Functions and Their Properties

Restricted Domains
1. y =- 4x - 3
2. y = √(4x - 3)
3. y = 1
4x - 3
4. A(s) = √(3) s2
4
where A(s) is the area of an equilateral triangle
with sides of length s.
5. y = log (2x)
6. y = 4x

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 Finding Range
y= 4
x-1

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 Continuity:
continuous at all x removable discontinuity

jump discontinuity infinite discontinuity

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 A function f is continuous at x = a if lim f(x) = f(a).

A function f is discontinuous at x = a if it is not continuous at x = a.

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 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Increasing Decreasing

Constant Mixed

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 Increasing on an interval if, for any two points in the
interval, a positive change in x results in a positive
change in y.

Decreasing on an interval if, for any two points in

the interval, a positive change in x results in a
negative change in y.

Constant on an interval, if for any two points in the

interval, a positive change in x results in a zero
change in y.

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 Boundedness
Bounded below - if there is a number b less than or equal to
every number in the range of f. That number b is called a lower
bound of f.

Bounded above - if there is a number B greater than or equal to

every number in the range of f. That number B is called an
upper bound of f.

f is bounded if it is bounded both above and below.

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 Look at these examples:
y = 3x2 - 4

y= x
1 + x2

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 Local and Absolute Extrema
Local Maximum
f(c) that is greater than or equal to all of the range values of f on some open interval
containing c.
If f(c) > all of the range values of f, then f(c) is a maximum (or absolute maximum)
value of f.

Local Minimum
f(c) < all of the range values of f on some open interval
containing c.
If f(c) < all of the range values of f, the f(c) is a minimum (or
absolute minimum) value of f.

Local extrema are also called relative extrema

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 Look at the graphs:
y = (x - 1)2 + 4

y = x4 - 7x2 + 6

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 Symmetry
symmetric with respect to the y-axis
even functions
f(-x) = f(x)

symmetric with respect to the origin

odd functions
-f(x) = f(-x)

symmetric with respect to the x-axis

not a function
(x, -y) whenever (x, y)

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 Examples
1. y = -x2 + 5

2. y = x3
4 - x2

3. y = (x - 5)2 + 1

4. y2 = x - 2

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 Asymptotes:
y = 2x2
4 - x2

vertical:

horizontal:

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 horizontal: vertical:
y = b if f(x) → b as x → + ∞ x = a if f(x) → + ∞ as x → a
lim f(x) = b lim f(x) = b lim f(x) = + ∞ lim f(x) = + ∞
x→∞ - x→∞+ x→a- x→a+

y= x
x2 - x - 2

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 End Behavior:
1. y = 3x
x2 + 1

2. y = 3x2
x2 + 1

3. y = 3x3
x2 + 1

4. y = 3x4
x2 + 1

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 12 Basic Functions
f(x) = x f(x) = x2 f(x) = x3 f(x) = 1
x

f(x) = x f(x) = ex f(x) = ln x f(x) = sin x

f(x) = cos x f(x) = |x| f(x) = int (x) f(x) = 1

1 + e-x

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 Look at the
1. domain and range
2. continuity
3. boundedness
4. symmetry

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 Practice domain and range:
1. f(x) = x2 - 5 2. f(x) = |x - 4| 3. h(x) = ln(x + 6)

4. f(x) = 1 + 3 5. m(x) = int (x/2) 6. p(x) = (x + 3)2

x

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 Find
a. the interval where it is increasing or decreasing
b. even, odd, neither
c. extrema
1. f(x) = √(x - 10) 2. f(x) = 4sin x 3. f(x) = 3

1 + e-x
4. q(x) = ex + 2 5. f(x) = |x| - 10 6. f(x) = 4 cos x

7. m(x) = |x - 2| 8. f(x) = 2 - |x|

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 Graphs
Translations
horizontal y = f(x - c) y = (x + 2)2 - 4
y = f(x + c)

vertical y = f(x) + c
y = f(x) - c

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 Reflections
x-axis (x, y) → (x, -y)
y-axis (x, y) → (-x, y)

Find the equation of the reflection of

y = 5x - 9
x2 + 3
across the x-axis and the y-axis.

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 Vertical and Horizontal Stretches and Shrinks
horizontal stretches and shrinks
y = f(cx) if c < 1, stretches horizontal by a factor of 1/c
if c > 1, shrinks horizontal by a factor of 1/c

vertical stretches and shrinks

y = cf(x) if c > 1, stretches vertical by a factor of c
if c < 1, shrinks vertical by a factor of c

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 Example:
f(x) = x3 - 16x
a. find an equation that is a vertical stretch of f(x) by a factor of 3

b. find an equation that is a horizontal shrink of f(x) by a factor of ½

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 Combine the Transformations
y = x2
horizontal shift 2 to the right
vertical stretch by a factor of 3
vertical translation 5 units up

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 What transformations are taking place and in what order?
1. y = 2 + 3 f(x + 1) 2. y = -f(x + 1) + 1

3. y = f(2x) 4. y = 2f(x - 1) + 2

5. y = 3f(2x - 1) + 4

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