Math 21B

UC Davis, Winter 2010

Dan Romik

Solutions to Sample Exam

(a)
0

(x2 + sin(x)) dx 1 3 x cos(x) 3

(x + sin(x)) dx =
0

=
0

3 3 (1) (0 1) = +2 3 3

(b)

sec2 (x) dx sec2 (x) dx = tan(x) + C (standard integral)

(c)

cos(2x 1) dx cos(2x 1) dx = 1 sin(2x 1) + C 2 (use substitution u = 2x 1)

(d)

(1 + x)7 dx x 1 (1 + x)7 (1 + x)7 dx = 2 dx = 2 (1 + u)7 du = (1 + u)8 + C 4 x 2 x 8 1 = 1 + x + C (use the substitution u = x) 4

(e)
1

(ey + ey ) dy
b

(note: the answer is a function of b)

(ey + ey ) dy = ey ey
1 2

= eb eb e + e1

(f)
0 2 0
2

xex dx
4 0

xex dx =

1 4 1 4 1 u e du = e e0 = e 1 2 2 2

(use the substitution u = x2 )

Question 2 Compute the arc length of the curve y = x3 /6 + 1/(2x) from x = 2 to x = 3. Solution. The arc length is given by y 1 + (y )2 1 x2 2, 2 2x 1 x2 2 = 1+ 2 2x =
3 2

1 + (y )2 dx. First we simplify the integrand:

=1+

1 x4 1 + 4 4 2 4x
2

1 + (y )2

x4 1 1 1 x2 = + + 4 = + 2 , 4 2 4x 2 2x 2 2 x 1 1 x = + 2 = + 2 (absolute value is redundant for 2 x 3). 2 2x 2 2x

Now proceed to compute the arc length:

1 + (y )2 dx =
2 2

x2 1 + 2 2 2x

dx =

x3 1 6 2x

=
2

9 1 2 6

4 1 3 4

13 . 4

Question 3 Compute the following integrals using integration by parts or any other technique. (a) ln x dx: Use integration by parts with u = ln x, v = x (so that dv = 1 dx): ln x dx = ln x 1 dx = x ln x x d (ln x) dx = x ln x dx 1 dx

= x ln x x + C (b) x ln x dx: Use integration by parts with u = ln x, v = 1 x2 : 2 x ln x dx = d 1 2 x ln x (ln x) dx = 2 dx 1 2 1 2 = 2 x ln x 4 x +C

ln x

1 2 x 2

1 x dx 2

(c)
0

x2 sin(x) dx: Use integration by parts twice:

x2 sin(x) dx = x2 ( cos x)
0

0 0

2x( cos x) dx x cos x dx

= ( 2 1 0) + 2 = 2 + 2 x sin x
0

sin x dx
0 0

= 2 + 2(0 0) + 2 cos x 2

= 2 4

(d)

x2 2 dx: x(x 1)(x 2) Solution: We look for a partial fraction decomposition for the integrand, of the form x2 2 A B C = + + x(x 1)(x 2) x x1 x2 where A, B, C are unknown coecients. They can be found in two ways. The easiest is to use the cover-up method (which is applicable here since the denominator of the rational function is a product of linear factor, each appearing with power 1): x2 2 2 A = = = 1, (the x factor is covered up) (x 1)(x 2) x=0 (1)(2) 12 x2 2 = = 1, (the x 1 factor is covered up) B = x(x 2) x=1 1 (1) x2 2 22 2 C = = = 1, (the x 2 factor is covered up). x(x 1) x=2 21 The second method involves multiplying out the partial fraction decomposition above by x(x 1)(x 2), to get the equation x2 2 = A(x 1)(x 2) + Bx(x 2) + Cx(x 1) and then equate coecients of powers of x on both sides to get the equations A + B + C = 1, 3A + 2B + C = 0, 2A = 2. These equations can easily be solved to give the same answers A = 1, B = C = 1. Having found the coecients, we can compute the integral: x2 2 1 1 1 = + + dx x(x 1)(x 2) x x1 x2 = ln |x| + ln |x 1| + ln |x 2| + C.

Question 4 Estimate the value of the denite integral

2 0

3x2 dx in two ways: (a) Using

the trapezoidal rule, and (b) using Simpsons rule. In both cases use a partition of the interval [0, 2] into n = 4 sub-intervals of equal length. Compare the results to the correct value of the integral
2 0

3x2 dx and determine which one is closer to this value. 3

Solution. The partition points are x0 = 0, x1 = 1/2, x2 = 1, x3 = 3/2, x4 = 2. x = 1/2, so we have the estimates: IT = = = IS = = = x (f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 2f (x3 ) + f (x4 )) 2 1 3 02 + 2 3(1/2)2 + 2 3(12 ) + 2 3(3/2)2 + 3(22 ) 4 1 9 33 3 0+ +2+ +4 = , 4 2 2 4 x (f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + f (x4 )) 3 1 3 02 + 4 3(1/2)2 + 2 3(12 ) + 4 3(3/2)2 + 3(22 ) 6 1 (0 + 1 + 2 + 9 + 4) = 8. 2

To determine which of the estimates is closer to the true value, we compute it:
2

3x2 dx = x3
0

2 0

= 23 0 = 8.

Simpsons rule actually gives the precise answer in this case! (Side remark: this will always be true when applying Simpsons rule to numerically integrate quadratic polynomials). Therefore, trivially, the Simpsons rule is more precise in this case than the trapezoidal rule.

Question 5 Compute the volume of the solid formed by revolving around the x-axis the region bounded between the x-axis and the curve y = x x2 /4. Solution. First, we nd the range of integration by nding where the curve intersects the x-axis. This gives the equation y = x x2 /4 = 0, which has the solutions x = 0, 4. Therefore the integration is on the interval [0, 4]. Therefore the volume of the solid of revolution is computed using the formula V =
4 4 b a

y 2 dx, which leads to

=
0

(x x2 /4)2 dx =
0

x2 x3 /2 + x4 /16 dx = x3 /3 x4 /8 + x5 /80

64 64 32 + 3 5

32 . 15

Question 6 A computer scientist is modelling the spread of a computer virus on the internet. She assumes that if y (t) represents the number of infected computers t days after the virus originated, then y (t) can be approximated by a dierentiable function satisfying dy = 0.25 y. dt Furthermore it is known that at time t = 0 there were 350 infected computers. How many computers were infected 30 days later? Solution. This equation
dy dt

= 0.25y represents an exponential growth phenomenon, so

the solution should be of the form y (t) = Cekt . This gives y (t) = k Cekt = ky , and comparing this with the given equation we see that k = 0.25. The constant C represents the initial condition C = Cek0 = y (0), and in this case is given to be 350. It follows that y (t) = 350e0.25t , and therefore at time t = 30 the number of infected computers is y (30) = 350e0.2530 = 350e7.5 (approximately equal to 632,815).

Question 7 Compute the area of the two-dimensional region bounded between the y -axis, the line y = 3 and the curve y = x. Solution. By sketching the curve, it is easy to see that the area can be computed as an integral with respect to the y coordinate, as follows:
3 3

Area =
0

x dy =
0

y 2 dy =

y3 3

=
0

27 0 = 9. 3

Alternatively, it can also be computed as an integral with respect to the x coordinate, but then one needs to take the dierence between the straight line y = 3 and the curve y = x:
9

Area =
0

(3 x) dx =

2 3x x3/2 3

= 27
0

2 27 = 9. 3

Note also that in this method the upper limit of integration is x = 9 which corresponds to y = 3 on the curve y = x. Question 8 Compute the center of mass of a thin rod extending between x = 0 and x = 2 with a linear mass density given by (x) = x + 1 5

Solution. First, compute the mass:

M=
0

(x) dx =
0

(x + 1) dx = ... = 4.

Next, compute the moment (about 0):

M0 =
0

x (x) dx =
0

x(x + 1) dx = ... =

14 . 3

The center of mass is the ratio of these two numbers x= 7 M0 = . M 6