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Seminarski Rad: Državni Univerzitet U Novom Pazaru

The document provides information about personal computers including their history, types, uses, and key components. It discusses how personal computers evolved from early models like the Apple II in the 1970s to today's division between PCs and Macintoshes. It also outlines the basic hardware components of a personal computer like the monitor, keyboard, mouse, storage devices, motherboard, and case. Finally, it lists some common types of software like word processing programs, spreadsheets, databases, and communication programs.

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Aldin Aljusevic
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
144 views9 pages

Seminarski Rad: Državni Univerzitet U Novom Pazaru

The document provides information about personal computers including their history, types, uses, and key components. It discusses how personal computers evolved from early models like the Apple II in the 1970s to today's division between PCs and Macintoshes. It also outlines the basic hardware components of a personal computer like the monitor, keyboard, mouse, storage devices, motherboard, and case. Finally, it lists some common types of software like word processing programs, spreadsheets, databases, and communication programs.

Uploaded by

Aldin Aljusevic
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dravni Univerzitet u Novom Pazaru

Fakultet za tehnicko-tehnoloske nauke Departman: Racunarska tehnika

SEMIN RS!I R D
Predmet: Engleski jezik 2 Tema: Personal Computers

Pro"esor: Dr S. Savi

Stu#ent: Abida ani

Novi Pazar
Decem$ar% &'(')

Personal Computers
Personal *omputer is a small% relativel+ ine,pensive% an+ -eneralpurpose computer #esi-ne# "or an in#ivi#ual user) Man+ people consi#er a P* to $e a .in#o/s s+stem% $ut P*0s inclu#e an+ t+pe o" computer that is use# in a 1personal1 manner) personal computer ma+ $e a #esktop computer% a laptop% a ta$let P*% or a han#hel# P* 2also calle# a palmtop3) P* ma+ $e use# at home or in an o""ice) Personal computers ma+ $e connecte# to a local area net/ork 24 N3% either $+ a ca$le or a /ireless connection) .hile earl+ P* o/ners usuall+ ha# to /rite their o/n pro-rams to #o an+thin- use"ul /ith the machines% to#a+0s users have access to a /i#e ran-e o" commercial an# non-commercial so"t/are% /hich is provi#e# in rea#+-torun or rea#+-to-compile "orm) Since the (56's% Microso"t an# Intel have #ominate# much o" the personal computer market% "irst /ith MS-D7S an# then /ith the .intel plat"orm) In price% personal computers ran-e an+/here "rom a "e/ hun#re# #ollars to thousan#s o" #ollars) ll are $ase# on the microprocessor technolo-+ that ena$les manu"acturers to put an entire *PU on one chip) 8usinesses use personal computers "or /or# processin-% accountin-% #esktop pu$lishin-% an# "or runnin- sprea#sheet an# #ata$ase mana-ement applications) t home% the most popular use "or personal computers is "or pla+in- -ames) Personal computers "irst appeare# in the late (59's) 7ne o" the "irst an# most popular personal computers /as the pple II% intro#uce# in (599 $+ pple *omputer) Durin- the late (59's an# earl+ (56's% ne/ mo#els an# competin- operatin- s+stems appeare# "re:uentl+) ;hen% in (56(% I8M entere# the "ra+ /ith its "irst personal computer% kno/n as the !"# PC) ;he I8M P* :uickl+ $ecame the personal computer o" choice% an# most other personal computer manu"acturers "ell $+ the /a+si#e) 7ne o" the "e/ companies to survive I8M0s onslau-ht /as pple *omputer% /hich remains a ma<or pla+er in the personal computer marketplace) 7ther companies a#<uste# to I8M0s #ominance $+ $uil#in- I8M clones% computers that /ere internall+ almost the same as the I8M P*% $ut that cost less) 8ecause I8M clones use# the same microprocessors as I8M P*s% the+ /ere capa$le o" runnin- the &

same so"t/are) 7ver the +ears% I8M has lost much o" its in"luence in #irectin- the evolution o" P*s) Man+ o" its innovations% such as the M* e,pansion $us an# the 7S=& operatin- s+stem% have not $een accepte# $+ the in#ustr+ or the marketplace) ;o#a+% the /orl# o" personal computers is $asicall+ #ivi#e# $et/een pple Macintoshes an# P*s) ;he principal characteristics o" personal computers are that the+ are sin-le-user s+stems an# are $ase# on microprocessors) ;here are man+ t+pes o" personal computers: /orkstations2#esi-ne# "or technical or scienti"ic applications3% #esktop computers% Sin-le unit P*s2su$t+pe o" #esktop computers3% nettops2lo/-cost% lean-"unction t+pe o" #esktop c)3% laptops2kno/n also as a note$ook computers are small#esi-ne# #esi-ne# "or porta$ilit+3% net$ook2small an# ine,pensive laptops3% pocket P*2han#hel#-size# computer3% etc) lthou-h personal computers are #esi-ne# as sin-le-user s+stems% it is common to link them to-ether to "orm a net$ork) In terms o" po/er% there is -reat variet+) t the hi-h en#% the #istinction $et/een personal computers an# /orkstations has "a#e#) >i-h-en# mo#els o" the Macintosh an# P* o""er the same computin- po/er an# -raphics capa$ilit+ as lo/-en# /orkstations $+ Sun Micros+stems% >e/lett-Packar#% an# DE*)

Software
computer s+stem comprises %ard$are an# so&t$are) >ar#/are is the ph+sical me#ium% "or e,ample:

circuit $oar#s processors ke+$oar#

So"t/are are computer pro-rams% "or e,ample:


operatin- s+stem e#itor compilers)

E'amples o& (omputer so&t$are in(lude: pplication so"t/are inclu#es en#-user applications o" computers such as /or# processors or vi#eo -ames% an# ERP so"t/are "or -roups o" users) It can inclu#e a certain pro-ram% or a -roup o" them) ?

Mi##le/are controls an# co-or#inates #istri$ute# s+stems) Pro-rammin- lan-ua-es #e"ine the s+nta, an# semantics o" computer pro-rams) For e,ample% man+ mature $ankin- applications /ere /ritten in the *7874 lan-ua-e% ori-inall+ invente# in (5@5) Ne/er applications are o"ten /ritten in more mo#ern pro-rammin- lan-ua-es) Popular pro-rammin- lan-ua-es are Pascal% *AA% Bava) People are a$le to make pro-rams $+ usin- compilers) *ompilers are pro-rams that trans"orm co#e /ritten $+ user to a pro-rammin- lan-ua-e) It is easier an# ver+ practical "or usa-e) S+stem so"t/are inclu#es operatin- s+stems2 Microso"t .in#o/s% 4inu,% D7S% etc3% /hich -overn computin- resources) ;o#a+ lar-e applications runnin- on remote machines such as .e$sites are consi#ere# to $e s+stem so"t/are% $ecause the en#-user inter"ace is -enerall+ throu-h a -raphical user inter"ace% such as a /e$ $ro/ser) It inclu#es a com$ination o" servers% utilities% #evice #rivers% operatin- s+stems) ;est/are is so"t/are "or testin- har#/are or a so"t/are packa-e) Firm/are is lo/-level so"t/are o"ten store# on electricall+ pro-ramma$le memor+ #evices) Firm/are is -iven its name $ecause it is treate# like har#/are an# run 21e,ecute#13 $+ other so"t/are pro-rams)

#ost popular t)pes o& programs

*ord pro(essing programs are used to t)pe+ (orre(t+ rearrange+ or delete te't in letters+ memos+ reports+ and s(%ool assignments. Spreadsheet programs enable individuals to prepare tables easil). T%e users o& su(% programs establis% rules &or %andling large groups o& numbers. ,or e'ample+ using a spreads%eet program+ a person (an enter some numbers into a table and t%e program $ill (al(ulate and &ill in t%e rest o& t%e table. *%en t%e user (%anges one number in t%e table+ t%e ot%er numbers $ill (%ange a((ording to t%e rules establis%ed b) t%at user. Spreads%eets ma) be used &or preparing budgets and &inan(ial plans+ balan(ing a (%e-uebook+ or keeping tra(k o& personal investments. Database programs allo$ a (omputer to store large amounts o& data .in&ormation/ in a s)stemati( $a). Su(% data mig%t in(lude t%e name+ address+ telep%one number+ salar)+ and starting date o& ever) emplo)ee in a (ompan). T%e (omputer (ould t%en be asked to produ(e a list o& all emplo)ees $%o re(eive a (ertain salar). Communi(ation programs (onne(ts a personal (omputer to ot%er (omputer.s/. C

People (an t%ereb) e'(%ange in&ormation $it% one anot%er via t%eir personal (omputers. !n addition+ (ommuni(ation programs enable people to link t%eir personal (omputers $it% databanks. Databanks are %uge (olle(tions o& in&ormation stored in large (entralized (omputers. 0e$s+ &inan(ial and travel in&ormation+ and ot%er data o& interest to man) users (an be obtained &rom a databank. 1t%er programs in(lude re(reational and edu(ational programs &or pla)ing games+ (omposing and %earing musi(+ and learning a variet) o& subje(ts. Programs %ave also been $ritten t%at turn %ouse%old applian(es on and o&&. Some people develop t%eir o$n programs to meet needs not (overed b) (ommer(iall) prepared programs. 1t%ers bu) personal (omputers mainl) to learn about (omputers and %o$ to program t%em.

Hardware
>ar#/are can $e #escri$e# as a part o" the computer that can $e actuall+ touche#) Monitor% speakers% screen% microphone% mouse% ke+$oar#% etc) >ar#/are also inclu#es >ar# #isc% R M an# R7M memor+% mother$oar#% *D an# DDD rea#er=/riter% althou-h the+ are insi#e o" our S+stem Unit2computer case3) In nova#a+s har#/are is /i#e #i""erent) Depen#s on color% materials% an# price% it can $e in a size o" a note$ook% to the hu-e sizes o" screen% "or e,ample% "or certain nee#s o" people) It has chan-e# a lot "rom the invention o" the computer) *ertainl+% the computer har#/are has mo#ernise# an# amazin-l+ chan-e#) No/ /e have man+ smaller utilities that can improve our s+stem unit ver+ much) Some o" them are: !e+$oar# is an input #evice /hich is connecte# to a computer an# use# to t+pe instructions or in"ormation into the computer) It has a$out ('' ke+s) Mouse is user inter&a(e devi(e t%at (an enable di&&erent kinds o& (ontrol t%an a ke)board. T%e) are most made o& plasti( and ma) use a ball to tra(k movement+ an 2ED lig%t+ or a laser. Toda) )ou (an get a $ireless mouse t%at allo$s )ou to easil) give a presentation $it% out being tied to a desk. T%ese mouses are usaul) 2ED or 2aser based tra(king.

#ass storage devi(es store programs and data even $%en t%e po$er is o&&3 t%e) do re-uire po$er to per&orm read and $rite &un(tions during usage. Alt%oug% &las% memor) %as dropped in (ost+ t%e prevailing &orm o& mass storage in personal (omputers is still t%e %ard disk. 4ard disk is most (ommon $a) to store a lot o& data in a small spa(e. Ea(% %ard disk is divided into man) se(tors+ ea(% (ontaining a (ertain amount o& data. 51# 6 5ead6onl) memor): 1n 51#+ data is prere(orded &or read onl) $%i(% (an7t be removed. 5A# 6 5andom a((ess memor): $%ose (ontents (an be a((essed .read+ $rite and remove/ in an) order. ;he mother$oar#% also re"erre# to as s+stem$oar# or main$oar#% is the primar+ circuit $oar# /ithin a personal computer) Man+ other components connect #irectl+ or in#irectl+ to the mother$oar#) In man+ porta$le an# em$e##e# personal computers% the mother$oar# houses nearl+ all o" the P*0s core components) 7"ten a mother$oar# /ill also contain one or more peripheral $uses an# ph+sical connectors "or e,pansion purposes) Sometimes a secon#ar+ #au-hter $oar# is connecte# to the mother$oar# to provi#e "urther e,pan#a$ilit+ or to satis"+ space constraints) Computer (ase is t%e en(losure t%at (ontains t%e main (omponents o& a (omputer. T%e size and s%ape o& a (omputer (ase is usuall) determined b) t%e &orm &a(tor o& t%e mot%erboard t%at it is designed to a((ommodate+ sin(e t%is is t%e largest and most (entral (omponent o& most (omputers.

E&&e(ts o& Computerization on our lives

.ithout an+ #ou$t computers an# the internet have $een one o" the -reatest inventions in the histor+ o" mankin#) ;he e""ects the+ have ha# on our societ+ as a /hole% /orl#/i#e% has $een #ramatic) ;he+ have chan-e# the /a+ /e communicate /ith others) ;he+ have ena$le# us instant communication /ith others /orl#/i#e) >ome computers an# the Internet have chan-e# the /a+ /e live% the+ have chan-e# societ+ in such a #eep /a+% that it /oul# $e virtuall+ impossi$le "or man+ people to live /ithout them) ;he+ control nearl+ ever+ aspect o" our lives% an# can $e "oun#% not <ust in our homes% or places o" /ork% $ut in our places o" e#ucation too) E

No/a#a+s% it is har# to ima-ine an+one not havin- hear# o" a computer an# the internet especiall+ in a mo#ern societ+) 8oth computers an# the internet have -reat e""ects on societ+ especiall+ the /a+ people communicate an# interact /ith anotherF an# the /a+ certain tasks are $ein- #one) E-mail has o" course chan-e# the /a+ in /hich /e communicate /ith one another in a personal sense) Perhaps /hat has ha# a $i--er e""ect in this respect% ho/ever% are the various Messenger services% /hich allo/ us to input a messa-e on our screen /hich can $e rea# $+ someone at the other si#e o" the /orl#) ;his is similar to SMS% onl+ :uicker an# o" course "ree o" char-e) Webcams allo/ us o" course to communicate in a similar /a+ $ut a""or# the a##itional $ene"its o" $oth vision an# soun#) ;he internet has totall+ revolutionise# the /a+s in /hich /e -ain access to in"ormation) .here previousl+ /e ma+ have ha# to $ro/se throu-h such as re"erence $ooks at -reat len-th% all /e #o no/ is simpl+ t+pe the parameters o" our search in to a search en-ine portal an# "in# /hat /e are lookin- "or in millisecon#s) ;he time save# in this respect is phenomenal an# has also $rou-ht a$out -reat learnin- opportunities "or man+ o" us) .e have access to in"ormation /hich /e coul# $e"ore onl+ have #reame# o" so can learn more a$out our /orl# roun# a$out us an# the #i""erent aspects o" it) s computers $ecome ever more sophisticate# an# that is the Internet continues to -ro/% it is likel+ onl+ that the chan-es /e are /itnessin- /ill $ecome ever more pro"oun#) It is up to each one o" us% there"ore% to make the most o" the a##itional $ene"its /e are a""or#e# $ut at the same time ensure the+ #o not #estro+ all o" /ho an# /hat /e are)

Personal *omputers)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))& So"t/are ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))? Most popular t+pes o" pro-rams))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))C .or# processin- pro-rams are use# to t+pe% correct% rearran-e% or #elete te,t in letters% memos% reports% an# school assi-nments) Sprea#sheet pro-rams ena$le in#ivi#uals to prepare ta$les easil+) ;he users o" such pro-rams esta$lish rules "or han#lin- lar-e -roups o" num$ers) For e,ample% usin- a sprea#sheet pro-ram% a person can enter some num$ers into a ta$le an# the pro-ram /ill calculate an# "ill in the rest o" the ta$le) .hen the user chan-es one num$er in the ta$le% the other num$ers /ill chan-e accor#in- to the rules esta$lishe# $+ that user) Sprea#sheets ma+ $e use# "or preparin$u#-ets an# "inancial plans% $alancin- a che:ue$ook% or keepin- track o" personal investments) Data$ase pro-rams allo/ a computer to store lar-e amounts o" #ata 2in"ormation3 in a s+stematic /a+) Such #ata mi-ht inclu#e the name% a##ress% telephone num$er% salar+% an# startin- #ate o" ever+ emplo+ee in a compan+) ;he computer coul# then $e aske# to pro#uce a list o" all emplo+ees /ho receive a certain salar+) *ommunication pro-rams connects a personal computer to other computer2s3) People can there$+ e,chan-e in"ormation /ith one another via their personal computers) In a##ition% communication pro-rams ena$le people to link their personal computers /ith #ata$anks) Data$anks are hu-e collections o" in"ormation store# in lar-e centralize# computers) Ne/s% "inancial an# travel in"ormation% an# other #ata o" interest to man+ users can $e o$taine# "rom a #ata$ank) 7ther pro-rams inclu#e recreational an# e#ucational pro-rams "or pla+in- -ames% composin- an# hearin- music% an# learnin- a variet+ o" su$<ects) Pro-rams have also $een /ritten that turn househol# appliances on an# o"") Some people #evelop their o/n pro-rams to meet nee#s not covere# $+ commerciall+ prepare# pro-rams) 7thers $u+ personal computers mainl+ to learn a$out computers an# ho/ to pro-ram them))))C >ar#/are))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))@ >ar#/are can $e #escri$e# as a part o" the computer that can $e actuall+ touche#) Monitor% speakers% screen% microphone% mouse% ke+$oar#% etc)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))@ 6

>ar#/are also inclu#es >ar# #isc% R M an# R7M memor+% mother$oar#% *D an# DDD rea#er=/riter% althou-h the+ are insi#e o" our S+stem Unit2computer case3) In nova#a+s har#/are is /i#e #i""erent) Depen#s on color% materials% an# price% it can $e in a size o" a note$ook% to the hu-e sizes o" screen% "or e,ample% "or certain nee#s o" people) It has chan-e# a lot "rom the invention o" the computer) *ertainl+% the computer har#/are has mo#ernise# an# amazin-l+ chan-e#) No/ /e have man+ smaller utilities that can improve our s+stem unit ver+ much) Some o" them are:)))))))))@ !e+$oar# is an input #evice /hich is connecte# to a computer an# use# to t+pe instructions or in"ormation into the computer) It has a$out ('' ke+s)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))@ Mouse is user inter"ace #evice that can ena$le #i""erent kin#s o" control than a ke+$oar#) ;he+ are most ma#e o" plastic an# ma+ use a $all to track movement% an 4ED li-ht% or a laser) ;o#a+ +ou can -et a /ireless mouse that allo/s +ou to easil+ -ive a presentation /ith out $ein- tie# to a #esk) ;hese mouses are usaul+ 4ED or 4aser $ase# trackin-))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))@ Mass stora-e #evices store pro-rams an# #ata even /hen the po/er is o""F the+ #o re:uire po/er to per"orm rea# an# /rite "unctions #urin- usa-e) lthou-h "lash memor+ has #roppe# in cost% the prevailin- "orm o" mass stora-e in personal computers is still the har# #isk) >ar# #isk is most common /a+ to store a lot o" #ata in a small space) Each har# #isk is #ivi#e# into man+ sectors% each containin- a certain amount o" #ata) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E R7M - Rea#-onl+ memor+: 7n R7M% #ata is prerecor#e# "or rea# onl+ /hich canGt $e remove#) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E R M - Ran#om access memor+: /hose contents can $e accesse# 2rea#% /rite an# remove3 in an+ or#er) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E *omputer case is the enclosure that contains the main components o" a computer) ;he size an# shape o" a computer case is usuall+ #etermine# $+ the "orm "actor o" the mother$oar# that it is #esi-ne# to accommo#ate% since this is the lar-est an# most central component o" most computers)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E E""ects o" *omputerization on our lives)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E

!zvori: http:==///)islan#net)com=Hkpolsson=comphist= http:==///)/e$ope#ia)com=;ERM=P=personalIcomputer)html ///)/ikipe#ia)or-

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