology: sounds / letters / pronunciation Morphology: the structure of words Syntax: how these sequences are structured Semantics: meaning of the strings

Interaction between levels

Issues in Syntax
the dog ate my homework - Who did what? 1. Identify the part of speech (POS)
Dog = noun ; ate = verb ; homework = noun English POS tagging: 95%

2. Identify collocations mother in law, hot dog Compositional versus non-compositional collocates

Issues in Syntax
Shallow parsing:
the dog chased the bear the dog chased the bear subject - predicate Identify basic structures NP-[the dog] VP-[chased the bear]

Issues in Syntax
Full parsing: John loves Mary

Help figuring out (automatically) questions like: Who did what and when?

More Issues in Syntax


Anaphora Resolution: The dog entered my room. It scared me Preposition Attachment I saw the man in the park with a telescope

Issues in Semantics
Understand language! How? plant = industrial plant plant = living organism Words are ambiguous Importance of semantics?
Machine Translation: wrong translations Information Retrieval: wrong information Anaphora Resolution: wrong referents

Why Semantics?
The sea is at the home for billions factories and animals The sea is home to million of plants and animals English French [commercial MT system] Le mer est a la maison de billion des usines et des animaux French English

Issues in Semantics
How to learn the meaning of words? From dictionaries:
plant, works, industrial plant -- (buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles") plant, flora, plant life -- (a living organism lacking the power of locomotion) They are producing about 1,000 automobiles in the new plant The sea flora consists in 1,000 different plant species The plant was close to the farm of animals.

Issues in Semantics
Learn from annotated examples:
Assume 100 examples containing plant previously tagged by a human Train a learning algorithm How to choose the learning algorithm? How to obtain the 100 tagged examples?

Issues in Information Extraction


There was a group of about 8-9 people close to the entrance on Highway 75 Who? 8-9 people Where? highway 75 Extract information Detect new patterns:
Detect hacking / hidden information / etc.

Gov./mil. puts lots of money put into IE research

Issues in Information Retrieval


General model:
A huge collection of texts A query

Task: find documents that are relevant to the given query How? Create an index, like the index in a book More
Vector-space models Boolean models

Examples: Google, Yahoo, Altavista, etc.

Issues in Information Retrieval


Retrieve specific information Question Answering What is the height of mount Everest? 11,000 feet

Issues in Information Retrieval


Find information across languages! Cross Language Information Retrieval What is the minimum age requirement for car rental in Italy? Search also Italian texts for eta minima per noleggio macchine Integrate large number of languages Integrate into performant IR engines

Issues in Machine Translations


Text to Text Machine Translations Speech to Speech Machine Translations Most of the work has addressed pairs of widely spread languages like English-French, EnglishChinese

Issues in Machine Translations


How to translate text?
Learn from previously translated data

Need parallel corpora French-English, Chinese-English have the Hansards Reasonable translations Chinese-Hindi no such tools available today!

Even More
Discourse Summarization Subjectivity and sentiment analysis Text generation, dialog [pass the Turing test for some million dollars] Loebner prize Knowledge acquisition [how to get that common sense knowledge] Speech processing

What will we study this semester?


Intro to Perl
Great great for text processing Fast: one person can do the work of ten others Easy to pick up

Some linguistic basics


Structure of English Parts of speech, phrases, parsing

Morphology N-grams
Also multi-word expressions

Part of speech tagging Syntactic parsing Semantics


Word sense disambiguation Semantic relations

What will we study this semester?


Information Retrieval Question answering Text classification Text summarization Sentiment analysis

Depending on time, we may touch on


Speech recognition Dialogue Text generation Other topics of your interest

Administrivia
Instructor: Rada Mihalcea, F228, [email protected] Class meetings: TTh 11-12:20pm Office hours: TTh 4:00-5:00pm TA: TBA Textbook: Speech and Language Processing, by Jurafsky and Martin (2nd edition)
Recommended: Statistical Methods in NLP, by Manning and Schutze

Other readings (papers) may be assigned throughout the semester Grading: Assignments, 2 exams, term project
Late submission policy for assignments: can submit up to three days late, with 10% penalty / day

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