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Passive and Active Analog Direct Filter Design

This document provides design steps for passive and active analog direct filter design. It outlines specifications and transformations needed to design lowpass, highpass, and bandpass Butterworth filters using a doubly terminated lossless ladder topology. The steps include determining the prototype response, calculating element values, and transforming elements as needed for the desired filter type and frequency scaling. Simulated element circuits are also presented for implementing inductors and simulated inductors using operational amplifiers.

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44 views0 pages

Passive and Active Analog Direct Filter Design

This document provides design steps for passive and active analog direct filter design. It outlines specifications and transformations needed to design lowpass, highpass, and bandpass Butterworth filters using a doubly terminated lossless ladder topology. The steps include determining the prototype response, calculating element values, and transforming elements as needed for the desired filter type and frequency scaling. Simulated element circuits are also presented for implementing inductors and simulated inductors using operational amplifiers.

Uploaded by

pagol_23_smh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D.

1
Analog Electronics Spring 2011
Passive and Active Analog Direct Filter Design
Step-by-step direct design of Butterworth filters for passive lowpass, highpass, and
bandpass responses, and simulated element lowpass and highpass responses.
Design Steps




Specification
lowpass

0
|T|
K
0
p

K
p
K
s

highpass

0
K
0
p

K
p
K
s
|T|
bandpass

0

|T|
K
0
1

K
p
K
s
2

K
s
4


Frequency
Transformation

s
s
p


s
p
s



4 3
2 1


0
2
1 2 3 4



Lowpass
Prototype
Specification

|T|
K
0
K
p
K
s
0
s

p
=1


M
M
K
K
s
p

10 1
10 1
01
01
.
.


Butterworth
Order
n
M
s

ln
ln

Round up to an integer.
Minimum
Inductance
Doubly
Terminated
Lossless
Ladder
1
L
2
C
3
C
1
v
i
1


n C
1
L
2
C
3
L
4
C
5

Element values 2 1.414 1.414
for a 3 1.000 2.000 1.000
Butterworth 4 0.7654 1.848 1.848 0.7654
response 5 0.618 1.618 2.000 1.618 0.618
n L
1
C
2
L
3
C
4
L
5

Minimum
Capacitance
Doubly
Terminated
Lossless
Ladder
1
L
1
C
2
v
i
1
L
3

D.2
Analog Electronics Spring 2011

0
or q

0
01
12
1
10 1
p
K
n
p


0
01
12
10 1
s
s
K
n
s

.

0 0 0

p s


q


0
2 1


Prototype
(lowpass)
elements
Highpass
elements
Bandpass
elements

Element
Transformation

L
p

L
p
1
L
p
q
1
L
p
q


C
p


1
C
p

C
p
q
1
C
p
q



R

1/R
Bruton
Transformation
L L

(active only)
C C
Half-power or
Centre Freq.


0 0


0
0




0 1 2

Scaling k
f

0
, choose k
m
for proper element values.
Gain Fixed for passive filters, provide gain or attenuation to meet the
K
0
specification for active filters.
Simulated Element Circuits





Inductor

L
GIC
1 1 1
1
L





FDNR

1
GIC
1 1 D
1
D

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