ebZ fnol

Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr

uo tuokpu vkanksyu
bl fdrkc dk izdk'ku Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr us
^lj nksjkcth VkVk VLV* osQ lg;ksx ls fd;k gSA
bl vkanksyu dk edln vke turk esa
iBu&ikBu laLfr fodflr djuk gSA

ebZ fnol
,saMh efduuhZ

gnh vuqokn
lR;e oekZZ

iqLrdekyk laiknd
rkiks'k porhZ

dkWih laiknd
txeksgu ^pksirk*

js[kkadu
tsEl ,l- ,MoMZl

doj ,oa xzkfiQDl

txeksgu

izFke laLdj.k
vDVwcj] 2007

lg;ksx jkf'k
15 #i;s

eq.k
lu 'kkbu vkWiQlsV
ubZ fnYyh & 110 018

May Day
Andy McInerney

Hindi Translation
Satyam Varma

Series Editor
Taposh Chakravorty

Copy Editor
Jagmohan 'Chopta'

Illustration
James S. Edwards

Cover & Graphics

Jagmohan

First Edition
October, 2007

Contribuation
Rs. 15

Printing
Sun Shine Offset
New Delhi - 110 018

Publication and Distribution

Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti
Basement of Y.W.A. Hostel No. II, G-Block, Saket , New Delhi - 110 017
Phone : 011 - 26569943, Fax : 91 - 011 - 26569773
Email : [email protected], [email protected]
website: www. bgvs.org
BGVS OCTOBER 2007 2K 1500 NJVA 0071/2007

ebZ fnol

,saMh efduuhZ

ebZ fnol
^dE;qfuLV ?kks"k.kki=k* dh 'kq#vkrh iafkQ;ksa esa etnwj oxZ osQ
egku f'k{kdksa dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj izsQMfjd ,axsYl us fy[kk Fkk fd]
;wjksi dks ,d gkSok lrk jgk gS dE;qfuTe dk gkSokA ;s 'kCn
1848 esa fy[ks x, FksA rc ls ysdj vc rd] ,d kafrdkjh
rkdr osQ :i esa etnwj oxZ osQ lw>&cw>Hkjs laxBu dk gkSok
nqfu;kHkj esa 'kks"kd oxks dks lrkrk jgk gSA
tc etnwj oxZ us 1917 esa lksfo;r la?k esa yqVsjs tkj dh
lkk dks [kRe djosQ viuk jkt dk;e fd;k] mlosQ igys rd
dkj[kkuk ekfydksa vkSj /UuklsBksa osQ iSjksdkj ;g dgdj dE;qfuTe
dk etkd mM+krs Fks fd ;g vkradoknh gS vkSj ,slh dYiuk gS
tks dHkh ykxw ugha gks ldrh gSA 1917 dh :lh kafr osQ ckn]
iwathoknh 'kklu osQ fgek;rh bl dksf'k'k esa tqV x, fd lksfo;r
la?k osQ Hkhrj dh dfe;ksa dk bLrseky djosQ ;g lkfcr fd;k
tk, fd dE;qfuTe rks py gh ugha ldrkA vkSj tc lksfo;r la?k
VwV x;k] rc rks pkjksa vksj f<a<ksjk ihVk tkus yxk fd dE;qfuTe
,d ,slh gokbZ dYiuk gS tks dHkh lp ugha gks ldrhA
dE;qfuTe dks ukdke Bgjkus dh ;s lkjh dksf'k'ksa etnwj oxZ
osQ tcnZLr Mj ls iSnk gksrh gSaA nqfu;kHkj osQ kafrdkfj;ksa us
4

:l] phu] dksfj;k] fo;ruke] D;wck vkSj reke nwljs ns'kksa esa ;g
fn[kk fn;k gS fd iwathoknh jkt lqjf{kr ugha gSA etnwj thr ldrs
gSaA
gj lky] igyh ebZ dk fnu nqfu;kHkj osQ 'kkld oxks dks
;g ;kn fnyk tkrk gS fd mudk var gksuk gh gS vkSj mudh dcz
[kksnus okys] ;kuh etnwj oxZ dh rkdr fdruh cM+h gSA ,d ebZ
dks] nqfu;k dk etnwj oxZ tqywlksa] fojks/ izn'kZuksa vkSj gM+rkyksa osQ
tfj, viuh rkdr fn[kykrk gSA vUrjkZ"Vh; Je fnol ^ebZ
fnol* 'kkld oxks dks ;g psrkouh nsrk gS fd muosQ fnu
fxus&pqus jg x, gSaA
igyh ebZ dks nqfu;kHkj esa etnwj oxZ dh Nq h osQ fnu] lHkh
ns'kksa osQ etnwjksa dh ,dtqVrk osQ fnu osQ rkSj ij oSQls euk;k tkus
yxk\ cM+s&cM+s /UuklsB vkSj dkj[kkusnkj vc Hkh ebZ fnol
eukus ls D;ksa Mjrs gSa\
ebZ fnol vkB ?kaVs dke osQ fnu osQ fy, gq, la?k"kZ ls tUek
Fkk vkSj ;g la?k"kZ etnwj oxZ osQ thou dk ,d fgLlk cu x;kA
esgurd'k oxZ djhc nl gtkj lky igys] [ksrh osQ fodkl
osQ le; ls gh ekStwn jgs gSaA nkl] vZ&nkl] nLrdkj vkSj nwljs
esgurd'kksa dks viuh esgur osQ iQy 'kks"kdksa dks lkSaius osQ fy,
etcwj gksuk iM+rk gSA
ysfdu vk/qfud esgurd'k oxZ] ^eqkQ Jfedksa dk oxZ*
oqQN lkS lky igys gh iSnk gqvkA bl oxZ dk 'kks"k.k etnwjh dh
O;oLFkk dh vkM+ esa <adk gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g de wj ugha
gksrkA vknfe;ksa] vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa dks nks twu dh jksVh osQ fy,
csgn [kjkc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nl&nl] ckjg& ckjg ?kaVs rd [kVuk
iM+rk gSA
5

tgka 'kks"k.k gS ogka mldk izfrjks/ Hkh gksrk gS

iwathokn osQ fodkl osQ le; etnwjksa dks ckjg ls pkSng ?kaVs
dke djuk iM+rk FkkA dgha&dgha rks dke osQ ?kaVs r; gh ugha
FksA etnwj rc rd [kVrs jgrs Fks tc rd os csne gksdj fxj
ugha tkrs FksA bu gkykr esa ;g ekax mBus yxh fd dke osQ ?kaVs
r; gksus pkfg,A
baXySaM osQ dkYifud lektoknh jkcVZ vksosu us 1810 esa gh
nl ?kaVs dke osQ fnu dh ekax mBkbZ FkhA mUgksaus vesfjdk osQ U;w
ysukoZQ uke dh txg ij lektoknh <ax ls pyus okyk dkj[kkuk
vkSj etnwjksa dh cLrh clkbZ FkhA ogka mUgksaus nl ?kaVs dke dk
6

fnu ykxw fd;k FkkA ysfdu baXySaM osQ ckdh etnwjksa dks blosQ
fy, dkiQh bartkj djuk iM+kA 1847 esa vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa osQ
fy, nl ?kaVs dke osQ fnu dk dkuwu cukA 1848 dh izQkalhlh
kafr osQ ckn kalhlh etnwjksa us ckjg ?kaVs dke osQ fnu dk vf/
dkj gkfly fd;kA
vesfjdk esa tgka ebZ fnol dk tUe gqvk] fiQykMsfYiQ;k osQ
c<+b;ksa us 1791 esa nl ?kaVs osQ fnu osQ fy, gM+rky dhA 1830
vkrs&vkrs] ;g lkjs etnwjksa dh ekax cu xbZA fiQj 1835 esa]
fiQykMsfYiQ;k osQ etnwjksa us vk;jySaM ls vkdj cls dks;yk
[knku etnwjksa dh vxqokbZ esa cM+h gM+rky dhA muosQ cSujksa ij
fy[kk Fkk] Ng ls Ng rd] nl ?kaVs dke osQ] vkSj nks ?kaVs
vkjke osQA
nl ?kaVs osQ vkanksyu dk etnwjksa osQ thou ij dkiQh vlj
iM+kA 1830 ls 1860 rd dke dk vkSlr fnu ckjg ?kaVs ls
?kVdj X;kjg ?kaVs jg x;k FkkA
blh chp] vkB ?kaVs osQ fnu dh ekax mBuh 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA
1836 esa] fiQykMsfYiQ;k esa nl ?kaVs osQ fnu dh ekax euokus esa
dke;kch gkfly djus osQ ckn etnwjksa dh ;wfu;u ^us'kuy yscj*
us ?kks"k.kk dh] nl ?kaVs dk fnu tkjh j[kus dh gekjh fcyoqQy
bPNk ugha gSa D;ksafd ge ekurs gSa fd jkstkuk vkB ?kaVs esgur
djuk fdlh Hkh balku osQ fy, dkiQh gSA 1863 esa e'khu cukus
okyksa vkSj yksgk etnwjksa osQ lEesyu esa vkB ?kaVs dke osQ fnu dh
ekax lcls ij j[kh xbZ FkhA vesfjdk osQ x`g;q us vkB ?kaVs osQ
fnu dh ekax dks vkSj rst dj fn;k
ftl le; ;g vanksyu py jgk Fkk mlh le; vesfjdk esa
x`g;q Hkh fNM+k gqvk FkkA vesfjdk osQ nf{k.kh jkT;ksa esa vizQhdk
7

ls yk, x, dkys yksxksa ls xqykeh djkbZ tkrh FkhA bl izFkk dks

[kRe djus dks ysdj mkjh vkSj nf{k.kh jkT;ksa osQ chp ?keklku
yM+kbZ fNM+ xbZA vczkge ydu dh vxqokbZ esa vesfjdh la?k dh
thr gqbZ vkSj nf{k.kh jkT;ksa dh xqyke&izFkk [kRe gks xbZA blls
mu bykdksa esa Hkh eqkQ Je okys iwathokn dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA ;kuh
vc etnwjksa dks dgha Hkh tkdj etnwjh djus dh NwV FkhA x`g;q
osQ ckn fiQj ls reke phtksa dks [kM+k djus vkSj fuekZ.k osQ dke
esa xqyke jgs gtkjksa esgurd'kksa dks jkstxkj feykA
blosQ lkFk gh vkB ?kaVs dk vkanksyu rsth ls iSQykA ekDlZ
8

us blosQ ckjs esa fy[kk gS% xqykeh osQ var ls ,d u, thou dh

'kq#vkr gqbZA x`g;q dk igyk vlyh iQy vkB ?kaVs dke dk
vkanksyu Fkk tks fd jsy osQ iSQyko osQ lkFk gh vVykafVd lkxj
ls ysdj iz'kkUr egklkxj rd] U;w baXySaM ls ysdj osQfyiQksfuZ;k
rd iSQy x;kA
bl ckr dk lcwr ckYVheksj 'kgj esa 1866 esa gqbZ etnwjksa dh
vke lHkk dh bl ?kks"k.kk ls Hkh feyrk gS % bl ns'k dks
iwathoknh xqykeh ls vktkn djus osQ fy, vkt igyh vkSj lcls
cM+h t:jr ,slk dkuwu ikl djuk gS tks iwjs vesfjdk esa vkB
?kaVs dke dk fnu ykxw djsA
blosQ Ng lky ckn] 1872 esa] U;w;kWoZQ 'kgj osQ ,d yk[k
etnwjksa us gM+rky dh vkSj vkB ?kaVs osQ fnu dk vf/dkj gkfly
fd;kA ysfdu ;g T;knkrj Hkou fuekZ.k etnwjksa osQ fy, FkkA
vkB ?kaVs osQ blh miQurs Tokj osQ chp ebZ fnol dk tUe gqvkA
o"kZ 1884 esa vesfjdk vkSj dukMk osQ etnwj ;wfu;uksa osQ
egkla?k (isQMjs'ku) osQ lEesyu esa vkB ?kaVs dke osQ fnu dk
,d ebZ dh rkjh[k ls tksM+k x;kA rhu lky igys cuk ;gh
isQMjs'ku vkxs pydj vesfjdu isQMjs'ku vkWiQ yscj cu x;kA
c<+b;ksa vkSj fefL=k;ksa osQ laxBu dh uhao Mkyus okys etnwj tkWtZ
,MealVu us lEesyu esa ,d izLrko j[kk ftldk ms'; Fkk vkB
?kaVs dke osQ fnu osQ fy, etnwjksa dk leFkZu iDdk fd;k tk,A
bl izLrko esa dgk x;k Fkk % ge ladYi ysrs gSa fd ,d ebZ]
1886 ls vkB ?kaVs osQ dke dks dkuwuh rkSj ij ,d fnu dk dke
ekuk tk,xk vkSj ge bl iwjs ftys osQ lHkh etnwj laxBuksa ls Hkh
dgrs gSa fd os crkbZ xbZ rkjh[k rd bl izLrko dks ykxw djus
dk ladYi ysaA
9

etnwj vkanksyu dh /kjk,a

ml le; vesfjdk osQ etnwj vkanksyu esa rhu eq[; /kjk,a
ekStwn FkhaA lcls cM+s laxBu dk uke Fkk ^vkWMZj vkWiQ fn ukbV~l
vkWiQ yscj* ;kuh etnwj lwjekvksa dk laxBuA 1886 esa blosQ
yxHkx lkr yk[k lnL; FksA ;g laxBu dkys etnwjksa vkSj
efgyk etnwjksa dks laxfBr djus lfgr dbZ izxfr'khy fopkj
j[krk Fkk vkSj blus 1878 esa vius igys lafo/ku esa vkB ?kaVs
dke osQ fnu dh ekax dks 'kkfey fd;k FkkA ysfdu mUgksaus dHkh
Hkh bl ekax ij dksbZ tq>k: la?k"kZ ugha NsM+kA blosQ ctk; os
vesfjdk dh jkt/kuh okf'kaxVu esa usrkvksa dks jkth djus ij tksj
nsrs FksA
ukbV~l vkWiQ yscj osQ lnL;ksa us 1881 esa ,iQ-vks-Vh-,y-;wuke dk laxBu cuk;kA blesa lSeqvy xksEilZ tSls usrk vkSj dbZ
ekDlZoknh Hkh 'kkfey FksA gkykafd 'kq: esa mUgksaus vkB ?kaVs dke
osQ fnu osQ vf/dkj osQ fy, dkuwuh rjhdksa dk leFkZu fd;k]
ysfdu T;knk tq>k: rRoksa us lektokfn;ksa osQ izHkko esa bl ekax
ij thr gkfly djus osQ fy, ,d vke gM+rky osQ fopkj ij
tksj fn;kA ,d ebZ] 1886 osQ dk;Ze dh rS;kjh dk T;knkrj
O;kogkfjd dke isQMjs'ku dh vksj ls fd;k tk jgk Fkk tks fd
ukbV~l vkWiQ yscj vkSj nwljs etnwj laxBuksa dks viuh vksj
[khapus osQ fy, Hkh dksf'k'k dj jgk FkkA
etnwj vkanksyu dh nwljh /kjk vjktdrkokfn;ksa dh Fkh]
ftUgksaus 1883 esa baVjus'kuy ofoQx ihiqYl ,lksfl,'ku (vkbZMCY;w-ih-,-) ;kuh esgurd'k yksxksa dk vUrjkZ"Vh; la?k cuk;kA
blls igys yanu osQ vjktdrkoknh etnwj Hkh blh uke ls viuk
laxBu cuk pqoQs FksA gkykafd bl laxBu osQ Hkhrj dbZ vyx&vyx
10

/M+s ekStwn Fks] ysfdu os dkuwuh vkSj pqukoh vfHk;kuksa osQ ctk;
tq>k: rkSj&rjhdksa osQ i{k esa FksA buesa oxZ la?k"kZ ij vk/kfjr
gM+rkyksa ls ysdj O;fkQxr vkradoknh dkjZokb;ka rd 'kkfey
FkhaA
,d ebZ] 1886 osQ fy, py jgs vfHk;ku esa bu rhuksa
/kjkvksa osQ lHkh fgLls 'kkfey FksA ukbV~l vkWiQ yscj osQ usrkvksa
us isQMjs'ku }kjk vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksus dh ckj&ckj vihyksa dks
Bqdjk fn;k vkSj ?kks"k.kk dh fd os fdlh Hkh rjg dh gM+rky osQ
f[kykiQ gSaA ysfdu ukbV~l dh LFkkuh; desfV;ksa us ^,d ebZ
vkanksyu* esa 'kkfey gksus osQ fy, jk"Vh; usrkvksa ij ncko Mkyuk
'kq: dj fn;kA
11

c<+rs ncko osQ dkj.k vkSj etnwjksa osQ tq>k: ewM ls Mjdj
ukbV~l osQ cM+s usrk ftls xzSaM ekLVj ooZQeSu dgk tkrk Fkk] Vsjsal
ikmMyhZ us rsjg ekpZ] 1886 dks ,d fph tkjh djosQ ukbV~l
osQ lnL;ksa }kjk ,d ebZ dks gM+rky esa 'kkfey gksus dh eukgh
dj nhA
ikmMyhZ dh bl fph osQ ckotwn] ukbV~l osQ LFkkuh;
usrkvksa us igyh ebZ osQ fy, xksycanh 'kq: dj nhA f'kdkxks esa
ukbV~l osQ usrk tkWtZ f'kyx ml fnu dh rS;kjh esa vUrjkZ"Vh;
etnwj laxBu osQ lkFk 'kkfey gks x,A ukbV~l us fluflukVh vkSj
12

feyokWdh esa Hkh laxBu djus esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

vktknh dh nwljh mn~?kks"k.kk

c<+rs leFkZu osQ ckotwn isQMjs'ku okLro esa jk"Vh; iSekus dh
dkjZokbZ djus osQ fy, vHkh cgqr NksVk FkkA blosQ ctk; LFkkuh;
desfV;ksa us ,d ebZ dh gM+rkysa vkSj izn'kZuksa dh rS;kjh djus dh
ftEesnkjh vius ij ys yhA
vkB ?kaVs osQ vkanksyu dh c<+rh rkdr us 'kkld oxks esa
gM+dEi epk nhA v[kckjksa dh lqf[kZ;ksa esa ,slh psrkofu;ka eksV&s eksVs
v{kjksa esa Nius yxha fd bl vkanksyu esa dE;qfuLV ?kqliSfB, vk
x, gSaA oqQN ekfyd rks ?kcjkdj igys gh rS;kj gks x,A vizSy
1886 rd rhl gtkj ls T;knk etnwjksa dks vkB ?kaVs osQ fnu dk
vf/dkj fey x;kA
ekfyd yksx ckj&ckj Mjk jgs Fks fd igyh ebZ dks glk
gksxh ysfdu nqfu;k dk igyk ebZ fnol ,d 'kkunkj liQyrk
FkhA ml fnu yk[kksa etnwj 'kkafriw.kZ gM+rkyksa vkSj izn'kZuksa esa
'kkfey gq,A lcls cM+k izn'kZu f'kdkxks esa gqvk] tgka uCcs gtkj
etnwjksa us tqywl fudkykA buesa ls pkyhl gtkj etnwj gM+rky
djosQ vk, FksA f'kdkxks osQ ekal iSd djusokys dkj[kkuksa osQ
iSarhl gtkj etnwjksa us ml gM+rky osQ ckn vkB ?kaVs dke dk
vf/dkj gkfly dj fy;k vkSj mudh ru[okg Hkh ugha dkVh
xbZA
U;w;kWoZQ esa nl gtkj etnwjksa us ;wfu;u LDok;j rd tqywl
fudkykA MsVk;V esa X;kjg gtkj yksxksa dk tqywl fudykA
yqbZlfoys] oasQVdh vkSj ckYVheksj esa fojks/ izn'kZu djus okys
dkys vkSj xksjs etnwjksa osQ chp ,dtqVrk ns[krs gh curh FkhA
13

;wfu;u LDok;j] U;w;kWoZQ dh ,sfrgkfld jSyh

oqQy feykdj iwjs vesfjdk esa esu ls VsDlkl rd] U;w tlhZ ls
vykckek rd] yxHkx ikap yk[k etnwjksa us ebZ fnol osQ tqywlksa
vkSj izn'kZuksa esa fgLlk fy;kA
;wfu;u LDok;j esa cksyrs gq, etnwjksa osQ usrk lSeqvy xksEilZ
us dgk] igyh ebZ dks vkt osQ ckn vktknh dh nwljh
mn~?kks"k.kk osQ :i esa ;kn fd;k tk,xkA ysfdu ftl ?kVuk us
ebZ fnol dks etnwj oxZ osQ bfrgkl esa vej dj fn;k og ,d
ebZ dks ugha] cfYd rhu fnu ckn f'kdkxks osQ gs ekosZQV pkSd esa
gqbZA
vkB ?kaVs dk vkanksyu f'kdkxks esa lcls etcwr rks Fkk gh]
lkFk gh ;g 'kgj vjktdrkoknh vkbZ-MCY;w-ih-,- osQ lfMosQVoknh
fgLls dk osaQnz Hkh FkkA ;g fgLlk ekurk Fkk fd etnwj ;wfu;uksa
14

ls gh vkxs pydj oxZfoghu lekt cusxkA f'kdkxks dh vkbZ-ihMCY;w-,- osQ ikl vYcVZ ikll vkSj vkWxLV Likbl tSls rst&rjkZj
usrk FksA mlosQ dbZ gtkj lf; lnL; Fks vkSj og rhu Hkk"kkvksa
esa ikap v[kckj fudkyrk FkkA
rhu ebZ] 1886 rd f'kdkxks esa gM+rkyh etnwjksa dh la[;k
c<+dj iSalB gtkj igqap xbZ FkhA iwathifr;ksa us ?kcjkdj ;g r;
fd;k fd vc etnwjksa osQ f[kykiQ dM+h dkjZokbZ t:jh gks xbZ gSA
rhu ebZ dh nksigj dks mUgksaus geyk fd;kA Likbl gM+rkyh
ydM+h etnwjksa osQ lkeus Hkk"k.k ns jgs Fks tks fd vkB ?kaVs dke
osQ fnu osQ fy, ekfydksa ls ckrphr dh rS;kjh esa FksA
jSyh osQ nkSjku lSdM+ksa ydM+h etnwj ogka ls djhc pkSFkkbZ
ehy nwj eSdkWfeZd gkosZLVj dkj[kkus osQ etnwjksa dk lkFk nsus pys
x,] tks rkykcanh osQ dkj.k ckgj FksA eSdkWfeZd osQ etnwjksa dks
rkykcanh djosQ rhu eghus ls ckgj dj fn;k x;k FkkA dkj[kkuk
xkjksa osQ ne ij pyk;k tk jgk Fkk vkSj ydM+h etnwj rkykcanh
osQ f'kdkj etnwjksa dk lkFk nsus x, Fks] rkfd ikyh cnyus osQ
le; xkjksa dks eqagrksM+ tokc fn;k tk losQA
ianzg feuV osQ vanj lSdM+ksa iqfylokys ogka igqap x,A
Likbl vkSj ckdh ydM+h etnwj Hkh xksfy;ksa dh vkokt lqudj
vius lkfFk;ksa dk lkFk nsus osQ fy, eSdkWfeZd dh vksj c<+sA
ysfdu mUgsa iqfyl dh ,d VqdM+h us jksd fy;k vkSj mu ij
ykfB;ksa ls geyk fd;k rFkk HkhM+ esa xksfy;ka pykbA de ls de
pkj etnwj ekSosQ ij gh ekjs x, vkSj cgqr&ls ?kk;y gks x,A
Likbl us rqjar vaxzsth vkSj teZu Hkk"kk esa nks ipsZ tkjh fd,A
,d dk 'kh"kZd Fkk ^etnwjks! cnyk yks] gfFk;kj mBkvks!* vkSj
bl vR;kpkj dk ftEesnkj ekfydksa dks Bgjk;kA nwljs ipsZ esa
15

iqfyl }kjk dh xbZ gR;kvksa dh unk djus osQ fy, gsekoZsQV pkSd
esa ,d jSyh (tulHkk) cqykbZ xbZ FkhA
jSyh okys fnu] pkj ebZ dks] iqfyl us gM+rkyh etnwjksa ij
txg&txg geys fd,A bu geyksa osQ ckotwn] 'kke dks gksus
okyh jSyh esa rhu gtkj etnwj bdk gq,A 'kgj dk es;j Hkh ogka
Fkk tks pkgrk Fkk fd jSyh 'kkafriw.kZ jgsA
igys Likbl us Hkk"k.k fn;k vkSj ,d fnu igys iqfyl }kjk
dh xbZ gR;kvksa dk fojks/ fd;kA ikll us vius Hkk"k.k esa vkB
?kaVs osQ fnu dh ekax mBkbZA bu nks usrkvksa osQ pys tkus osQ ckn]
lSeqvy iQhYMsu us cph gqbZ HkhM+ dks lacksf/r fd;kA
es;j osQ pys tkus osQ oqQN gh feuV ckn] tc iQhYMsu cksy
jgk Fkk] rks ,d lkS vLlh iqfylokyksa us eap dks ?ksj fy;k vkSj
16

ekax dh fd jSyh Hkax dj nh tk,A iQhYMsu us fojks/ fd;k vkSj

dgk fd jSyh rks 'kkafriw.kZ gSA
iqfyl dIrku vHkh iqfylokyksa dks vkns'k ns gh jgk Fkk fd
rc rd HkhM+ ls iqfylokyksa dh rjiQ ,d ce isaQdk x;kA iSalB
iqfylokys ?kk;y gq, ftuesa ls lkr dh ckn esa ekSr gks xbZA
iqfyl us etnwjksa ij xksfy;ksa dh ckSNkj dj nh ftlls nks lkS
etnwj ?kk;y gq, vkSj vusd ekjs x,A

,dtqVrk vkSj neu

v[kckjksa vkSj ekfydksa us tq>k: etnwjks]a [kkldj vjktdrkoknh
usrkvksa osQ f[kykiQ va/k/qa/ izpkj fd;k vkSj mUgsa idM+us dk
vfHk;ku NsM+ fn;k x;kA oqQN gh fnuksa esa lkr usrk& Likbl]
iQhYMsu] ekbosQy 'okc] ,MkWYiQ fiQ'kj] tkWtZ ,atsy] yqbZl yXx
vkSj vkWLdj uhcs dks fxjrkj dj fy;k x;kA ikll dks iqfyl
ugha idM+ ikbZ ysfdu eqdnes okys fnu os [kqn gh vius etnwj
lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk dV?kjs esa [kM+s gksus osQ fy, vnkyr igqap x,A
ftl rjg ls eqdnek pyk mlls fcyoqQy lkiQ Fkk fd
ekfydksa vkSj ljdkj us gj dher ij etnwj usrkvksa dks iaQlkus
dh Bku yh gSA ljdkjh i{k ,slk dksbZ lcwr ugha is'k dj ik;k
fd mu vkB yksxksa esa ls fdlh us Hkh ce isaQdk gS ;k muesa ls
dksbZ Hkh ce isaQdus dh lkft'k esa 'kkfey FkkA tSlk fd ljdkjh
odhy twfy;l fxzusy us viuh vkf[kjh nyhy esa dgk fd] bu
yksxksa dks blfy, pquk x;k gS vkSj nks"kh Bgjk;k x;k gS D;ksafd
os usrk FksA ;s Hkh mu gtkjksa yksxksa ftrus gh funksZ"k gSa tks fd
buosQ ihNs pyrs gSa--- bu yksxksa dks ltk nhft,] mUgsa ,d felky
osQ rkSj ij is'k dhft,] mUgsa iQkalh ij yVdkb, vkSj gekjh
17

laLFkkvksa dks] gekjs lekt dks cpkb,A

uhcs osQ vykok ckdh lcdks ekSr dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA
iQhYMsu vkSj 'okc us ekSr dh ltk ekiQ djus dh ;kfpdk nk;j
djosQ viuh ltk dks vkthou dkjkokl esa cnyok fy;kA
18

bDdhl lky osQ yXx us vius eqag esa Mk;ukekbV dk foLiQksV

djosQ tYykn dks ;g ekSdk gh ugha fn;k fd mls iQkalh ij p<+k
losQA 'ks"k pkj] vYcVZ ikll] Likbl] ,atsy vkSj fiQ'kj dks
X;kjg uoEcj] 1887 dks iQkalh ns nh xbZA
Ng o"kZ ckn] bfyukW; jkT; osQ xouZj tkWu ,YVtsYM us uhcs]
19

iQhYMsu vkSj 'okc dks vktkn dj fn;k vkSj ekSr dh ltk ikus
okys ikapksa yksxksa dks ejus osQ ckn cjh djrs gq, ;g crk;k fd
muosQ f[kykiQ is'k fd, x, T;knkrj lcwr iQthZ Fks vkSj eqdnek
,d ukVd FkkA ysfdu uqdlku rks gks pqdk FkkA fliZQ gsekoZsQV osQ
ckn fxjrkj vkB yksxksa dk gh ugha] cfYd iwjs etnwj vkanksyu
dks Hkkjh uqdlku gqvkA
etnwj vkanksyu osQ f[kykiQ tcnZLr geys rst dj fn, x,A
vkB ?kaVs dh ekax ij gksus okyh gM+rkysa yxHkx VwV xb vkSj ftu
etnwjksa us vkB ?kaVs fnu dk vf/dkj gkfly dj fy;k Fkk muesa
ls Hkh yxHkx ,d&frgkbZ ls gsekosZQV dh ?kVuk osQ ckn ,d
eghus osQ vanj bl vf/dkj dks Nhu fy;k x;kA
gsekoZsQV dh ?kVuk vkSj etnwj usrkvksa dks iQkalh osQ chp osQ
,d o"kZ osQ nkSjku] iwjh nqfu;k dk etnwj vkanksyu nks"kh Bgjk,
x, usrkvksa dh j{kk osQ fy, lkeus vk;kA gkykafd ukbV~l vkWiQ
yscj osQ cM+s usrkvksa us rks vius tq>k: izfr}af};ksa ij geyk djus

20

osQ fy, bl ekSosQ dk iQk;nk mBk;k] ysfdu muosQ cgqr&ls

LFkkuh; laxBuksa us ltk ekiQ djus dh eqfge esa c<+&p<+dj
fgLlk fy;kA buesa f'kdkxks dh desVh Hkh FkhA xksEilZ dh vxqokbZ
esa ubZ&ubZ cuh vesfjdu isQMjs'ku vkWiQ yscj (,-,iQ-,y- ;kuh
vesfjdh etnwj egkla?k) us ltk ekiQ djus dh vihy tkjh dhA
vesfjdk osQ ckgj] baXySaM] gkySaM] :l] bVyh] kal vkSj
Lisu esa yk[kksa etnwjksa us f'kdkxks osQ etnwj usrkvksa dks cpkus dh
ekax ij jSfy;ka fudkyh vkSj iSls bdk fd,A teZuh osQ iz/kuea=kh
vkWVks iQkWu fcLekoZQ us gsekosZQV osQ usrkvksa osQ cpko esa etnwj
vkanksyu ls ?kcjkdj etnwjksa dh lkoZtfud lHkkvksa ij jksd yxk
nhA
gsekosZQV dh ?kVuk us vesfjdh etnwj oxZ] [kkldj vkB ?kaVs
osQ fnu osQ fy, vesfjdk esa pyus okys vkanksyu dks nqfu;k osQ
etnwj vkanksyu esa lcls vkxs dj fn;kA blfy, tc 1888 esa ,,iQ-,y- osQ lEesyu esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd igyh ebZ] 1890
dk fnu ,d ,slk fnu gksxk tc etnwj oxZ gM+rkyksa vkSj fojks/
izn'kZuksa osQ tfj, vkB ?kaVs dke osQ fnu dks ykxw djok,xk] rks
iwjh nqfu;k us bl ckr dks xkSj ls lqukA

ebZ fnol iwjh nqfu;k esa iSQy x;k

vxys lky 1889 esa] kalhlh kafr dh lkSoha o"kZxkaB ij
vUrjkZ"Vh; ekDlZoknh&lektoknh dkaxzsl esa pkj lkS izfrfuf/
isfjl esa bdk gq,A blh dkaxzsl esa nwljs dE;qfuLV baVjus'kuy dk
xBu fd;k x;kA xksEilZ us igyh ebZ] 1890 dks gksus okyh
dkjZokbZ osQ ckjs esa crkus osQ fy, viuk ,d izfrfuf/ HkstkA
dkaxzsl us kal osQ izfrfuf/ yko, }kjk izLrqr ,d izLrko
21

ikl fd;kA blesa dgk x;k fd igyh ebZ] 1890 dks vkB ?kaVs
osQ fnu dh ekax ij ,d ^fo'kky vUrjkZ"Vh; izn'kZu* vk;ksftr
fd;k tk,xk] D;ksafd vesfjdu isQMjs'ku vkWiQ yscj us ,sls
izn'kZu osQ fy, igys gh ladYi ys fy;k gSA
bl vkoku dks tcnZLr liQyrk feyhA ,d ebZ] 1890 dks
vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi osQ T;knkrj ns'kksa esa ebZ fnol osQ izn'kZu gq,A
fpyh vkSj is# tSls nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ ns'kksa esa Hkh izn'kZu gq,A
D;wck dh jkt/kuh gokuk esa nqfu;k osQ igys ebZ fnol osQ ekSosQ
ij etnwjksa us vkB ?kaVs dke osQ fnu] dkys&xksjksa osQ fy, cjkcj
vf/dkj vkSj etnwj oxZ dh ,dtqVrk dk vkoku djrs gq,
tqywl fudkykA
etnwj oxZ osQ egku f'k{kd izsQMfjd ,axsYl yanu osQ gkbM
ikoZQ esa rhu ebZ dks gq, ikap yk[k etnwjksa osQ izn'kZu esa 'kkfey
gq,A mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd] ftl okQ eSa ;s iafkQ;ka fy[k jgk gwa]
;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk dk loZgkjk oxZ viuh rkdr vkad jgk gSA
igyh ckj ;g ,d lsuk osQ :i esa] ,d >aMs osQ uhps xksycan
gqvk gS vkSj ,d rkRdkfyd y{; osQ fy, yM+ jgk gS] ;kuh
vkB ?kaVs dke osQ fnu osQ fy,A
gkykafd 1889 osQ izLrko esa ,d ebZ dks ,d ckj izn'kZu
djus dk vkoku fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu tYnh gh ;g ,d gj
lky gksus okyk dk;Ze cu x;kA iwjh nqfu;k esa T;knk ls T;knk
ns'kksa esa etnwj ebZ fnol dks etnwj fnol osQ rkSj ij eukus yxsA
:l] czkthy vkSj vk;jySaM esa igyh ckj 1891 esa ebZ fnol
euk;k x;kA 1904 rd] nwljs baVjus'kuy us gj ns'k osQ lektokfn;ksa
vkSj VsM ;wfu;uksa dk vkoku fd;k fd os] vkB ?kaVs dke osQ
fnu dks dkuwuh ekU;rk fnykus] loZgkjk dh oxhZ; ekaxksa osQ fy,
22

vkSj nqfu;k esa 'kkafr osQ fy, gj lky igyh ebZ dks iwjh rkdr
osQ lkFk izn'kZu djsaA
:l dh lektoknh kafr osQ ckn] phu osQ etnwjksa us 1920
esa igyk ebZ fnol euk;kA 1927 esa Hkkjr osQ etnwjksa us dydkk]
enzkl vkSj cacbZ esa izn'kZuksa osQ lkFk ebZ fnol euk;kA ml le;
rd ebZ fnol okdbZ nqfu;k osQ etnwjksa dk fnu cu pqdk FkkA
,d vksj tgka ebZ fnol iwjh nqfu;k esa tksj&'kksj ls euk;k
tk jgk Fkk] ogha vius tUe osQ ns'k] vesfjdk esa ;g detksj
iM+rk tk jgk FkkA vesfjdu isQMjs'ku vkWiQ yscj us rks gsekosZQV
dh ?kVuk osQ ckn mBs coaMj osQ ckn ls gh mYVh fn'kk esa iyVuk
'kq: dj fn;k FkkA 1905 rd mlus ebZ fnol ls iwjh rjg ukrk
rksM+ fy;kA blosQ ctk; og flracj osQ igys lkseokj dks Je
fnol eukus yxk ftls 1894 esa vesfjdh ljdkj us ykxw djk;k
FkkA
ml le; ls] vesfjdk esa ebZ fnol etnwj vkanksyu osQ
okeiaFkh fgLls }kjk euk;k tkus yxk tcfd T;knk :f<+oknh
;wfu;uksa dh ukSdj'kkgh blosQ f[kykiQ FkhA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
1910 esa lks'kfyLV ikVhZ us U;w;kWoZQ 'kgj esa lkB gtkj yksxksa dk
tqywl fudkyk ftuesa deht ('kVZ) cukus okyksa dh ;wfu;u dh
nl gtkj efgyk,a Hkh FkhA 1911 esa ebZ fnol ij ikap yk[k
etnwjksa us tqywl fudkykA
lksfo;r la?k esa etnwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dh thr osQ ckn] 1919
esa vesfjdk esa dE;qfuTe dks ysdj tcnZLr vkrad iSQy x;kA ebZ
fnol dh jSfy;ksa ij geys fd, x,] lh/s&lh/s Hkh vkSj v[kckjksa
esa xyr izpkj osQ tfj, HkhA
23

1919 osQ ckn ls vesfjdk esa ebZ fnol dh liQyrk bl ckr

ij fuHkZj Fkh fd dE;qfuLV vkanksyu dks ogka fdruh liQyrk
feyrh gSA
vesfjdk esa detksj iM+us osQ ckotwn] nqfu;k osQ gj ns'k osQ
djksM+ksa etnwj ebZ fnol dks ,d ,sls fnu osQ rkSj ij eukrs gSa tc
os etnwj oxZ osQ :i esa viuh ekaxksa dks mBkrs gSaA bldh rkdr
bl otg ls gS fd ;g osQoy fdlh ,d dkj[kkus ;k m|ksx osQ
etnwjksa dh ekax ugha mBkrk] cfYd iwjs esgurd'k oxZ dh vkokt
cqyan djrk gSA ebZ fnol dh ekaxsa vkB ?kaVs dke osQ fnu osQ
fy, ,drk] uLyokn vkSj va/jk"Vokn osQ f[kykiQ ,drk] vkSj
lkezT;oknh ;q osQ f[kykiQ ,dtqVrk iwjs iwathifr oxZ osQ
f[kykiQ etnwj oxZ dh ekaxsa gSaA
bl otg ls ebZ fnol] ;kuh vUrjkZ"Vh; etnwj fnol vkt
Hkh /UuklsBksa vkSj FkSyh'kkgksa dks mruk gh Mjkrk gS ftruk fd ;g
nqfu;k osQ djksM+ksa etnwjksa dks izsj.kk nsrk gSA ;s ,d ,slk fnu gS
tc etnwj ml oxhZ; lsuk esa viuh txg ysrs gSa tks ,d fnu mu
ij lokjh xkaBus okys ekfydksa dk jkt [kRe dj nsxhA
etnwjksa dh drkjc iQkStksa dh ruh gqbZ eqf;ksa vkSj yky
>aMksa osQ ij vkWxLV Likbl osQ ;s vafre 'kCn xwatrs jgrs gSa %
,d fnu vk,xk tc gekjh [kkeks'kh mu vkoktksa ls Hkh T;knk
rkdroj lkfcr gksxh ftUgsa rqe vkt nck jgs gksA gsekosZQV osQ
'kghnksa osQ uke cus Lekjd ij ;s 'kCn iRFkj esa rjk'ks gq, vkt
Hkh nqfu;k osQ etnwjksa dks izsj.kk ns jgs gSaA

24