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Advanced and Modern Materials

The document discusses different types of atomic bonding including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and secondary bonding. Ionic bonding occurs between cations and anions through the transfer of electrons and results in strong electrostatic attraction. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativity. Secondary bonding arises from interactions between dipoles such as fluctuating or permanent dipoles in liquids and polymers. The type of bonding influences material properties such as melting temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion.

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Sachin Rane
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88 views10 pages

Advanced and Modern Materials

The document discusses different types of atomic bonding including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and secondary bonding. Ionic bonding occurs between cations and anions through the transfer of electrons and results in strong electrostatic attraction. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativity. Secondary bonding arises from interactions between dipoles such as fluctuating or permanent dipoles in liquids and polymers. The type of bonding influences material properties such as melting temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion.

Uploaded by

Sachin Rane
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/27/2012

Classification :
1. 2. 3. Metals : Material which are bonded by metallic bonds. Polymers : Organic compounds with large molecular structures. Ceramics : Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements.

AdvancedandModernMaterials 1)Semiconductors 2)BioMaterials 3)Piezoelectricmaterials 4)SmartorIntelligentmaterials 5) NanoMaterials

1/27/2012

AtomicBonding

Ionicbond
Thisprimarybondexistsbetweentwoatomswhentransfer ofelectron(s)resultsinoneoftheatomstobecomenegative (hasanextraelectron)andanotherpositive(haslostan electron). ThisbondisadirectconsequenceofstrongCoulomb attractionbetweenchargedatoms. Basicallyionicbondsarenondirectionalinnature.

1/27/2012

IonicBonding
Occursbetween+and ions. Requireselectrontransfer. Largedifferenceinelectronegativityrequired. PredominantbondinginCeramics

unstable electron

unstable

cation stable

+
Coulombic Attraction

anion stable

Examples:IonicBonding
NaCl MgO CaF2 CsCl

Giveupelectrons

Acquireelectrons
6

FromFig.2.7,CallistersMaterialsScienceandEngineering,AdaptedVersion. (Fig.2.7isadaptedfromLinusPauling,TheNatureoftheChemicalBond,3rdedition,Copyright1939and1940,3rd edition.Copyright1960byCornellUniversity.

1/27/2012

IonicBonding
Energy minimumenergymoststable
Energybalanceofattractive andrepulsive terms
RepulsiveenergyER

Interatomicseparationr NetenergyEN

AttractiveenergyEA

EN =EA +ER =

A r

B rn

1/27/2012

2.14

E0

CovalentBonding

1/27/2012

similarelectronegativity shareelectrons bondsdeterminedbyvalence s &p orbitalsdominatebonding Example:CH4

C:has4valencee, needs4more H:has1valencee, needs1more Electronegativities arecomparable.

CH 4

sharedelectrons fromcarbonatom

H sharedelectrons fromhydrogen atoms

PrimaryBonding
IonicCovalentMixedBonding %ioniccharacter =
( X A X B )2 x ( 100 %) 4 1 e

whereXA &XB arePaulingelectronegativities


Ex:MgO XMg =1.2 XO =3.5

( 3.51.2 ) 4 % ionic character = 1 e

x (100%) = 73.35% ionic


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1/27/2012

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SECONDARYBONDING
Arisesfrominteractionbetweendipoles Fluctuatingdipoles

asymmetricelectron clouds

ex:liquidH2 H2

H2 H H

secondary bonding

secondary bonding

Permanentdipolesmoleculeinduced

generalcase: ex:liquidHCl ex:polymer

+ H

Cl

secondary bonding secondary bonding

+ H

Cl

secondarybonding
15

1/27/2012

HF(19.4C)havinghigherboilingtemperaturethanHCl(85C) Why?

PropertiesFromBonding:Tm
Bondlength,r MeltingTemperature,Tm Energy r Bondenergy,Eo Energy r

o smallerTm largerTm

unstretchedlength o Eo = bondenergy

Tm islargerifEo islarger.

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1/27/2012

PropertiesFromBonding:
Coefficientofthermalexpansion, length, L o coeff.thermalexpansion L Lo

unheated,T 1 L heated,T 2
~symmetryatro Energy unstretchedlength r o

= ( T 2 T 1 )

islargerifEo issmaller.

Eo Eo

smaller larger
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Ceramics

Largebondenergy

(Ionic&covalentbonding):

largeTm largeE small


Variablebondenergy

Metals

(Metallicbonding):

moderateTm moderateE moderate


DirectionalProperties

Polymers

(Covalent&Secondary):

Secondarybondingdominates smallTm smallE large

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