Chapter 5 Presentation Recovered

Chapter five Robert Gagnes Conditions of Learning
By:
Kim Murphy Olivia Howell
Objective
By the end of the presentation students will be answer question about Robert Gagnes 5 Varieties of Learning 9 Events of Instruction 8 Conditions of learning Nature of Complex Learning
The Man, The Myth, The Legend...
Does anyone know anything about Robert Gagne?
Robert Gagne
A director of a laboratory researching the training of electronic maintenance personnel He didnt think that any of the traditional principles of learning were improving any of the learning he was observing What are the conditions essential to developing expertise in positions like a pilot or a radar operator?
Gagnes Principles
Gagnes 3 Principles: 1. Provide instruction on the set of component tasks that build toward the final task 2. Ensure that each component task is mastered 3. Sequence the component tasks to ensure optimal transfer to the final task Cognitive Task Analysis: extends traditional task analysis methods to describe the knowledge that experts use to perform complex tasks
Principles of Learning
Problem: all prior theories that addressed learning failed to grasp the diversity and complexity of the activities that set humans apart from other species Gagnes Basic Assumptions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Learning and growth should not be equated to each other Learning is an important causal factor I the individuals development Much of human learning generalizes to a variety of situations Human learning is cumulative; the learning of complex skills builds on prior learning Learning is not a single process
Problems with other theories: 1. 2. They refer to specific situations ( a dog salivating) They didnt account for the human capacity to learn complex skills and abilities
Capabilities and Framework

Capabilities: the learning results in a variety of retained dispositions that are reflected in different kinds of behaviors Learning Framework 3 Components: 1. A system for accounting for the diversity of human capabilities 2. The processes by which the capabilities are acquired 3. The steps in instruction that support each of the steps in learning
Learning
5 Varieties of Learning: 1. Verbal information 2. Intellectual skills 3. Motor skills 4. Attitudes 5. Cognitive strategies Internal Conditions of Learning: the internal states and processes that is essential in achieving each type of learning External Conditions of Learning: the conditions for
Intellectual and Motor Skills

Motor Skills: Intellectual Skills: Distinguishing, combining, tabulating, classifying, analyzing, and quantifying objects, events, and even other symbols. The learner responds to situations by manipulating symbols in various ways Must be able to recognize that a motor performance was not present before the learning Common Characteristics:
o The requirement to develop smoothness of action, precision, and timing o Quality of performance can be attained only through repetition of the exact movements Phases in learning motor skills: o Learning the sequence of movements in the skill, the executive subroutine o Fitting the parts of the skills together through practice o Improving the timing and smoothness of the performance through continued
4 discrete skills:
o Discrimination learning o The learning of concrete and defined concepts o Rule learning o Higher order rule learning
The nature of complex learning

Gagnes analysis of learning suggests that there are two organizations of capabilities representing complex learning:
-Procedures -Learning hierarchies
The nature of complex learning- procedures

Procedures -A set of different actions that must be executed in a sequential or step-like fashion -An organization of skills that includes both motor and intellectual skills Examples: Writing a check or parallel parking a car!
The nature of complex learning- learning hierarchy

Learning hierarchy -A set of specified intellectual capabilities that have an ordered relationship to each other. -Each skill or capability is essential to the learning of the next higher skill in a set.
The nature of complex learning- learning hierarchy

higher rule learning
Beginning with discrimination learning, each capability is a prerequisite of the next higher skill
Principles of instruction
Basic assumptions of instruction: 1. Instruction should be planned to facilitate the learning of the individual 2. both immediate and long-range phases should be included in the design of instruction 3. instructional planning should not be haphazard or simply provide a nurturing environment 4. instruction should be designed using the systems approach 5. instructional design should be based on how human beings learn
Components of instruction
The nine learning phases 1. Attending 2. Expectancy 3. Retrieval (of relevant informations and/or skills) to working memory 4. Selective perception of stimulus features 5. semantic encoding 6. retrieval and responding 7. reinforcement 8. cueing retrieval 9. generalizing
Instructional Design for:

Procedures --Start by determining the skills to be taught by separating each step --The motor skills in the sequence are then analyzed into part-skills that may also need to be taught --Once the capabilities of each skill are identified performance objectives are written for each and instruction is planned for the set of objectives Learning Hierarchies --First, must identify what simpler skills are essential to the present skill --Must identify components mental operations not identify the items of information --Each skill is identified by questioning the procedure --Each skill to be taught is then categorized as to the type of capability and written in the form of performance objectives
Educational Applications:
Classroom Issues
Learner Characteristics Individual difference Readiness Motivation
Educational Applications:
Classroom Issues Cognitive Process and Instruction:
Transfer of Learning Learning How-to-Learn Skills Teaching Problem Solving
Instructional Events

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Chapter five Robert Gagnes Conditions of Learning

Kim Murphy Olivia Howell

The Man, The Myth, The Legend...

Does anyone know anything about Robert Gagne?

Capabilities and Framework

Intellectual and Motor Skills

The nature of complex learning

-Procedures -Learning hierarchies

The nature of complex learning- procedures

The nature of complex learning- learning hierarchy

The nature of complex learning- learning hierarchy

Instructional Design for:

Learner Characteristics Individual difference Readiness Motivation

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