CONTENTS SI. No. Page No. 1. Syllabus 0 2 unit-4 1 Introduction 3. Unit-2 24 Indeterminate Structure 4. Unit-3 57 Curved Beams 5. Unit-4 75 Unsymmetrical Bending 6 Unit-5 97 Rotating Disks & Cylinders 7. Unit-6 107 Helical and Leaf Springs 8. Unit-7 125 Torsion of Non-Circular Sections & Hollowed SectionsMultiple Choice Type Question: a. Q2 a3. a. Introduction In order to apply St Venants principle following points/point are/is important (a) The actual loading & the loading used to compute stresses must be statically equivalent (b)_ Stresses can not be computed in the immediate vicinity of the point of application of loads ()_Allof the above {d)_ None of the above Three Moment theorem is also known as (a) Castigaliano’s theorem (b] Mohr's theorem (€) Clapeyron’s theorem ~ (a) None Castigliano’s first theorem is applicable (a) for statically determinate structures only (b)_when the system behaves elastically (c)_ only when principle of superposition is valid (d) none of the above The most appropriate method for the determination of deflection of truss is (a) Unit load method (b) Williot Mohr diagrams (c) Castigliano’s theorem (d) method of virtual worktd 2 id 3 td 4 {b] | ‘True/False Type Questions : 1. Castigliano’s first theorem is applicaple when the system behaves elastically 2. The principle of superposition is essential condition for castigliano’s first theorem. 3. If m, rand j are the number of unknown members, number of unknown reactions and number of joints respectively, then the degree of static indeterminacy of jointed plane frame will be m+r+2} 4, If (m+r) is greater than 2j then the frame will be stable and statically indeterminate, where m,r and j are the number of unknown members, number of unknown reactions and number of joints respectively. 5. St. venant’s displacement components are called warping function. 6. The deflection of beam can be determined by Castigaliano’s first theorem 7. Arigid jointed plane frame is stable and statically determinate of 3m#r=3). 8. The principal stresses o,0, and g,are the roots of cubic equation o'-10° +1o~1, key 2° 7 ah a Tf 8 Q.1. What are the conditions required for applicability of principle of superposition? 1) Strain is linearly related to stress 2) deformations are small Q.2._ In 3-D stress the three principal stresses are obtained as the three real roots of the following equation:Where ly,l2 and Is are called stress invariants. Why the name called stress invariant? |1, 12, and 13 are known as stress invariants as they do not change in value when the axes are rotated to new positions. 3, Determine the stress Invariants for the following triaxial stress state. 20 40 -30] o=| 40 30 25 -30 25 -10 MPa Solution O= |e o + 30.25 oe -30 25 -10] I & Te Xe 20 40 -30 MPa a -107 +16 -1,=0 to, +0, 20 + 30-10 = 40 MPa 2 =5,6, 46,5. 46,5, — 1,=6,9,6,+20,0,0 = 89500 MPa Q4. State“ St. Venant's Principle”, Except in the vicinity of the loads, the method of application of the loads has no effect on stresses as long as the resultant load remains the same. or Statically equivalent systems of forces produce the same stresses and strains within a body except in the immediate region where the loads are applied. Or Saint-Venant's principle, named after the French elasticity theorist Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant can be stated as saying that 3"the strains that can be produced in a body by the application, to a small part of its surface, of a system of forces statically equivalent to zero force and zero couple, are of negligible magnitude at distances which are large compared with the linear dimensions of the part." A.EH. Love or Definition: The difference between the stresses caused by statically equivalent load systems is insignificant at distances greater than the largest dimension of the area cover which the loads are acting, Q.5. Justify St-Venant Principle Saint-Venant’s Prin Stress distribution may be assumed independent of the mode of load application except in the immediate vicinity of load application points. E f + Loads transmitted through rigid plates result in uniform distribution of stress and strain. 4Concentrated loads result in large stresses in the vicinity of the load application point. Stress and strain distributions become uniform at a relatively short distance from the load application points. Q6. Inlinear elasticity , write briefly about the Lame’s Parameters In linear elasticity, the Lamé parameters are the two parameters A, also called Lamé's first parameter. u, the shear modulus or Lamé’s second parameter. Also denoted G. which in homogenous, isotropic materials satisfy Hooke’s law in 3D, where o is the stress, € the strain tensor, the the identity matrix and the trace function. The first parameter A has no physical interpretation, but it serves to simplify the stiffness matrix in Hooke's law. The two parameters together constitute a parametrization of the elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic media, and are thus related to the other elastic moduli, Q7. For isotropic material write the relationships between stress-strain tensors. a Cam 1-9 7 ° ° oT ban 44 E oe ° fg 2 a og it 0 ee tay GA 9 0 0 et 0 0 |”) vag Lyz 620 tor oe eo tye tan ° ° o Oo Vu Where oxx, ayy, ozz -normal stress © sw € yp € anormal strain Uij-shear stress Yij—shear strain (where i,j = x,y,2)Q.8. Draw a 3-dimensional stress tensor. ‘The stress tensor components in terms of the applied forces, 9. State the principle of superposition and its applicability. ‘The general statement for the principle of superposition asserts that the resultant stress or strain in a system subjected to several forces is the algebraic sum of their effects when applied separately. The principle can be utilized, however, to determine the deflections of beams subjected to complicated loading conditions which, in reality, are merely combinations of a number of simple systems. It must be appreciated, however, that the principle of superposition is only valid whilst the beam material remains elastic and for small beam deflections, Q.10.State Castigliano’s first Theorem For a linearly elastic structure, the partial derivative of the strain energy of a structure with respect to a load gives the displacement of the load in its own line of action. This is generally known as Castigliano’s first theorem. au aeQ.11,.Write down the equations of equilibrium for an elastic body subjected to body force? 2 bas 2 be Smt Oy te tctte +O Beebe Boge B tyes ty +0 a Rites Bay Beasts 0 Q.12.Define Plane stress. Give an example Plane stress : A condition that permits the stresses to be activated in one plane only, such as the thin plate loaded along its own plane and without having restraints in other planes is called plane stress condition. A plane stress may be defined as a stress condition in which all components associated with a given direction ( i.e the z direction in this example ) are zero Example: thin plate loaded with its own plane Q.13,.What is a stress tensor ? Describe briefly. In the absence of any body forces, in static equilibrium, the stress state at any point can be represented by nine stress components from three planes. These nine components can be organized into the matrix: lose tay Tox yx oy Te tex Ty Om where shear stresses across the diagonal are identical (i.e. Tay = Tyx, Tyz = zy, and "2x = xz) as a result of static equilibrium (no net moment). This grouping of the nine stress components is known as the stress tensor (or stress matrix) The subscript notation used for the nine stress components have the following meaning: Stress on the plane along 1 direction Ne chee esters 7(.14.Give examples of zero order, first order and second order tensors ? Mass: zero order tensor (scalar) Surface traction: first order tensor (vector) Stress state in a body: second order tensor Q.15.What is the difference between Direct stress and shear stress with respect to volume of a body? Direct stresses tend to change the volume of the material (e.g. hydrostatic pressure) and are resisted by the body's bulk modulus (which depends on the Young's modulus and Poisson ratio). Shear stresses tend to deform the material ‘without changing its volume, and are resisted by the body's shear modulus. Q.16.What is the significance of Airy’s Stress function ? A stress function is a function from which the stress can be derived at any given point x, y. These stresses then automaticaly satisfy the equilibrium conditions. The Airy stress function @ is defined by 2 Oe gg 2 ono en ae md tm ay We can insert these stress in the following equilibrium condition Orey Gon, Orey ss oe at ey 0 and These functions will satisfy the equilibrium conditions. The Airy stress function is quite suitable when a force is applied to a two- dimensional object. Q.17. Write Bi-harmonic Equations in an elastic body? If we insert Airy’s Stress function @ into the following Compatibility Condition , oo (G+ B)ecror-o we can obtain the transformed compatibility equation (as shown below) bi- harmonic in nature. ae ae | ate oe gare + at 7% 8Q.18.What do you mean by plane strain condition ? Give an example of plane strain condition. It is the deformation state at which the z-directional displacement is zero ‘everywhere due to its comparatively large dimension with respect to other two axes. Plane strain is defined t be a state of strain in which the strain normal to the xy plane, €,. and the shear strain y,. and ¥,,. are assumed to be zero. Example Long cylinder with internal pressure Retaining wall Gravity dam .19,State Maxwel’s law of reciprocal deflection? Maxwell's Reciprocal Theorem : For any linear elastic body (also called a Hookean body], that the movement at a dof. A, caused by the application of a force/moment F at a d.o¥. B, is exactly the same as the movement at a d.of. B, caused by the application of a force/moment F atadof.A. .20.State Maxwell-Betti reciprocal theorem ? Betti-Maxwell Reciprocal theorem: IFtwo load sets act on a linearly elastic structure, work done by the first set of loads in acting through the displacements produced by the second set of loads is equal to the work done by the second set of loads in acting through displacements produced by the first set. Q21.In which condition Lame’s Ellipsoid become ellipsoid of revolution and sphere ? Lame's Ellipsoid become If two principal stresses are equal Ellipsoid of revolution If all principal stresses are equal SphereLong Answer Type Quest ns: Q.1, The framework shown in figure below is pin-jointed to the ground at A and D and is loaded along AB with a distributed load w. if the flexural rigidity El is constant throughout, obtain expressions for the reaction at A and D. 5 c 3 3 wily =| v 4 ID e— ge v Ans V =wd/25 @ Resolving horizontally Ay +Hy=ed @ ‘Bending moment along AB, at a distance x from A, is M,=Hyx ~ws3/2 Bending moment along BC, at a distance 2’ from B, is Mz =Hyd ~ Vz" ~ wd? /2 = Hyd ~ wd?x! [28 — wod?/2_ from (i) Bending moment slong CD, at a distance x” from D, is My=H;.2” =(wd-Hy)x” from (i) ‘Total strain energy due to bending pa | Mire, | Matas, | Ms2.er” 2ET ‘2eT ‘2ET . . ° But, since the supports are fixed in position 8U/aH, =0 a fi ‘M,(@M,/0H,)de + I "MeMeH, ae [agony yas” [tm meraees [una tet e+ fi (ed - Hy)x"(-2")dx Hyd? [3 ~ wodt/8 + Hd ~ tod?6/4 ~ rad6/2 ~ ted4/3 + Hyd?/3 =O giving Hy = (tod/8){(11d + 180)/(2d +36)) From (i) Hz = (d/8){(Sd + 66)/(2d +36)] 102 Abeam simply supported over a span of 3.0m carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 KN/m over the entire span. Taking El = 2.25MNm’ and using Castigliano’s theorem determine the deflection at the center of the beam. Ans, Stub Ge Spaeth = ” y= 201M = 235 Me 200m Deteton a eee. Boalt aon pace {er W (18) be he my ——s enitapt a “ig mae ho Bet Ba RyxdaIxie154W 1290+ 158 o 200+03 Wi Considers ett Yt sce fi A The, M004 05W)e-mere W189) Z aM, ow 051 te-19 Den, ft May iw il +} |leorosms 0#—wer-1s)}efose (00; o5me-19e}x 05rd te 1S)ae = [losscasmes £ | {00s +08 10x? we swiss -h fossesm enipsa- set} é Hose o2smre-se}a +f, }eo-oswns 00 rrsw} {ts -osique =f Hlassoaswye seas Ff 1as-orsmoe ise? $225 (US-U25Wie + 50-075 Wel de ‘Plas so2swie'-se}ae lsctawot saw ant Satan rain Ween se oata-anatat]o anon -uaas tabs = [uss 0+ osan- mas youn 2109 _ 2109.40 ie 937 «107 = 9.7mm (Ane) "Q.3. Using Castigliano’s Theorem determine the deflection of the free end of the cantilever beam shown in the figure. Take El=4.9 MNm* 16 kN 30kN w | 20 kNim | ” x <1 me 1 me 1 mn B Ans: Refer to Fig. 15.29 Apply dummy load W at B 16AN 30KN w _ tel ye me i ig. 15.29 Consider «section XX ata distance « from B, Then M,= Wr 30(4— 1)420% 1x (x15) 4 1640-2) am, aw anf OM a ELaw + Jes +300 oss a0etie sive irae} Tae dla 23} vf) 3) 30x5 410% 7 +30%73 + 20x258+ 16x 4 eae 6 3 B x10 49x 10° ie 8 =4464mm (Ans) (25+ 583-4115 + 51.6 + 21.33) = 0.4461 or 44.64mm, 12Q4. Using Castigliano's Theorem find the central deflection of the uniform bend shown in figure. a ees 4 x wR Che, Ans: Solution. Refer to Fig, Strain energy for the portion ABCG, 7 + & er” BET * 24EI Wil wh ons, 24E1” 8EL* 24ET we ow, tw “hae * ger * Qe wre =o + 3h+ 7h) 2461 = WF +32) 24EI ‘Total strain energy we wr = 2xU gaca= 2% 55 5) Bht 3h) = 5 Bh +3) Vertical deflection of G = 3U_ OW, Wa? = Gp ht 3h) (Ans) 13Q5. A structure is shown in the figure below. Assuming the member to be of uniform ross section through out find the strain energy stored by the structure and determine the vertical deflection of end A. Ans, Solution, Refer to Fig. 15.31 Section AB ws 6ET wen Total strain energy, U= Ugg + Upc we Wh if , je GEL 2EI we , fe = 3h) (Ans) * a + Let 8 be the deflection of end A. Then, Work done by W= Total strain energy stored we == (1+3h) cer we or, a= as ns.) pet +3h) (Ans Q6. Ashaftis supported by two antifriction bearings with loads of 140N each acting at 8 and D as shown in figure. The portion of shaft between B and C has a diameter of 2d compared to a diameter of d for the portion of the shaft between A and B; and between C and D. Using the Castigliano’s theorem, determine the deflection of the shaft at points Band, WON R ry ye Ww a cc + > to ge 4 4 fen Si 05 moe 15m 08 14Solution 1, = Zea'=™ x16 =161, of 68 o [Let W, and W, be the loads setng a pints B and D respectively. Then, Rx 2=W,x0S+ Wx 1S or R,=025 W, +075 W, Also, Rye W=W, + Re or wm t.— W, +, =025 W, +075 WW, + Wy 78 W075 W, ‘Consider a section XX at a distance x from A. Then, -M, = (0.25 W, +0.15 Wx ~ W\(x~ 1.5) ~(1.75 W, ~0.75 W))ce-2), Forx< 15m, we have M, am, ow, For Lm $x 2m Now, deflection at Bis given by, (025W; + 0.754) xx 0.25 x de Eny if + ck lo2sm + 0750 x wycx-Ly]a.s 075.94 Putting W,= = 140 N, we get be F Yossi |n00s- ars 15+20 hse o3752 El; “ 39375 | 210 a = 58 210 Fy sea 1.5) -0375 22-15%) El, oa ] (+ fy = 16), calculated cate) 39375 | 210 4061 = 238, 210 1075-01656] 2% (ans. 2, 16H, a ar = Deflection at pout Dis given by, j= oxi 3FI, Eh r ae0t Cantilever carrying a concentrated load at the free end) Q.7. Abeam of length Lis simply supported at its ends and carries a concentrated load W at its center. It has a rectangular cross section breadth B , Depth D. if C is modulus of rigidity for the beam find the: (i) Shear strain energy in the beam (ii) Deflection due to shear. Ans. Fig. (a) shows loaded beam simply supported a A and 8 (@) shows the SF. diagram forthe bean, (6) shows the cross-section ofthe beam Shear fore ata distane x fromthe end BS, Fi: oo el LE, ate ee hee a 7 + Bucs = i we (@) SF diagram sa te = oe Z Fst moment of are above the layer about neutral axis, and A ‘= Moment of inertia 16Shear sess, bd 12 outa jules pa \2 2 ‘Volume of the layer = b d= dy » ‘Shear strain energy in the layer g L faw( at a ya aed afst{S 2] oe grwone dys who (Et OP by ae 2c bd® 16 2 ‘Total shear strain energy forthe portion BC, wef EE (Gort? pre ELS les-e he LPS a ere} (Sa) vel Ee (et em )ere [ers] iy ca awe = aad xine WF 2c 5 306d“ ~ 26 ™ 306d 40Cbd 40cbd ‘Shear energy forthe beam, Similarly. ©de,= [Le Shear force in portion CA is also W2 (-)] a aw "aw ~ aw| 20cba }~ 10cea aw Hence, 3 ibene (AM) 7Q.8. For the cantilever shown in figure determine: (i) Deflection at the free end. 4 £ . ay (ii) Slope at the free end. Tate ee oe ey aS a(T a) tearaotQS. A cantilever of rectangular section breadth 8, depth D of length L carries 2 uniformly distributed load spread from free end to the mid section of the cantilever. Using Castigliano’s theorem find: (i) Deflection due to shear at the free end. (ii) Deflection due to bending at the free end. wunitrun yY x commoner A ver? <+<— 2 ——_»<—__ 12. —_» (a) Loaded cantilever (6) Cross-section Ans: Solution. (i) Deflection due to shear at the free end B, (8,)y Let us assume that a point load W acts at B. ‘The shearing force (S) at any section XX distant x from B is as follows: S=Wewx For O2j (d) none of the above A rigid jointed plane frame is stable and statically determinate if (a) (m+n)=2 (b) (m+r)=3j () Bm +r) =3) (d) (m+ 3r)=3) The principle of virtual work can be applied to elastic system by considering the virtual work of (a) internal forces only (b) external forces only (c)_ internal as well as external forces (d) none of the above A fixed beam is subjected to lateral loads only, the beam is statically indetermina & the degree of indeterminacy is (a) 1 (b) 2 () 3 (a) 4 24Q8. The strain energy stroed in the cantilever beam subjected to load P at end & of length lis (a) P?P/6Et (b) P?F/4el (c) P?P/3Et (d) P?F/2€1 Q9. The strain energy stored ina simply supported beam of span | and flexural rigidity El due to a central concentrated load W is (a) WF /96E1 (b) WF /48e1 () WF /98EI (d) W'?/92e Q.10. Maxwell's reciprocal theorem is valid (a) for all statically determinate structures (b) for all elastic structure (c)_ any type of structure (d)_ forall structures with linear force displacement relation, Q.11.The strain energy stored in a curved member subjected to load w as shown in Fig. 9 24EI mR? 8Er Q.12.A simply supported beam of span | and flexural rigidity E1 is subjected to an end moment m, the strain energy stored in the beam will be mt fa) EL mil 3EI {c) 25.13.The strain energy stored in a bar of length |, cross sectional area A, young’s modulus E, subjected to axial force P is given by PL PL oe © oe PL Pl ‘aa 1) Ga Q.14.Hingeless arch is (a) Determinate structure (0) {c) Indeterminate structure (d) None Unstable structure Q.15.The static indeterminacy of the structure given in Fig. (b) 1 {a) 0 (d) 3 () 2 Q.16.|f U is the total strain energy of a beam, w is the applied load. The displacement 4 at the point of application of load in its line of action is expressed as fou" lb) A=,/- 1a Vow Q.17.The number of independent equations to be satisfied for static equilibrium of plane structure is (a) 1 () 3 Q.18.If there are m unknown member , r unknown reaction component & j number 0 joints, then the degree of static indeterminacy of a pin joined plane frame is given (b) m=r +2 (d) m+r-3j (b) 2 (d) 6 (a) m+r+2j (c) m+r-2 26Q.19. Number of unknown internal force in each member of a rigid jointed plane frame i (a) 2 (b) 2 3 (d) 6 Q.20.Degree of static indeterminacy of a rigid jointed plane frame having 15 members : reaction components and 14 joints is (a) 2 (b) 3 () 6 (d) 8 Q.21.if in a pin-jointed plane frame (m +r) >2j then the frame is (a) stable and statically determinate (b)stable and statically indeterminate (c)_ unstable (d)none of the above Where m is number of members, ris the reaction components and j is number of joints 22. A pin jointed plane frame is unstable if fa) (m#r)<2j (b) m+r=2j (0) (m+r)>2j (d) none of the above Q.23,The work done per unit volume in elongating a body by a uniaxial force is (a) stress /strain (b) stress x strain (6) (1/2) x stress x strain (d) none of the above Q24,A continuous beam 12 m long. Supported over two spafs 6m each, carries 2 concentrated load of 40 kN each at the centre of each span. The bending moment at the centre of two supports is (a) 30kNm. (b) 45 kNm () 90kNm. (4) 150 kNm Key le2b3b4a5¢60e7 Deas ai0d Moc 12b 13 a14 ¢ 15 4 16 ¢17 ci8ci9¢ 2 2b 22 a 23 ¢ 24 b 27True/False 7) jon: 1. Three moment method is displacement method 2. The total strain energy of a truss element is 500 joules and it carries an axial force of 100kn. The extension of the member is 10 mm. 3. The static indeterminacy of the circular ring supported on three columns is two. 4, The theorem of three moments can be applied to a single span fixed beam also. 5. Modulus of resilience is the strain energy at proof stress per unit area. 6. The Continuous beam is a determinate structure, Key ‘Short Answer Type Questio! Indeterminate structures (Energy Methods, Three moment's theorem, Integration method, redundant frames, continuous beams) Q. 1. What is Clapeyron’s Theorem of three moments ? Clapeyron's theorem of three moments is a relationship among the bending moments at three consecutive supports of a horizontal beam Let A,8,C be the three consecutive points of support, and denote by / the length of AB by I’ the length of BC, by w and w’ the weight per unit of length in these segments. The bending moments at the three points are related by: Mg 142M 5 Q1'}4M cl = 6am flt @ xf] 28a2 a3, where a: is the area on the bending moment diagram due to vertical loads on AB, az is the area due to loads on BC, x: is the distance from A to thecenter of gravity for the b.m. diagram for AB, x2 is the distance from C to the cg. for the BM diagram for BC. State the assumptions of Euler-Bernoull’s beam bending theory . + The beam is subject to pure bending. This means that the shear force is zero, and that no torsional or axial loads are present. * The material is isotropic and homogeneous. +The material obeys Hooke's law (it is linearly elastic and will not deform plastically). * The beam is initially straight with a cross section that is constant throughout the beam length. + The beam has an axis of symmetry in the plane of bending, ‘= The proportions of the beam are such that it would fail by bending rather than by crushing, wrinkling or sideways buckling. * Cross-sections of the beam remain plane during bending. Using strain energy theorms / Castigliano’s theorem calculate the deformation at end A of the cantilever beam. ty ——— A BI) A — > fool Koni ‘ t 6m 2 — 7m 9 — om? (@)Lossed beam a578Nm conn 454Nm (0) BM, diagram (Simply supported) le-asntnsl 1.853 | 43.9876 = 494m BER eet] fe ann : vax digi : 5 Stasis (SF saga er 13 at TMc + 540+ 9427 = SEL 1B neta 100 42 : nel owt x= n= gear SEM 100 26 My +7 Me=~ 17984 o 3714 My + Me == 2569 Now applying the shree moments theorem to spans BC and CD, we get 43 B a oQ.6. Figure shows a beam fixed at one end. Support b settles by 10 mm on loading Draw BM and SF diagrams: given that E = 2x 10° KN/m’ and | = 100 x 10° m*, 8 kNim 20kN SOKN SO kN Le Ans: — Fig. 9-30 (a) shows a loaded beam. Assume a span C,, (Fig. 930 (b)] of length J, and of moment of inertia x Fig. 930 (c) shows the B.M. diagram if each span were freely supported. Now: M,=-20x For span BC: 40 kNm Applying three moments theorem 1 spans AB and BC. we get 5 2 ox(2E tai cs 6n(2xrxt)ee mB rm S+ 8) dee OP, ( a ET a EF "REF wig[ = Big MDa 1000 “6 100" 8 [Because after sinking the middle support is lower than the side supports; 8, and 8, are -ve.] 6617 640) +28 My +8 Me + 200+ 1024 = ~ SEL 7 o ~ 240+ 28g + BM e+ 2224 = - 942 1F 100 10° or, 28 My +8 Me=— 2334 35M, + Me =~ 291-75 “ Applying the three moments theorem to span BC and the assumed span CC, . we get _ o(ouje 7g ae Psa 6( 8x +‘[Because the end support for the span BCC, is lower than the middle support C, 8, is ve.) 20KN SOKN SORN ce A 8 : blog 4 tev mm |x te hi ps HY (a) loaded beam 20AN | SOAN son piinin Y a B t t (b) Equivalent beam, 100 kN 64 kN, 15.11 Nm (0) BM. diagram ses al 24.kN osu a aa (OS. diag 8M 6 16M c+ 1028 = & Br ™ ’ 800 6 or, 416M e+ 1024 = © x 2x 10" 100 x10 EM y+ 16 a 45or, 8M, + 16M, =~ 874 or 05 My + M,-=~ 5463 Solving equation (i) and (i), we get M, =~ 79.04 kNm and. M,.=~ 15-11 kNm ‘The B.M. diagram is shown in Fig. 9-30 (a), ‘Taking moments about B for span AB, we get 20x 8 +R, x6-50x4~50x2+M,=0 = 160 +6 R, ~ 200 - 100 + 79.04 =0 Ry = 635 KN Taking moments about C, we get ~ 20x 16 + Ry x 14 50x 12 ~ 50x 10+ Ry XB - 8X8 320 + 14 x 63-5 ~ 600-500 + 8 Ry 256 + 15-11 =0 320 + 889 — 600 ~ 500 +8 Ry ~ 256+ 1511 ke R= 965 kN Also, Ry + Ry + Re = 20+ 50450 +8 x B= 184 Ro= 184-Ry—Re 184 ~ 63-5 - 96-5 = 24 kN Fig. (¢) shows the S-F. diagram. Q.7. Atwo span continuous beam ABC fixed at the ends is loaded as shown in figure. Find : i Moments at the supports Reactions at the supports Draw BM and SF diagrams also. 6 kNm } 1204x10 For span AB: Max, BM. = ae =75kNm a (With A or B as origin) =P x75x10% 0 = 2500 3 2 For span BC: ax (with B as origin) {seed mae 1 a (with Cas origin) -(- prem) o{jusxsias]s-2- 47okNo nS —_—™ fin ple ne (4) Lsaded beam 64 v 1 120K a yy ry tre spat t oF Hasna (by Eaivaesbeaun 15iN 51429 (20874 (ey Free BM, diagram 68571 kN 784m 78 a 51.429 kNm_ - 14.25kNem sun (@) Final BM, diagram 98-571KNm 10.39)N 14294N 38354 Applying three moments theorem for the spans A,A and AB, we get 6x 2500 042M, (04 10) +My (10) +04 5 SS 20M, + 10.My =~ 1500 te M, +05 My =Similarly, for spans AB and BC, we have 62500 6.440, M4 ,2104 2M (1047) + Mex? + 0 4 10M, #34 My +7 Me 1500-37140 or. M434 M, £07 Me=~ 112286 wy Silay, for spans BC and CC, we have MyXT + 2Me (7 +0) +04 229 2g og 7 My I Me=— 17183 oe My42M,=— 2449 can From (and (i), we have 29 My +07 Me=- 37286 oe My 6028 M, =~ 12857 on From (i) and Gs), we get Mc=59kNm (Ans) Hence from (i) :25kNm (Ans) and fom () = 678kNm (Ans) Kecactions at the supports Taking moments about B, for span AB and equating to Ma, we Bet My Ry 10 6x 10% 2 My = 678 + R, x 10-300 =~ 1425 R,=3535KN (Ans) —Taking moments about B, for span BC and equating to My, we get Rox7+M,~ 120 My 7 Re+ $9~120=~ 1625 Rc =1426KN (Ans) Also, Ry + Ry + R= 6% 10= 60 2 Ry = 00 ~ Ry — Re = 60~ 35:35 ~ 14.26 1039KN (Ane 49as. the reactions of the beam and the equation of the deflection curve. (Note: Express al results in terms of the imposed displacement 5s.) Ans. REACTIONS (FROM EQUILIBRIUM) R, ‘a M, = R,L a = Ral DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Bc. =Cyx2+ Gxt Cy = Cx + Cw? + Cx4+C, 1 WO) =0 2 voy =0 3 v"(L)=0 4 WL) 5, a CL+G C\L + 3C, = -6E15, /L? SOLVE EQUATIONS (8) AND (9): 3 Ely 50 Acantilever beam AB of length L has a fixed support at A and a roller support at | (see figure). The support at B is moved downward through a distance 6s. Using thi fourth-order differential equation of the deflection curve (the load equation), determin: Re Q) a 4) (5) (6) i) (8) 0)SHEAR ForCE (EQ. 4) SED, SE, a R,= V0) =" Reactions (EQs. 1 AND 2) SELB, E Ry= Rp DEFLECTION (FROM Eq. 7): 5px a (3L-x}) = SLOPE (FROM EQ. 6): 33px ae (QL —x) Q9. The load on a fixed-end beam AB of length L is distributed in the form of a sine curve (see figure). The intensity of the distributed load is given by the equation q = qo sin nx/L. Beginning with the fourth-order differential equation of the deflection curve (the load equation), obtain the reactions of the beam and the equation of the deflection curve. y 4249 sinSolution Fixed-end beam (sine load) 4 = qysin weil, From sesawerny: R, DirrenenTiaL EQUATIONS, Eh = ~q= ~qysin ev, o Ely Bl w Ele 6) G Bc. 1 From symmetry. We =0 Be.2 v4) =0 ne.3 L)=0 Bed yi) =0 Sax once (Eo. 2) es ok 52.10. A propped cantilever beam AB supports a concentrated load P acting at the midpoint (see figure). Beginning with the second-order differential equation of the deflection curve (the bending-moment equation), determine all reactions of the beam and draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for the entire beam. Also, obtain the equations of the deflection curves for both halves of the beam, and draw the deflection curve for the entire beam. if =z ic “ fe Solution Propped cantilever beam P = applied load at x = L/2 Select Ry as redundant reaction. REACTIONS (FROM EQUILIBRIUM) PL R=P-R, (1) My=—-Rel 2) BENDING MOMENTS (FROM EQUILIBRIUM) M=Ryx—M, =(P—Ry)x— yt) 53DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (0 Sx S L/2) PL Ely" =M=(P~Ry)x—(— Ral) @) Elv' = (P~ Ry (7 Rts +, (4) 3 (PL 2 Ev = (P~ Rye ~ (So Rel) + Ce + C5) sel v)=0 -C,=0 Be.2 40) =0 cG=0 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (L/2 < x < L) Elv" =M=R,(L—x) (6) xt Elv' = RyLx ~ Rey + Cy a) ca x Elv= Bgl — Rag + Cx + Ce (8)ped ME=0 A GL+C= he.4 Continuity condition at point C ironman) Jee «oy RL, PL . oh Fomop (hs Rye Po Reet om Fromeg 2h My=2E= R= TE 55DEFLECTION CURVE FOR 0 ©) (a) ae N[$ 9/9 Fig shows a channel section beam made up of thin rectangles. When area of web and the outstanding flange are A,and A, respectively, the value of ‘e’ will be In the case of unsymmetrical bending, the direction of neutral axis is (a) perpendicular to the plane of bending (b) not perpendicular to the plane of bending (c) either [a] or (6) (d) none of the above 7Q.11._Unsymmetrical bending is the bending caused by loads that (a) lie ina vertical plane (b) lie in a horizontal plane (c) lie in or parallel to a plane containing principal centroidal axis of inertia of the cross section (d) do not lie in o parallel to 2 plane containing principal centroidal axis of inertia of the cross section Q.12. Under unsymmetrical bending the resultant deflection of beam is (a) parallel to the axis of symmetry (b) perpendicular to the axis of symmetry (c) parallel to the neutral axis (d) perpendicular to the neutral axis Q.13. Ina channel section symmetrical about the XX axis, shear centre lies at (a) centre of vertical web (b) centre of top flange (c) centroid of the section (d) none of the above Q.14. Ina section symmetrical about Xx and YY axes, shear centre lies at {a) centroid of top flange (b) centroid of web {¢) at the centroid of bottom flange (d) none of the above 78Q.15. Which of the following is the reason of unsymmetrical bending (a) section is symmetrical but the load (b) section itself is unsymmetrical and the line is inclined to both the principal axes _load line is along the centroidal axis (c) either a] or [b] (d) both [a] and [6] Q.16. In the case of unsymmetrical bending, angle of inclination (a) of neutral axis to principal axis UU is (a) tan“(Iw/luy)tane (b) tan(luu/lw) (c) tan*(luu/lw)tan® (4) tan(Iuulw}tane Key 7 os cela ore) 3 {al 4 {b] 5 [d) 6 Id 7 (dl) 8 [c} 9 lal 10 {b] 11 {d] 12 (4) | 13d) 4 [bl 15d) 16 [c] Ttue/False Type Question: 1 If the plane of bending do not lie in a plane that contains the principal centroidal axes of cross section, the bending is called unsymmetrical bending. The neutral axes in unsymmetrical bending can be located graphically by momental ellipse. ‘The strength of a beam depends upon its section modulus Z. Deflection of beam under unsymmetrical bending depends upon inclination of plane of loading The shear centre of | section lies on vertical axis. abt For a channel section, the shear centre les at a distance of 7910. 1 The deflection of beam under unsymmetrical bending can be determined, Shear flow stands for shear force per unit cross sectional area, In the case of section subjected to unsymmetrical bending, and direct stresses, neutral axis is a straight line but do not pass through centroid of section. Shear centre is also called as centre of bending, For the sections having one axis of symmetry shear centre coincides with the centroid of the section. Short Answer Type Questions an. a2. a3 What do you mean by "Shear Centre”? The shear center (also known as the elastic axis or torsional axis) is an imaginary point on a section, where a shear force can be applied without inducing any torsion. In general, the shear center is not the centroid. For cross-sectional areas having one axis of symmetry, the shear center is located on the axis of symmetry, For those having two axes of symmetry, the shear center lies on the centroid of the cross-section. What do you mean by unsymmetrical bending? The plane of loading or the that of bending, doesn’t lie in (or parallel toa plane that contains the principal centroidal axis of the cross section , the bending is called the unsymmetrical bending In case of unsymmetrical bending, the direction of neutral axis is not Perpendicular to the plane of bending, State the reasons of unsymmetrical bending. Reasons of unsymmetrical bending are: (i) The section is symmetrical but the load line is inclined to both the principal axes (li) The section itself is unsymmetrical and the load line is along any centroidal axis. 80Q.4. Write an expression for “Product of inertia”. What is the product of inertia of the section along its principal axis... Product of inertia = Ixy =/ky dA The Product of inertia of a section about its principal axis is Zero. Q.5. Write down the expression for deflection of a beam under load W causing unsymmetrical bending. 3 5 km [ano cat ENV ty thy where, K =A constant depending on the end conditions of the beam and positon of the load along the beam, 1 Length ofthe beam, and © = Angle of inclination of load W wih respect to WV principal xi. Q.6. What is meant by Center of twist? Define it. Shear center is also known as the center of twist. The center of twist for any transverse section of the beam is the point of intersection of the bending axis and the plane of the transverse section. @.7. Where the shear center lies for the beam having two axes of symmetry? Incase of the beam having two axes of symmetry the shear center coincides with the center, .8 Show the shear flow distribution in the (a) thin - walled circular section (b) Channel section loaded with symmetric point load on the web (c ) Channel section loaded with point load on top flange. ig I’ = c ‘a SS I C= (a) (0) ( a4Long Answer Type Questions : Q.1, A.80 mm x 80 mm x 10 mm angle section shown in Figure below is used as a simply supported beam over a span of 2-4m. It carries a load of 400 N along the line YG, where G is the centroid of the section. (i) Stress at the points A, B and C of the mid section of the beam: (ii) Deflection of the beam at the mid section and its direction with the load line. (iii) Position of the neutral axis. Take € = 200GN/m* 0x10 40 + 20x10%5 _ 320 ‘0x 10+ x10 Moret of inti out XX ais Now (05 0x10 ] an vencosas-si] [BE ] +1220" rorctox (4s 23651 | [Par mone | [960566 + 78856 + [28543333 + 318777] = 889893 mn 898108 r= ice itis an equal ange section) a2io’ Vixaen’ * 2xqaime! mn te 8< 11466 mm (Ao8) ‘eden 3 beni sh age B chic with ine GY: ven by ‘ vain tam = fe gan @ = E286 i 3670 pease Tish det bt TSA AS = S760" tn 45 = 458 10-4 clockwise withthe fine GY “The neta aus wil be a RF ~ 30-4 = S057 an-clockiae wih shel ne, bacane ‘he noua ai i perpendicular the tne of een Q.2. cantilever, of |-section, 2.4 metres long is subjected to a load of 200 N at the free end as shown in Figure below. Determine the resulting bending stresses at corners A and B, on the fixed section of the cantilever. Length ofthe cantilever, Load, W= 600 N Refer to Fig, 214 Mii: 2a Since Lsection is symmetrical about XX and Y¥ axes, therefore XX and YY are the principal ses UU and W 20x50 2845 _ooare at a = 20450 248 99975 n= 999 104m 25x30" asx 2 mT Moment of inertia, iy) = Fae = 128x107 mt a2Maximum bending moment, M=Wx [= 200 x24 =480 Nm Components of M are M’ = M sin 20° = 480 x sin 20° = 164-17 180 x cos 20° = 451 Nm 1" will cause tensile stresses at points A and C and compressive stresses at points B and D MM” will cause tensile stresses at points A and B and compressive stresses at points C and Not resultant bending stresses on A and B are as follows Mx (25x10) M’x 05x10) ” Tey : pe Beetle x 10° MNim*? 999 x10 = 112-86 + 21831 = 331-17 MN/mn? ie, 6, = 331-17 MN/imm?(Ans.) M7025 x10) MxdS x10" Lyx i [451 25x107) _ 16417 x (1S x 10) 12.86 ~ 218.31 =~ 105-45 MN/m? (05:45 MN/m?(Ans.) |: 10 MN? 85a3. Figure below shows a 80 mm x 80 mm angle having L, 7.36 x 10% m* Iti used as a freely supported beam with one leg vertical. On the application of thi bending moment in the vertical plane YY the mid-section of the beam deflects i the direction AA at 300 15’ to the vertical. (i) Calculate the second moment of area of the section about its principal axis (ii) What is the bending stress at the corner B if the bending moment is1.! kNm? y PN v N » pee 86Soliton. Givem Iyy = yy = 87-36 x 10-* mt Bending moment, M= 1-5 kNm (Second moment of area about the principal axes. 1,1 We know, lop + yy Tay + bay = 2 x 87-36 x 10 = 174-72 x 10° m* wal) dies, tan B= 4 x an 8 Here, © = 45" legs of the section being equa) and, [B= Inclination of GA’ with GV'= 45° + 30° 15°= 75° 15° tan (95°15) = 1 tan 45° fue = 319 (i Solving eqns. (i) and (i), we get Ty = 365 x 104m* (Ans) and, Tyy #1382108 m* (Ans) (Gi) Bending stress at Co-ordinates of B (u,¥): } 10° MN? 138-210 36510" 15 {00566 x cos 45° | 00235 x sin 45° ie [ee | ‘5 x 10° (2.895 x 10 + 4.552 x 10) = 111-7 MN/m? 11-7 MN/m? (Ans.) [se cos 45° ie, 87aa, ‘A beam of T-section (Flange: 100 mm x 20 mm; Web: 150 mm x 10 mm) is 2.5 metres in length and is simply supported at eh ends. It carries a load of 3.2 kN inclined at 20oto the vertical and passing through the centroid of the section. N e _— 100 inm a Flange 0m xu Web a hi b+ tom Ww IFE = 200GN/m* calculate: i) Maximum tensile stress ii) Maximum compressive stress ) Deflection due to load (iv) Position of neutral axis Solution. Length of the beam, Sm Load, 2kN Inclination of the load with the vertical = 20° Young's modulus, E = 200 GN/m? a1 25m—pla125m—st ‘Beam loaded centrally (tthe — se tts ‘To find centroid of the T-section taking moments about the top of the flange, we get 100% 20x10 «150x102 + 20) oa s0x1020000 + 142500 2000 + 1500 = “4m Since the setion is symmetrical about the vertical axis, therefore, the principal axes pass pout the cenrid G and are along UU and Waxes shown 100 x 20° PD 4, + 00x20 464-10" [ee 41503103236 ~7 | (66666,67 + 2649920] + [2812500 + 3542940) = 9.07 x 10° mmm = 9.07 « 10° m* ~ [get sna Iw m2 * 2 = 1.679 x 10° mm* = 1.679 « 10 mt Components of W W, = W sin 20° = 3.2 x sin 20° = 1.094 kN W, = Weos 20° = 3:2 x cos 20° = 3.007 KN Bending moments : 10942: 725 — 06s ksi Wx _ 300725 _ 1M, = ERS = OTR28 = 1979 km -M, will cause maximum compressive stresses atB and D and maximum tensile stresses at A and C. M, will cause maximum compressive stresses at A and B andl maximum tensile stresses at Cand D. (i) Maximum tensile stress : ‘Maximum tensile stress at C, M, x5 x10" M, x (1236x 10") lw tow =| 684510” pgp , 18791236210" 10-1] sani? 167910 oa 10 = 2.04 + 25-6 = 27-64 MNim? te, 0, = 2764 MN/m? (Ans.) # Maximum compressive stress : Patan orn 5 (468 10° be x1 9 A410" 9) i? oar x10 2037 + 961 = 29.98 MNim? 2998 MN/m?(Ans.) 89We know that; g- Aut [sin? @ | cost 0 EV” ty 1 where, & = 3g fora beam with simply supported ends, and caring a point load at is come awe, in x(a] ws ° _ 32x10 xa5)! 4830010" 907 x10 Q.5. Achannel section has flanges 12 cm x 2 em and web 16 cm x 1 cm. Determine the shear centre of the channel. 90Ans: he 6+ Hence, position of the shear centre = 5086 em (Ans.) @.6. Determine the position of the shear centre of the section of a beam shown in fem. dated —-F | a: = Anise ec men es ax# dts? | 4 222 ta = 21 12 =2 (1467 + 9464) + 1774-67 = 20852 emt #8 3 ~b}) Slax (where, e = distance of the shear cent from the centre of the web) We know, go Ax28 6) 20852 ayQ.7. Locate the shear centre of the section shown in the Figure. Solution, Reter to Fi Since the section i symmetrical about XX anis the bear centre wil ie om this axis ‘Aso by symmetry: Shear lores ‘Shear force 8, toe 5) a IT a eeaeaad SH—Masneynndy BP eh +>) nit [mmr eet ny thy voy any ots 2 Sa Big 92‘Taking moments about the centre of web, we get Sbiy tp rt Gh ah) _ bbe _ 2 dbx ax Tox i be Le — ta =2[48h on o( 1.8. Find the shear centre of the section shown in Figure. ee 7 yo F = sv are | nom | bel 4 4 Projections: 27 pe ‘Shear stress im any layer, x = SA oe Shear fore 5, (= 5). verte! projection sc srrcen gr na(S-m Barbone »)bes 0 2 EM conan, 225 [Hs nha at : tb any of ag gly [a Moka 280 re eto] [1otogh— aujog +306? et — oa as. Due to symmetrywhore, Sheer force §,(=5). Sy fen whe, Ames ante (by sin 5° — sin 459) + Zn 45 sin 45945 z sw 2 FB) Be few eerva Radial strain, ¢;= Longitudinal stra Cireumferential strain, Radial strain, sia) and longitudinal strain, sit) where = Poison's rato, and B= Young’s modulus 5. State the expressions for the circumferential and radial stresses in a solid cylinder. In case of Solid Cylinder, The circumferential and radial stresses are maximum at the centre and equal and is given by : (©) ee Q.6. State the expressions for the circumferential and radial stresses in a solid cylinder and a hollow cylinder In case of Hollow Cylinder, The circumferential stresses will be maximum for r will be minimum and is given by, Jeet ta (2B) -egifet) [ea 8) The radial stress will be maximum when r will be minimum, i.e. , pxot (3 24 100Hance for 9, tobe meimum 22) ghould be sero en tera Beet (= Long Answer Type Questions : an Ans: Determine the intensities of principal stresses in flat steel disc of uniform thickness having a diameter of 1 m and rotating at 2400 r.p.m, What will be stresses if the disc has a central hole of 0-2m diameter? ‘Take Poisson's ratio = 1/3 and p = 7850Kg/m’. Deenaty of material, p= 7ASO kgm? ewes wate a : and. 5. = 51.63 ~ 123-9» 10 x COSY x 10 = 20-67 MNMan? (Ams) Teimay he noted thatthe above values of ¢, and gare also the principal tenes.ele [toon rom (i) and (iv), we get = 10743, C,= -0516 Hence the stesss are given by 16 0, = 527-218 2966 x 10%" x10 8) F 4 2816 ayy tah x10 a 1m, (dna = 53.7 + 238 — 2393108 x08 x10 = 537+ 516-1239= 10406 MN? (Ams) Atr=05m, 0, = 53:7 + 8 - 1239x108 x05" x10 = 53:7 + 2064-3097 = 2479 MN/m* (Ans) 6,is maximum at r= Jim = YOIXOS = 02236 m asi (6, max = 537 ~ 2. — 206 x 10" x (0223677 «10% (02236) : eo = 53-7 - 1032 - 103; 3406 MN/m? (Ans.) 1022.2. Asteel disc of uniform thickness and of diameter 400 mm is rotating about its axis ‘at 2000 r.p.m. The density of the material is 7700 kg/m3 and Possion’s ration is 0.3 . Determine the variations of circumferential and radial stresses. Ans: “ 9,= 1393 «108028 A) (From eg (OL 1393» 10"(02" 0°) 10¢= 557 MNm? (Le athe come) 1393 x 108 (02! 0054 x 10% = 522 MN AtrnOtm, 1593 m 10" (02! 0.1) x 104= 418 MNin? Aires, 303 x 10° (02-0158) « 10% 244 MN Ar=02m, 303% 108 (02-024) x10 Circumferential tes (6): sR (od)e- me 2)¢ eee 0, = 8570-557 MNimP (en atthe centre) o, = $57 8022 x 008!= 337 MN © = $57-8022.4018 = 477 MN? MrsDism — @ =S$7 8022015" = 376MNin? atr202m 5180.22 x02! 2.36 MN Stress Variation: “The vasations of cnsanfereil an ial stress ny he ais hese x own In FE. 1956, i = we = a: so ae = 30 a8) ee 236 E20 - 103Q.3. A disc of uniform thickness having inner and outer diameters 100 mm and 400 mm respectively is rotating at 5000 r.p.m. about its axis. The density of the material of ‘the disc is7800 ke/m3 and poission’s ratio is 0-28. Determine the stress variation along the radius of the disc. Ans Finer rads ofthe dis, += 10002 = 50 mm =005 m (Owter radius of the dss, 7, 4002 = 200 mm = 0-2 m ‘Speed ofthe dise,N = $000 rpm. Angular speed, «= 104pas } 7800 * (523.6)? « 10° MN/m* = 876.75 MN/m* 8 87675 (0.05" + 02°) = 37.26 MNim? (0.0876 me 3726- = 87675 7 8) Atr=005 m, 5725-915 _ 565,003" = 310529082980 005 aredin, 6, = 3726 SEES — 67675 OF 23726 - 876-876-1916 MN? @) Arreotsm, 9, = 325 SEES _ 51675 O15 = 3726-389 19.73 = 1.64 MN? Atre2m, o, =3725 - 8 _ 47575302" =37.26— 219-3507 =0 Maximum 6, occurs at r = Jig = JOOS" 02" = 01m i. (Ona = 19°74 MN? Circumferential stress, 0, + se ‘ f, 0.0876 = 3726 = 4918 7 10537.26 + 35.06 ~ 1,23 = 71.09 Min? Atr=01 m, 9, = 3726 RS anne x01? 17.26 + 876-492 = 41-11 MNim? Atr=015 m, 3726 + 2876 _ org x 015? 37.26 + 3:89 ~ 11-06 = 30.09 MNAn? 726+ BE _ so18 x02" 02? = 37.26 + 2:19 — 19-67 = 19-78 MNim? Maximum stress occurs atthe inner radius, where circumferential stress 0, is maximum. ‘Maximum principal stress = 71-09 MNim? (Ans.) ‘Again, atthe inner radius the principal stresses are 71-09 MIN/m?, 0,0 .s Maximum shear stress, iar = OP = 3554 MN/m? (Ans) 106Unit -6 : Helical and Leaf Springs Multiple Choice Type Questions at a2 aa, Deflection of a helical spring will be more if, (1) mean diameter of the spring coil is more, (2) modulus of rigidity is more, (3) number of turns are more, Of these statements, (a) only Lis correct (b) 1 and 2 are correct (c)_ Land 3 are correct (d) 2nd 3 are correct ‘A close coiled helical spring of mean diameter 50 mm is made of 5 mm diameter bar has 10 number of turns. Find the height through which a weight of 50 NN is dropped on this spring so that the deflection of the spring is 50 mm. Take modulus of rigidity equal to 80 GPa (a) 25mm (b) 50mm () 75mm (4) 100 mm. A close coiled helical spring of 5 mm diameter steel wire has 10 turns. The mean diameter of the coil is SO mm. if the modulus of rigidity is equal to 80 GPa, the deflection of the spring under 100 N load will be, (a) 10mm (b) 20mm (160mm (4) 200 mm, Stiffness of a close coiled helical spring having n number of turns of mean diameter D made of circular wire of diameter d is given by, AD'n Ga" Ga ©) tom Ga! 32D'n ig. ig) 2D 30D or Where G = modulus of rigidity A leaf spring 1m long is to carry a central load of 8 KN. It is built with 100 mm by 10 mm plates. Determine the number of plates required for the spring if the permissible stress is 150 MPa () 6 (b) 8 (10 (d) 12 10726, a7, as. Qs, Q.10. All the strips in the leaf spring are bent to the same radius so that, (a) _ they make a complete circle, (b) they touch each other all along the length, (c) they share equal bending moment, (d) they touch each other at the ends only. For the system of springs as shown in Fig 10, the equivalent spring stiffness in KN/m is \ A 2 BlokKv eB Zor % “we B50 KN / ~ < Suewt Leek | e (a) 48 (b) 58 {c) 62 (d) 100 Shear stress in a closed coiled spring under axial load is given by 8WwD SWR <> to) = mad ml 8WwD 8wR wD a) WR (a oe « 2 Stiffness of a spring is determined from é WXxod (b} — ) oy ¥ = (d) WX dS? o@G (a) Ina close-coiled spring subjected to axial couple, the rotation of free end is (a) 2ML (b) 3ML El El 4ML ML — a a () 108Q.11. Equivalent spring constant for springs in series is given by hk. a by Ae @ oe hy-k kk Ack ay ns a @ a2. (o) (a) key 7 . L (| 2 ta 3. fb) 4 ss be ie 7. [bl a fl ge io, ig, () 12. fa} —— J True/False Type Question 1 Closely coiled helical spring subjected to axial pull is a type of torsion spring. 2. Leaf or plate spring is also a type of torsion spring, 3. Stiffness of a spring is defined as load per unit torsion. 4, Spring isa device for storing up energy in the form of resiliency. 5, Helical spring is a tensile spring. 6. Strain Energy ina flat spiral spring is given by = x volume 109Short Answer Type Questions a1 a2 a3. Name different types of springs: Types of springs: (i) Helical springs, (ii) Leaf springs, (iii) Torsion springs, (iv) Circular springs (v) Belleville springs and (vi) Flat springs. What will be the strain energy stored in a spring material due to bending. Also write the stiffness for a spring Strain energy stored in the material of the spring is : =~ O° 2et L=70n = 6a soafter substitutionwe get 32T?Dn Ed* Spring stiffness: The stftness is defined as the load per unit deflection therefore w OT" Beata Gat Therefore Gat 8D°n ‘What will be the combined stiffness of two springs joined in series? ks 110Q.4, What will be the combined stiffness of two springs joinied in parallel ? 5, Write down the expressions for bending stress and energy stored in a Helical springs subjected to ‘axial twist’ For a Helical springs subjected to ‘axial twist’. Bending stress, Energy stored. U = CE x volume of spring wire 6. Write down the expressions for shear stress and angle of twist for a closed coil helical springs subjected to ‘axial load’. For a closed coiled helical springs subjected to ‘axial load" a 16WR stress, ar stress, = AWRn Angle of twist, 6 W = Applied load, n= Number of coils, C= Modulus of rigid R= Mean coil radius E = Young’s modulus = Cross sectional diameter of the spring 11az. Write down the expressions for bending stress and deflection for: (A). Semieliptcal laminated spring (8) Quarter elliptical laminated spring A. Semi-elliptical spring. Bending su = 2 ending sues, 0 2 Deflection, pa SEN OI B. Quarter elliptical spring Bending stress, Nor? 2 Deflection, eer ENb Where, W= Applied lord, ‘Width of each plate, “Thickness of each plate, Number of plates in the spring, ‘The spring span length, and E= Young’ modulus of elasticity 112Q1, A close-coiled helical spring is to have a stiffness of 900 N/m in compression, with @ maximum load of 45 N and a maximum shearing stress of 120 N/mm2. The "solid" length of the spring (i.e. coils touching) is 35 mm. Find the wire diameter, mean coil radius, and number of coils. G =40,000N/mm2 Ans: Stiffness k= Ga4/8D'n 40,000 « a* 900 x 10-3 ~ 40.000 «a $= 2 pm ‘i or aoe Sab @ ‘Maximum stress =81Djnd®_ from (1) ie, 120 =(8 x45 x D)/nd® or D~1-05d a ie Solid length = nd ive ‘43 ond aii) ‘Substitute from (ii) and (ii) in (i) 6 ys 45 Erie hoses. giving 4-322 mm From (i) D=352 mm ie, ‘Mean coil radius =17-6 mm From (i) nat Q.2, In a compound helical spring the inner spring is arranged within and concentric with the outer one, but is 9 mm shorter. The outer spring has ten coils of mean diameter 24 mm, and the wire diameter is 3 mm. Find the stiffness of the inner spring if an axial load of 150N causes the outer one to compress 18 mm. If the radial clearance between the springs is 1.5 mm find the wire diameter of the inner-spring when it has eight coils. G = 77,000 N/mm2. Ans ‘The load carried by the outer spring for a compression of 18 min (900 18 Bxzar aio “3 from (1) -102 8 Hence the load carried by the inner spring —150 102-48 N, for « compression of 18 3 ~9 anmm Stiffness of inner spring =48/9 —5-33 N/mm Dw24-3-2015-ada18-a 77,000 «ae Stitineas 5-39 ~ 77000 or 226d" —a8 -a)> Since d is small compared with 18, for a first approximation ‘d-=(5830/226}+ = 2-26 mm Second approximation (4-=(15-749/226)4 = 2.05 mm Final trial 4=(15:95%/226)! 2.06 mma3. Ans: a4. Ans: ‘A composite spring has two close-coiled helical springs connected in series; each spring has twelve coils at a mean diameter of 25 mm. Find the wire diameter in cone if the other is 2.5 mm and the stiffness of the composite spring is 700 N/m. Estimate the greatest load that can be carried by the composite spring, and the corresponding extension, for 2 maximum shearing stress of 180 N/mm2. G =80,000 N/mm2. For springs in series the load is common to both, and the total extension is the sum of that for each, i. or Wik= Why + Wik Where h is the equivalent stiffness of the composite spring, or Aho 1)ky +10hy 10) #425912 | 828917 700,000 25" * BOON a 187_ 1187 O77 095 4-21 mm Since W =nd9f/8D, the limiting load will be found in the spring with the smaller wire diameter, Here x21) «180 as -263N “Total extension =Wk 26307 2375 sam we An open-colled helical spring is made having ten turns wound to a mean diameter of 120 mm. The wire diameter is 10 mm and the coils make an angle of 30° witha plane perpendicular to the axis of the coil. Find (a) the axial extension with a load of 100 N, and (b) the angle the free end will turn through with this load if free to rotate. E =208,000 N/mm2; G = 83,000 N/mm2 oe nares °F) ~*Sforcar a0" (5.000 * 208.000 — 2205173577 c0.0905 +0024) 183 mm @ Anat of rotation of free end 114Qs. Ans: Qs. Ans: A laminated steel spring, simply supported at the ends and centrally loaded, with a span of 0.75 m, is required to carry a proof load of 750 kg, and the central deflection is not to exceed 50 mm; the bending stress must not exceed 380 Nimm2. Plates are available in multiples of1 mm for thickness and 4 mm for width. Determine suitable values for width, thickness and number of plates, and calculate the radius to which the plates should be formed. Assume width = 12 x thickness. E = 208,000 N/mm2 Deflection B=3W/1/SnbOB (semi a s0_3.~750~ 981 750" in 12 = 208,000 ing net 0340, o ‘Maximum stress o = 351/2nbe2 Fe miao 10 @ Dividing (1) by (2) #=2a40/1810 ba 120-73 mm From @) mata10/6° “The sctual deflection under the proof load of 750 ka 3750981 75 Since the spring is now straight, the initial radius of curvature a given Re = 2/88 = 170 en 75m A laminated spring of the quarter-elliptic type, 0.6 m long, is to provide a static deflection of 75 mm under an end load of 200 kg. If the leaf material is 60 mm wide and 6 mm thick, find the number of leaves required and the maximum stress. From what height can the load be dropped on to the un-deflected spring to cause a maximum stress of 750 N/mm2? € =208,000 N/mm2 3-6WPjnbOPE (“quarter-elliptic”) 6% 200 «9-81 x 600? x60 x6 «208,000 m=12-6, say 13 leaves, o=6Wi/nbt? %200 9/81 > 600 13 = 60 x6? =252 N/mm? ie. 8 115‘The equivalent gradually applied load to cause » maximum stress of 1750 Nimm? 200 x 9:81 «750 a s850N and the corresponding deflection 6 5850 x 600? i760 x6 208,000 717 ™™ Loss of P.E. =Gain of S.E. 200 « 9:81(h +217) 4 x 5850 «217 siving f= 323 -217 =106 mm 2.7. Aweight of 200 N is dropped on to a helical spring made of 15 mm wire closely coiled to a mean diameter of 120 mm with 20 coils. Determine the height of drop if the instantaneous compression is 80 mm. Assume modulus of rigidity = 84 GN/m’. Ans: Assume: C= 84. GNimt, Magnitude of falling weight, W= 200 N Diameter of wire. 5 mm or 0015 m Mean diameter of coils, D = 120 mm or 0-12 m Number of coils, Instantaneous compression, 8 = 80 mm or 0.08 1m. Using the relation: 0.03 = 04 ¥ X (0-06)'x 20 84x10" x (0-015)* _ 0-08 x 84 x 10° x (0-015)* ~~ 64x (0-06) 20 (where, W = gradually applied load) ‘Also, energy supplied by the impact load = Energy stored = 1230N 1 h+8)=+ Wd PIR+B=> 200 (h+ 0-08) = 4x 1230% 0:08 b+ 0.08 = 0246 = 0-166 m or 166mm (Ans.) 116Q.8. Determine amount of compression and maximum shear stress produced when a load of 2100 N is dropped axially on a close coiled helical spring form a height of 240 mm, The spring has 22 coils each of mean diameter 180 mm and wire diameter is 25 mm, Modulus of rigidity = 84000 N/mm2. Solution. Diameter of wire, d= 25 mm. Mean diameter of coil, [Number of coils, Height of fall, Falling oad, Modulus of rigidity, Amount of compression, ( Let, W,= Equivalent gradually applied load which shall produce the same effet as produced by the given falling load of 2100 Now. work done by the falling load = Work done by W, ! SW, Ry Pi+a=+.w.5 ca* 2100(240 + 3 Hn “64 Rn or, 2100 (240+ 8) =! 5.988 o, P= 131416 3153020 ———— Ge 131-414 yI31-4P + 4x 31539 : ee OP = 255 mm ie 5=255mm (Ans) asin shear stress, Now subsiuting the value of 8 inthe following relation, we get Bcad* _ 255% 84000 x (25)4 w= 2GE = SX MO0x 25" ist 64Rn 64x90 x 2D 16W,R_16 pee oy Nini! nd Rx(25y? Hence, t= 239 Nimm? (Ans.) 179. An open-coiled helical spring of wire diameter12mm, mean coil radius 84mm, helix angle 20° carries an axial load of 480 N. Determine the shear stress and direct stress developed at inner radius of the coil tion, Diameter of wite, Mean coil radius, Helix ange, Axial Joad, Shia stress; diveet sess “Twisting moment, WR cos a. Bending moment, WR sin o. ‘Torsional shear stess, x, = 264 — 16% WR cos no 16 « 480 x 0-084 os 20° 10° MN xx (0-012) Ww _4w 4x80 Direct shear stess, = 7 5 Rp xd? rx (-012 10 MNin® “Total shear stress atthe inner coil radius 11.66 + 424 9 MNim* —(Ans.) 159 MN? Hence, tet Direct stress due to bending, 32M _ 32x WR sin nd xa! 20" 10° MN/m? = 81.28 MNin mx (0-012) Hence, 28 MNim?(Ans.) 118ato. ‘A open-coiled helical spring made of steel wire 6 mm diameter and 30 mm mean coil radius, with 65° inclination of the coils with the spring axis, is subjected to an axial torque T. If number of turns in the spring increases by 1/8 and the original number of turns is 12 calculate. (i) Magnitude of axial torque T (ii) Change in axial length of the spring. ‘Assume Modulus of rigidity for steel= 84GN/m2 and Young's Modulus =210 GN/mm2 Diameter of stel wire, d= 6mm =0.006m Polar moment of inertia, t= Xx d= % x (0.006)! = 1.272 x 10% mt O32 32 Moment of inertia, 1 = © = 6.3610" m* Mean radius of coil, Angle of helix, Number of turns, 1 Angular rotation, g =F tum = 3 x 360 = 45° = 0 7854 radian i) Magnitude of aaal tory sin?a | costa Angular rotation o=2 Terns a| caer | (Eqn. 14.19) (sin 2527 cos 2597 2.07854 = 27% 003% 12 nsec 25° 7 2495 T 00167 + 00615). T=433Nm CCange in axial length of spring i gven by S27 wine 4 } = 2 x 4.033 x (0-03) x 12 msin 25° x 1 061186 (00836 - 00748) = 0902173 m=2173 mm Hence, 822173 mm (Ans) 119Q11. A close -coiled helical spring has stiffness of 10 N/mm. Its length when fully compressed with adjacent coils touching each other is 400 mm. The modulus of rigidity of material of the spring = 80000 N/mm? (i) Determine the wire diameter and mean coil diameter, if their ratio is 1/10. (ii) Ifthe gap between any two adjacent coils is 2 mm , what maximum load can be applied before the spring becomes solid i.e. adjacent coils touch, (iil) What is the corresponding maximum shear stress in the spring? Solution. Let Wire diameter, mm, ‘D=Mean coil diameter, mm, and 1. of turns of the coil «- Given) \Od,and R= Sd 1) Wire diameter, di ‘When the coils are touching, length of spring, 400 = nd ant! Using the elation: 5 = S40 ye gee a 5 WRn 10 = 80000 a* 10x 64125 x 400 oy, AOKI 64 (Say 20 ‘80000 : 4=20mm (Ans) Mean coil diameter, D: D=10d=1020=200mm (Ans) t can make the spring solid, W: Difference between any two adjacent coils =2 mm ) Load dl No. fei, 400 600 7730 Tata deflection of the load 20%2=40.mm ‘and, load that can make te spring solid, Wako (where, k= sites 10% 40 oF W=400N (Ans.) Using the relation 25-46 Nimm? (Ans.) 120Q.12. A close-coiled helical spring is made of a round wire having “n” turns and the mean coil radius R is 5 times the wire diameter. Show that the stuffiness of such a spring is R/n x constant. Determine the constant when the modulus of rigidity C of the spring wire is 82000 N/ mm? If the above spring is to support a load of 1-2 kN with 120 mm compression and the maximum shear stress 250N/mm? Calculate i) Mean radius of the coil ii) Number of turns. iii) Weight of the spring. Assume density of the material to be: 76.5 KN/m? Solution. Let, d= Diameter of the spring wire ‘Then, mean radius of the coil, R=Sd a d=02R Number of tur a w_ cat Stiffness of the spring, & ag 8 64 nk® EXO2R) _CHUGKIONKR! Ry rcane 64 mR 64 nk Hence, stiffness const Fiend ecuneeeen = EX16x107 _ 82000 1-610 6 4 +. Stiffness, k= 2-058Axil load on the spring, Compression, Stitness, k=2-05%% % 22.05% of 20 29.05% 8 120 ” on 2 in” 2.08 Aso, shear sess in the wire xd’ But +280 Whom? (Given) 259 = 1821200 Sd og g2_1OXIWOXS 9.95 xd’ 250% a= 11mm and, R= 11 x5=55mm (Ans) a 0 i _ 10 35 0 2-05 2-05 n=IL275 (Ans) Weight of sing = Volume of wie x density ofthe wie materia = (Fat scan xdesity = Fx (11 109 x (2x 55 x 107 11275) ‘i Weigh ofspring =2832N-(Ans.) Q.13. A close ~coiled spring of 18 mm mean coil diameter and 10 turns is arranged within and concentric with an outer spring, The free length of the inner spring is 4 mm more than that of the outer. The outer spring has 12 coils of mean diameter 30 mm and wire diameter 3-5 mm. The spring load against which a value is ‘opened is provided by the inner spring, The initial compression in outer spring is 6 mm when the valve is closed . Calculate: a) The stiffiness of the inner spring if the greatest force required to open the valve by 9mm is 150 N, b) The diameter of the wire of the inner spring. Take Modulus of rigidity = 80000 N/mm? 122Solution. Let suffix ‘I’ represent inner spring and suffix Then, mean coil diameter of the inner spring, D,= 18mm Number of turns, ny =10 Free length of inner spring Wire diameter of outer spring, d, represent outer spring. 4.mm more than the outer one Mean diameter, D,=30mm Number of turns, ny = 12 Initial compression =6mm Initial compression in the inner spring =446=10mm Let. = Stiffness of inner spring in Nimm, and i, = Stiffness of outer spring in N/mm. Initial load on the valve, FF, = 10k, +6 k, Cd} _ 80x10°x3.5¢ GAR n, 64x15 12 The valve is o open by 9 mm, additional force required to open the valve, Fy = 9k, + 9%, ‘otal load to lift the valve by 9 mm F or, 19k, + 15 «4.63 -63 Nimm. Stiffness of the outer spring, 2 19k, +15 ky = 150 k,=424.N/imm (Ans) p= og 4 rn BOX A GR nm, 64x 9X10 i of Q.13. What do you mean by modulus of rupture? 132‘A modulus of rupture, corresponding tothe modulus of rupture in bending, may be defi 1 follows “The maximum fictitious shear stress calculated by the torsion formula by using the ‘experimentally found masinuon torque (i. ulate oxque) required to rapture a shaft.” Mathernaically, where 1, = Modulus of rupture in torsion (also strength, T= Ultimate torque at failure, and R= Ones radius ofthe shal “The above expression for, gives fictions valu of shear stress at the ulimate torque because the ts = Jp is no applicable beyond the lint of proportional: hed computed ulimate wwisting torsion fora 214. For D,, = Diameter of the solid shaft, dj, = Internal diameter of the hollow shaft, Extemal diameter of the hollow shaft, Cross-sectional area of solid shaft, Coss-scetional area of hollow shalt, ‘Torque transmitted by the sotid shaft, Ty = Torque transmitted by the hollow shaft \Nrite the expressions for Torque transmitted by solid shaft and hollow shaft. x [Dh - a, 16| Dy 2.15. Among the hollow shaft and the solid shaft which is stronger and why? We know that for Dy/d» =n, We have, So for any value of n > 1, The value of Ts is greater than 1and hence: ‘The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the thereby proving that the hollow shaft is stronger than the solid shaft. 2.16. How the angle of twist varies when two shafts are connected in series? Write the expression for angle of twist if the shafts are made up of same material When two shafts are connected in series: each shaft transmits the same torque. The angle of twist is the sum of the angle 133of the two shafts connected in series. Thus, total angle of twist is given by espective moduli of rigidity, and where, c.€ Fogsde, ial, ‘When shafts are made of same mi y= C say ‘Then, Q.17. What do you mean by shafts in parallel? How does the angle of twist varies for this case? The shafts are said to be in parallel when the driving torque is applied at the junction of the shafts and the resisting torque is at the other ends of the shafts. Here, the angle of twist is same for each shaft, but the applied torque is divided between the two shafts. ie. 0,=8, Th | bh or, Gi, and, Ts Long Answer Type Question: Q.1. rectangular steel shaft SOmmx 25mm is subjected to a torque of 2KNm. Find: (i) Maximum shear stress developed in the shaft. (ii) Angular twist per Meter length. Assume modulus of rigidity = 80GN/m? Ans 134Sohution. Langer side of the rectangular shaft, b= 50 mm = 005 m Smaller side of the rectangular shat, = 25 mm = 0.025 m Applied torque, T=20kNm Modulus of rigidity, C= 80 GN/m? Mavinum shear siress develope In case of rectangular shaft, a=s+t3(F) Approximate value 2x10° tsa ——*___, x 10° MN/m? a bie 0-05 x (0-025) = 249.6 MNim? ie <= 2496 MN/m? (Ans.) Angle of twist is given by Ge he bn br i pwc o oti ] -soprsinae Substituting the value of B in eqn. (0, we get 20x10" 0 52.010" 180 georee = 8:02" 10-05% (0-025) 80x10?” Hence, angular nwist per mezre length = 802° (Ans.) 135a2 Ans: A rectangular steel shaft is transmitting power at 300rpm, lift in a load of 40KN at as peed of 10 m per minute. If the maximum permissible shear stress in the shaft is 45 MN/m? and efficiency of the Crane gearing is 60%, determine: (Size of the shaft (ii) Angle of twist per metre length, ‘Assume modulus of rigidity = 78.4GN/m? and breadth to depth ratic 15. Soiion Load ited = 40 KN ‘Spood at which lad is lifted = 10 monin Speed ofthe shaft, 100 ep ‘Maximum shear stress (permissible), H cer T Efficiency of the crane gearing, ; — mat Dfaan ete eee erecta nian ma on 0 pontine = A tin Iie =I subectine Dio ro rites renin cor e {68 20.3860 tale Cate - on , ‘ (*) a txt a4? rsh 1361 (0/3830 x10) U-shx my 03536510" 45x10 5 = 0.028 m oF 28 mm and, lager side, b= 1-528 42 mm ASx 10242 ‘000022 Angle of unis is given by 6 Q 7 ® A ny n pans[te(3)]-ss[i-( af sos erin Sutiing he ala of in gation (0, 9 _$:055_, 0:3536%10" _ 9 g947 ra = 0.0247 89 25 415° Hence angle of twist per mete longih = 1618" (Ans.) Q.3. A shaft of elliptical section is subjected to torque of 2.5KNm. If the maximum shear stress in the shaft is not to exceed 80MN/m’ determine: (i) The major and minor axis , if major axis = 1.5 minor axis (ii) The angular twist per metre length. Assume modulus of rigidity = 80GN/m’, Ans: TE enone lar ar] 1372.4. A close cellular square section, shown in figure, is subjected to a torque of S00 Nm. Neglecting stress concentration, determine: (i) Maximum shear stress (ii) Twist per unit length. Assume modulus of rigidity = 80GN/m?, Ans: ‘Thickness, Applied torque, = 500 Nm. f), Maxineume shear stress Using the relation: 00, ce 80 MINI? 2x 4x10" x 0-004 1556 MNimé (Ans.) Using the relation: Mga wage 4 When 1 is constant, the above equation reduces to a aac where |, = Periphery length of the wall = 4 200 = 800 mm = 0-8 m ua 500% 0:8 + Twist per unit length, © = Te wa 1 GARG 4x (4x 107)? 80% 10? 0-004 = 1953 x 10 rad. /metre (Ans.) rad/ metre 13815. Figure shows an open rectangular section acted upon by a twisting moment. If the shear stress induced is 5.5 MN/m’ find the value of the twisting moment. — oe i whe | FA sa a ¥ 4 few hse Y she ra ‘som oj betes a oto Tee Es + Fig. Solutio. Since itis an open section, it can be replaced by a rectangular section of thickness ‘Now, total breadth (b) given by the total length, We know, 5x10 (510x107) x 3x10)", 3 Hence, twisting moment, T=841SNm_ (Ans.) on = 8.415 Nm 139Q.6. An extruded section in the light alloy is in the form of a semicircle of 90mm. thickness 4 mm. If a torque is applied to the section and the angle of the twist is limited to 3.52 in a length of 1m, find the torque and the maximum shear stress. Assume modulus of rigidity = 26 GN/m’. <— 90mm ——> ~ ¥4mm Ans: ‘Mean radius of the semicircular section. 90 mm ——>} R= 45 mm=0.045 m : : ‘Thickness of the section ~ 1=4 mm = 0004 m 4mm Angle of twist, @ = 35° per metre length = 3-5 = 0.06108 radian 180, Fig. C= 26 GNim? ‘The semicircular section having only one boundary can be treated as thin rectangular section ‘of width (b) RR and thickness Width, ba RR = nx 0-045 = Porque, ¥ We know (from eqn. 13-54), 1414 r=twice=Leo14iex(008! 26% 10 0.06108 = 4.79 Nm ie, 479.Nm (Ans) ‘We know (frou ega. 13:56) et 34-79 be” O-1414 x (0-008 ie, 1=635 MNim* (Ans.) Q7. A shaft of hollow square section is of uniform wall thickness of 4 mm and 140centerline of the wall forms a square of 200 mm side. | is to be replaced by a solid circular shaft of the same material and having the same torsional stiffness. If the stress concentration factor K at the inner corners of the hollow square section is, 1.7 and twisting moment applied is 800Nm find: i) Diameter of the solid shaft ii) Maximum shear stresses in both the shafts, Ans: i jl i ' g iz > “ Weknow e q wee $7 ‘When is constant, the above equation rede wah wa ae riper engi of wal 24x 200 $00 mm = 08 m T _4atce Tonio sits == 4 x (0-04)? Cx 0-004 $, xCx0-04 32,105 ‘ ms 0 or the sli ccular hf of dametrD, we ave 7 a ‘Torsional stiffness: Toc), x ce) wm 2 But wrsional stiffness of hollow section = Torsional stiffness of slid section. (gem) cK zat 2x10 C 2 « p=[22xiran] = 0.134 m oF 134 mm re D=134mm (Ans) Mi), Mariam shar sete ta the shah, + Hollow scion > (stress concentration factor K) 141= 4.25 MNim? where, T= 800 Nm ..(Given)] se, (2425 MN/n? (Ans.) Solid cirewlar section = LOE. 10% 800 16-6 Manin? = 1-693 MNim? DY Rx O-134)° = 1-693 MN/m?(Ans.) Q.8. A 250mmxX 250mm I section with flanges and web 10mm thick is subjected tc torque of 700Nm.Neglecting the stress concentrations find: i) Maximum shear stress developed in the section. ii) Twist per unit length. Assume modulus of rigidity = 80 GN/m? Ans: Sovutinn. Applied torque, 7 Modulus of rigidity, C > 410mm som afr 250 m———»| (Maximum shear stress, t= ‘Total length of the equivalent rectangular section, 250 + 250 + 230 = 730 mm = 073 m Thickness, 10mm =001 m ar Using the relation, r= 2, we get ae REO ged TIO 10° MIN? = 28-76 MN? (Ans) 073 «(0-007 bea (i) “Twist per unit length: Using the relation, 7 =! ypc, we have 0-73 x (0-01)? «80 10" 8 142700 x3 6 = —__ > —__ rad. 0-73 x (0-01)"x 80 x 10) = 0003595 rad/m = 206° Hence, = 2406" (Ans.). 9. An I section with flanges 10 cm X 2 cm and web 28m X 1 cm is subjected t torque 6 KNm. Find: i) Maximum shear stress li) Angle of twist per unit length. Assume modulus of rigidity = 80 GN/m* Ans: Solution, Refer to Fig. 13-37 0x 2 + 28 x 12+ 10 x 2? = 40 + 28 +40 = 108 em? 108 x 10° m? Lag -be thd tad = 10x 234 28 x 1 + 10x23 = 80 + 28 + 80 = 188 cm* = 188 x 10-*m* 143166.67 MN/m? [where, T (torque applied) = 6 kNm ...(Given)] ie. ‘T= 16667 MN/m? (Ans.) pag RIO tr ate ie. 8 = 6858" (Ans.) Q.10. A thin walled bar section shown in figure has a constant wall thickness t, the compartment is slit open: it is subjected to a twisting moment T. if C is the shear modulus of the section, Find: i) Torque shared by each cell ji) Maximum shear stress in both the cells iii) Angular twist per unit length. Y Y 1. a : sit x open a mie woe ’ ¥ ee ee ee §% = a a eer 7, = Torque shared by cel ‘Angular twist per unit length, Ans: Rgds ae a= Fe eae se i) aac 7 ae Ger ‘ For the sicup cel (Cel I) Bread, bacteetateds a faeThickness = 1 Ao, Soha ae: Doe = ae T= Torq shared by cel wis per ni ena, ur; 6 . tye ‘i But bth the cells and I are imeza for continu Now. Cxaxr But or, «iy (i) Srainaam shear stress mth the cll Maximum shear stress in ell: ge He ._ ei BGP) r 1? (ams) Bee) 4 ‘Maximum shear stress in cll I: 3xt? sec Soe ee Ge) Ge) r ” Bite) On) tii) Angular twist per unit length: . axn +P) CBn) ae oe Greer) 145Q.11. A double celled cross section is shown in figure. When a torque of § KNm is applied find i) Shear stress in each part ii) Angular twist per metre length Take Shear modulus = 80 GN/m’, ALA Z, %, hog x Cll S: “ 146Area, Area, Applied tongue Line integrals Le [Now total torque, = 180% 120 = 21600 mim? = 00216 m? | 180. (i505 080 mm? = 0.0108 ns? T=skNm 180 , 120 , 20 a © 10 , 150 , 150 3 3 ear flow in ell Land hear flow in ell I VAT =2q) A, #24: Ay , xq, x 00216 +29, x 00108 o 5000 = 0.0832 4, + 0.0216 4 . 24) 4 4,= 231481 o Also re51= Ores sae en) a2 ta) on, Ag (3, 4,22) =A, 4-224) or, 0.0108 (130g, ~ 604,) = 0.0216 (1604, - 60g,) om, 130, ~ 604g, =2 (1604, = 604) & 2504, = 3809, qa1S2a « ‘Substituting the value of q in eqn. (9), we get 2 152g, +4,= 231481 4g, = 57297 Nim and g, = 87091 Nin Shear stress in each part ‘Shear stress in rectangular part 14.5 MNim? (Ans) ‘Shear stress in triangular part 3797 X10 MN/m? = 19-1 MNim? (Ans) 7091-57297 0.008 Angular twist per metre length, 8. 1 Oa ia tad ae Ham a) ‘Shear stress in web) X10 MN/m? = 9.93 MNém? (Ans) Wi) 2% 0-0216 «80 x I x18 degree = 0 —_ (130287001 = 60% 37297), 0" 1307° per metre lengh = 01307 per metre length (Ans) 147Old Question Paper Advanced Strength of Material (ACIAA 1.2) Date: 22% July, 2008 ‘Time: 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM. Max. Marks: 100 ‘+ Assume any missing data if necessary. + Choose the correct or best alternative in the following, + Each question carries two marks. ‘The number of independent equations to be satisfied for static equilibrium of a plane structure is (@) 2 (b) 2 3 (a) 6 ‘The principle of virtual work can be applied to elastic system by considering the virtual work of, (a) internal forces only (b) external forces only (c) internal as well as external forces (d) none of the above In moment distribution method the sum of distribution factors of all the members meeting at any joint is always (a) zero (b) less than 2 2 (d) greater than 1 The moment required to rotate the near end of a prismatic beam through unit angle, without translation, the far end being fixed, is given by 2E1 (b) (a) oy) = 4EL dj oe ©) @ = The carries-over factor in a prismatic member whose far end is fixed, is fa) 0 tb) % ) % id) 1 Slope deflection method is. (2) equilibrium method (b) deflection method (c)__ stiffness coefficient method {d) _allof the above 148's method the sum of rotation contribution factor at any point is (a) 05 (b) -05 () 0.25 (a) -0.25 In simple tension test the ratio of elastic strain energy absorbed in changing the shape of unit volume to that of energy absorbed in changing the percentage volume is fa) 3 (b) 5 4 (a) 4 According to membrane analogue the twisting moment is equivalent to K times volume under the membrane. where K is (a) 2 (b) 2 i) 3 (a) 4 The deformation of a spring produced by a unit load is called (a) _ Stiffness (b) flexibility (c)_ influence coefficient (d)_ none rn) choose Tre/Fase inthe flowing. Each question carries one mark Dilation of material is change in area per unit area. Warping function does not satisfy the Laplace equation, Three moment method is displacement method. Due to rotation of disc no stress is produced. Analysis of simple beam and curved beam are same. ones + Answer any five questions out of eight questions. + Each question carries five marks + Maximum limit 150 words per question Explain Winkler Bach formula ‘What is St. Venant’s principle? What is static indeterminacy Find stress produced in rotating ring, How the stiffness of spring is estimated Define following terms for spring. a) Spring index b)— Helixangle 44aFind the product of inertia of the angle iron shown in figure with respect to the x,y axis What are the different stress aching on a uniform, rotating disk Explain? jection D| + Answer any theee questions out of five questions. + achqueston ati equal marks Determine the hoop stress developed in the rim of a fiy-wheel, 600 mm diameter, rotating at 3000 revolutions per minute, Take the unit weight of the material as 7.6x10-S N/mm? Determine the principal moments of inertia for an unequal angle section of 200«150x10m, What is compatibility relation? Explain the concept of 3D stress and strain. A flat spiral spring is mode of 6mm wide and 2.5mm thick wire and is 250cm long, Assuming the maximum stress of 840 Mpa to occur at the point of greatest bending, calculate the torque, the work stored and the number of turns to wind up the spring F=210Gpa. ‘A ring is made of stock with a circular cross section 8cm in diameter. The inside diameter of the ring is 10cm, The load P is 20KN. Calculate the stresses at A and B, 150Old Question Paper Advanced Strength of Material (ACIAA 1.2) 1 Time: 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM Max Choose the correct or best alternative inthe following, Each question carries two marks. ‘The number of independent equations to be satisfied for static equilibrium of a plane structure is (@) 1 (b) 2 3 (a 6 The reciprocal of Young’s modulus is called (a) coefficient of elasticity (b) Young's modulus constant (c) both of the above (a) none of the above For the element shown in Fig. which stress is principal stress. t i —! fa), (b) 9, (c]__ both of the above (d) none of the above The principle of vitual work can be applied to elastic system by considering the virtual work of (a) internal forces only (b) external forces only (c) internal as well as external forces (a) none of the above Angle of twist on a shaft under pure torque is given by TL 1, 1,G “G (a)10, TG 1G i a doe ® F Stiffness of a spring is determined from 6 ) Wwxd pS ) oO © ™ @ Wwxe Equivalent spring constant for springs in series is given by ky thy In the Rankine-Gordon formula the value of Rankine’s constant ‘for steel is 1 1 aa ) 5000 7500 l — @ + 1600 4500 (a) © Consider the following theories of failure 1. Maximum stress theory 2. Maximum strain theory 3. Maximum energy of distortion theory ‘Those which are most suitable for ductile materials include (a) 1and2 (b) 1and3 () 2and3 (a) 12and3 Modular ratio of the two materials isthe ratio (a) linear stress to lateral strain (6) _ linear stress to linear strain [e) shear stress to shear strain {d) their modulus of elasticities + Choose true/false in the following + enh question caries one mark Principal planes are orthogonal ‘Mohr’s circle is graphical presentation of principal stresses. ‘Three moment method is displacement method. 152PN OMe w ee A bar of length L meters extended by 2mm under a tensile force P kg. The strain a raduced in the bars = e L If 0s the elastic limit stress, 0,” is called modulus of resilience. + Answer any five questions out of eight questions. + Each question cartes fve marks. Write a note on significance of theories of failure. Explain the assumptions for finding out the shear stress in circular shaft. Discuss Castigliano’s first theorem. What is product of inertia ‘Write equation for shear centre of channel section. | section and T. Section ‘What is Saint Venent's Principle? Can a non homogenous material be istropic. Differentiate between determinate and Indeterminate structures. A cantilever beam is subjected to a concentrated load ‘W’ at free end. Determine deflection at free end, + Answer any five questions out of eight questions. + Each question caries ten marks. The load on a bolt consists of an axial pull of 15 kN together with a transverse shear of 7.5 KN. Determine the diameter of the bolt according to (i) maximum principal stress theory (i) maximum shear stress theory (ii) maximum strain theory (iv) strain energy theory and (v) shear strain energy theory. Elastic limit in tension is 285 N/mm’ , and a factor of safety of 3 is to be applied. Take ft = 0.3. ‘Along rod of uniform rectangular section and thickness t, originally straight is bent into the form of a circular arc and the displacement d of the mid-point of length L is measured by means of a dial gauge. If d is regarded small compared with L, deduce an expression for the longitudinal surface strain ein the rod Two bars, one of aluminium alloy and other of steel, are coupled end to end. The steel bar is 2 m long and hollow with external diameter of 100 mm and internal diameter of 50 ‘mm, while the aluminum bar is solid with 100 mm diameter throughout its length of 1 m. ‘The compound bar is fixed at ends. A torque of 25 kNm is applied to the coupling. 153Old Question Paper Advanced Strength of Material (ACIAA 1.2) 2", June, 2008 “Time: 2:00PM to 5:00 Pl Max. Marks: 100 + Assume any missing data it necessary. + Choose the correct or best aternative Inthe following + Each question cares two mart ‘A round shaft of diameter ‘a’ and length ‘U’ fixed at both ends ‘A’ and ‘B’, is subjected to ‘a twisting moment T at C at a distance of L/ from A. The torsional stress in the part AC and BC will be: (a) equal b) inthe ratio of 1:3 ()_ inthe ratio of 3:1 (d) none of these |A bar of length L and of uniform cross-sectional area A and moment of inertia | is subjected to a pull p. If the modulus of elasticity of the material is , the expression for strain energy stored in the bar is (o) (a) ‘Which of the following isa force method (a) slope deflection method (b) Column analogy method (c}_ Moment distribution method (d) none of these ‘A member which is subjected to reversible tensile or compressive stress may fail at @ stress lower than the ultimate stress of the material. This property of material, is called (a) plasticity of the material (b) elasticity of the material (c) fatigue of the material (d)_ workability of the material 15510. Ina close-colled spring subjected to axial couple, the rotation of free end is 2ML 3ML ne ' E o (o) 4ML () = 4) O a i Shear force at any section in a conjugate beam, gives in the actual beam (a) slope b) curvature (©) deflection (a) bending moment A shaft subjected to B.M., torque and axial thrust is named as (a) _lathe-shaft (b) crank-shaft (c)__propeller-shaft (d) none of the above Ina flitched-beam of steel and wood, stressed at all common surface will be @) (0) 9, <0, ic) (4) none of the above When a body is subjected to direct tensile stresses ( p, and p.) in two mutually perpendicular directions, accompanied by a simple shear stress (q) , then in Mohr’s circle method, the circle radius is taken as p+ p oy) BE [(eze2)) ) (a) \ ae The shear stress 7,,, in thin cylindrical shell is expressed by +4 tan B where @,, is hoop stress and, longituditional stress (a) ‘choose True/Fale inthe following. ach question cartes one mark Analysis ofa simple beam and a curved beam are same The shear force on a deflected beam is given by V = El 3 156ilience of flat spiral spring (steel energy per unit volume) = (0,,,,)°/24E Re For a channel section, the shear centre lies at a distance of o from the web on the line of symmetry of geometry. Three- moment equation is applicable for determining moments only on simply supported continuous beams. Sens + Answer any five questions out of eight questions + Eechquestion cases five marks Deduce an expression for relative angle of twist between two ends of a solid circular shaft of constant dia. D subjected to linearly varying torque from; to T:of length L. Explain the importance of knowing the location of shear centre in case of unsymmetric loading of thin walled beam cross-section Derive the equation of middle quarter rule for circular sections, ‘Write the relation among Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rigidity, Bulk Modulus and Poisson's ratio, Discuss Castigliano’s first theorem. Find the fixing moments for a fixed beam, subjected to a point load at mid- span. Use three moment equation. A curved rectangular bar has a mean radius 7 = 150 mm and cross-section of width b = {60 mm and depth h = 36 mm. Determine the radius R of the neutral surface. What is product of inertia? Explain with example, + Answer any five questions out of eight question. + Each question cares ten marks Determine the location of neutral axis and the ratios of numerical values of and T,. for a curved beam of rectangular cross-section in pure bending. he mean radius r = 16 em and the depth of beam, h= 9 cm, 157Locate approximately the shear centre for the H-beam shown in the fig, (a) Calculate the principal moment of inertia and direction of principal axes for the angle cross-section of a beam shown in figure. (b) Calculate the polar moment of inertia and radius of gyration, A horizontal shaft, securely fixed at each end has a free length of 10m. When viewed from one end of the shaft axial couples of 50 kNm clockwise and 60 KNm counter- clockwise act on the shaft, at a distance of 4 m and 6 m espectively. Determine the end fixing couples in magnitude and direction and find the diameter of solid shaft for 2 maximum shearing stress of 225 N/mm? ‘Obtain an expression for increasing thickness of disc for same stress at al radii, ie. 0, = oy (constant), uniform strength, when itis rotated at an angular velocity @ Three members of the same material and same cross-sectional area are used to support the load P. Determine the force in member BC. Use Castigliano’s theorem. If the principal stresses at a point are 300, 200 and -200 kNm’, calculate the octahedral shear stress at this point. Use three-moment thereom equation to determine reactions and moments at the three supports as show in fig,Old Question Paper Advanced Strength of Material (ACIAA 1.2) Date: 19", Dee. 2009 ‘Time: 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM Max. Marks: 100, + Assume any missing data it necessary. + Choose the correct or the best alternative in the following. ‘+ Each question carries two marks. ‘The maximum shear stress in Mohr’s Circle is (a) radius of circle {b) diameter of circle () arcofeircle (d) none of the above Castigiano’s first theorem is applicable (a) for statically determinate structures only {b) when the system behaves elastically (0) only when principle of superposition is valid (d) none of the above In a plane strain, the shear stress = 12 41 in x-y plane, the normal strain = 0 in x and y direction. The diameter of Mohr’s circle will be, (= 10°) (a) 6a (b) 8 (1 (2) 24y A thin plate is under tensile stress of 80 MPa in x-direction and shear stress 7,, = 15 Mpa (clockwise). If tensile stress of 20 MPa is acting in y-direction, then the normal stress in the direction of 45° anticlockwise to x-direction will be, (a) 35MPa (b) 65MPa () 95MPa (¢) 115 MPa Shear centre for the section shown in figure below is at point (A (e) oc ( B (4) None 15910. A close coiled helical spring of 5 mm diameter steel wire has 10 turns. The mean diameter of the coil is 50 mm. If the modulus of rigidity is equal to 80 GPa, the deflection Of the spring under 100 N load will be, (2) 10mm {b) 20mm (©) 160mm (4) 200mm. If U is the total strain energy of a beam, Wis the applied load, then displacement A at the point of application of load in its line of action is expressed as au fou” a) b) A ) A=s tb or au (c) aw (a) A=U The formula is also known as 1 YR (a) Curved beam formula (b) Straight beam formula (c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of the above ‘The static indeterminacy of the structure given in figure below fa) 0 (b) a (2 (a) 3 The sum of the distribution factors for moments due to a sway of a storey is equal to (a) -05 (b) +05 (10 (@ 15 + choose True/Fase inthe following ‘+ Each question caries one mark For a rotating rim, the radial inward acceleration is equal to wr. Shear modulus is determined by bending of beam, In the conjugate beam method a simple outer support in the real beam is transformed as a fixed support. In curved beam the bending moment will be taken as positive if it decreases with the radius of curvature. Conditions of compatibility are the relations amongst the stresses. 160+ Answer any five questions out of eight questions + Each question carros five marks. State the conditions of equilibrium in 3-D in Cartesian coordinates. Explain static indeterminacy of rigid jointed frame. Explain Castiglino’s first theorem. Write the assumptions made in developing the equations for stresses and deformations due to torsion. Write down the relationship between three elastic canstants ie. E,C& KSymbols have their usual meaning, Define shear centre with the help of channel section, What is stress tensor? ‘What is generalized Hooke's law for 30? ‘+ Answer any four question ou of sb question. + Each question cartes equal mars Using three moment method, find bending moment and reaction at four supports in the following beam. 10 KN/m 60 KN 80 KN The state of stress at a point is characterized by the components ~ o,=125 ,, =9.00 1.240 5 Find the principal stresses and their directions. A closely coiled helical spring is made out of 15mm diameter steel rod, the coils having 12 complete turns over a mean diameter of Sem. Calculate the increase in the number of turns and the bending stress induced in the section, if itis subjected to an axial twist of 8 Nem. E=2.1*10° N/mm? 161State & derive Lame’s equations. What is stress tensor.? Explain surface force & body force with suitable example, Determine the support moments and reactions for a continuous beam shown in figure below. Take El as constant. Use three moments theorem. 40 KN 10 KNim. 20 KN 162Old Question Paper Advanced Strength of Material (ACIAA 1.2) Date: 25", June 2010 ‘Time: 2:00 PM to 5: Max. Marks: 100 ‘+ Assume any missing data it necessary. + Choose the corrector the best alternative inthe following. + Each question carries two marks, 1, The maximum shear stress in Mohr’s Circle is (a) radius of circle (b) diameter of circle (0) arcof circle (d) none of the above 1. Bredt-Batho formula relates Torque with shear flow on non circular tubular sections and is expressed as {al (b) A td [a] none of the above 2. Maximum shear stress in case of eq [a] at corners {[b] at centre of each side [c]_ atthe point where diagonals intersect. [d] none of the above teral triangle section subjected to torsion occurs 3. __Incurved beams the distribution of bending stresses is fa] linear {b] parabolic fe] uniform [a] hyperbolic 4. Which of the following statement is correct with respect to curved beam theory [a] shear stress is zero {b] hoop stress is zero [el radial stress is zero [d] bending stress is zero 5. __Unsymmetrical bending is the bending caused by loads that [a] lie ina vertical plane [b] ie ina horizontal plane [el lie in or parallel to a plane containing principal centroidal axis of inertia of the cross section [d] do not lie in or parallel to a plane containing principal centroidal axis of inertia of the cross section 16310. Under unsymmetrical bending the resultant deflection of beam is [a] _ parallel to the axis of symmetry b] perpendicular to the axis of symmetry {cl __ parallel to the neutral axis [d] perpendicular to the neutral axis Waht's correction factor (K) is given by the relation fal [3S-1)/(3S-4)+0.615/S (b] =(45-1)/(4s-4)+0.615/5 [ec] K=(5S-1)/(55-4)+0.615/S [d]_ =(65-1)/(6S-4)+0.615/S Energy stored in a closed coil helical spring when subjected to an axial twistis given by [a] (04°/6E) x volume of spring [b] (0,°/8E) x volume of spring [el (02/48) x volume of spring [4] (0,7/2E) x volume of spring In the case of solid rotating circular disc, the radial stress is maximum at [a] __ mean radius [b] outer radius Ic] square root of radius ‘[d)_the centre ‘Adisc of uniform strength must have [a] constant thickness {b] varying thickness [cl varying cross sectional area {d] none of the above ‘+ Choose True/Fase inthe folowing. + Each question caries one mark The angle of twist for the non circular thin tubular sections subjected to torsion is obtained by equating strain energy with internal work done. Circumferential stresses in rotating disc or cylinders are compressive in nature. Simple flexural formula may be used for curved beams having radius of curvature more than three times the depth of beam. In the case of a section subjected to unsymmetrical bending, and direct stresses, neutral axis is a straight line but does not pass through centroid of section. The wire of open coiled helical spring subjected to axial force P, is subjected to direct 164shear only, tion + Answer any four questions out of eight questions. + ach question cates equal marks. Explain Castiglino’s first theorem. A stream turbine rotor is to be designed so that the radial and circumferential stresses are to be the same and constant throughout and equal to 90 MN/m’, when running at 4000 rpm. Ifthe axial thickness at the centre is 20 mm, what isthe thickness at a radius of 400 mm? Assume density of the material of rotor to be 7800 kg/m’. A steel ring has rectangular cross section, 75mm in radial direction and 45mm in perpendicular direction, Ifthe mean radius of the ring is 150 mm and maximum tensile stress is limited to 180 MN/m*, calculate the tensile load the ring can carry, ‘A closed coil helical spring is to carry a load of $00 N. Its mean coil diameter is to be 10 times that of wire diameter. Calculate these diameters if the maximum shear stress in ‘the material of spring are to be 80 MN/m* ‘A channel section has flanges 12 em x 2 cm and web 6 cm x 1 em, Determine the position of shear centre of the channel. ‘A rectangular steel shaft Somm x 25mm is subjected to a torque of 2 kNm. Find the (i) maximum shear stress developed in the shaft (ii) angular twist per m length. {A three span continuous beam of span | each is freely supported at each support and is subjected to uniformly distributed load of w per m run over its entire length. Draw Bending Moment and Shear Force diagram for this beam, State the assumption involved in the analysis of rotating long cylinders. Write the expressions for circumferential and radial stress for rotating long cylinder. + Answer any four questions out of seven questions. ‘A rectangular steel shaft is transmitting power at 300 rpm, lifting a load of 40 KN at a speed of 10m/min. Ifthe maximum permissible shear stress in the shaft is 45 MN/m’ and. the efficiency of crane gearing is 60%. Determine the size of shaft, and angle of twist per unit length. C=78.4 MN/m?, and breadth to depth ratio of 1.5, {An open coiled helical spring consists of 12 coils, each of mean diameter 60mm, the wire forming the coil having 6mm diameter. Each coil makes an angle of 30° with the plane perpendicular to the axis of spring. Determine the load required to elongate the spring by 25mm and the bending and shear stress caused by the load, Also calculate the axial 165‘twist that would produce a bending stress of 50 MN/m’ in the coils, N/m? 200 GN/m Along cylinder of 300mm radius is rotating at 4500 rpm. The density of material is 7800 kg/m’ and Poisson's ratio is 0.3. Calculate the maximum stress in cylinder and also determine the stress variation along the radius. A cantilever of rectangular section 40mm width and 60mm depth is subjected to inclined load P at free end. The inclination of the load is 25° to the vertical. If the length of cantilever is 2m and the maximum stress due to bending is not to exceed 200 MN/m* determine the value of P. ‘A curved bar is formed of a tube 120mm outer diameter and 7.5mm thickness. The centre line of this beam is circular arc of radius 225mm. A bending moment of 3 kNm tending to increase the curvature of bar is applied. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses set up in the bar. ‘A beam of T section (flange 100mm x 20mm, web 150mm x 10mm) is 2.5m in length and is simply supported at the ends. It carries a load of 3.2 KN inclined at 20° to the vertical and is passing through the centroid of the section. if E=200 GN/m’, calculate () maximum tensile tress (i) maximum compressive stress (i) postion of neutral axis. A closed coll helical spring of 18mm mean coll diameter and 10 turns is arranged. within and concentric with outer spring. The free length of theinner spring is 4mm more ‘than that of the outer. The outer spring has 12 coils of mean diameter 30mm and the wire diameter 3.5mm. the spring load against which a valve Is opened is provided by ‘the inner spring. The initial compression in outer spring is mm when the valve is closed. Calculate (i) the stiffness of the inner spring if the greatest force required to open the valve by 9mm is 150 N (ii) the diameter of the wire of the inner spring. Take C=80 x 10° N/mm* 166