Personality

liudexiang

Overview
Personality Psychodynamic theories Humanistic personality theories Personality assessment

Personality
An individuals unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations.

Psychodynamic theories
Personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness.

Unconscious theory
Conscious Freuds first level of awareness, consisting of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of which people are aware. Preconscious Freuds second level of awareness, consisting of the mental activities of which people gain awareness by attending to them. Unconscious Freuds third level of awareness, consisting of the mental activities beyond peoples normal awareness.

Personality structure
Id: In Freuds theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression. Pleasure principle : According to Freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct.

Personality structure
Ego : Freuds term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands, conscious, and instinctual need; now often used as a synonym for self. Reality principle : According to Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world.

Personality structure
Super ego : According to Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscious and the ego ideal. Ego ideal: The part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be.

Personality structure

How personality develops

Libido : According to Freud, the energy generated by sexual instinct. Fixation : According to Freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individuals psychosexual development.

How personality develops

Oral stage : First stage in Freuds theory of personality development, in which the infants erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue. Anal stage : Second stage in Freuds theory of personality development, in which a childs erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination.

How personality develops

Phallic stage : Third stage in Freuds theory of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals. Oedipus complex and Electra complex: According to Freud, a childs sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage.

How personality develops

Latency period : In Freuds theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex. Genital stage : In Freuds theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality.

Carl Jung
Personal unconscious : In Jungs theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious; it contains the individuals repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas. Collective unconscious : The level of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species.

Carl Jung
Archetype : In Jungs theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious. Persona : According to Jung, our public self, the mask we wear to represent ourselves to others.

Carl Jung
Extrovert : According to Jung, a person who usually focuses on social life and the external world instead of on his or her internal experience. Introvert : A person who usually focuses on his or her own thoughts and feelings.

Alfred Adler
Compensation : According to Adler, the persons effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses. Inferiority : In Adlers theory, the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis.

Humanistic personality theories

Any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning.

Humanistic personality theories

Actualizing tendency: According to Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming.

Humanistic personality theories

Self-actualizing tendency: According to Rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts, or the images they have of themsevles.

Humanistic personality theories

Unconditional positive regard: In Rogers theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of his or her behavior. Conditional positive regard: In Rogers theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on anothers behaving in certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions.

Personality assessment
The personal interview Direct observation Objective tests Projective tests

Objective tests
Personality tests that are administered and scored in a standard way. Sixteen personality factor questionaire (16PF) : Objective personality test created by Cattell that provides scores on the 16 traits he identified.

Objective tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) : The most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The test itself consists of a series of 567 items to which a person responds true, false, or cannot say. The questions cover a variety of issues, ranging from mood to opinions to physical and psychological health.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

1. I feel useless at times. 2. People should try to understand their dreams. 3. I am bothered by an upset stomach several times a week. 4. I have strange and peculiar thoughts.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

5. I get along well with others. 6. Sometimes I hear voices telling me to do bad things. 7. At times I am full of energy. 8. I am afraid of losing my mind. 9. Everyone hates me .

Projective tests
Personality tests : Personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material.

Rorschach Test
A projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personlity.

Thematic Apperception Test

A projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story.

The end