Attia, John Okyere. DC Analysis. Electronics and Circuit Analysis using MATLAB. Ed.

John Okyere Attia Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999

1999 by CRC PRESS LLC

CHAPTER FOUR DC ANALYSIS 4.1 NODAL ANALYSIS

Kirchhoffs current law states that for any electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in the circuit equals zero. In nodal analysis, if there are n nodes in a circuit, and we select a reference node, the other nodes can be numbered from V1 through Vn-1. With one node selected as the reference node, there will be n-1 independent equations. If we assume that the admittance between nodes i and j is given as Yij , we can write the nodal equations: Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 + Ym1 V1 + Ym2 V2 + + Y1m Vm = + Y2m Vm = + Ymm Vm =

I1 I2 Im (4.1)

where m=n-1 V1, V2 and Vm are voltages from nodes 1, 2 and so on ..., n with respect to the reference node.

Ix is the algebraic sum of current sources at node x.

Equation (4.1) can be expressed in matrix form as

[Y ][V ] = [ I ]
The solution of the above equation is

(4.2)

[V ] = [Y ] 1 [ I ]
where

(4.3)

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[Y ] 1

is an inverse of

[Y ] .

In MATLAB, we can compute [V] by using the command

V = inv (Y ) * I
where

(4.4)

inv (Y ) is the inverse of matrix Y

The matrix left and right divisions can also be used to obtain the nodal voltages. The following MATLAB commands can be used to find the matrix [V]

V = IY
or

(4.5)

V =Y\I

(4.6)

The solutions obtained from Equations (4.4) to (4.6) will be the same, provided the system is not ill-conditioned. The following two examples illustrate the use of MATLAB for solving nodal voltages of electrical circuits. Example 4.1 For the circuit shown below, find the nodal voltages
20 Ohms V

V1 , V2 and V 3 .

10 Ohms

40 Ohms

5A

50 Ohms

2A

Figure 4.1 Circuit with Nodal Voltages

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Solution Using KCL and assuming that the currents leaving a node are positive, we have For node 1,

V1 V2 V1 V3 + 5= 0 10 20
i.e.,

015 . V1 01 . V2 0.05V3 = 5

(4.7)

At node 2,

V2 V1 V2 V2 V3 + + =0 10 50 40
i.e.,

. V1 + 0145 . V2 0.025V3 = 0 01

(4.8)

At node 3,

V3 V1 V3 V2 + 2=0 20 40
i.e.,

0.05V1 0.025V2 + 0.075V3 = 2

(4.9)

In matrix form, we have

. . 01 0.05 V1 015 01 V . 0145 . 0.025 2 = 0.05 0.025 0.075 V3

5 0 2

(4.10)

The MATLAB program for solving the nodal voltages is MATLAB Script diary ex4_1.dat % program computes the nodal voltages

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% given the admittance matrix Y and current vector I % Y is the admittance matrix and I is the current vector % initialize matrix y and vector I using YV=I form Y = [ 0.15 -0.1 -0.05; -0.1 0.145 -0.025; -0.05 -0.025 0.075]; I = [5; 0; 2]; % solve for the voltage fprintf('Nodal voltages V1, V2 and V3 are \n') v = inv(Y)*I diary The results obtained from MATLAB are Nodal voltages V1, V2 and V3, v= 404.2857 350.0000 412.8571 Example 4.2: Find the nodal voltages of the circuit shown below.
2 Ohms Ix V 5 Ohms V 10 I x V 15 Ohms V4

5A

20 Ohms

4 Ohms

10 Ohms

10 V

Figure 4.2 Circuit with Dependent and Independent Sources

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Solution Using KCL and the convention that currents leaving a node is positive, we have At node 1

V1 V1 V2 V1 V4 + + 5= 0 20 5 2
Simplifying, we get

0.75V1 0.2V2 0.5V4 = 5

At node 2,

(4.11)

V2 V3 = 10 I X
But

IX =
Thus

(V1 V4 ) 2 10(V1 V4 ) 2

V2 V3 =
Simplifying, we get - 5V1

+ V2 V3 + 5V4 = 0

(4.12)

From supernodes 2 and 3, we have

V3 V2 V1 V2 V3 V4 + + + =0 10 5 4 15
Simplifying, we get

. V3 0.06667V4 = 0 0.2V1 + 0.45V2 + 01667

(4.13)

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At node 4, we have

V4 = 10
In matrix form, equations (4.11) to (4.14) become

(4.14)

0 0.5 V1 0.75 0.2 5 V 1 5 1 2 = 0.2 0.45 01667 . 0.06667 V3 0 0 1 0 V4

The MATLAB program for solving the nodal voltages is MATLAB Script

5 0 0 10

(4.15)

diary ex4_2.dat % this program computes the nodal voltages % given the admittance matrix Y and current vector I % Y is the admittance matrix % I is the current vector % initialize the matrix y and vector I using YV=I Y = [0.75 -0.2 0 -0.5; -5 1 -1 5; -0.2 0.45 0.166666667 -0.0666666667; 0 0 0 1]; % current vector is entered as a transpose of row vector I = [5 0 0 10]'; % solve for nodal voltage fprintf('Nodal voltages V1,V2,V3,V4 are \n') V = inv(Y)*I diary We obtain the following results. Nodal voltages V1,V2,V3,V4 are

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V= 18.1107 17.9153 -22.6384 10.0000

4.2

LOOP ANALYSIS

Loop analysis is a method for obtaining loop currents. The technique uses Kirchoff voltage law (KVL) to write a set of independent simultaneous equations. The Kirchoff voltage law states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero. In loop analysis, we want to obtain current from a set of simultaneous equations. The latter equations are easily set up if the circuit can be drawn in planar fashion. This implies that a set of simultaneous equations can be obtained if the circuit can be redrawn without crossovers. For a planar circuit with n-meshes, the KVL can be used to write equations for each mesh that does not contain a dependent or independent current source. Using KVL and writing equations for each mesh, the resulting equations will have the general form: Z11I1 + Z12 I2 + Z13 I3 + Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + Z23 I3 + Zn1 I1 + Zn2 I2 + Zn3 I3 + ... ... ... Z1n In = Z2n In = Znn In =

V1 V2 Vn (4.16)

where I1, I2, ... In are the unknown currents for meshes 1 through n. Z11, Z22, , Znn are the impedance for each mesh through which individual current flows. Zij, j # i denote mutual impedance.

Vx is the algebraic sum of the voltage sources in mesh x.

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Equation (4.16) can be expressed in matrix form as

[ Z ][ I ] = [V ]
where

(4.17)

Z11 Z 21 Z = Z31 .. Z n1 I1 I 2 I = I3 . In
and

Z12 Z22 Z32 .. Zn 2

Z13 Z23 Z33 . Zn3

... ... ... ... ...

Z1n Z2 n Z3 n .. Z nn

V1 V2 V = V3 .. V n

The solution to Equation (4.17) is

[ I ] = [ Z ] 1 [V ]
In MATLAB, we can compute [I] by using the command

(4.18)

I = inv ( Z ) * V

(4.19)

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where

inv ( Z ) is the inverse of the matrix Z

The matrix left and right divisions can also be used to obtain the loop currents. Thus, the current I can be obtained by the MATLAB commands

I =V Z
or

(4.20)

I = Z \V

(4.21)

As mentioned earlier, Equations (4.19) to (4.21) will give the same results, provided the circuit is not ill-conditioned. The following examples illustrate the use of MATLAB for loop analysis.

Example 4.3 Use the mesh analysis to find the current flowing through the resistor addition, find the power supplied by the 10-volt voltage source.

RB . In

10 Ohms 10 V I 30 Ohms RB 5 Ohms

15 Ohms

30 Ohms

Figure 4.3a Bridge Circuit

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Solution Using loop analysis and designating the loop currents as the following figure.

I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , we obtain

I1 10 V

10 Ohms

I2 5 Ohms I3

15 Ohms

30 Ohms

30 Ohms

Figure 4.3b

Bridge Circuit with Loop Currents

Note that

I = I 3 I 2 and power supplied by the source is P = 10 I1

The loop equations are Loop 1,

10( I 1 I 2 ) + 30( I 1 I 3 ) 10 = 0 40 I 1 10 I 2 30 I 3 = 10
(4.22)

Loop 2,

10( I 2 I 1 ) + 15I 2 + 5( I 2 I 3 ) = 0 10 I 1 + 30 I 2 5I 3 = 0
(4.23)

Loop 3,

30( I 3 I 1 ) + 5( I 3 I 2 ) + 30 I 3 = 0 30 I 1 5I 2 + 65I 3 = 0
(4.24)

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In matrix form, Equations (4.22) and (4.23) become

40 10 30 I1 10 30 5 I = 2 30 5 65 I3

10 0 0

(4.25)

The MATLAB program for solving the loop currents and the power supplied by the 10-volt source is MATLAB Script

I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , the current I

diary ex4_3.dat % this program determines the current % flowing in a resistor RB and power supplied by source % it computes the loop currents given the impedance % matrix Z and voltage vector V % Z is the impedance matrix % V is the voltage matrix % initialize the matrix Z and vector V Z = [40 -10 -30; -10 30 -5; -30 -5 65]; V = [10 0 0]'; % solve for the loop currents I = inv(Z)*V; % current through RB is calculated IRB = I(3) - I(2); fprintf('the current through R is %8.3f Amps \n',IRB) % the power supplied by source is calculated PS = I(1)*10; fprintf('the power supplied by 10V source is %8.4f watts \n',PS) diary MATLAB answers are the current through R is 0.037 Amps the power supplied by 10V source is 4.7531 watts

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Circuits with dependent voltage sources can be analyzed in a manner similar to that of example 4.3. Example 4.4 illustrates the use of KVL and MATLAB to solve loop currents.

Example 4.4 Find the power dissipated by the 8 Ohm resistor and the current supplied by the 10-volt source.
5V 6 ohms 15 Ohms 10 ohms

Is 6 Ohms 10 V 20 Ohms 4 Is

Figure 4.4a Circuit for Example 4.4 Solution Using loop analysis and denoting the loop currents as cuit can be redrawn as
6 Ohms I1 I2 10 V 20 Ohms 4 Is 15 Ohms 5V

I 1 , I 2 and I 3 , the cir-

10 Ohms

I3 6 Ohms 8 Ohms

Figure 4.4b

Figure 4.4 with Loop Currents

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By inspection,

I S = I1
For loop 1,

(4.26)

10 + 6 I 1 + 20( I 1 I 2 ) = 0 26 I 1 20 I 2 = 10
For loop 2, (4.27)

15 I 2 5 + 6( I 2 I 3 ) + 4 I S + 20( I 2 I1 ) = 0
Using Equation (4.26), the above expression simplifies to

16 I1 + 41I 2 63 I = 5
For loop 3,

(4.28)

10 I 3 + 8 I 3 4 I S + 6( I 3 I 2 ) = 0
Using Equation (4.26), the above expression simplifies to

4 I 1 6 I 2 + 24 I 3 = 0
Equations (4.25) to (4.27) can be expressed in matrix form as

(4.29)

26 20 0 I1 16 41 6 I 2 = 4 6 24 I3

10 5 0

(4.30)

The power dissipated by the 8 Ohm resistor is

P = RI32 = 8 I32
The current supplied by the source is

I S = I1

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A MATLAB program for obtaining the power dissipated by the 8 Ohm resistor and the current supplied by the source is shown below MATLAB Script diary ex4_4.dat % This program determines the power dissipated by % 8 ohm resistor and current supplied by the % 10V source % % the program computes the loop currents, given % the impedance matrix Z and voltage vector V % % Z is the impedance matrix % V is the voltage vector % initialize the matrix Z and vector V of equation % ZI=V Z = [26 -20 0; -16 40 -6; -4 -6 24]; V = [10 5 0]'; % solve for loop currents I = inv(Z)*V; % the power dissipation in 8 ohm resistor is P P = 8*I(3)^2; % print out the results fprintf('Power dissipated in 8 ohm resistor is %8.2f Watts\n',P) fprintf('Current in 10V source is %8.2f Amps\n',I(1)) diary MATLAB results are Power dissipated in 8 ohm resistor is 0.42 Watts Current in 10V source is 0.72 Amps For circuits that contain both current and voltage sources, irrespective of whether they are dependent sources, both KVL and KVL can be used to obtain equations that can be solved using MATLAB. Example 4.5 illustrates one such circuit.

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Example 4.5 Find the nodal voltages in the circuit, i.e., V1 ,V2 , ..., V5
10 Ia V2 8 Ohms

10 Ohms Vb

V4

Ia V3 5 Ohms 4 Ohms

V5 5 Vb 2 Ohms 24 V 5A

Figure 4.5 Circuit for Example 4.5 Solution By inspection,

Vb = V1 V4
Using Ohms Law

(4.31)

Ia =

V4 V3 5

(4.32)

Using KCL at node 1, and supernode 1-2, we get

V1 V1 V4 V V3 + 5Vb + 2 =0 2 10 8
Using Equation (4.31), Equation (4.33) simplifies to

(4.33)

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. V2 0125 . V3 + 4.9V4 = 0 4.4V1 + 0125

Using KCL at node 4, we have

(4.34)

V4 V5 V4 V3 V4 V1 + + = 10 4 5 10
This simplifies to

. V1 0.2V3 + 0.55V4 0.25V5 = 0 01

Using KCL at node 3, we get

(4.35)

V3 V4 V3 V2 + 5= 0 5 8
which simplifies to

. V2 + 0.325V3 0.2V4 = 5 0125

Using KVL for loop 1, we have

(4.36)

10 I a + Vb + 5I a + 8( I a + 5) = 0
Using Equations (4.31) and (4.32), Equation (4.37) becomes

(4.37)

10 I a + Vb + 5I a + 8 I a + 40 = 0
i.e.,

3I a + Vb = 40

Using Equation (4.32), the above expression simplifies to

V4 V3 + V1 V4 = 40 5
(4.38)

Simplifying the above expression, we get

V1 0.6V3 0.4V4 = 40
By inspection

VS = 24

(4.39)

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Using Equations (4.34), (4.35), (4.36), (4.38) and (4.39), we get the matrix equation

. . 4.9 0 V1 0125 4.4 0125 01 . 0 0.55 0.25 V2 0.2 0 . 0.325 0.2 0 V3 = 0125 0 0 V4 0.6 0.4 1 0 0 0 1 0 V5

0 0 5 40 24

(4.40)

The MATLAB program for obtaining the nodal voltages is shown below. MATLAB Script diary ex4_5.dat % Program determines the nodal voltages % given an admittance matrix Y and current vector I % Initialize matrix Y and the current vector I of % matrix equation Y V = I Y = [-4.4 0.125 -0.125 4.9 0; -0.1 0 -0.2 0.55 -0.25; 0 -0.125 0.325 -0.2 0; 1 0 -0.6 -0.4 0; 0 0 0 0 1]; I = [0 0 5 -40 24]'; % Solve for the nodal voltages fprintf('Nodal voltages V(1), V(2), .. V(5) are \n') V = inv(Y)*I; diary The results obtained from MATLAB are Nodal voltages V(1), V(2), ... V(5) are V= 117.4792 299.7708 193.9375 102.7917 24.0000

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4.3

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

Assume that we have a voltage source load

VS with resistance RS connected to a

RL . The circuit is shown in Figure 4.6.

Rs

Vs

RL

VL

Figure 4.6 Circuit for Obtaining Maximum Power Dissipation The voltage across the Load R L is given as

VL =

Vs RL Rs + RL

The power dissipated by the load RL is given as

PL =
The value of

VL2 Vs2 RL = RL ( Rs + RL ) 2

(4.41)

R L that dissipates the maximum power is obtained by differentiating PL with respect to RL , and equating the derivative to zero. That is, dPL ( Rs + RL ) 2 VS Vs RL ( 2)( Rs + RL ) = dRL ( Rs + RL )4 dPL =0 dRL
2

(4.42)

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Simplifying the above we get

( Rs + R L ) 2 R L = 0
i.e.,

R L = RS

(4.43)

Thus, for a resistive network, the maximum power is supplied to a load provided the load resistance is equal to the source resistance. When R L = 0, the voltage across and power dissipated by

R L are zero. On the other hand, when

R L approaches infinity, the voltage across the load is maximum, but the
power dissipation is zero. MATLAB can be used to observe the voltage across and power dissipation of the load as functions of load resistance value. Example 4.6 shows the use of MATLAB to plot the voltage and display the power dissipation of a resistive circuit. Before presenting an example on the maximum power transfer theorem, let us discuss the MATLAB functions diff and find.

4.3.1

MATLAB Diff and Find Functions

Numerical differentiation can be obtained using the backward difference expression

f ( x n ) =

f ( x n ) f ( x n1 ) x n x n1

(4.44)

or by the forward difference expression

f ( x n ) =
The derivative of as

f ( x n +1 ) f ( x n ) x n +1 x n

(4.45)

f ( x ) can be obtained by using the MATLAB diff function

(4.46)

f ( x ) diff ( f )./ diff ( x ).

If

f is a row or column vector

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f = [ f (1)

f ( 2 ) ...

f ( n )]

then diff(f) returns a vector of difference between adjacent elements

diff ( f ) = [ f ( 2) f (1)
The output vector

f (3) f ( 2) ...

f ( n ) f ( n 1)]
(4.47)

diff ( f ) will be one element less than the input vector f .

The find function determines the indices of the nonzero elements of a vector or matrix. The statement B = find(

f)

(4.48)

will return the indices of the vector f that are nonzero. For example, to obtain the points where a change in sign occurs, the statement Pt_change = find(product < 0) will show the indices of the locations in product that are negative. The diff and find are used in the following example to find the value of resistance at which the maximum power transfer occurs. (4.49)

Example 4.6 In Figure 4.7, as is 10 K.

R L varies from 0 to 50K, plot the power dissipated by the load. Verify that the maximum power dissipation by the load occurs when R L

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10,000 Ohms

10 V PL RL

VL

Figure 4.7 Solution MATLAB Script

Resistive Circuit for Example 4.6

% maximum power transfer % vs is the supply voltage % rs is the supply resistance % rl is the load resistance % vl is the voltage across the load % pl is the power dissipated by the load vs = 10; rs = 10e3; rl = 0:1e3:50e3; k = length(rl); % components in vector rl % Power dissipation calculation for i=1:k pl(i) = ((vs/(rs+rl(i)))^2)*rl(i); end % Derivative of power is calculated using backward difference dp = diff(pl)./diff(rl); rld = rl(2:length(rl)); % length of rld is 1 less than that of rl % Determination of critical points of derivative of power prod = dp(1:length(dp) - 1).*dp(2:length(dp)); crit_pt = rld(find(prod < 0)); max_power = max(pl); % maximum power is calculated % print out results

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fprintf('Maximum power occurs at %8.2f Ohms\n',crit_pt) fprintf('Maximum power dissipation is %8.4f Watts\n', max_power) % Plot power versus load plot(rl,pl,'+') title('Power delivered to load') xlabel('load resistance in Ohms') ylabel('power in watts') The results obtained from MATLAB are Maximum power occurs at 10000.00 Ohms Maximum power dissipation is 0.0025 Watts The plot of the power dissipation obtained from MATLAB is shown in Figure 4.8.

Figure 4.8 Power delivered to load

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. MathWorks, Inc., MATLAB, High-Performance Numeric Computation Software, 1995. Etter, D.M., Engineering Problem Solving with MATLAB, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997. Gottling, J.G., Matrix Analysis of Circuits Using MATLAB, Prentice Hall, 1995. Johnson, D.E., Johnson, J.R. and Hilburn, J.L., Electric Circuit Analysis, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997. Dorf, R.C. and Svoboda, J.A., Introduction to Electric Circuits, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

EXERCISES 4.1 Use loop analysis to write equations for the circuit shown in Figure P4.1. Determine the current I using MATLAB.
6 Ohms

4 Ohms 2 Ohms 10 V I 8 Ohms

6 Ohms

15 Ohms

Figure P4.1 Circuit for Exercise 4.1

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4.2

Use nodal analysis to solve for the nodal voltages for the circuit shown in Figure P4.2. Solve the equations using MATLAB.
V2 5 Ohms 6 Ohms

3A V1 2 Ohms

V3

3 Ohms

V4

4 Ohms

4A

6A

8 Ohms

V5

Figure P4.2 Circuit for Exercise 4.2 Find the power dissipated by the 4 resistor and the voltage V1 .
8A

4.3

I 2 Ohms 6 Ix

Vo 10 v Vy 4 Ohms 2 Ohms 3 Vy

4 Ohms

Figure P4.3

Circuit for Exercise 4.3

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4.4

Using both loop and nodal analysis, find the power delivered by a 15V source. 2A

4 Ohms 4V
a

5 Ohms

8 Ohms Ix

10 I x

15 V

2 Ohms

Va

Figure P4.4 Circuit for Exercise 4.4

4.5

R L varies from 0 to 12 in increments of 2, calculate the power dissipated by RL . Plot the power dissipation with respect to the variation in RL . What is the maximum power dissipated by R L ? What is the value of R L needed for maximum power dissipation?
As
3 Ohms 2 Ohms 3 Ohms

12 Ohms 12 V 6 Ohms RL 36 V

Figure P4.5 Circuit for Exercise 4.5

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4.6

Using loop analysis and MATLAB, find the loop currents. What is the power supplied by the source?

4 Ohms I1 4 Ohms

3 Ohms I2 2 Ohms 6V

2 Ohms I3 6V

2 Ohms I4 2 Ohms 4 Ohms

3 Ohms
Figure P4.6

4 Ohms

Circuit for Exercise 4.6

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