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Task 3 PPTX Khalid

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64 views9 pages

Task 3 PPTX Khalid

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api-240156957
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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SEQUENCES

AND SERIES

!"#$%&'"
! !)*+),-)-a llsL of numbers ln a specled pauern.
1here are Lwo Lypes of sequence (ArlLhmeuc and
CeomeLrlc)
! %./012)3- !)*+),-)-a sequence ln whlch each
Lerm ls a consLanL dlerence ! from Lhe prevlous
Lerm. ( d= common dlerence)
! 4)52)0./- !)*+),-)-a sequence such LhaL each
Lerm ls glven by a consLanL muluple # of Lhe
prevlous one. (r= common rauo)
llnlLe and lnnlLe sequence
! 6/,/0) 7)*+),-) " 1he lengLh of a sequence ls dened as Lhe number of
Lerms ln Lhe sequence.
! % 7)*+),-) 58 9 :,/0) " lengLh n ls also called an n-Luple. llnlLe
sequences lnclude Lhe empLy sequence ( ) LhaL has no elemenLs.
! &5.29;;<= 01) 0).2 /,:,/0) 7)*+),-) " refers Lo a sequence whlch
ls lnnlLe ln one dlrecuon, and nlLe ln Lhe oLher-Lhe sequence has a rsL
elemenL, buL no nal elemenL (a slngly lnnlLe sequence). A sequence LhaL ls
lnnlLe ln boLh dlrecuons-lL has nelLher a rsL nor a nal elemenL-ls called a
bl-lnnlLe sequence, Lwo-way lnnlLe.
! 7)*+),-)= 5. >5+?;< /,:,/0) 7)*+),-) " lor lnsLance, a funcuon
from all lnLegers lnLo a seL, such as Lhe sequence of all even lnLegers ( ., -4,
-2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. ), ls bl-lnnlLe.
LlmlLs and convergence or dlvergenL
! '5,@).A),-) " Cne of Lhe mosL lmporLanL properues of a sequence ls
convergence. lnformally, a sequence converges lf lL has a llmlL. Conunulng
lnformally, a (slngly-lnnlLe) sequence has a llmlL lf lL approaches some
value L, called Lhe llmlL, as n becomes very large. 1haL ls, for an absLracL
sequence (an) (wlLh n runnlng from 1 Lo lnnlLy undersLood) Lhe value of
an approaches L as n - ~, denoLed. And lL's convergence lf , so lL
has sum or llmlL.
B1) A),).9; 85.2+;9 58 -5,@).A),0 /,:,/0) 7)./)7 /7 "


! C/@).A),0 " a sequence dlvergenL lf lL has a llmlL. Conunulng
lnformally, a (slngly-lnnlLe) sequence has a no llmlL. When llmlL becomlng
larger and larger wlLhouL llmlL or lnnlLy lL's dlvergenL. And lL's dlvergenL
lf , so lL has no sum or llmlL.
% 7)./)7 /7 " lnformally speaklng, Lhe sum of Lhe Lerms of a sequence. 1haL ls,
addlng Lhe rsL (n) Lerms of a (one-slded) sequence forms Lhe nLh Lerm of anoLher
sequence, called a serles. 1hus Lhe (n) serles of Lhe sequence (an) resulLs ln anoLher
sequence (Sn) glven by:
We can also wrlLe Lhe nLh Lerm of Lhe serles as "
Serles
Lxample of arlLhmeuc sequence :
# llnd Lhe nexL Lhree Lerms ln Lhe sequence: 3, 6, 9, . . .

ln Lhls sequence 3 ls Lhe common dlerence (!). 1herefore, Lhe nexL Lhree
Lerms ln Lhe sequence are 12, 13, 18.

8y uslng Lhe formula( $% = $1 + ! (% - 1) ), nd Lhe nLh Lerm of an
arlLhmeuc sequence. ln Lhe example above, $1 = 3, and ! = 3. We can
use Lhe formula Lo nd nexL Lhree Lerms ln Lhe sequence "

$ lourLh Lerm: $4 = 3 + 3(4 - 1) = 3 + (3) (3) " 3 + 9 = 12.
$ llh Lerm: a3 = 3 + 3(3 - 1) " 3 + (3)(4) = 13.
$ SlxLh Lerm :a6 = 3 + 3(6 - 1) = 3 + (3) (3) " 3 + 9 = 18.
CeomeLrlc Serles Lxample

! Lemng a1 be Lhe rsL Lerm (here 2), n be Lhe number of Lerms
(here 4), and r be Lhe consLanL LhaL each Lerm ls muluplled by Lo
geL Lhe nexL Lerm (here 3), Lhe sum ls glven by:
! ln Lhe example above, Lhls glves:
! 1he formula works for any real numbers a and r (excepL r = 1, whlch
resulLs ln a dlvlslon by zero). lor example:
Lxample of geomeLrlc serles LhaL converges

1he lnnlLe serles 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ls an
elemenLary example of a geomeLrlc serles LhaL
converges :
, so lL's convergenL and we apply Lhe formula "
D/>)5

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