Balanced & Unbalanced Polyphase Systems

Single Phase Power Equations

P: real power (W) Q: reactive power (VAR) S: apparent power (VA) Power Factor Real Power Apparent Power or Complex Power

Reactive Power

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Example: Single-Phase Power

For the following circuit, find the (a) real power, and (b) reactive power. (c) Draw the power triangle.

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Example: Single-Phase Power

For the following circuit, find the (a) real power, and (b) reactive power. (c) Draw the power triangle.

(a) The real power is:

VR2 (120 V)2 P= = = 1440 W R 10

(b) The reactive power is:

VL2 (120 V)2 Q= = = 3600 VAR XL 4

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(c) The power triangle is:

In this example, the impedance of the inductor has a lagging current, so the current has a negative phase angle. The complex conjugate of the current has a positive phase angle, so the reactive power, Q, is positive and the power triangle is in the first quadrant. For a leading current (which has a positive phase angle compared to the voltage) the power triangle has a negative imaginary part and a negative power angle, so it is in the fourth quadrant.
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Polyphase Circuits
E.E. element convention
A (+) I B V (-)

V
AB

Current I creates drop (+) (-) as shown VAB defined as the rise B ABC (+) sequence Find VAB Via KVL
+ VAB VAN + VBN = 0 VAB = VAN VBN

(+120 )

(150 )

(-90 )

+
(-120 )

+
(30 )

(0 )

= VP 0 VP 120 = 3VP 30

Note: Voltages as given are line to line voltages unless otherwise specified
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(+120 ) (150 )

(-90 )

+
(-120 )

+ +
(30 )

(0 )

ACB (-) sequence Find VAC via KVL

+VAC VAN + VCN = 0 V= VAN VCN AC = VP 0 VP 120 = VAC 3Vp30

VCN

In both examples VA is the reference phasor. If VB or VC are designated the reference phasor then the phasor relationships will differ. (Try CBA)
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Three-Phase Systems

Three-phase power systems have three wires to transmit power. Some systems also have a neutral wire. In a balanced three-phase system, the voltages on the three wires are all the same magnitude but are out of phase by 120 degrees. In a balanced system, the currents are also the same magnitude but are out of phase by 120 degrees. The vector sum of the voltages and currents in a balanced three-phase system are zero.
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Example: Three-Phase System

The voltage on phase A of a balanced, three-phase power system is: What are the voltages and angles of the other phases? (Assume that the phase sequence is ABC)

22037

VB = 220(37 120) = 220 83

VC = 220(37 + 120) = 220157

VA = 22037 VB = 220 83 VB = 220157

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Three-Phase Wye System

A three-phase wye configuration has three phases and a neutral wire. The phase voltages are between the legs and are named VAB, VBC, and VCA. The line to neutral voltages are between the lines and the neutral and are designated VAN, VBN and VCN. Generator Load

Vline-neutral =

Vline-line 3

Line-to-line voltages and line-to-neutral voltages are 30 degrees out of phase. The phase voltage leads the line-neutral voltage by 30 degrees and the lineneutral voltage lags the phase voltage by 30 degrees.

VAB = 3VAN 30

VAN =

VAB 30 3

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Problem: Three-Phase Wye

How do we know its a wye system?

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Problem: Three-Phase Power

Answer is (B)

Key Points to Remember Answer (A) has the correct amplitude but does not include the phase in the equation. In answers (C) and (D), the line-to-line voltage equations are used
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Three-Phase Delta System

Three-phase delta configuration has three phases and no neutral wire. The only voltages to be considered are the line-to-line voltages. There are two currents to be considered: the line currents which flow in the lines, and the phase currents which flow in the resistors, shown as load in the diagram.

Generator

Load

The line currents are out of phase with the line-line (phase) currents:

I A = 3I AB 30

I AB =

IA 30 3

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Example: Delta System

PROBLEMS

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Example: Delta System

PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

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Wye Delta Conversions

For balanced loads where all the impedances are equal, the conversion from Delta to Wye and vice versa is simplified. To convert balanced Wye to Delta: To convert balanced Delta to Wye: In the figure to the right, in order for the two loads to be equivalent:

RDelta = 3RWye
RWye 1 = RDelta 3

1 RA = R1 3

R1 = 3RA

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Power in Three-Phase Systems

For balanced systems, three-phase power can be computed using any of the following equations:

S = P + jQ

S = 3VLine Line I * Line

S = 3VLine Line I Line

In a balanced load where the load is the same in all three phases, the threephase real power can be computed as three times the power in any single phase.

PLine = VLine Line I LineCos

VLine Neutral V = Line Line 3

Cos is the power factor

PLine = VLine Line I LineCos 3

PTotal = 3PLine

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Example: Power Computation

PROBLEMS

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Example: Power Computation

PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

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Balanced Polyphase Example

ILOAD LINE x
R R R

x IMOTOR MOTOR LOAD ILOAD PHASE

3 motor takes 10 kVA at 0.6PF lagging from a 220 V source. The motor is in parallel with a balanced load with an impedance of R = 16 xc = 12 in each phase. Find the total VA, power, power factor. For the load I phase I = VLL = 220V = 1136.87 A
Z 16 j12
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S LOAD1 = VLL I LINE = (220V )(11 36.87 A) = 2420 36.87VA

S LOAD 3 = 3S LOAD1 = 3 342036.87VA = 726036.87VA

Note that the angle of reactive power is given by load
16 12 2 0

12 = tan = 36.9 16
1

So S LOAD = 726036.9 (leading )

Note: This is a leading power factor diagram. It is not a phasor diagram.

leading because capacitive

is given as 10KVA @ 0.6PF lagging Angle of SMOTOR is a cos-1 0.6 = 53.13 (lagging)

STOTAL = S MOTOR + S LOAD = 10 x103 53.13 + 726036.87 = 12,357 17.15

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Alternate Solution Method

Problem can also be solved by converting delta to wye and computing parallel impedance.

Impedance of motor Z =

VLC 220 / 3 = = 4.84 26.24 IC

RMOTOR = z cos = (4.84)(0.6) = 2.904 xMOTOR = 4.84 sin = 3.872

Parallel impedance

IT =

220 / 3 = 32.42 17.13 A 3.9317.13

*

S = 3VLL I L = 3 (220)(32.4417.13) 12,35717.13VA

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Unbalanced Polyphase Example

Unbalanced Polyphase Load Delta
C IC
c

IA A B

Ica Ibc Iab b

Find phase currents IB VAB 1000 1000 I ab= = = = 10 53.1 A Z ab 6 + j8 1053.1 V 100 120 100 120 I bc = BC = = = 20 83.13 4 j3 5 36.87 Z bc
VCA 100120 I ca = = = 5120 A Z cc 20
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Compute line currents via KCL at nodes

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Unbalanced Wye Example

Unbalanced Wye Connected Load, Four Wire
A three phase four wire 150Y, CBA system has a Y connected load. VAN has an angle of -90 The load impedances are

Obtain all the line currents and neutral current

A VAN N B IC C
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IA IN

IB

VLN 150 90 = 90 = 86.6 90 3 3 V 150 VBN = LN 30 = 30 = 86.630 3 3 V 150 VCN = LN 150 = 150 = 86.6150 3 3 VAN 86.6 90 IA = = = 14.43 90 ZA 60 VAN = VBN 86.630 IB = = = 14.430 ZB 630 VCN 86.6150 IC = = = 17.32105 ZC 545 I N = I A + I B + I C = 14.43 90 + 14.430 + 17.32105 = 10.21 167
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Unbalanced Three Wire, Wye Connection

Unbalanced Three Wire Connection, Wye Load.. 150V CBA system, & connected load,
IA
(0 )

VBN '
N
30 (-120 ) (120 )

B C

IB IC

VAN

What types of loads are these?

Given : VBN ' = 66.6727.16 Find the all voltages and currents
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The line to line voltages may be determined by inspection:

VAB = 150 120 VBC = 1500 VCA = 150120

Find VAN using KVL:

VAN VAB VBN = 0 VAN = VAB + VBN VAN =150 120 + 66.6727.16 VAN = 100.7 98.96

Find VCN using KVL:

VCN VCA VAN = 0 VCN = VAN + VCA VCN =100.64 98.92 + 15027.16 VCN = 95.59161.4

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Find the currents via KCL at central node:

(1) VAN + VBN + VCN

ZA ZB ZC
VAN 100.7 98.96 = = 16.7898.92 IA = 60 ZA

=0

VBN 66.6727.16 = = 11.13 2.84 IB = 630 ZB

VBN 95.59161.4 = = 19.12116.4 IC = 545 ZB

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How far is the neutral offset?

150 90 100.7 98.96 53 = 86.690 100.7 98.96 = VNN = 20.19739.41

What happens if you connect the neutral of the load to the neutral of the generator (supply)?

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Power Afternoon Sample Questions

A 3-phase, 4-wire, neutral-grounded wye-connected utility line has a phase-to-phase voltage of 13.2 kV. A complex load of (200 + 100) kVA is connected between Phase A and neutral; identical load is connected between Phase B and neutral. The neutral current (amperes) is nearly: (A) (B) (C) (D) 0 9.8 16.9 29.3

S A (200 + j100) x103VA IA = = = 29.3426.56 13.2 x103 VA 0 V 3 S B (200 + j100) x103VA IB = = = 29.34146.56 VB 13.2 x103 120 V 3

Neutral current is the sum of IA + IB + IC =IN

Answer (0) Note that answer (C) is the result of incorrectly using VLL rather than VLN
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Power Afternoon Sample Questions

A 3-phase, 3-wire, ungrounded, 13.2kV (phase-to-phase) wye-connected course is connected to a balanced delta load that is grounded on Corner A. The voltage measured between Corner B and ground is most nearly: (A) (B) (C) (D) Half the phase-to-phase voltage 7.62 kV 13.2 kV cannot be determined C A A

VAB

+
VAB

Use KVL: B (sign independent) Answer (C) Grounding

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Power Afternoon Sample Questions

The only load on a 3-phase, 4-wire system is placed between Phase B and Phase C. The phase-to-phase voltage is 13.2 kV. The load is 500kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor. The magnitude of the line current in Phase C amperes is most nearly: (A) (B) (C) (D) 65.6 55.8 37.9 32.2

S 500 x103VA I= = V 13.2 x103V

Power factor not relevant

C B

500KVA 0.85 lag

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Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is a measure of the degree to which the voltage at a load is held constant as the amount of load varies from no load to full load.

V VFL 100 VR % = NL VFL

VNL is the no load voltage VFL is the full load voltage

The concept of regulation can be applied to a problem with a component designed to hold steady voltage (voltage regulator) or to a problem with a general source without a regulator supplying load. Line regulation measures the ability to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of changes in the input voltage. Load regulation measures the ability to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of changes in size of the load (current draw).

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Example: Voltage Regulation

PROBLEM
A transmission line supplies 60 MVA of load at 0.8 power factor, lagging. The voltage at the receiving end of the line is 138 kV. The transmission line impedance is 10+j30. What is the % regulation? (Use Per-Phase Analysis)
10+j30

20 MVA 0.8 Lag

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Example: Voltage Regulation

PROBLEM
A transmission line supplies 60 MVA of load at 0.8 power factor, lagging. The voltage at the receiving end of the line is 138 kV. The transmission line impedance is 10+j30. What is the % regulation?
10+j30

SOLUTION
Solve the problem considering only one phase of the system. The 60 mVA load is 20 mVA per phase.

= cos 1 0.8 = 36.87

VLN

Finding phase angle

138 103V = = 79.67 kV Load line to neutral 3 voltage

S *1 20 106 36.87VA IL = = = 251 36.87 A VLN 79.67 103V

S1 = VLN I L
20 MVA 0.8 Lag

Sending end voltage

VS = (10 + j 30)(251 36.87) + 79.67 103 0 = 86.31103 3V

VR % =

86.31 79.67 100 = 8.33% 79.67

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