PRESENTATION ON

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
MODEL
TANDIN JAMTSHO
STUDENT #3226091
This presentation shall cover the
following topics

Introduction

Mathematical model

Circuit based model used for both steady state and transient
analysis

Differential equation model

Conclusion

Discussion at the end of presentation

The main component of power
system are


Generator
Step up
Transformer
Transmission
Line
Step down
Transformer
Load
Principle of synchronous machine
Based on the principle of Faradays
law of electromagnetic induction
Generally the armature winding are
located on the stator and field
winding on the rotor
The field winding is excited by a
direct current
What is mean by synchronous
machine ?
A machine that operates at constant
speed and frequency with respect to
time is called the synchronous
machine.
N=120f/P
N=speed of the machine in rev/min
F=frequency in Hz
P=number of poles

Assumptions made are:
The stator windings are sinusoidally
distributed electrically
The effect of the stator slots on the
variation of any rotor inductances
with rotor angle is neglected
Saturation effect neglected.
Mathematical model
Source of the diagram:

Mohamed E. El-Hawary,
Electric Power Systems
Design and Analysis
By Faradays, the voltage induced in the stator coil
c
ri c p e
b
ri b p e
a
ri
a
p e
c
b
a
=
=
=

Where
e
a
= terminal voltage of phase a

= total flux linkage of phase a

i
a
= current in phase a

a,b and c are phases

r = the resistance of each armature winding,
assumed to be same for all three phases
p = the derivative operator d/dt, t is the time

e
f
= p
f
+r
f
i
f

Inductance
The self inductance of any stator winding phases are given by
u 2 cos 2 0 aa aa aa L L l + =
) 120 ( 2 cos 2 0 + = u aa aa bb L L l
) 120 ( 2 cos 2 0 + + = u aa aa cc L L l
The mutual inductance between any two stator phases are given by
)] 30 ( 2 cos [ 2 0 + + = = u aa ab ab ab L L l l
)] 90 ( 2 cos [ 2 0 + + = = u aa ab cb bc L L l l
)] 150 ( 2 cos [ 2 0 + + = = u aa ab ac L L l lca
Elimination of old variable i
a
,i
b
,

i
c,
by introducing
a new variable i
o

Now I
o
=1/3(i
a
+i
b
+i
c
)



(
(
(

+
+
=
3 / 1 3 / 1 3 / 1
) 120 sin( 3 / 2 ) 120 sin( 3 / 2 sin 3 / 2
) 120 cos( 3 / 2 ) 120 cos( 3 / 2 cos 3 / 2
u u u
u u u
(
(
(

o
q
q
i
i
i
(
(
(

c
b
a
i
i
i
The new variable for flux linkage
, q


0 , d
The equivalent d-axis moving armature coil self
inductance is


The equivalent quadrature-axis moving armature
self inductance is


Zero sequence self inductance is

2 3 / 2 0 aa abo aa d L L L L + + =
2 3 / 2 0 aa abo aa q L L L L + =
ab aa L L L 2 0 0 =
The armature voltage equation in terms of d,q
and 0 becomes
0
0 0 ri p e
ri p p e
ri p p e
q
d q q
d
q d d
=
+ =
=

u
u
Under steady state operation, flux linkage in per unit along d
and q axis and the voltage relation can be written as
q q q
f d ad d d d
i L
i L i L
=
+ =

d d d f d ad d q
d q q q d
ri i x i x i e
ri i x ri e
q
d
r =
=

=
=

On open circuit condition id=iq=0

ed=0 and eq=xadifd
Voltage in the q-axis is due to excitation in the
d-axis, lets denote it by E
E= xadifd
ed=xqiq-rid
eq=E-xdid-riq
e=ed+jeq
i=id+jiq
Eq=E-(xd-xq)id
eq=Eq-xdid-riq
eq=jEq-(r+jxq)I
J Eq=e+(r+jxq)i
Steady state Vector diagram
o
|
O
A
C
D
E
F
B
q-axis
d-axis
OA=e
OD=current, i
AC=ir drop
CD=jxq
OD=e+(r+jxq)i
DE=j(xd-xq)id
OE=jE=jEq+j(xd-xq)id
If xd=xq, the triangle DEF will vanish
for round rotor machine.
Determination of xd, xq and xo
From slip test
Xd=Max. voltage/Min. current
Xq=Min.voltage/Max current
Xd=open ckt. Voltage/Isc
By applying positive sequence current to the armature
and measure the voltage for obtaining Xd and xq.
Xo is measured by connecting the three phase
winding in series and passing single phase current
Xd will be within the range of 0.6 to 2.2
Xq will be within the range of 0.4 to 1.4
X0 will be within the range of 0.01 to 0.25 per unit for
all the cases.
Circuit based models for round rotor and salient
pole synchronous machine are
Reactance of air gap flux is represented x
o
and the leakage flux
reactance is represented by x
l

Xs=
x
o+
x
l



Xs
I Z
E Z

+++
-
V Z0
-
+
D-axis equivalent circuit
d
fd
d 1
i
d
i
fd
i
1d
Q-axis equivalent circuit
d
q
q 1
i
q
i
1q
q 1
Transient circuit based model
D-axis equivalent circuit for the sub-transient
period

d i A
d A
d i A
fd i A
d i1 A
Q-axis equivalent circuit for the sub-
transient period

q i A
d
q A
q i A
q i1 A
Sub-transient and transient reactance
The idea of transient for a very short period is called Sub-
transient, the sub-transient direct and quadrature axis are
defined as
Xd= d/id
Xq= q/iq
Xd=Ll+ (1/(1/Lad+1/Lfd+1/L1d+---))
Xq=Ll+ (1/(1/Laq+1/L1q+---))
The transient which last for some time around 30 cycles is
termed as transient, the transient reactance of direct and
quadrature axis are given by
Xd=Ll+ (1/(1/Lad+1/Lfd))
Xq=Ll+ (1/(1/Laq))
X2=( Xd+ Xq)/2

Time constants

Tdo=Xffd/rfd ( direct axis transient open circuit time
constant, 2 to 11 seconds)
Td=Xd*Tdo/Xd (direct axis transient short circuit
time constant
Td=Xd*Tdo/Xd (direct axis sub-transient time
constant
Tdo =(x11d-x2f1d/xffd)/r1d (direct axis sub-
transient open circuit time constant)
Tqo=x11q/r1q
Tq=xq*Tqo/xq
Ta=x2/r (armature short circuit time constant)

Swing equation of synchronous
machine
We know that per unit mechanical acceleration
equation

p
2

=(T
m
-T
e
)/H

P=d/dt,
angle in electrical radians between d-
axis and the centre of phase a axis.

H=inertia constant of machine in per unit
(KW-rad/kVA)

Tm=mechanical torque input in per unit

Te =electromagnetic torque developed in per
unit

Since is continuously changing with time, it
is convenient to measure the angular position
w.r.t synchronously rotating reference axis




=t+
the reference axis and the quadrature axis
The equation can be written as =angle between
p
2

=(T
m
-T
e
)/H

By expressing angle in degrees and time in seconds it becomes

p
2

=180fb(T
m
-T
e
)/H

Since p.u electrical torque =p.u air gap power developed

p
2

=180fb(P
m
-P
e
)/H




Swing equation of synchronous
machine
In literature the quantities involved are expressed in their
natural units without the use of per unit notation

p
2

=(P
m
-P
e
)/M

M=GH/180fb, G
is the rating of the machine in kVA,
H in kW-sec/kVA , Pm and Pe in kW




Swing equation of synchronous
machine
Conclusion
One can get the idea of basic machine parameters
associated with synchronous machine for building models.

After understanding the machine parameters the models
used in MATLAB are built.

This can help in choosing the right model for analysing the
performance of the synchronous machine.

It will be very useful for those working in power stations.

Reference
Mulukutla S.Sarma, Synchronous Machine (Their
Theory, Stability and Excitation Systems).

Charles Concordia, Shycnronous Machines Theory and
Performance.

Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Electric Power Systems
Design and Analysis

Yao-Nan Yu, Electric Power System Dynamics.