Rectilinear Motion Using Integration

Solutions To Selected Problems

Calculus 9
th
Edition Anton, Bivens, Davis
Matthew Staley
November 15, 2011
1. A particle moves along an s-axis. Use the given information to nd the position
function of the particle.
(a) v(t) = 3t
2
2t; s(0) = 1
s(t) =
_
v(t) dt =
_
3t
2
2t dt = t
3
t
2
+ C
s(0) = 0
3
0
2
+ C = 1
C = 1
s(t) = t
3
t
2
+ 1
(b) a(t) = 3 sin(3t); v(0) = 3; s(0) = 3
v(t) =
_
a(t) dt =
_
3 sin(3t) dt = cos(3t) + C
v(0) = cos(0) + C = 3
1 + C = 3
C = 4
v(t) = cos(4t) + 4
s(t) =
_
v(t) dt =
_
(cos(3t) + 4) dt =
1
3
sin(3t) + 4t + C
s(0) =
1
3
sin(0) + 4(0) + C = 3
C = 3
s(t) =
1
3
sin(3t) + 4t + 3
1
(c) a(t) = 2t
3
; v(1) = 0; s(1) = 0
v(t) =
_
2t
3
dt =
2t
2
2
+ C = t
2
+ C
v(1) = (1)
2
+ C = 0
1 + C = 0
C = 1
v(t) = t
2
+ 1
s(t) =
_
(t
2
+ 1) dt =
t
1
1
+ t + C = t
1
+ t + C
s(1) = 1
1
+ 1 + C = 2
2 + C = 2
C = 0
s(t) = t
1
+ t
2. A particle moves with a velocity of v(t) m/s along an s-axis. Find the displace-
ment and the distance traveled by the particle during the given time interval.
(a) v(t) = sin(t); 0 t

2
Total displacement over the time interval is given by:
_
/2
0
v(t) dt =
_
/2
0
sin(t) dt
= cos(t)|
/2
0
= (cos(/2) cos(0)) = (0 1) = 1
Note that sin(t) 0 over this interval so that |v(t)| = | sin(t)| = sin(t).
Thus, the distance traveled is still
_
/2
0
sin(t) dt = 1
2
(b) v(t) = cos(t);

2
t 2
Total displacement is given by:
_
2
/2
cos(t) dt = sin(t)|
2
/2
= sin(2) sin(/2) = 0 1 = 1
Now |v(t)| = | cos(t)| is both positive and negative over this interval.
(Draw a graph of cos(t) to help see this).
| cos(t)| =
_
cos(t)

2
t
3
2
cos(t)
3
2
t 2
So the total distance traveled is given by:
_
2
/2
| cos(t)| dt =
_
3/2
/2
(cos(t)) dt +
_
2
3/2
cos(t) dt
= sin(t)|
3/2
/2
+ sin(t)|
2
3/2
=
_
sin
_
3
2
_
sin
_

2
_
_
+
_
sin(2) sin
_
3
2
__
= (1 1) + (0 (1))
= (2) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
3
3. A particle moves along with acceleration a(t) m/s
2
along an s-axis and has
velocity v
0
m/s at time t = 0. Find the displacement and the distance traveled
by the particle during the given time interval.
a(t) = 3; v
0
= 1; 0 t 2
Note that this is constant acceleration, so we automatically know that
v(t) = 1 + 3t
Now the total displacement is given by:
_
2
0
(1 + 3t) dt = t +
3
2
t
2

2
0
=
_
2 +
3
2
(2)
2
_

_
0 +
3
2
0
2
_
= (2 + 3(2)) 0 = 2 + 6 = 4
Now we must analyze |v(t)| = | 1 + 3t|, where 1 + 3t is a line which is zero
at t =
1
3
4
| 1 + 3t| =
_
(1 + 3t) = 1 3t 0 t
1
3
1 + 3t
1
3
t 2
So the Total distance traveled is given by:
_
2
0
| 1 + 3t| dt =
_
1/3
0
(1 3t) dt +
_
2
1/3
(1 + 3t) dt
=
_
t
3
2
t
2

1/3
0
_
+
_
t +
3
2
t
2

2
1/3
_
=
_
1
3

3
2
_
1
3
_
2
_
+
_
2 +
3
2
(2)
2
_

1
3
+
3
2
_
1
3
_
2
_
=
1
3

3
2

1
9
2 + 6 +
1
3

1
6
=
2
3

2
6
+ 4
=
1
3
+ 4 =
1 + 12
3
=
13
3
5
4. In each part, use the given information to nd the position, velocity, speed,
and acceleration at time t = 1.
(a)
v(t) = sin(t/2) s = 0. when t = 0
v(1) = sin(/2) = 1
v(1) = 1
a(t) = v

(t) =

2
cos(t/2)
a(1) =

2
cos(/2) =

2
(0) = 0
a(1) = 0
s(t) =
_
sin(t/2) dt =
2

cos(t/2) + C
s(0) =
2

cos(0) + C = 0
C =
2

s(t) =
2

cos(t/2) +
2

s(1) =
2

cos(/2) +
2

= 0 +
2

=
2

s(1) =
2

6
5. Suppose at time t = 0 a particle is at the origin of an x-axis and has a veloc-
ity of v
0
= 25 cm/s. For the rst 4 seconds thereafter it has no acceleration,
and then it is acted on by a retarding force that produces a constant negative
acceleration of a = 10 cm/s
2
.
(a) Sketch the acceleration versus time curve over the interval 0 t 12.
(b) Sketch the velocity versus time curve over the time interval 0 t 12.
7
To determine the line 10t +65 in part (b) above, we know that the slope
at t = 4 is -10 as the acceleration there is -10. We also need the point at
t = 4. Since the velocity is always 25 for the rst four seconds, we have
the point (4,25). Using the point-slope formula we get:
y 25 = 10(x 4)
y = 10x + 40 + 25
y = 10x + 65 for t 4
(c) Find the x-coordinate of the particle at times t = 8 seconds and t = 12.
First nd the function s(t) =
_
v(t) dt, where v(t) =
_
25 0 t 4
10t + 25 4 t 12
s(t) =
_
25 dt = 25t + C
s(0) = 25(0) + C = 0
C = 0
s(t) = 25t 0 t 4
s(t)
_
65 10t dt = 65t 5t
2
+ C
s(4) = 100 from the above formula, s(t) = 25t
65(4) 5(4)
2
+ C = 100
260 5(16) + C = 100
180 + C = 100
C = 80
s(t) = 64t 5t
2
80 4 t 12
8
Now we can nd s(8) and s(12):
s(8) = 65(8) 5(8)
2
80
= 520 320 80 = 200 80 = 120
s(8) = 120
s(12) = 65(12) 5(12)
2
80
= 780 720 80 = 60 80 = 20
s(12) = 20
(d) What is the maximum x-coordinate of the particle over the time interval
0 t 12? This occurs when
s

(t) = v(t) = 0
65 10t = 0
10t = 65
t = 65/10 = 6.5
9
6. Spotting a police car, you hit the brakes on your new Porsche to reduce your
speed to from 90 mi/h to 60 mi/h at a constant rate over a distance of 200
feet. (Note that 88 ft/sec = 60 mi/h. So 1 mi/h = 22/15 ft/sec).
(a) Find the acceleration in ft/s
2
.
We need to rst nd the v(t) and s(t) functions.
a(t) = a
0
(constant)
v(t) =
_
a
0
dt = a
0
t + v
0
v
0
= 90
mi
h
= 90
_
22
15
ft
sec
_
= 6(22)
ft
sec
= 132
ft
sec
v(t) = a
0
t + 132
s(t) =
_
v(t) dt =
_
a
0
t + 132 dt
= a
0
t
2
2
+ 132t + s
0
s
0
= 0 (given)
s(t) =
1
2
a
0
t
2
+ 132t
Now we use the fact that at s = 200, we have
v(t) = 60mi/h = 88ft/sec
88 = a
0
t + 132
44 = a
0
t

44
a
0
= t
10
Now substitute this value of t into the equation s(t) = 200 =
1
2
a
0
t
2
+ 132
200 =
1
2
a
0
_
44
a
0
_
2
+ 132
_
44
a
0
_
200 =
a
0
2
_
1936
a
2
0
_

5808
a
0
200 =
968
a
0

5808
a
0
200 =
4840
a
0
200a
0
= 4840
a
0
=
4840
200
a(t) = a
0
=
121
5
v(t) =
121
5
t + 132
s(t) =
121
5
t
2
2
+ 132t =
121
10
t
2
+ 132t = 12.1t
2
+ 132t
(b) How long does it take for you to reduce your speed to 55 mi/h?
Since our equations are in ft/sec, convert 55
mi
h
= 55
_
22
15
ft
sec
_
=
242
3
ft
sec
.
Now solve using the velocity function:
242
3
=
121
5
t + 132
242
3
132 =
121
5
t
242 396
3
=
121
5
t
_

154
3
__

5
121
_
= t
(2)(7)(11)(5)
(3)(11)(11)
= t
t =
70
33
11
(c) At the acceleration obtained in part (a), how long would it take for you
to bring your Porsche to a complete stop from 90 mi/h ?
We are asked to nd at what time t is v(t) = 0?

121
5
t + 132 = 0

121
5
t = 132
t = 132
5
121
t =
(11)(12)(5)
(11)(11)
t =
60
11
sec 5.45 sec
7. A projectile is launched vertically upward from ground level with an initial
velocity of v
0
= 112 ft/s.
(a) Find the velocity at t = 3 and t = 5.
Take gravity to be the acceleration a = 32 ft/s
2
so we have
v(t) = v
0
+ at = 112 32t
v(3) = 112 32(3) = 112 96 = 16 ft/s
v(5) = 112 32(5) = 112 160 = 48 ft/s
(b) How high will the projectile rise?
Solve v(t) = 0 for t to nd the time when the particle stops rising
to turn around and fall back. This will the time at which the particle is
at its highest.
12
112 32t = 0
112 = 32t
t =
112
32
=
7
2
Now we need the actual position function s(t) and then nd s(7/2):
s(t) =
_
v(t) dt =
_
112 32t dt = 112t 16t
2
+ s
0
(s
0
= 0)
s(t) = 112t 16t
2
s(7/2) = 112
7
2
16
_
7
2
_
2
= 56(7) 16
49
4
= 392 196 = 196 ft
(c) Find the speed of the projectile when it hits the ground.
Find when s(t) = 0 for t to nd out the time when it hits the ground.
Then nd |v(t)| at this time to nd its speed upon impact.
16t
2
+ 112t = 0
t(16t 112) = 0
t = 0 Initial starting time, disregard
6t 112 = 0
16t = 112
t = 112/16 = 7
v(7) = 32(7) + 112 = 224 + 112 = 112
So the speed upon impact is 112ft/s
13