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Hydrologic Analysis: 6 Lectures

This module introduces watershed concepts, rainfall-runoff analysis, hydrograph analysis, and unit hydrograph theory. Topics covered include watershed characteristics and management, rainfall-runoff using the Rational Method, hydrograph analysis using relations, recession/baseflow separation, and the unit hydrograph theory using gauged, S-curve, and synthetic methods. The objective is to understand watersheds and how rainfall produces runoff.

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Sathish Selva
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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69 views

Hydrologic Analysis: 6 Lectures

This module introduces watershed concepts, rainfall-runoff analysis, hydrograph analysis, and unit hydrograph theory. Topics covered include watershed characteristics and management, rainfall-runoff using the Rational Method, hydrograph analysis using relations, recession/baseflow separation, and the unit hydrograph theory using gauged, S-curve, and synthetic methods. The objective is to understand watersheds and how rainfall produces runoff.

Uploaded by

Sathish Selva
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3 6 Lectures

Hydrologic Analysis
Prof. Subhankar Karmakar IIT Bombay

Objective of this module is to introduce the watershed concepts, rainfall-runoff, hydrograph analysis and unit hydrograph theory.

Module 3

Topics to be covered
Watershed concepts Characteristics of watershed Watershed management

Rainfall-runoff Rational Method Hydrograph analysis Hydrograph relations Recession and Base flow separation Net storm rainfall and the hydrograph Time- Area method
Module 3

Topics to be covered
(contd..)
Unit hydrograph theory Derivation of UH : Gauged watershed S-curve method Discrete convolution equation

Synthetic unit hydrograph Snyders method SCS method

Module 3

Module 3

Lecture 1: Watershed and rainfall-runoff relationship

Watershed concepts
The watershed is the basic unit used in most hydrologic calculations relating to water balance or computation of

rainfall-runoff The watershed boundary (Divide)

defines a contiguous area, such that the net rainfall or runoff over that area
Watershed boundary

will contribute to the outlet The rainfall that falls outside the

Watershed diagram

watershed boundary will not contribute to runoff at the outlet


Module 3

Watershed concepts
Watersheds are characterized in general, by one main channel and by tributaries that drain into main channel at one or more confluence points A divide or drainage divide is the line drawn through the highest elevated points within a watershed
Divide

Contd

River

stream

Divide forms the limits of a single watershed and the boundary between two or more watersheds

Sub-catchment or Sub-basin

Module 3

Watershed concepts

Contd

A water divide is categorized into:1. Surface water divide highest elevation line between basins (watersheds) that defines the perimeter and sheds water into adjacent basins, and, 2. Subsurface water divide which refers to faults, folds, tilted geologic strata (rock layers), etc., that cause sub-surface flow to move in one direction or the other.

Surface water divide

Subsurface water divide

Module 3

Characteristics of watershed
Size:
It helps in computing parameters like rainfall

received, retained, amount of runoff etc.

Shape: Based on the morphological parameters such as geological


structure eg. peer or elongated

Slope: Reflects the rate of change of elevation with distance along the
main channel and controls the rainfall distribution and movement

Drainage: Determines the flow characteristics and the erosion behavior Soil type: Determines the infiltration rates that can occur for the area

Module 3

Characteristics of watershed

Contd

Land use and land cover: It can affect the overland flow of the
rainwater with the improve in urbanization and increased pavements.

Main channel and tributary characteristics: It can effect the stream


flow response in various ways such as slope, cross-sectional area, Mannings roughness coefficient, presence of obstructions and channel condition

Physiography: Lands altitude and physical disposition

Socio-economics: Depends on the standard of living of the people and


it is important in managing water
Module 3

Watershed Management
A watershed management approach is one that considers the watershed as a whole, rather than separate parts of the watershed in isolation Managing the water and other natural resources is an effective and efficient way to sustain the local economy and environmental health Watershed management helps reduce flood damage, decrease the loss of green space, reduce soil erosion and improve water quality Watershed planning brings together the people within the watershed, regardless of political boundaries, to address a wide array of resource management issues

Module 3

Principles for Watershed Management


Use an ecological approach that would recover and maintain the biological diversity, ecological Function, and defining characteristics of natural ecosystems Recognize that humans are part of ecosystems-they shape and are shaped by the natural systems: the sustainability of ecological and societal systems are mutually dependent Adopt a management approach that recognizes ecosystems and institutions are characteristically heterogeneous in time and space Integrate sustained economic and community activity into the management of ecosystems

Module 3

Principles for Watershed Management

Contd

Provide for ecosystem governance at appropriate ecological and institutional scales Use adaptive management as the mechanism for achieving both desired outcomes and new understandings regarding ecosystem conditions Integrate the best science available into the decision-making process, while continuing scientific research to reduce uncertainties Implement ecosystem management principles through government and non-government plans and activities coordinated

Develop a shared vision of desired human and environmental conditions

Module 3

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