Analysis of Faulted Power System (Shunt Fault)

Sequence Model for Transformer

Roel B. Calano

Sequence Model for AC Generator

Generator Connection Diagram Zero Sequence Network Diagram

a c Z0 Z0 Z0

Z0 N0 b

a c Z0 Z0 Zn Z0 b 3Zn

Z0

N0

a c Z0 Z0

Z0

Z0 b

N0

Sequence Networks
One of the most useful concepts about the symmetrical components is the sequence network. A sequence network is an equivalent network for power system under the assumption that only one sequence component of voltages and currents is presented in the system. There will be no interaction between each sequence network and each of them is independent of each other. The positive sequence network is the only one containing voltage source since generators produce only voltages of positive sequence. Negative and zero sequence networks contain only their corresponding impedances and these impedances are obtained based on the location of the fault under investigation. These sequence networks are shown in Figure. The types of fault conditions will determine the connections between the sequence networks. The positive sequence impedance, Z1, is the impedance looking into the positive sequence network from the fault point. Similarly, the negative sequence impedance, Z2, is the impedance looking into the negative sequence network from the fault point, and the zero sequence impedance, Z0, is the impedance looking into the zero sequence networks from the fault point.

Example: Draw the Zero sequence network of the power system shown
Y grounded - Y grounded -

G
Y grounded

G
Reactance grounded

Y grounded - Y grounded

Solution:

j0.2

j0.3

j0.3

j0.06

j0.25 5

j0.5 6

j0.35

j0.06

j0.09

N0 (Neutral or Zero-potential bus)

Example: Draw the Zero sequence network of the power system shown
Y ungrounded - Y grounded Y ungrounded - Y ungrounded

G
Y ungrounded

G
Reactance grounded

Y ungrounded - Y ungrounded

Solution:

j0.2

j0.3

j0.3

j0.06

j0.25

j0.5

j0.35

j0.06

j0.09

N0 (Neutral or Zero-potential bus)

Y grounded- Y grounded

G
Y ungrounded

G
Reactance grounded - Y ungrounded

Y grounded - Y grounded

Y ungrounded - Y grounded

G
Y grounded j0.2 2 j0.3 3 j0.3

j0.06

j0.25 5 6 j0.09

j0.35

j0.06

j0.5

j0.09

j0.09

j0.09

j0.09 N0 (Neutral or Zero-potential bus)

B B

Y grounded - Y grounded

- Y ungrounded

Y ungrounded

- Y grounded

Y ungrounded - Y grounded

- Y grounded

Solidly grounded

N0 (Neutral or Zero-potential bus)

B B

Problem: Draw the Positive, Negative and zero sequence model for the power system shown.

Y grounded - Y grounded

1 2 3

G
Y grounded

G
6 Reactance grounded

Y grounded - Y grounded

- Y grounded

- Y grounded

- Y grounded

- Y grounded

- Y grounded

- Y grounded

Solution: Reactance Diagram Simplification

2 3

j0.2

j0.15

j0.3

j0.2

j0.25 5

j0.22 6

j0.35

j0.2

1.0 angle 0

1.0 angle 0

N1 (Neutral or Zero-potential bus)

j0.2

j0.15

j0.3

j0.14

j0.25 5

j0.22 6

j0.35

j0.14

N2 (Neutral or Zero-potential bus)

j0.2

j0.3

j0.3

j0.06

j0.25 5

j0.5 6

j0.35

j0.06

j0.09

N0 (Neutral or Zero-potential bus)

B B

Positive Sequence Network

j0.35 3 j0.3

j0.2

j0.82

j0.2

1.0 angle 0

1.0 angle 0

N1 3 3

j0.0.0714 1 j0.1952 j0.2 j0.1673 j0.2 j0.3952 4

j0.0.0714

j0.3673

1.0 angle 0

1.0 angle 0

1.0 angle 0

1.0 angle 0

N1

N1

3 3

j0.0.0714

j0.0.0714 j0.0.2618

j0.3952

j0.3952

j0.3673

j0.1904 G

1.0 angle 0 1.0 angle 0 G 1.0 angle 0 G

N1 N1
B B

N1
B B

Negative Sequence Network

j0.35 3 j0.3

j0.14

j0.82

j0.14

N2 3 3

j0.0.0714 1 j0.1952 j0.1673 4

j0.0.0714

j0.14

j0.14

j0.3352

j0.3073

N2

N2

3 3

j0.0.0714

j0.0.0714 j0.0.2317

j0.3352

j0.3952

j0.3073

j0.1603

N2 N2
B B

N2
B B

Zero Sequence Network

2 j0.2 j0.3 3 3 j0.06 j0.0.56

N0

N0

Problem: Draw the connection diagram of Positive, Negative and Zero sequence network of the 4 bus shown.

G
- Y grounded - Y grounded

Short Circuit Current under Transient Condition

G G

Three Phase Symmetrical Fault

Consider a Three phase Fault occurs near the terminal of the generator

e= VS sin (t + )

Derivation of Short Circuit Current under Transient Condition

VR + VL = VS R+ R+ Ldi dt Ldi dt Taking the Laplace Transform: RI(s) + L [sI(s) I(0) ] = VS [cos ( I (0) = 0 s2 + 2 = VS sin (t + ) = VS [sin t cos + cost sin]

) + sin (

s2 + 2

)]

Is [R + Ls] = VS

[ [

cos s2 + 2 +

s sin s2 + 2

cos + s sin s2 + 2

Is [ R + Ls] = VS

Is = VS

[ [

cos + s sin (s2 + 2 ) (R + Ls)

]
C + (s + R/L)

Simplification using partial fraction method:

As + B (s2 + 2 )

Is = VS/ L

Solving for A, B and C: A = Ls/Z [sin ( )] C = L/Z [sin ( )] = arctan ( L/R) B = l/Z [cos ( )] Z = (R2 + (l)2

Is = VS/L

[ [

Ls/Z [sin ( )]+ l/Z [cos ( )] (s2 + 2 )

L/Z [sin ( )] + (s + R/L)

] ]

Is = VS/L

sin ( )

s s2 + 2

} + cos ( ) {

s s2 + 2

}+

sin ( ) (s + R/L)

Using the Inverse Laplace Transform:

It = VS/Z {sin ( )} (cos t) + [{cos ( )} (sin t) - {sin ( )}e Rt/L It = VS/Z {sin (t + - {sin ( )}e Rt/L

[ [

It = VS/Z {sin (t + - VS/Z {sin ( )}e Rt/L

From the given equation it can be seen that the short circuit current has two component, the transient current which decays with respect to time ( at time = infinity) and the steady current.

Transient Analysis of Three Phase Short Circuit

Three Phase Short Circuit at Phase a

Three Phase Short Circuit at Phase b

Three Phase Short Circuit at Phase c

Three Phase Short Circuit at the Field

Line to Line Short Circuit at Phase b

Line to Line Short Circuit at the field

Line to Ground Short Circuit at Phase a

Line to Ground Short Circuit at the Field

Different Level of Short Circuit Current with respect to time

Difference between Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Fault

Symmetrical

Unsymmetrical

Short Circuit Current near the Generator

Example: Draw the wave form of short circuit current of different L/R and power factor angle Solution: L/R program

Important Notes when Conducting Short Circuit Analysis

The Three Sequence are independent The positive-sequence network is the same as the one line diagram used in studying balanced three-phase current and voltages The Positive-sequence network has a voltage source. Therefore, the positivesequence current causes only positive-sequence voltage drops There is no voltage source in the negative or zero sequence networks Negative and Zero sequence currents cause negative and zero sequence voltage drops only The Neutral of the System is the Reference for positive and negative sequence networks, but ground is the reference for the zero sequence networks. Therefore, the zero sequence current can flow only if the circuit from the system neutrals to ground is complete The grounding impedance is reflected in the zero sequence network as 3 Z0 The threes sequence systems can be solved separately on a per phase basis. The phase currents and voltages can be determined by superposing the symmetrical components of current and the voltages respectively.

Simplifications When computing short circuits in a power system further simplifications can be made. The following simplifications are also used for the analysis All line capacitances are ignored. All non-motor shunt impedances are ignored; motor loads are treated the same way as generators. The voltage magnitude and phase angle of generators and in feeds are all set to the same value All tap changing transformers are in middle position.

These simplifications are indicated for studies regarding medium- and long-term network planning. In the planning stage, the calculations are based on estimated and hence inaccurate data. Therefore, the demands on the short circuit computation algorithm are lower than for real-time applications in the network operation, where accurate results are desired. Studies have shown that the shunt elements and loads have little influence on the short circuit currents (0.5%. . . 4%) and may compensate each other. However, disregarding the actual generator pole voltages and the actual positions of tap changing transformers may sometimes lead to errors of up to 30%.

Single Line to Ground Fault

Model
Fault point

a b c
Zf

Iaf

Ibf = 0

Icf = 0

Interconnection of sequence network

F0 Va0 Ia0 Z0
Zero - sequence network

N0

F1
3Zf

Va1

Ia1 G

Z1

Positive sequence network

N1

F2 Va2 Ia2 Z2
Negative sequence network

N2

Analysis of Single Line to - Ground Fault Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = Iaf Ibf Icf 1 1 1 1.0 0 Z0 + Z1 + Z2 + 3Zf 1 a2 a 1 a a2 Ia0 Ia1 I a2

Iaf = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 Iaf = 3Ia0 = 3Ia1 = 3Ia2 Vaf = Zf Iaf Vaf = 3Zf Ia1 Vaf = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = 3Zf Ia1 Va0 Va1 Va2 = 0 1.0 0 0 Z0 - 0 0 0 Z1 0 0 0 Z2 Ia0 Ia1 Ia2

Va0 = - Z0 Ia0 Va1 = 1.0 Z1 Ia1 Va2 = -Z2 Ia2 Vaf Vbf Vcf = 1 1 1 1 a2 a 1 a a2 Va0 Va1 Va2

Vbf = Va0 + a2Va1 + aVa2 Vcf = Va0 + aVa1 + a2Va2

Line-Line Fault
Model
Fault point

a b c
Ibf Zf Icf

Iaf = 0

Interconnection of sequence network

F0 Va0 Ia0 = 0 Z0
Zero - sequence network

N0

Zf

F1 Va1 Ia1 G N1 N2 Z1
Positive sequence network

F2 Va2 Ia2 Z2
Negative sequence network

Analysis of Line to line Fault Iaf = 0 Ibf = -Icf Vbc = Vb Vc = Zf Ibf Ia0 = 0 Ia1 = -Ia2 = 1.0 0 Z1 + Z2 + Zf 1.0 0 Z1 + Z2

with fault impedance

Ia1 = -Ia2 =

Ibf = -Icf = 3Ia1 -90 Va0 = 0 Va1 = 1.0 Z1 Ia1 Va2 = -Z2 Ia2 = Z2 Ia1 Vaf = Va1 + Va2 Vaf = 1.0 + Ia1 (Z2 Z1 ) Vbf = a2Va1 + aVa2 Vbf = a2 + Ia1(aZ2 a2Z1 ) Vcf = aVa1 + a2Va2 Vcf = a + Ia1(a2Z2 aZ1 ) Vab = Vaf Vbf Vab = 3 (Va1 30 + Va2 -30 ) Vbc = Vbf Vcf Vbc = 3 (Va1 -90 + Va2 90 ) Vca = Vcf Vaf Vca = 3 (Va1 150 + Va2 -150 )

Double Line to Ground Fault

Model

Fault point

a b c
Zf Iaf = 0 Ibf Zg Zf Icf Ibf + Icf

Interconnection of sequence network

Zf + 3ZG

Zf

Zf

F0 Va0 Ia0 Z0 Va1 Ia1 G

F1 Z1 Va2 Ia2

F2 Z2

N0

N2 N1

Analysis of Double Line to ground Fault Iaf = 0 Vbf = (Zf +Zg ) Ibf + Zg Ibf Ia1 = 1.0 0 (Z1 +Zf ) + (Z2+Zf )(Z0 +Zf + 3Zg) Z0 + Z2 + 2Zf + 3Zg Z0 + Zf + 3Zg ( Z0 + Zf + 3Zg ) + (Z2 +Zf ) (Z2 + Zf ) ( Z2 + Zf ) + (Z0 + Zf +3Zg)

Ia2 = Ia1 Ia0 = Ia1

Iaf = 0 = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 Ia0 = - (Ia1 + Ia2) Iaf = 0 Ibf = Ia0 + a2Ia1 + aIa2 Icf = Ia0 + aIa1 + a2Ia2 Ia = Ibf + Icf = 3Ia0 Va0 = - Z0 Ia0 Va1 = 1.0 Z1 Ia1 Va2 = - Z2 Ia2 Vaf = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 Vbf = Va0 + a2Va1 + aVa2 Vcf = Va0 + aVa1 + a2Va2 Vab = Vaf Vbf Vbc = Vbf Vcf Vca = Vcf Vaf Va0 = Va1 = Va2 = 1.0 Z1 Ia1 Ia2 = - Va2 Z1 Ia0 = -Va0 Z0

Vaf = Va0 + Va1 + Va3 = 3Va1 Vbf = Vcf = 0

Vab = Vaf Vbf = Vaf Vbc = Vbf Vcf = 0 Vca = Vcf Vaf = -Vaf

Three Phase Fault

Model
Fault point

a b c
Iaf Zf Ibf Zf Zf Icf

Zg

Iaf + Ibf + Icf = 3Z0

Interconnection of sequence network

F0 Va0 Ia0 = 0 Z0

F2
Zf

Va2

Ia2 = 0

Z2

N0 Va1 Ia1 G

F1 Z1

N2

N1

Analysis of Three phase fault (symmetrical) Iao = 0 Ia2 = 0 Ia1 = Iaf Ibf Icf

1.0 0 Z1 + Zf = 1 1 1 1 a2 a 1 a a2 0 Ia1 0

Ia1 = Iaf = Ibf = a2 Ia1 = Icf = a Ia1 = Va0 = 0 Va1 = Zf Ia1 Va2 = 0 Vaf Vbf Vcf =

1.0 0 Z1 + Zf 1.0 240 Z1 + Zf 1.0 120 Z1 + Zf

1 1 1

1 a2 a

1 a a2

0 Va1 0

Vaf = Va1 = Zf Ia1 Vbf = a2Va1= Zf Ia1240 Vbf = aVa1 = Zf Ia1120 Vab = Vaf Vbf = Va1 ( 1- a2 ) = 3 Zf Ia130 Vbc = Vbf Vcf = Va1 ( a2 -a ) = 3 Zf Ia1-90 Vca = Vcf Vaf = Va1 ( a -1 ) = 3 Zf Ia1150

Three phase fault (unsymmetrical)

Fault point

a b c
Zf1 Zf2 Zf3

Zg

Fault point

a b c
Zf1 Zf1 Zf2

Zg

Fault point

a b c
Zf1 Zf2 Zf3

Fault point

a b c
Zf1 Zf2 Zf3

Fault point

a b c
Zf1 Zf2 Zf3

Fault point

a b c
Zf1 Zf2 Zf3

Fault point

a b c
Zf Zf

Zg

Fault point

a b c
Zf Zf

Fault point

a b c
Zf

Zg

Fault point

a b c
Zf Zf

Zg

Fault point

a b c
Zf

Fault point

a b c

Fault point

Fault point

a b c

Zg

Fault point

Fault point

a b c
Zf Zf Zf

Fault point

Fault point

a b c