Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 34 views

    Mareial Complementar Unidade 4 Quimica Organica Gupos Funcionais

    Uploaded by

    epambarba
    This document provides an overview of important functional groups in organic chemistry, including alkyl groups, phenyl and benzyl groups, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, and nitriles. It defines each functional group and provides examples of compounds that contain them. A table at the end summarizes the functional groups and their general structures and names.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Mareial Complementar Unidade 4 Quimica Organica Gupos Funcionais

    Uploaded by

    epambarba
    34 views10 pages
    This document provides an overview of important functional groups in organic chemistry, including alkyl groups, phenyl and benzyl groups, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, and nitriles. It defines each functional group and provides examples of compounds that contain them. A table at the end summarizes the functional groups and their general structures and names.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of important functional groups in organic chemistry, including alkyl groups, phenyl and benzyl groups, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, and nitriles. It defines each functional group and provides examples of compounds that contain them. A table at the end summarizes the functional groups and their general structures and names.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    34 views10 pages

    Mareial Complementar Unidade 4 Quimica Organica Gupos Funcionais

    Uploaded by

    epambarba
    This document provides an overview of important functional groups in organic chemistry, including alkyl groups, phenyl and benzyl groups, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, and nitriles. It defines each functional group and provides examples of compounds that contain them. A table at the end summarizes the functional groups and their general structures and names.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Qumica Orgnica

    GRUPOS FUNCIONAIS
    2.5A ALKYL GROUPS AND THE SYMBOL R

    Alkane
    CH4

    Alkyl group CH3

    Abbreviation Me

    Methane
    CH3CH3

    Methyl group
    CH3CH2 or C2H5

    Ethane
    CH3CH2CH3

    Ethyl group
    CH3CH2CH2

    Et

    Propane
    CH3CH2CH3

    Propyl group CH3 CH3CHCH3 or CH3CH Isopropyl group


    All of these alkyl groups can be designated by R.

    Pr

    Propane

    i-Pr

    2.5B PHENYL AND BENZYL GROUPS


    1. Phenyl group:

    or

    or C H or
    6 5

    or Ph

    or Ar (if ring substituents are present) 2. Benzyl group:

    CH2

    or

    CH2

    or C H CH or Bn
    6 5 2

    2.6

    ALKYL HALIDES OR HALOALKANES


    1

    Qumica Orgnica

    2.6A HALOALKANE
    1. Primary (1), secondary (2), or tertiary (3) alkyl halides:

    1o Carbon H H C H H C H Cl H H C H

    2o Carbon H H C C H H 3C

    3o Carbon CH3 C CH3 Cl

    Cl H

    A 1o alkyl chloride
    2.

    A 2o alkyl chloride

    A 3o alkyl chloride

    Primary (1), secondary (2), or tertiary (3) carbon atoms:

    2.7
    1.

    ALCOHOLS
    Hydroxyl group

    This is the functional group of an alcohol


    2. Alcohols can be viewed in two ways structurally: (1) as hydroxyl derivatives of alkanes and (2) as alkyl derivatives of water.

    Ethyl group H2CH3C CH3CH3 109o H Ethane


    3.

    H O Hydroxyl group 105o H Water O

    Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

    Primary (1), secondary (2), or tertiary (3) alcohols:

    Qumica Orgnica

    1o Carbon H H C H H C H O H

    OH CH2OH

    Ethyl alcohol (a 1o alcohol)

    Geraniol (a 1 alcohol with the odor of roses)


    o

    Benzyl alcohol (a 1o alcohol)

    H H C H

    2o Carbon H H C O C H H OH Menthol (a 2o alcohol found in pepermint oil) OH CH3 3o Carbon OH

    H Isopropyl alcohol (a 2o alcohol)

    CH3 H3C C O H O CH3 tert-Butyl alcohol (a 3o alcohol)

    H H

    H H

    Norethindrone (an oral contraceptive that contains a 3o alcohol group, as well as a ketone group and carbon-carbon double and triple bonds)

    2.8
    1.

    ETHERS
    Ethers can be thought of as dialkyl derivatives of water.

    Qumica Orgnica

    R O R or

    R' O R

    H 3C 110o H 3C Dimethyl ether (a typical ether) O

    General formula for an ether

    H 2C C O C

    CH2

    O O Ethylene oxide Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Two cyclic ethers

    The functional of an ether

    2.9
    1.

    AMINES
    Amines can be thought of as alkyl derivatives of ammonia.

    C6H5CH2CHCH3 NH2 Amphetamine (a dangerous stimulant)

    H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 Putrescine (found in decaying meat)

    H Ammonia
    2.

    H An amine

    Primary (1), secondary (2), or tertiary (3) amines:

    R"

    H A primary (1o) amine

    R' A secondary (2o) amine

    R' A tertiary (3o) amine

    Qumica Orgnica

    H H C H

    H C

    H C H H N H Piperidine (a cyclic 2o amine)

    NH2 Isopropylamine (a 1o amine)

    2.10 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES


    2.10A CARBONYL GROUP

    The carbonyl group

    O
    Aldehyde

    R O

    R may also be H H O O or R' R1 C R2

    Ketone

    or R R

    1.

    Examples of aldehydes and ketones: Aldehydes:

    O C C6H5 H Benzaldehyde

    O C C6H5 H trans-Cinnamaldehyde (present in cinnamon)

    C C H H H3C H Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde

    Qumica Orgnica Ketones:

    O H3C C CH3 H3CH2C

    O C CH3 O Carvone (from spearmint)

    Acetone
    2.

    Ethyl methyl ketone

    Aldehydes and ketones have a trigonal plannar arrangement of groups around the carbonyl carbon atom. The carbon atom is sp2 hybridized.

    H 118o H C

    121o O 121o

    2.11 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMIDES, AND ESTERS


    2.11A CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
    O R C O or RCO2H or RCOOH H
    A carboxylic acid

    O C O or H
    The carboxyl group

    CO2H or

    COOH

    O Formic acid H C O O Acetic acid H 3C C O H or CH3CO2H or CH3COOH H or HCO2H or HCOOH

    Qumica Orgnica

    O Benzoic acid C O or H C6H5CO2H or C6H5COOH

    2.11B AMIDES
    1. Amides have the formulas RCONH2, RCONHR, or RCONRR:

    O H 3C C NH2 Acetamide H 3C C

    O H 3C NHCH3 N-Methylacetamide C

    O NHCH3 CH3 N,N-Dimethylacetamide

    2.11C ESTERS
    1. Esters have the general formula RCO2R (or RCOOR):

    O R C O R'
    General formula for an ester

    or

    RCO2R'

    or

    RCOOR'

    O H 3C C O or CH3CO2CH2CH3 or CH3COOCH 2CH3 R'


    An specific ester called ethyl acetate

    O H3C C O Acetic acid H Ethyl alcohol + HOCH2CH3 H3C C

    O + H2O O CH2CH3

    Ethyl acetate

    Qumica Orgnica

    2.12 NITRILES
    1. The carbon and the nitrogen of a nitrile are sp hybridized. 1) In IUPAC systematic nonmenclature, acyclic nitriles are named by adding the suffix nitrile to the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon.

    H 3C C N Ethanenitrile (acetonitrile) H2C CH C N Propenenitrile (acrylonitrile)


    2)
    3 2 1

    H3CH2CH2C C N Butanenitrile (butyronitrile) H2C HCH2CH2C C 4-Pentenenitrile


    5 4 3 2 1

    Cyclic nitriles are named by adding the suffix carbonitrile to the name of the ring system to which the CN group is attached.

    Benzenecarbonitrile (benzonitrile)

    Cyclohexanecarbonitrile

    Qumica Orgnica

    2.13 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS


    Table 2.3 Important Families of Organic Compounds
    Family Alkane Specific example CH3CH3 IUPAC name Ethane Common name Ethane General formula RH RCH=CH2 RCH=CHR R2C=CHR R2C=CR2 HCCR RCCR ArH Functional group CH and CC bond C C C

    Alkene

    CH2=CH2

    Ethane

    Ethylene

    Alkyne Aromatic

    HC

    CH

    Ethyne Benzene

    Acetylene Benzene

    Aromatic ring

    Haloalkane

    CH3CH2Cl

    Chloroethane

    Ethyl chloride

    RX

    Alcohol

    CH3CH2OH

    Ethanol Methoxymethane Methanamine

    Ethyl alcohol

    ROH

    OH

    Ether

    CH3OCH3

    Dimethyl ether

    ROR RNH2 R2NH R3N O RCH O RCR' O RCOH

    Amine

    CH3NH2 O CH3CH O CH3CCH3 O CH3COH

    Methylamine

    C O C O C C O C

    Aldehyde

    Ethanal

    Acetaldehyde

    H C

    Ketone

    Propanone

    Acetone

    Carboxylic acid

    Ethanoic acid

    Acetic acid

    OH

    Qumica Orgnica O C O C C N N O C

    Ester

    O CH3COCH3 O CH3CNH2 H3CC N

    Methyl ethanoate

    Methyl acetate

    O RCOR' CH3CONH2 CH3CONHR CH3CONRR RCN

    Amide Nitrile

    Ethanamide Ethanenitrile

    Acetamide Acetonitrile

    10

    You might also like