v

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE

(TPR) TO ENHANCE STUDENTS VOCABULARY MASTERY
(AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT THE SEVENTH GRADE
OF SMP N 3 AJIBARANG) IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2009/2010
A THESIS
Written by:
Nofra Ilwana
X2208530
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA
2010
vi
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
(TPR) TO ENHANCE STUDENTS VOCABULARY MASTERY
(AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT THE SEVENTH GRADE
OF SMP N 3 AJIBARANG) IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2009/2010
A THESIS
Written by:
Nofra Ilwana
X2208530
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA
2010
vi
i
i
CONSULTANT APPROVAL
This thesis has been approved by the consultants to be examined by the
Board of Thesis Examiners of the English Department of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University.
Surakarta, October 2010
Consultant I Consultant II
Drs. Suparno, M.Pd. Teguh Sarosa SS M.Hum.
NIP. 19511127 198601 1 001 NIP. 19730205 200604 1 001
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ii
iii
This thesis has been approved by the Board of Thesis Examiners of English
Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret
University, and accepted as one of the requirement for getting an Undergraduate
Degree of Education in English.
Day : Wednesday
Date : October 27, 2010
The Board of Examiners:
Chairman:
Drs. Martono, M.A. ( )
NIP. 19600301 198803 1 004
Secretary
Endang Setyaningsih, S.Pd., M.Hum. ( )
NIP. 19800513 200312 2 002
Examiner I
Drs. Suparno, M.Pd ( )
NIP. 19511127 198601 1 001
Examiner II
Teguh Sarosa, SS., M.Hum. ( )
NIP. 19730205 200604 1 001
Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Sebelas Maret University
Dean
ix
Prof. Dr. H. M. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd.
NIP. 19600727 198702 1 001
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ABSTRACT
Nofra Ilwana. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
(TPR) TO ENHANCE STUDENTS VOCABULARY MASTERY (AN
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT THE SEVENTH GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 3
AJIBARANG) IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2009/2010. A Thesis. Surakarta. Teacher
Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University. October. 2010.
The aims of this research are: (1) to identify whether Total Physical
Response could improve students vocabulary mastery of SMP N 3 Ajibarang in
academic year 2009/2010, (2) to find out which method is more effective to
enhance students vocabulary mastery of junior high school students, Total
Physical Response or Grammar Translation Method.
This study used an experimental research. This research was conducted
from March 23, 2010 to April 29, 2010. The population of this research was all
the seventh grade of SMP N 3 Ajibarang in 2009/2010 academic year. The writer
took the sample by using cluster random sampling in which the students were
divided into two groups, 34 students belong to the experimental group and 36
students belong to the control group. The research instruments used to collect the
data in this study were test and documentation. The result of test was the students
scores of the experimental and the control group. The data, then, were analyzed by
using t-test formula.
The data analysis of the research showed that (1) there was a
significant difference in vocabulary achievement between students taught by Total
Physical Response and those taught by Grammar Translation Method, (2) the
group taught by Total Physical Response had a better achievement in vocabulary
mastery than those taught by Grammar Translation Method. The result of
x
computation showed that the t-observation (t
o
) is 4.20. The critical value for the
significance level of = 0.05 with the degree freedom (df) = 68 was 1.67. Since
the obtained t-value (4.20) was higher than the theoretical value (1.67) or t
observation
was higher than t
table
(t
o
>t
t
), there was a significant difference between the
students taught using TPR (experimental group) and those taught using GTM
(control group). Besides, the writer found that the mean scores of two groups were
different. The experimental group got a better mean score of the post test (7.76)
compared to the control group who got (6.58), Total Physical Response (TPR)
could enhance students vocabulary mastery than Grammar Translation Method
(GTM). So, the writer concludes that the use of Total Physical Response (TPR)
enhances students vocabulary mastery especially for the seventh grade of SMP N
3 Ajibarang in the academic year 2009/2010. It means that Total Physical
Response is more effective than the use of Grammar Translation Method (GTM).
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MOTTO
To be a good teacher, I have to be a good learner.
(Anonim)
Allah tidak akan membebani seseorang melainkan sesuai dengan
kesanggupannya.
(QS Al-Baqarah: 286)
Dont give up, Keep in struggle, Run break through hesitation.
(Writer)
Karena sesungguhnya sesudah kesulitan itu ada kemudahan.
(QS Al-Insyirah: 6)
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ACKNOWLEDMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin... Praise be to Alloh the Almighty who has
given the writer His blessing so that she can finally finish this thesis as a partial
fulfillment in achieving the Undergraduate Degree of Education in English.
The writer realizes that this thesis could not be completed without the help
and guidance from others. Therefore, she would give her appreciation to the
individuals and institutions who have given their help during the process of
writing so that this thesis is finally finished. She would like to express her deepest
gratitude to the following:
1. Prof. Dr. M. Furqon Hidayatullah, M. Pd, the Dean of Teacher
Training and Education Faculty.
2. Drs. Suparno, M. Pd, the Head of the Art and Language Education
Department and the writers first consultant for his guidance and
advice.
3. Drs. Martono, M. A, the Head of the English Department of Teacher
Training and Education Faculty.
4. Teguh Sarosa, SS., M. Hum, as the writers second consultant for his
guidance and advice.
5. Drs. H. Abdul Aziz S., M. Pd, the Headmaster of SMP Negeri 3
Ajibarang for facilitating the writer in doing the research.
6. Suriani, S.Pd, the English teacher of the seventh grade who has
helped her in doing this study.
7. The seventh grade students of SMP negeri 3 Ajibarang for
participating well in this research.
8. Her beloved Mom, Dad, Grandmother, and Grandfather for their
care, prayer, and love; her elder brother (Wendi) and younger sister
(Devi) for their support and motivation.
9. Her lovely ones for their care, motivation, and love.
10. Her lovely friends 2008 teacher qualification program in the English
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Department.
11. Her beloved friends in Wisma Tisanda 1 (Puji, Heli, Tia, Evi, Geti,
Lina, Kriana, Winda, Bening, etc) who always motivate and
accompany her during this beatiful moment.
The writer also thanks everyone who gave their help and support. She
realizes that this thesis still has mistakes and weaknesses. Therefore, she accepts
gratefully every suggestion, criticism, and comment from those who concern to
this thesis. Hopefully, this thesis will give contribution and be useful for the
readers, especially those who are interested in the similar study.
Surakarta, October 2010
The writer
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Learning English means learning the elements and skills in the language.
Vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and spelling are language elements, while
language skills are listening, writing, reading and speaking. In the process of
learning a foreign language, the ability to understand the language greatly depends
on ones knowledge of vocabulary besides the other elements of language itself.
Vocabulary is one of the important language elements that learners must master.
The learner who has more words has better chance in practicing English. In other
word, they can more easily master reading, listening, speaking, and writing.
McCarthy (1990: viii) states that the biggest component of any language course is
vocabulary. In addition, Nunan (1998: 117) states that in the early stages of
learning and using a second language, one is better served by vocabulary than
grammar. This reason is strongly supported by Rivers (1983: 125) in Nunan
(1998: 117) who argues that the acquisition of an adequate vocabulary is essential
for successful second language use because without an extensive vocabulary, we
will be unable to use the structure and functions. We may have learned for
comprehensible communication.
From the discussion above, it can be said that the main point of learning
language especially learning English is vocabulary because vocabulary influences
the ability of students in learning English. If students have mastered vocabulary
well, they can learn the elements and skills in the language easily.
Teaching vocabulary, like teaching English elements in general, involves
some elements working together in interdependency to achieve its goal. Teacher,
learner, material, and method are some elements that give great contribution to the
successful teaching-learning process. But the teacher and the method are often
said as the important aspects to cause the success or failure of the teaching-
learning process. The teacher, as one of the primary keys on the success of
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teaching-learning process has some duties to guide, motivate, encourage, and
activate the students to use the target language (English). To be successful, a
teacher needs some kinds of support as stated by Brumfit (1997: vii) as follows:
First, the teacher needs language. Basic competence is essential.
Secondly, of course, the teacher needs competence in primary teaching
methodology. The skills necessary for teaching at this level are very
different from those needs elsewhere in the education system.
Actually, there are many methods and approaches that can be used by
teacher to teach the material, especially vocabulary. Many new methods and
approaches have been invented in the recent years and each proposes the most
effective method in the teaching-learning process.
To learn and master vocabulary, the learners need appropriate method
and appropriate material. Based on pre observation in Junior High Schools, some
English teachers still use a traditional method for all materials. The teacher
presents the material by focusing on grammar rules, memorizing vocabulary,
translating text, and doing written exercises. Reading, structure, and writing are
the primary skills that the students work on, by giving little attention to speak and
listen. Actually, this method adopts the classical method that is well known as
Grammar Translation Method. It is derived from traditional approaches to the
teaching of Latin and Greek in the nineteenth century. It is a way of studying a
language that approaches the language first thought detailed analysis of its
grammar rules, followed by application of this knowledge through the task of
translating sentences and text into and out of the target language (Richards and
Rodgers, 2001: 5). In addition, Larsen and Freeman (2000: 4) state that Grammar
Translation Method is used for the purpose of helping students read and
appreciate foreign language literature. The major characteristic of Grammar
Translation Method is a focus on learning the rules of grammar and their
application in translation passages from one language into the other. Vocabulary
in the target language is learned through direct translation from the native
language (http://www.nthuleen.com/papers/720report.html in March 2010).
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Those conditions result in the following: 1) some students will forget the
material easily because they are not active during learning process or involved in
learning process directly; 2) there are no good atmosphere and environment of
learning process in the class because there is no interaction or response between
students and teacher. The students just sit in their chairs and listen to teachers
explanation. It will make students bored. They do not enjoy the learning process,
as strongly supported by Harmer (2007: 84) who states that the students must be
encouraged to respond to texts and situations with their own thoughts and
experiences, rather than just answering questions and doing abstract learning
activities. The teacher must give them tasks which they are able to do, rather than
risk humiliating them.
Over the years, many different approaches have been created and
studied. Some have been developed by educational researchers by investigating
the learning process. Other approaches have been developed by classroom
teachers experimenting with their own teaching to solve specific classroom
problems (Arends, 1997: 6). Thus the effectiveness of teaching English focusing
on grammatical rule is not considered anymore.
In 1960s Dr. James J. Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State
University, California, developed a method. It is a teaching technique that teacher
uses to instruct students who are in the process of learning a second or foreign
language. This approach, called the Total Physical Response or TPR, introduces
the language through the use of commands (imperative sentences) and has
students demonstrate their understanding through action responses. Asher (1977)
as quoted by Richard (2001: 73) states that Total Physical Response (TPR) is A
language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action; it
attempts to teach language through physical (motor) activity.
It can be simply said that Total Physical Response is a language learning
method which is built around the coordination of command, speech, action, and
attempts to teach language through physical activity.
Asher also claims that speech directed to young children or students
consists primarily of commands, and then children or students will respond
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physically before they begin to produce verbal response or speech. It is based on
the way that children learn their mother tongue. Parents have body language
conversation with their children. The parents instruct and the child physically
responds to this. This method of course will make students feel interested in
learning English in a different way.
Total Physical Response (TPR) is supposed to give more effective result
than Grammar Translation Method in terms of the students vocabulary
achievement. To support this assumption, the writer tries to test the effectiveness
of Total Physical Response to enhance students vocabulary mastery.
B. Problem Identification
Based on the background of the study above, there are some problems
which can be identified as follows:
1. Is the use of TPR effective to improve students English vocabulary
significantly better than the use of Grammar Translation Method?
2. Could TPR create a good atmosphere in the class?
3. Could TPR create a good environment in teaching-learning process?
4. What problems occur during the implementation of TPR in teaching
vocabulary?
5. Could students use vocabulary appropriately?
6. Could students understand the meaning of vocabulary so they can use it
properly?
7. Could students spell words correctly so they can speak and read well?
8. Do students enjoy the learning process through Total Physical Response?
9. Is the use of Total Physical Response effective to enhance Students
vocabulary mastery?
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C. Problem Limitation
The scopes of these problems are too large to study. It is nearly
impossible to study all of these problems. For that reason, the problems are
limited on the effectiveness of TPR in teaching vocabulary for junior high school
students of SMP N 3 Ajibarang, especially the seventh grade students.
D. Problem Formulation
1. Is there a significant difference in vocabulary mastery achievement between
the students taught by Total Physical Response and those taught by Grammar
Translation Method?
2. Which group has a better vocabulary mastery achievement, the group taught
by Total Physical Response or the group taught by Grammar Translation
Method?
E. The Aim of the Study
The aims of this study are:
1. To identify whether Total Physical Response can improve students
vocabulary mastery of SMP N 3 Ajibarang in academic year 2009/2010.
2. To find out which method is more effective to enhance students vocabulary
mastery to junior high school, Total Physical Response or Grammar
Translation Method.
F. The Benefit of the Study
This study is expected to give some benefits or contributions in teaching-
learning vocabulary. Theoretically, the result of this study is to know whether
there is a significant difference in students vocabulary mastery achievement,
between those taught using Total Physical Response and taught by Grammar
Translation Method. Practically, the result of this study can help the teacher of
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junior high school in conducting the teaching-learning process, especially in
teaching vocabulary better. It also can give some information about the teaching
vocabulary, the students difficulties in vocabulary learning, and the causing
factors of difficulties in learning vocabulary. Hopefully, the teacher can use the
appropriate method or approach to improve the junior high school students
vocabulary mastery achievement.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. General View of Vocabulary
1. Definition of Vocabulary
In general, students interpret vocabulary as a matter of words. They
feel difficult to memorize words or new words. Therefore, the students
actually need to know the nature of vocabulary and vocabulary in order to
make them recognize the importance of vocabulary. McCarthy (1990: 3)
defines vocabulary of language like English consists of several hundred
thousand words. Hornby (1995: 1331) confirms this statement that 1)
Vocabulary is the total number of words in a language; 2) List of words with
their meanings. Hayward and Sparkes (1982: 1255) define vocabulary is a list
collection of words used in language.
Another expert, Murcia (2001: 285) states that vocabulary learning is
central to language acquisition, whether the language is first, second, or
foreign. Vocabulary is important for communication. McCarthy (1990: viii)
also states that vocabulary is the biggest component of any language course.
Vocabulary often seems to be the least systematized and the least well catered
for all the aspects of learning of foreign language.
While, Moon in Schmitt and McCarthy (1997: 105) argues that
traditionally, vocabulary has been seen as individual words, which could be
used with a great deal of freedom, only constrained by grammatical
considerations. However, he also argues that vocabulary consists not only of
single words; lexemes are often made up of strings of more than one word.
Based on the definition above, it can be concluded that vocabulary is a
list of words in a particular language. It is also a basic component of language.
Vocabulary has important role in every skill of language that individual
speaker or group might use vocabulary with their meanings.
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2. Kinds of Vocabulary
There are two kinds of vocabulary, active or productive and passive or
receptive vocabulary. Haycraft (1978) quoted by Hatch and Brown (1995:
370) gives a distinction between receptive vocabulary and productive
vocabulary as follows:
Receptive vocabulary is words that the student recognizes and
understands when they occur in a context, but which he cannot produce
correctly, and productive vocabulary is words which the student
understands, can pronounce correctly and use constructively in speaking and
writing.
From the statement above, it can be concluded that there are two kinds
of vocabulary, namely receptive and productive vocabulary.
a) Receptive Vocabulary
Receptive vocabulary is words that the learners recognize and
understand when they are used in context, but which they can not produce. It
is vocabulary that the learners recognize when they see or meet in reading text
but do not use in speaking and writing.
b) Productive Vocabulary
Productive vocabulary is the words which the learners understand,
can pronounce correctly, and use constructively in speaking and writing. It
involves what is needed for receptive vocabulary plus the ability to speak or
write at the appropriate time. Therefore, productive language can be addressed
as an active process, because the learners can produce the words to express
their thoughts to others.
3. Vocabulary Mastery
Vocabulary is always an essential part of English as a foreign language
instruction material. It is true that vocabulary plays an important role in the
four English language skills. Hence vocabulary is so important that the
teaching of it should be carried out as well as possible in English language
teaching at school.
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Vocabulary mastery deals with words and meanings. Teacher should
concern with what words are suitable to be taught to the students. He should
select and grade the words according to the level of the students in a certain
way so their students will learn easily. The words will be taught to the
students are common and suitable for their level.
Vocabulary mastery can be measured by the requirements of
generalization (being able to define words) and application (selecting an
appropriate use of it). Cronbach (1942) in Schmitt and McCarthy (1997: 315)
states vocabulary at that time focused only on the first two: generalization
and application. In addition Schmitt and McCarthy (1997: 326) state
receptive and productive knowledge; may prove the only realistic way to
measure depth of vocabulary knowledge. Words that the learners recognize
and understand when they occur in context called as receptive knowledge
while productive knowledge related to words which the learners understand,
can pronounce correctly and use constructively in speaking and writing.
Further, Madsen (1983: 12) states the purpose of vocabulary test is to measure
the comprehension and production of words used in speaking or writing. The
meaning shows that the vocabulary mastery can be measured when someone is
able to comprehend and produce the words used in speaking and writing.
It is necessary to consider some aspects of vocabulary when teaching a
second or foreign language so that learners are able to get the meaning from
words or texts. There are five or six aspects of vocabulary that must be
considered by the teacher, as follows:
a) Form: Pronunciation and Spelling
Pronunciation is what a word sound likes, while spelling is
what it looks like. In teaching, teacher needs to make sure that both
these aspects are accurately presented and learned.
b) Grammar
According to Ur (1996: 75) grammar is sometimes defined
as the way words are put together to make correct sentences. The
grammar of a new item will need to be taught if this is not
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obviously covered by general grammatical rules. An item may
have some idiosyncratic way of connecting with other words in
sentences; it is important to provide learners with this information
at the same time as we teach the base form. The changes like verb
in tenses, irregular verb, plural noun, transitive or intransitive, etc.
c) Collocation
The collocations typical of particular items are another
factor that makes a particular combination sound right or wrong
in a given context. For example the words throw a ball but toss a
coin.
d) Meaning (1): denotation, connotation, appropriateness
1) Denotation
Denotation is the meaning of a word which primarily
refers to in the real world. For example of the word cat is an
animal with soft fur and whiskers.
2) Connotation
Connotation refers to the association of positive or
negative feelings a word evokes, which may or may not be
indicated in a dictionary definition. This means that words can
suggest different things depending on the context they occur in.
A learner who fails to understand the connotation of a word
will probably fail to get the message of the text.
For example the word dog has positive connotations
of friendship and loyalty by most British people, whereas in
Arabic, the word dog has negative associations of dirt and
inferiority by most people in Arab.
3) Appropriateness
Appropriateness is useful for a learner to know that a
certain word is very common, or relatively rare, or taboo in
polite conversation, or tends to be used in writing but not in
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speech, or is more suitable for formal than informal discourse,
or belongs to a certain dialect.
e) Meaning (2): meaning relationships (synonyms, antonyms,
hyponyms, co-hyponyms, superordinates, translation)
1) Synonyms: items that mean the same, or nearly the same; for
example, bright, clever, smart may serve as synonyms of
intelligent.
2) Antonyms: items that serve as specific examples of a general
concept; dog, lion, mouse, are hyponyms of animal.
3) Co-hyponyms or co-ordinates: other items that are the same
kind of thing; red, blue, green, and brown are co-ordinates.
4) Superordinates: general concepts that cover specific items;
animal is the superordinate of dog, lion, mouse.
5) Translation: words or expressions in the learners mother
tongue those are (more or less) equivalent in meaning to the
item being taught.
f) Word Formation
Word formation is vocabulary items, whether one-word or
multi-word, can often be broken down into their component bits.
Vocabulary items are built by combining two words (two nouns, or
a gerund and a noun, or a noun and a verb) to make one item: a
single compound word, or two separate, sometimes hyphenated
words (bookcase, follow-up, swimming pool).
(Ur, 1996: 60-62)
From all explanations above, it can be concluded that vocabulary
mastery is students ability to recognize words and to understand their
meanings when they meet them in a certain context. Furthermore, the mastery
of vocabulary should be based on the students level of education. It is the
teachers responsible to select suitable vocabularies for their students, which
are vocabulary that the students really need to learn and master. In this case,
vocabulary mastery can be measured by the requirements of receptive and
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productive vocabulary. But the writer will measure the students vocabulary
mastery based on word meaning. Students are expected to be able to
understand and define the meaning of words in listening and reading, and then
use it appropriately in speaking and writing. Success in learning English
requires vocabulary mastery. Indeed, a large vocabulary cannot guarantee the
learners competence in learning English, but it is true that an inadequate
vocabulary minimizes their chances to make success in learning English. In
short the learners lack of vocabulary will obstruct their development in
learning language.
4. Factors Influencing Vocabulary Mastery
Vocabulary development is definitely related to the motivation of the
children, but also depends upon their environments and the richness of words,
which they have provided. The following are factors increasing vocabulary
mastery stated by Petty and Jensen (1980: 286) as follows:
a) Manipulate activities that involve handling various materials, tools,
and equipments; learning new names and understanding directions;
discussing plans and result.
b) Social experience within the classroom, such as show and tell, the
daily news period, and committee work that calls for planning and
discussion, free conversations period, and general class discussion.
c) Development of childrens interest in the natural environment and
community activities by means of field trips that entail preliminary
discussion of plan, training in observation, eventual discussion of
the total experience.
d) Observation and handling of specimens and articles brought into
the classroom in connection with science or social studies.
e) Encouragement of childrens interest and increased curiosity about
words.
Realizing many factors above, the teachers have to consider many
activities and provide learning experience when delivering the material in
various ways to improve students interest and curiosity in vocabulary
learning.
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5. The Importance of Vocabulary in Language Learning
McCarthy (1990: viii) states that the importance of vocabulary in
language learning as follows, No matter how well the students learn
grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of second language are
mastered, without words to express a wider range of meanings,
communication in second language just cannot happen in any meaningful
way.
While Vermeer (in Schmitt and McCarthy, 1997: 140) states that
knowing words is the key to understand and being understood. The bulk of
learning new language consists of learning new words. Grammatical
knowledge does not make for great proficiency in a language.
From the explanation above, it is known that vocabulary is recognized
as central to any language acquisition process. Everyone who learns a
language must have enough vocabulary knowledge, without having enough
vocabulary knowledge; the learning process is a very hard thing to do. No
matter how well the learners learn grammar without words to express
meaning, communication in a foreign language may not occur in any
meaningful ways.
6. Teaching Vocabulary to Junior High School
a) The Nature of Teaching
Traditionally, teaching is thought of to be an act of transferring
knowledge from one person to another. What important here is giving and
getting knowledge, those giving knowledge are called teacher, while those
getting knowledge are called students. Modern definition has a broader
sense. Teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learners
to learn, setting the condition for learning (Brown, 1994: 7). While Kimble
and Garmezy (in Brown, 1994: 7) state that teaching is showing or helping
someone to learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the
study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or
understand.
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Teaching cannot be defined apart from learning. As stated by Ur
(1996: 4) teaching is intended to result in personal learning for students,
and is worthless if it does not do so. This statement is supported by Gage
in Brown (1994: 7) who notes to satisfy the practical demands of
education, theories of learning must be stood on their head so as to yield
theories of teaching. He states that teaching is guiding and facilitating
learning, enabling the learners to learn, setting the condition for learning.
In other words, the concept of teaching is understood here as the process
that is intrinsically and inseparably bound up with learning.
Teacher plays an important role in the teaching and learning
process. According to Brown (1994: 7), teaching is showing or helping
someone to learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the
study of something, providing with knowledge and causing him or her to
know or understand. The teacher acts as a motivator, which is, motivating
students to be more confident in studying English at their next levels.
Teaching is also guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learners to
learn and setting the condition for learning (Brown, 1994: 7). The teacher
should provide conditions that support the childrens language learning
process.
Based on the several definitions above, it can be concluded that
teaching is an interactive process between the teacher and the learners in
which the role of the teacher are helping, guiding, and facilitating students
to learn and develop their knowledge.
b) The Nature of Junior High School Students
Junior high school is an educational program for young
adolescents, which includes those from ages 11 or 12 to 15 or 16. Dealing
with this study, because the writer talks about the effectiveness of Total
Physical Response to enhance junior high school students vocabulary
mastery, it is necessary to deal with some theories about adolescents.
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Adolescents, as young learners, have their own special
characteristics that differentiate them from adult learners; hence the
teaching approach required is obviously different from that for adults. The
teacher of young learners should pay attention not only on how the right
implementation of teaching technique and teaching method is used, but
also on how the technique and method is suited to the students
characteristics as children.
Generally, the students in the junior high school are in the process
of changing from childhood to adulthood. Nordberg, Bradfield, and Odell
(1962: 17) state that adolescents, those who are in transition from
childhood to adulthood learn through experience as do all human. This
transition is the period of change, of new experiences, of learning new
roles, of uncertainly, of instability, and one of the most trying times in life.
This statement is strongly supported by Brown (1994: 95) who argues that
the terrible teens are an age of transition, confusion, self- consciousness,
growing, and changing bodies and minds. Teens are in between
childhood and adulthood, and therefore a very special set of considerations
applies to teaching them. In the process of transition, the individual
differences in physical, intellectual, social, and emotional growth are
striking. Nordberg, Bradfield, and Odell also argue that the secondary
student ranges in maturity from late childhood to early adulthood, but the
great majority are in some stage of adolescence (p.27).
Moreover, Lewin in Nordberg, Bradfield, and Odell (1962: 27)
confirms that adolescents are uncertain as what they should or should not
do, how they are expected to act, what responsibilities they have and what
privileges, much as an emigrants or any other transitional group, they
manifest the tensions involved in such transition.
It is not surprising that most adolescents tend to use experience
directly in the process of language learning, it can be called learning by
doing. In this case, the students must be actively involved in the learning
process.
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It can be concluded that junior high school students are pupils of
secondary school which includes those from ages 11 or 12 to 15 or 16 and
the pupils are in transition period. Junior high school students are more
attracted in experiences than theory. In addition, they are interested to
learn by doing or actively involved in the learning process.
c) Teaching Vocabulary
Vocabulary is always an essential part of English as a foreign
language instruction material. Everyone who learns a language must learn
the vocabulary of the language first in order to make the learning process
is easier. So, it is necessary for the students to enrich vocabulary
continually.
Teaching vocabulary is clearly more than just presenting new
words, it is also teaching the meaning and how to use them in correct
order. Ur (1996: 60) proposes five needs to be taught in teaching
vocabulary, namely: form, grammar, collocation, aspects of meaning (such
as denotation, connotation, appropriateness, synonyms, antonyms,
hyponyms, co-hyponyms, superordinates, and translation) and word
formation.
In fact, teaching and learning vocabulary are not easy as one
thinks. There are many difficulties one faces, such as the way how
vocabulary is learnt, the choice of the words which must be learnt, the
choice of meanings that must be learnt, etc. Teaching vocabulary is a
complex task because the teaching included not only the meaning(s) of
word but also the use, the spelling, the sound or the pronunciation of
words, etc. It is also needed to limit the words that are taught. If too many
words are taught, students will be impeded by the need to absorb them.
Dealing with vocabulary, the lesson in which teachers teach
vocabulary is in English lesson, not in a vocabulary lesson. Teacher
focuses on vocabulary, as it is necessary to achieve the objectives of the
total lesson. They usually find students quickly forgetting the new words
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they learn and, if they remember the words, they can not use them
appropriately. They should not feel desperate over those problems. They
should always find strategies to help the students to improve their
vocabulary and to expand it.
In learning vocabulary, students should not learn a new word
individually, asking them to memorize a list of words is time consuming
and misleading. A word does not really mean anything, as it is used
without context and without referring to something that will be expressed.
Meanwhile, in teaching vocabulary the teacher has the job of
managing the students learning to master the target vocabulary. According
to Wallace (1982: 27-30) at www.digilib.unnes.ac.id/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?,
there are some principals on which teaching vocabulary is based. Those
principals are:
1) Aim. Aim means the goal that wants to be achieved by the teacher in
the teaching and learning process. In teaching and learning process the
teacher has to be clear about his/her aims. He has to decide on what is
involved in vocabulary learning. He also decides the words that should
be mastered by the students. How many vocabularies and what kind of
words does the teacher expect the learners to master.
2) Quantity. Quantity means the number of new words that should be
mastered by students. The teacher has to decide on the quantity of
vocabulary to be learned. The decision of the new words in lesson is
very important. The actual number is depends on a number of factors
varying from class and learners. If there are too many words, the
learners may become confused, discouraged, and frustrated.
3) Need. Need means the word really needed by the students based on the
situation. In teaching vocabulary the teacher has to choose the words
really needed by his students in communication. The students should
be put in a situation where they have to communicate and get the
words they need.
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4) Frequent exposure and repetition means the new words should be
introduced repeatedly. It is seldom for us to remember new words by
only hearing them for one or two times. In learning vocabulary
students should do more and more until they have already mastered the
vocabulary of the target language.
5) Meaningful presentation means the clear and unambiguous meaning of
words. The learner must have a clear and specific understanding of
what a word denotes or refers to, i.e. its meaning. This requires that the
words be presented in such a way that is denotation or reference is
perfectly clear and unambiguous.
6) Situation presentation means the words chosen should be based on the
situation. In teaching vocabulary, the choice of words can vary
according to the situation in which we are speaking and how well we
know the person to whom we are speaking (from informal to formal).
So that a learner should learn words in situation in which they are
appropriate.
As a conclusion, in teaching vocabulary, teacher has to consider
the factors above. The teacher has to know what the students need and
interest in learning English especially learning vocabulary. However,
related to the condition of the seventh grade of SMP N 3 Ajibarang, the
writer only consider aim, need, frequent exposure and repetition, and
meaningful presentation, which influence the students in acquiring
vocabulary given to them.
B. The Grammar Translation Method
Moris states that Latin has been studied for centuries, with the prime
objectives of learning how to read classical Latin texts, understanding the
fundamentals of grammar and translation, and gaining insights into some
important foreign influences Latin has had on the development of other European
languages. The method used to teach it overwhelmingly bore those objectives in
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mind, and came to be known as the Classical Method. It is now more commonly
known in Foreign Language Teaching circles as the Grammar Translation Method
(http://oswaldoipc.wordpress.com/2007/06/22/the-grammar-translation-method/
in April 2010).
The Grammar Translation Method of foreign language teaching is one of
the most traditional methods. It was originally used to teach dead languages
(literatures) such as Latin and Greek, involving little or no spoken communication
or listening comprehension. It is a way of studying a language that approaches the
language first thought detailed analysis of its grammar rules, followed by
application of this knowledge through the task of translating sentences and texts
into and out of the target language (Richards and Rogers, 2001: 5). As stated by
Murcia (2001: 6) Grammar Translation Method is an extension of the approach
used to teach classical languages to the teaching of modern languages. In addition,
Larsen and Freeman (2000: 4) state that Grammar Translation Method was used
for the purpose of helping students read and appreciate foreign language literature.
According to Larsen and Freeman (2000: 9-11), there are some principles
of Grammar Translation Method, as follows:
1. Literary language is superior to the spoken language.
2. Translating each language into each other is an important goal for learners.
3. The authority in the classroom is the teacher.
4. The ability to communicate with target languages speakers is not a goal of
foreign language instructions.
5. The primary skills to be improved are reading and writing.
6. Native language equivalents for all target language words are possible to
be found.
7. Learning is supported through attention to similarities between the target
language and the native language.
8. Learning the form of the target language is important for learners.
9. Deductive application of an explicit grammar rule is a useful pedagogical
technique.
10. Language learning provides good mental exercise.
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11. Students should be conscious of the grammatical rules of the target
language.
12. Wherever possible, verb conjunctions and other grammatical paradigms
should be committed to memory.
It can be simply said that Grammar Translation method emphasized on
vocabulary and grammar. It focuses on translation of the text. The skills
emphasized in Grammar Translation Method are reading and writing.
Each method has different characteristics. Murcia (2001: 6) proposes some
characteristics of Grammar Translation Method, as follows:
1. Instruction is given in the native language of the students.
2. Use little target language for communication.
3. Focus is on the grammatical parsing, i.e. the form and inflection of words.
4. There is early reading of difficult texts.
5. A typical exercise is to translate sentences from the target language into
the mother tongue (or vice versa).
6. The result of this approach is usually an inability on the part of the
students to use the language for communication.
7. The teacher does not have to be able to speak the target language.
The major characteristic of Grammar Translation Method is a focus on
learning the grammar rules and their application in translating passages from one
language into the other. Vocabulary in the target language is learned through
direct translation from the native language, it is taught in the form of isolated
word lists. Very little teaching is done in the target language. Instead, readings in
the target language are translated directly and then discussed in the native
language. Little or no attention is given to pronunciation. Grammar is taught with
extensive explanations in the native language, and only later applied in the
production of sentences through translation from one language to the other
(Richard and Rodgers, 2001: 5-6).
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Larsen and Freeman (2000: 13-14), provide expanded descriptions of
some common or typical techniques closely associated with the Grammar
Translation Method. Below are some techniques using this method:
1. Translation of a literary passages
Students translate a reading passage from the target language into the
native language.
2. Reading comprehension questions
Students answer questions in the target language based on their
understanding of the reading passage.
3. Antonym/synonyms
Students are given one set of words and are asked to find antonyms in the
reading passage.
4. Fill-in- the blanks
Students are given a series of sentences with words missing.
5. Cognates
Students are taught to learn the spelling or sound patterns that correspond
between the native language and the target language.
6. Deductive application of rule
Grammar rules are presented with examples. Once students understand a
rule, they are asked to apply it to some different example.
7. Memorization
Students are given lists of target language vocabulary words and their
native language equivalents and are asked to memorize list of words,
grammatical rules and grammatical paradigms such as verb conjunctions.
8. Use words in sentences
Students are asked to create sentences to illustrate; its useful to check that
they know the meaning and use of new words.
9. Composition
Students are asked to write about topic using the target language and to
create a composition of reading passage of the lesson based on the topic
which is given by the teacher.
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Besides, it has some useful techniques. This method also has some
disadvantages, as follows:
1. This method gives pupils the wrong idea of what language is and of the
relationship between languages. Language is seen as collection or words
which are isolated and independent.
2. Worst effect of this method is on pupils motivation. Because s/he cannot
succeed-leads to frustration, boredom and indiscipline.
3. It seems there is no need for students to master the four skills of English
(listening, speaking, reading and writing).
4. This method is the easiest for a teacher to employ. It doesnt require a
teacher to speak good English or make good lesson preparation.
(http://www.slideshare.net/vacoka/grammar-translation-method in July 2010)
C. The Total Physical Response
1. Definition of Total Physical Response
Total Physical Response (TPR) is developed by James Asher, a
professor of psychology at San Jos State University, California, USA, to aid
learning foreign language. This method attempts to center attention to
encouraging learners to listen and respond to the spoken target language
commands of their teacher. In other words, TPR is a language learning method
which is based on the coordination of speech and action; it attempts to teach
language through physical (motor) activity. It is linked to the trace theory of
memory, which holds that the more often or intensively a memory connection
is traced, the stronger memory will be. In TPR classroom, students respond to
commands that require physical movement.
Asher defines TPR based on the assumption that when learning a
second language or a foreign language, that language is internalized through a
process that is similar to first language development and that the process
allows for long period of listening and developing comprehension prior to
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production (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Physical Response.com in May
2010).
Asher in Richard and Rodgers (2001: 73) states that TPR is a language
teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action; it
attempts to teach language through physical (motor) activity. TPR is based on
the premise that the human brain has a biological program from acquiring any
natural language in the world including the sign language of the deaf. The
process is visible when we observe how infants internalize their first language
(www.tprsource.com/asher.htm in January 2010). Asher looks to the way that
children combine both verbal and physical aspects. A child responds
physically to the speech for the parent. The responses of the child are in turn
positively reinforced by the speech of the parent. For many months the child
absorbs the language without being able to speak. With TPR the teacher tries
to mimic this process in class (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_physi-
cal_response.com in May 2010).
TPR is also called Comprehension Approach since the focus is given
to listening comprehension. In TPR, students listen and respond to the spoken
target language commands of their teacher. Listening should be accompanied
by physical movement. If they can perform the teachers instructions it means
that they know the meaning of the words. Speech and other productive skills
should come later. In other words, they will choose to speak naturally when
they are ready.
Ashers Total Physical Response is a Natural Method since Asher
views first and second language learning as a parallel processes. He argues
that second language teaching and learning should reflect the naturalistic
processes of first language learning. For this reason, there are three central
processes:
a) Children develop listening competence before they develop the ability to
speak. At the early stages of first language acquisition, they can
understand complex utterances that they cannot spontaneously produce or
imitate.
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b) Childrens ability in listening comprehension is acquired because children
are required to respond physically to spoken language in the form of
parental commands; and
c) When a foundation in listening comprehension has been established,
speech evolves naturally and effortlessly out of it.
From the explanation above, the writer concludes that TPR is based on
the way in which children learn their mother tongue. TPR places more
emphasis on the link between word and action. The activity, where a
command is given in the imperative and the learners obey the command, is the
main activity of TPR. Therefore, it will be easier for the students to recall the
words they have learned if they use their body in learning vocabulary items.
The powerful method of TPR is best applied to introduce new vocabulary and
new grammatical feature at any level. TPR can be varied in any different
activities such as storytelling, dialogue, games, or a pattern drill.
2. Characteristics of TPR
a) The teacher directs and the students act in response. The instructor is the
director of a stage play in which the students are the actors.
b) Listening and physical response skills are emphasized over oral
production.
c) The imperative mood is the most common language function employed,
even well into advanced levels. Interrogatives are also heavily used.
d) Students are not required to speak until they feel naturally ready or
confident enough to do so.
e) Grammar and vocabulary are emphasized over other long areas. Spoken
language is emphasized over written language.
f) Whenever possible, humor is injected into the lessons to make the learners
more enjoyable in learning languages.
(http://www.Englishsraven.com/methods TPR.html, in January 2010)
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3. Form of Total Physical Response
TPR can be used to practice and teach various things. It is well suited
to teaching classroom language and other vocabulary connected with actions.
It can be used to teach imperatives and various tenses aspects. It is also useful
for storytelling (www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Total-Physical-Response
in January 2010).
According to Richard and Rodgers (2001: 76) there are some activities
which are done by the teacher and students in teaching learning process, as
follows:
a) Imperative drills are the major classroom activity in Total Physical
Response. They are typically used to elicit physical actions and activity on
the part of the learners. In this sense, students play main roles as a listener
and a performer. They listen attentively and respond physically to
commands by the teacher. Students need to respond both individually and
collectively.
b) Conversational dialogues. It is possible to make a conversation dialogues
but they are delayed until after about 120 hours of instruction. They are
encouraged to speak when they feel ready to speak.
c) Playing a role (role play) and slide presentations. Role plays center on
everyday situations, such as at the restaurant, supermarket, kitchen, hotel,
or gas station. In role plays, the teacher (instructor) will be a director of a
stage play and the students are the actors/actress. The teacher decides what
will be learned, who will be role and show the material of learning. Slide
presentation uses OHP or LCD can be used by the students to construct the
situation or to convey abstract meaning.
d) Reading and writing activity to add students vocabulary and to train
students arranging the sentence based on tenses, etc. each time the teacher
writes a command, she acts it out. The students copy the sentences from
the blackboard/whiteboard into the notebooks
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According to the form of TPR above, it can be concluded that there are
four forms of TPR (Imperative drill, Conversational dialogue, Role play and
Slide presentation, Reading and writing). Teacher can apply these activities to
students. Teacher also can use slide presentation to support him in teaching
learning and process.
4. The Principles of Total Physical Response
Before applying the TPR method for teaching a foreign language, in
this case, it is English, a teacher should understand its principles well so he
will be able to use it properly in the teaching learning process. Asher as the
developer of TPR elaborates the principles of this method, they are:
a) Second language learning is parallel to first language learning and
should reflect the same naturalistic process.
b) Listening should develop before speaking.
c) Children respond physically to spoken language, and adult learners
learn better if they do that too.
d) Once listening comprehension has been developed, speech
develops naturally and effortlessly out of it.
e) Delaying speech reduces stress. (www.tprsource.com/asher.htm)
Moreover, Larsen and Freeman (2000: 114) propose several principles
in teaching learning process by using TPR upon which the teachers behaviors
is based. The principles of TPR are as follows:
a) Meaning in the target language can often be conveyed through
action. Memory is activated through learners response. The target
language should be presented in chunks, not just word by word.
b) The students understanding of the target language should be
developed before speaking.
c) Students can initially learn one part of the language rapidly by
moving their bodies.
d) The imperative is powerful linguistic device through which the
teacher can direct student behavior.
e) Students can learn through observing actions as well as by
performing the action themselves.
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f) Feeling of success and low anxiety facilitate learning.
g) Students should not be made to memorize fixed routines.
h) Correction should be carried out in an unobtrusive manner.
i) Students must not develop flexibility in understanding a novel
combination of target language chunks. They need to understand
more than the exact sentences used in training.
j) Language learning is more effective when it is fun.
k) Spoken language should be emphasized over written language.
l) Students will begin to speak when they are ready.
m) Students are expected to make errors when they first begin
speaking. Work on the fine details of the language should be
postponed until students have become somewhat proficient.
According to the principles above, it can be concluded that students
will understand the meaning of the vocabulary items easily if they use their
bodies while they are learning. In the learning, students should feel successful
and they do not feel pessimistic.
A teacher should be careful in correcting the students mistakes.
Correcting the mistakes improperly will make the students fell desperate.
Therefore, an English teacher must be able to create flexibility in the class
room. Another important thing is that the new vocabulary should be presented
in a context not word by word.
5. The Objectives of TPR
A method or technique in teaching and learning process must be
developed in order to get a better purpose for a better life. TPR is developed in
order to improve the better result of teaching learning process of a new
language. Teachers who use TPR believe in the importance of having the
students enjoy their experience in learning to communicate a foreign language.
According to Larsen and Freeman (2000: 116), TPR is developed in
order to reduce the stress people feel when studying a foreign languages and
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thereby encourage students to persist in their study beyond a beginning level
of proficiency.
Richard and Rodgers (2001: 75) say:
The general objectives of Total Physical Response are to teach oral
proficiency at a beginning level. Comprehension is a mean to an end,
and the ultimate aim is to give basic speaking skills. TPR aims to
produce learners who are capable of an uninhibited communication
that is intelligible to a native speaker.
From the statement above, there are some objectives of Total Physical
Response, as follows:
a) Teaching oral proficiency at a beginning level.
b) Using comprehension as a means to speaking
c) Using action-based drills in the imperative form
It can be said that one of primary objectives of TPR is that learning be
more enjoyable and less stressful. Asher thought that a natural way to
accomplish this is to recreate the natural way children learn their native
language, most notably through facilitating an appropriate listening and
comprehension period, and encourage learners to respond using right-brain
motor skills rather than left-brain language processing.
6. The Teacher and Learners Role in TPR
In the teaching learning process using TPR method, the learners and
the teacher play different roles, as follows:
a) Learners Role
Learners in TPR have the primary roles of listeners and performers.
They listen attentively and respond physically to commands given by the
teacher. Learners are also expected to recognize and respond to novel
combinations of previously taught items. They are requires to produce
novel combinations of their own. Learners monitor and evaluate their own
progress. They are encouraged to speak when they feel ready to speak-that
is, when a sufficient basis in the language has been internalized (Richard
and Rodgers 2001: 76).
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According to Larsen and Freeman (2000: 116), the students are
imitators of the teachers nonverbal model. There will be a role reversal
with individual students directing the teacher and the other students.
In TPR, learners monitor and evaluate their own progress. They are
encouraged to speak when they feel ready to speak that is when a
sufficient basis in the language has been internalized.
b) Teacher Role
In the teaching learning process using TPR method, teacher plays
an active and direct role. According to Larsen and Freeman (2000: 116)
teacher is the director of all students behaviors.
Asher (1977) as quoted by Richard and Rodgers (2001: 76) states
that The teacher plays an active and direct role in Total Physical
Response. It means that teacher is the one who decides what to teach,
who models and presents the new material, and who selects supporting
materials for classroom use. Teacher is encouraged to be well prepared
and well organized so that the lesson flows smoothly and predictable.
c) Material Role
Materials and realia play an increasing role, in later learning stages.
For absolute beginners, lessons may not require the use of materials, since
the teachers voice, actions and gestures may be a sufficient basis for
classroom activities. Later, the teacher may use common classroom
objects, such as books, pens, cups, furniture. As the course develops, the
teacher will need to make or collect supporting materials to support
teaching points. These may include pictures, realia, slides, and word
charts. Asher has developed TPR kits to students which are focused on the
specific situations, such as at home, the supermarket, and the beach.
Students can use it to construct the situation for example, Put the stove in
the kitchen! (Richard and Rodgers, 2001: 77).
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7. Procedure of Teaching
Asher (in Richard and Rodgers, 2001: 77-78) provides a lesson-by-
lesson account of a course taught according to TPR principles, which serves as a
source of information on the procedure used in TPR classroom, the course is for
children at junior high school. The four steps in this course are as follows: a)
Review
This is a warming-up step. The purpose is to check students
understanding about the previous lesson and to warm-up the students
readiness in new material before they really enter the new material.
b) New Command
Here, the teacher introduces some new vocabularies related to the
theme and based on the schools curriculum, such as:
Take a cup Pour the hot water on a cup
Wash your hands Hold the phone holder
Give me a glass of water Dont walk on the floor!
Next, the teacher asks simple question which the students can
answer with a gesture, such as pointing to something or someone.
c) Role reversal
Students readily volunteer to utter commands that manipulate the
behavior of the instructor and other students.
d) Reading and Writing
The teacher writes on the whiteboard each new vocabulary item
and a sentence to illustrate the item. Then, she reads each item and acts out
the sentence. The students listen as she reads the material. Some copy the
information in their notebook.
It is almost similar to the principles of TPR, as follows:
a) The teacher says the command and he himself performs the action.
b) The teacher says the command and both the teacher and the students, then
perform the action.
c) The teacher says the command but only students perform the action.
d) The teacher tells one student at a time to do commands.
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e) The roles of the teacher and students are reversed. Students give
commands to the teacher and other students.
f) The teacher and students allow for command expansion or produce new
sentences (http://edweb.sdsu.edu/people/jmora/almmethods.htm, in May
2010).
8. Some Strengths and Weaknesses of Total Physical Response
There are some strengths of TPR, as follows:
a) It is fun an easy. Students will enjoy getting up of their chairs and moving
around.
b) Simple TPR activities do not require a great deal of preparation on the part
of the teacher. However, some other more complex applications might.
c) According to Asher TPR is aptitude-free. It is inclusive working well
with a mixed ability class.
d) It is good for kinaesthetic learners who need to be active in class.
e) It is a good tool for building vocabulary.
f) It is memorable. Actions help strengthen the connection in the brain.
g) Class size need not be a problem.
h) According to Asher TPR seems to work effectively for children and
adults. There is no age barrier.
(http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Total-Physical-Response#
Advantages, in January 2010).
Besides, Asher identifies some strengths of TPR as follows:
a) It is successful with children and adults learning any language. Second, it
has the following three strong features, they are:
1) High-speed understanding of any target language.
2) Long-term retention.
3) Zero stress!
b) It is enjoyable for teachers as well as students (www.tpr-
world.com/benefits.html, in January 2010).
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Besides the strengths, TPR also has its limitation as follows:
a) Whilst it can be used at higher levels, TPR is most useful for beginners. It
is also at the higher levels where preparation becomes an issue for the
teacher.
b) Students are not generally given the opportunity to express their own
thoughts in a creative way.
c) It is easy to overuse TPR. Any novelty, if carried on too long, will trigger
adaptation. Asher writes, No matter how exciting and productive the
innovation, people will tire of it.
d) The teacher may find that it is limited in terms of language scope. Certain
target languages may not be suited to this method.
e) It can be a challenge for shy students.
(http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Total-Physical-Response#
Disadvantages, in January 2010).
D. Rationale
In order to teach vocabulary effectively and successfully, especially to
adolescents or junior high school students, teachers have to pay attention to some
factors causing the success of teaching vocabulary. One of them is choosing the
appropriate method or approach. As everybody knows, there are some methods in
teaching language, but not all methods are effective.
Considering that all methods have their own strengths and weaknesses, the
teacher should be able to choose the appropriate method or the most effective one.
Grammar Translation Method and Total Physical Response are kinds of method
and approach that can be applied in teaching vocabulary. There is an important
difference between Grammar Translation Method and Total Physical Response.
Grammar Translation Method focuses on translation of the text and Total Physical
Response focuses on listening comprehension.
Grammar Translation Method is very simple and easy to apply in the
classroom. The teacher just prepares the reading text as the teaching material then
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reads it and tries to translate into the mother tongue. In fact, it will make the
students feel bored because the procedure is very monotonous and there is no two
ways communication between the teacher and the students.
Total Physical Response is an approach combining speech and action.
Total Physical Response can minimize students stress when studying foreign
language especially vocabulary. Students feel happy doing the teachers command
and are not required to say anything until they feel ready. So, Total Physical
Response will give better effect on students vocabulary mastery if it is applied
well.
E. Hypotheses
Based on the rationale above, the hypotheses of this research can be
formulated as follows:
1. There is a significant difference in vocabulary mastery achievement
between students taught by Total Physical Response and those taught
by Grammar Translation Method.
2. The group taught by Total Physical Response has a better achievement
in vocabulary mastery than those taught by Grammar Translation
Method.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. The Research Objectives
The objective of this research is to find out whether or not the use of
Total Physical Response to enhance students vocabulary mastery is effective.
Besides, this research also provides information for using method of teaching
vocabulary in order to give little contribution in the English vocabulary teaching.
The other objective of this research is to improve the effectiveness of teaching
vocabulary. Besides, students are hoped to master English vocabulary easily.
B. The Research Method
In conducting the study, the writer uses experimental research. Fraenkel
and Wallen (2000: 9) state that experimental research is the most conclusive and
scientific methods because the researcher actually establishes different treatments
and then studies their effects. Other experts, Mason and Bramble (1997: 93)
define experimental research as the kind of study in which the researcher is
interested in learning about the effects of a certain conditions (independent
variables) and other conditions (dependent variables) in controlled setting. In
addition, Johnson and Christensen (2000: 220) state that experimental research is
carried out within the context of an experiment. More, Johnson and Christensen
also state that one or more variables are varied and the others are kept constant.
It can be concluded that experimental research is a systematic and
scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more
variables, controls and measures any change in other variables.
The study uses this method as the most appropriate method in measuring
the effectiveness of Total Physical Response to enhance students vocabulary
mastery by comparing two groups of students. One group is taught using Total
Physical Response, while other group is taught using Grammar Translation
x
x
x
vi
37
Method. In the end of the study, the result of the study from two groups will be
compared. Furthermore, this methodology of research is discussed as follows:
C. The Research Setting and Time
This research was conducted at the seventh grade of SMP Negeri 3
Ajibarang, Banyumas in academic year 2009/2010 from March 23
rd
, 2010 to April
29
th
, 2010.
1. Population
D. The Subject of the Research
According to Johnson and Christensen (2000: 158) population is the
large group to which a researcher wants to generalize the sample result. Other
experts, Fraenkel and Wallen (2000: 104) state that population is the group of
interest to the researcher, the group to whom the researcher would like to
generalize the results of the study. It can be said that population is a group of
person or individual having quality and characteristics in common from which a
researcher may get the data needed. The target population in this study is
actually the seventh grade students of junior high school. The population in
this study comprises of all seventh grade of SMP N 3 Ajibarang in academic
year 2009/2010. They are grouped into 7 classes from VIIA to VIIG. The total
member of population is 246 students.
2. Sample
The number of population, sometimes, is too big and out of reach. In
this case, research is conducted to a part of the whole population. Sample is a
part of population. It means that sample is a part of population from which the
research data are obtained. The sample should represent the population since
the research result will be generalized to the population. Sample enables of
writer to collect and organize data efficiently and practically. Nonetheless,
x
x
x
vi
38
questions often arise about how large a sample must be representative so that a
research reaches the degree of generalize ability to which the result can be said
to be meaningful. It is a rule that if the population is more than 100 persons,
10%-15% or 20%-25% (or more) of it can be taken as the sample.
Mason and Bramble (1997: 113) state that usually sample is
considerably smaller than the population, though the case of a relatively small
population, the sample may be nearly the same size. From this statement,
sample may in the same size with the population. In other word, all the
population can be determined as sample.
Johnson and Christensen (2000: 158) express that a sample is a set of
elements taken from a larger population according to a certain rules. It is
impossible for the writer to take all the classes of the seventh grade students of
SMP N 3 Ajibarang. Therefore, the writer only took two classes as the sample.
The sample, the students have common characteristics of population as
follows:
a. The students study at the same school, SMP N 3 Ajibarang in academic
year 2009/2010.
b. The students are at the same grade, the seventh grade students.
c. The students are taught by the same teacher.
The samples picked out from the population are 70 students coming
from two classes consisting of 34 students of VIIB as the experimental group
and 36 students of VIIC as the control group.
3. Sampling
Sampling refers to the act of drawing a sample from a population
(Mason and Bramble, 1997: 115). There are two kinds of sampling, namely
random sampling and non random sampling. The random sampling technique
is the technique of selection the sample where every individual in a population
has the same chance to be a member of the sample. Meanwhile, the non
random sampling techniques are the opposite one. The kinds of random
sampling techniques are simple random sampling, stratified random sampling,
x
x
xi
x
39
and cluster random sampling; whereas the nonrandom sampling techniques are
systematic sampling, convenience or accidental sampling, and purposive
sampling (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2000: 106-114).
In this research, the writer uses a cluster random sampling, that is,
random the class to determine the experiment and control group, so that each
unit in the population has an equal chance to be included in the sample.
The steps in cluster random sampling are as follows:
a. Define the population.
b. List all classes of the population.
c. Select the sample by employing a procedure where a sheet of paper
determines which classes on the list are drawn for the sample.
In this opportunity, the writer uses lottery. It is intended to determine
classes. By using lottery, the writer decides that VIIB as the experimental
group and VIIC as the control group. The procedures of randomizing sample
by lottery are as follows:
a. Making a list of all classes.
b. Writing the name of each class on a piece of paper.
c. Rolling the pieces of paper and then putting them into a can and shaking
the can well.
d. Dropping the rolled pieces of paper one by one as many as needed.
E. The Design of Experimental Research
This study uses Randomized Control-Group Pretest-Post-test design of
the experimental research. This design is chosen because it is frequently described
as the most desirable of the true experimental design. Fraenkel and Wallen (2000:
290) state that this design involves two groups, both of which are formed by
random assignment. One group receives the experimental treatment while the
other does not. This study would have two groups in the experiment.
Furthermore, Mason and Bramble (1997: 56) state that the experimental
studies involve comparing conditions under various settings of the treatment. In a
xl
40
simple experiment, the subject might be divided into two groups, one to undergo a
treatment condition (called the experimental or treatment group), and the other to
receive a neutral treatment (or control group). The two groups are compared after
the treatment is applied. Borg (1984) in Mason and Bramble (1997: 104) states
that the characteristics of control group are as follows:
1. They should be as desirable to the subjects as are the treatment-group
conditions.
2. They should be similar in duration and procedure to the
experimental-treatment conditions.
3. The control conditions should be concerned with variables unrelated
to the treatment effects under study.
Based on the theory above, this study will use experimental group and
control group. In measuring the effectiveness of Total Physical Response to
enhance students vocabulary mastery, the experimental group of this study will
be taught by Total Physical Response, while the control group will be taught by
Grammar Translation Method. In the end of the study, the result of two groups
will be compared.
Clearly, this design is presented as follows:
Pretest Treatment Post-test
Experimental Group
Control Group
T
1
T
1
X T
2
T
2
After the two groups are formed through random assignment, the two
groups will get the treatments. They will not get the same treatments. The
treatment which is used in this research is Total Physical Response method. Then
the two groups will be tested after the treatment, and the results will be compared.
F. The Procedure of the Experiment
In this study the writer takes the seventh grade students of SMP N 3
Ajibarang, consists of 246 students. The writer takes 70 students as the sample
xl
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41
consisting of 34 students as the experimental group and 36 students as the control
group.
Before giving the treatment, the writer conducted a pre-test for two
groups. It was conducted on Thursday, April 8, 2010 for the experimental group,
and on Friday, April 9, 2010 for the control group. The vocabulary mastery test
consisted of 30 items in the form of multiple choices and matching word.
After conducting the pre-test, the writer gave a treatment which began on
Monday, April 8, 2010 and ended on Wednesday, April 28, 2010.
After conducting the treatment, the writer gave a post-test both of two groups. It
was conducted on Thursday, April 29, 2010.
G. The Technique for Collecting Data
Data collecting as one of the processes of a research plays an important
role in a research. It is a process of obtaining the primary data in a research. A
good research is built upon adequate data and correct procedures. The writer used
a test and documentation as the instrument to collect the data.
1. Test
A test is a set of questions, experiences, or other means used to
measure the skill, knowledge, intelligence, achievement or aptitude of an
individual or group (Arikunto, 2002: 127). From this definition, it can be
concluded that the test is suitable for the writer to get the data, because the
data are the students scores reflecting their English vocabulary achievement.
A test is the most effective instrument to measure ones proficiency in a
certain subject. Madsen (1983: 12) says that, in general, testing vocabulary
consist of four kinds. The first, limited response is for the beginner. These test
items require either a simple physical action like pointing to something or a
very simple verbal answer such as yes or no. The second, multiple-choice
completion, is a test in which a sentence with a missing word is presented,
students choose one of four vocabulary items given to complete the sentence.
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ii
42
The third type is multiple-choice paraphrase. It is a test in which a sentence
with one word underlined is given. Students choose which of four words has
the closest meaning to the underlined item. The last type is simple completion.
The students write words in sentences in the blank space.
According to Madsen (1983: 6) a good vocabulary test type for the
students who can read in the foreign language is multiple-choice completion.
As stated above, the writer uses an objective test type, in the form of multiple-
choices completion with four options. According to Ur (1996: 38) multiple-
choice is the question consists of a stem and a number of options (usually
four), from which the testee has to select the right one. Multiple-choice
questions are tricky and time-consuming to compose. If the answers are clear,
very quick and easy to mark. There are 30 items in the test which each item
has one correct answer. The students score is obtained by using the formula
below:
Students score = the number of correct answer
3
The writer used pretest and post-test. Pretest is carried out in order
to know the students achievement before they get treatment. Post-test is
carried out to know the students achievement after getting treatment. The
pretest was held on March 7-8, 2010 and the post-test on April 29, 2010.
2. Documentation
Documentation means the act of documenting, Arikunto (2002: 135)
postulates documentation as follows:
Dokumentasi, dari asal katanya dokumen, yang artinya barang-
barang tertulis. Di dalam melaksanakan metode dokumentasi, peneliti
menyelidiki benda-benda tertulis seperti buku-buku, majalah,
dokumen, peraturan-peraturan, notulen rapat, catatan harian, dan
sebagainya.
xl
iii
43
_
It can be concluded that documentation is a method in collecting
data by using documents, the written from which a researcher gets the data.
The documentation needed in this study is the students English scores, names
of population, and sample of the seventh grade of SMP N 3 Ajibarang in the
academic year 2009/2010.
3. Trying-Out the Instrument
The quality of the data, whether it is good or bad, is based on the
instrument used. A good instrument fulfills two important qualifications i.e.
validity and reliability. Before taking the data, the writer conducted try out of
the test items first to students in another class. The aim of trying out
instruments is to know whether or not the instrument of measurement is valid
and reliable. It is done to the seventh grade students of Junior High School
who do not belong to the two groups. The try-out test was held on March, 23
rd
2010 to measure the validity and reliability of the test. The writer chooses
class VIIA to do the try-out test. After the result of the try out is gained, the
analysis is made to find out the validity and reliability of the items of the test.
Some items remain to be used while some others are left out.
a. Validity of the Test
A valid test is one that in fact measures what it claims to be
measuring (Madsen, 1983: 178). Validity contains of accuracy and
carefulness. After holding a try-out test, the result will be computed to find
out the validity. To analyze the result of try out, the writer used discrete
score. She would give 1 (one) score for the correct answer and 0 (zero) for
the wrong answer. Therefore, the items must be analyzed one by one. The
formula is as follows:
r =
X
i
Xt p
i
x
2
q
i
t
n
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iv
44
Where :
r : the coefficient of correlation
X i : the mean of the number of correct answer of all students for
certain item
X
t
: the mean of the correct answer of all students
x
t
: the average of each student
p
i
: the total number of the right answer divided by n
q
i
: the total number of the wrong answer divided by n (1 p)

n : the total number of subjects
The computation of the validity can be seen on appendix 4. An
item can be used to test the students if the result of the computation is
higher than 0. 329 (r
o
> r
t
= valid or r
observation
> r
table
= valid) and an item
should be revised or crossed out when the result of the computation is less
than 0.329 (r
t(36, 0.05)
= 0.329). From the computation of the validity, there
are 30 valid items and 20 invalid items.
b. Reliability of the Test
Reliability shows whether an instrument is reliable and can be used
as a device to collect the data with the stability of test scores. The reliable
test is one that produces essentially the same results consistently on
different occasions when the conditions of the test remain the same
(Madsen, 1983:179). The test is reliable if it consistently yields the same
or nearly the same rank over repeated administration. In this study, the
data for reliability is taken from the test items which are valid. The
reliability of a test refers to consistency of the test score. The writer, then,
uses the result of the coefficient of validity to be applied into formula as
follows:
xl
v
45
2
t
\
s
s
S
t
=
_
x
t
n
Where :
S
t
_
x
2
: estimated population standard deviation
: sum of the squared deviation scores
n : the total number of subjects
r =

k

Where :
|
kk
k 1

1
pq |
2

t

r
kk
: the coefficient of reliability
p : the proportion of the subject which has right answer in each item
q : the proportion of wrong answer (1-p)
k : the number of the valid items on the test
2
t
: the standard deviation scores
Criterion:
0.0 r
kk
< 0.20 : the lowest reliability
0.20 r
kk
< 0.40 : the low reliability
0.40 r
kk
< 0.60 : the quite reliability
0.60 r
kk
< 0.80 : the high reliability
0.80 r
kk
< 1.00 : the highest reliability
(Suharsimi Arikunto, 2002:245)
After the writer obtain the reliability score, the following steps is to
consult to the score with the r product moment table. The computation of
the reliability can be seen on appendix 7. The result of the computation is
0.8809. Because r
kk
= 0.8809 is higher than r
table(36,0.05)
= 0.329, it means
that the test is reliable and has highest reliability.
xl
vi
46
H. Difficulty of Level
After the try out was conducted, each of the items is classified into
difficulty level by using this formula:
Where:
P : item difficulty
P =
B
JS
B : number of students who answered the item correctly
Js : number of students
(Arikunto, 2009: 208)
The level of difficulty of each item is determined by using these
following categorizations:
0 < P 0.3 is difficult
0.3 < P 0.7 is medium
0.7 < P 1 is easy
(Arikunto, 2009: 210)
I. The Technique of Data Analysis
The data gained are analyzed to know the difference between
experimental group and control group. In analyzing the data, the writer uses t-test.
T-test is used to compare the means of the two groups. The data gained will be
used to test whether or not using of Total Physical Response to enhance students
vocabulary mastery is effective. As the requirement of the t-test, the data have to
be tested using normality test.
The illustration is as follows:
t-test
Total Physical Response Grammar Translation Method
A B
xl
vi
i
47
1
The formula of the t-test in analyzing the data is as follows:
t =
X 1 X 2
S
x1 x2
_
x
2
+
_
x
2
| 1 1 |

Where, S =

x
1
x
2
1 2
n
1
+ n
2
2

\
n
1
+
n
2

Notes:
t = the effectiveness of the treatment (the t-value)
S
x1 x2
= the standard error of the difference between two means
X1 = the mean score of the first group (the experimental group), X
n
= X X n
X 2
_
x
2
= the mean of the second group (the control group)
= the sum of the squared deviation scores in the experimental group
x
0
= pre test
x
t
= post test
_
2
x
2
= deviation of
x
0
and x
t
for the control group
x
0
= pre test
x
t
= post test
n
1
= the number of cases in the first group (experimental group)
n
2
= the number of cases in the second group (control group)
As the requirement of t-test, the data have to be tested using normality test
and homogeneity test.
1. Normality Test
Normality test is used to test sample from the population to identify
whether it has normal distribution or not. In this study, the normality test of
experimental and control groups are computed with Lilliefors at the level of
significance = 0.05. According to Sudjana (1996: 466-467), the procedures
are as follows:
xl
vi
ii
48
a. Observation of X
1
, X
2
, X
3
X
n
become standard number Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
Z
n
by using the formula z =
X
i
X
i
s
( X is the average while s is standard
deviation of the sample).
b. For each of the standard number, use standard number distribution list,
then count the probability F(z
i
)= P(z s z
i
).
c. Then count proportion of Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
Zn which less or equal than Z
i
. If
the proportion stated by using S(z
i
), so S(z
i
) is the number of Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
Z
n
which is less or equal than Z
i
divided by n.
d. Count result of F(z
i
) S(z
i
) then state the absolute value.
e. Take the biggest value among the absolute values from that result. The
maximum result of F(z
i
) S(z
i
) is Lo.
Criterion: Lo > L
table
= sample does not come from the normal distribution
population.
Lo L
table
= sample comes from normal distribution
population.
To make it clearer the summary is presented on table 1 as follows:
Table 1. The result of Normality Test for Experimental and Control Groups.
No. Groups Sample df L Value Conclusion
Lo Lt
1. Experimental 34 33 0.1060 0.1519 Normal
2. Control 36 35 0.1082 0.1477 Normal
Notes: Lo is Lilliefors value observation of Lilliefors maximal of data
Lt is Lilliefors value on the table at the level of significance and the
sample size n
df is degree of freedom
xl
ix
49
i
i


1
1
2
2
S
i
S
i
i
2. Homogeneity Test
Other requirement of t-test is homogeneity test. It is used to know
whether the population has homogeneity or not. In this research, the
homogeneity uses Barleth-test. The steps are as follows:
a. Hypotheses
H
0
:
2
H
1
:
2
=
2
=
2
, sample comes from homogeny population.
, sample does not come from homogeny population.
b. Computation
( X )
2
_
X
2

_ i
1) S
2
=
n
i
Where:
n 1
2
: variance of the group
_
X
2
_
X
i
: the sum square of the observation
: the sum of the observation
n : the number of the observation
2
=
_
(n
i
1)S
2) S
_
(n
2
i
1)

Where:
2
S : total variance of sample
2
: variance sample of each group
n : the number of the observation
3) B = (log S
2
)
_
(n
Where:
1)

B : Barleth value
2
S : total variance of sample
n
i
: the number of observation of each group
l
50
i
t
S
i
0

2

t
4)
2
= (ln10)|B

2
: chi square
_
(n
i
1)logS
2
|

B : Barleth value
n
i
: the number of observation of each group
2
: variance sample of each group
From the computation of Barleth Test the writer found
2
= 0.0893. It
is lowest than critical value of
2
= 3.841 at the level of significance = 0.05.
From this result it can be seen that the data are homogeneous because
0
(
t
2
(0.05:1) or 0.0893<3.841.
Notes:
o
2
is Chi square value observation of computation (
2
observation)
2
is Chi square value on the table at the significance level 5% and
the sample size n.
J. The Statistical Hypothesis
The value of the t-test would be consulted to the value of t-table in the
appropriate degrees of freedom at the level of significance 5% as usually used in
psychological and educational research. The degrees of freedom can be
determined by using the formula: df = n
1
+ n
2
2.
Whether or not the difference between the two groups is significant
depends on the comparison between the value of t-test and the value of t-table. If
the value of the t-test is higher than t-table, it can be concluded that there is a
significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. The
statistical hypothesis of the research is as follows:
H
0
(Null Hypothesis) : a = b
H
1
(Alternative Hypothesis) : a > b
Where:
A is the mean score of the experimental group.
B is the mean score of the control group.
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51
H
0
is accepted if both the experimental and the control group have the same score.
H
1
is rejected if the experimental group has higher score than the control group.
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52
CHAPTER IV
THE RESULT OF THE STUDY
A. The Description of the Data
After conducting the data collection, the writer obtains the desired data.
They are in the form of scores on English vocabulary mastery test, namely: pre-
test and post test scores. These data come from the experimental group (X
1
) and
control group (X
2
).
The detailed description of the students scores from two groups can be
seen as follows:
1. Pre-test Scores
a. Experimental Group (X
1
)
The data of the test show that the highest score of the pre-test is 7.33,
while the lowest one is 3.67. The mean of the scores is 5.15, the median is
4.68, the mode is 4.68, and the standard deviation is 0.85. The range of
them is 0 to 10. The following are tables of frequency of distribution and
figures of histogram and polygon of the experimental group.
Table 2
Frequency of Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the Experimental Group.
ClassLimits Midpoint
Frequency
Absolute
Frequency
Relative
Frequency
3.67-4.28 3.98 4 11.76%
4.29-4.90 4.60 7 20.59%
4.91-5.52 5.22 13 38.24%
5.53-6.14 5.84 6 17.65%
6.15-6.76 6.46 3 8.82%
6.77-7.38 7.08 1 2.94%
Total 34 100%
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i
53
Figure 1: The Histogram and the Polygon of the Frequency of Distribution
of the Pre-test Scores of the Experimental Group.
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Notes:
3,975 4,595 5,215 5,835 6,455 7,075
Groupof Score
is histogram
is polygon
b. Control Group (X
2
)
The data of the test show that the highest score of the pre-test is 6.33,
while the lowest one is 2.00. The mean of the scores is 4.85, the median is
4.52, the mode is 5.85, and the standard deviation is 1.11. The range of
them is 0 to 10. The following are tables of frequency of distribution and
figures of histogram and polygon of the control group.
Table 3
Frequency of Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the Control Group.
No. Class Limits Midpoint
Absolute
Frequency Relative Frequency
1 2.00-2.72 2.36 3 8.3%
2 2.73-3.45 3.09 1 2.8%
3 4.46-4.18 3.82 2 5.6%
4 4.19-4.91 4.55 11 30.6%
5 4.92-5.64 5.28 7 19.4%
6 5.65-6.37 6.01 12 33.3%
Total 36 100%
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v
54
Figure 2: The Histogram and the Polygon of the Frequency of Distribution
of the Pre-test Scores of the Control Group.
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Notes:
2,36 3,09 3,82 4,55 5,28 6,01
Group of Score
is histogram
is polygon
2. Post test Scores
a. Experimental Group (X
1
)
The data of the test show that the highest score of the post test is 10, while
the lowest one is 4.67. The mean of the scores is 7.76, the median is 7.45,
the mode is 8.06, and the standard deviation is 1.19. The range of them is
0 to 10. The following are tables of frequency of distribution and figures
of histogram and polygon of the experimental group.
Table 4
Frequency of Distribution of Post test Scores of the Experimental Group.
No. Class Limits Midpoint
Absolute
Frequency Relative Frequency
1 4.67-5.57 5.12 2 5.88%
2 5.58-6.48 6.03 4 11.76%
3 6.49-7.39 6.94 6 17.65%
4 7.40-8.30 7.85 8 23.53%
5 8.31-9.21 8.76 12 35.29%
6 9.22-10.12 9.67 2 5.88%
Total 34 100%
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55
Figure 3: The Histogram and the Polygon of the Frequency of Distribution
of the Post-test Scores of the Experimental Group.
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Notes:
5,12 6,03 6,94 7,85 8,76 9,67
Group of Score
is histogram
is polygon
b. Control Group (X
2
)
The data of the test show that the highest score of the post test is 8.67,
while the lowest one is 4.67. The mean of the scores is 6.58, the median is
6.14, the mode is 5.85, and the standard deviation is 1.16. The range of
them is 0 to 10. The following are tables of frequency of distribution and
figures of histogram and polygon of the control group.
Table 5
Frequency of Distribution of Post-test Scores of the Control Group.
No. Class Limits Midpoint
Absolute
Frequency Relative Frequency
1 4.67-5.32 4.9 5 13.89%
2 5.33-5.98 5.6 4 11.11%
3 5.99-6.64 6.3 9 25%
4 6.65-7.30 6.9 5 13.89%
5 7.31-7.96 7.6 8 22.22%
6 7.97-8.62 8.3 4 11.11%
7 8.63-9.28 8.9 1 2.78%
Total 36 100%
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i
56
Figure 4: The Histogram and the Polygon of the Frequency of Distribution
of the Post test Scores of the Control Group.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
4.9 5.6 6.3 6.9 7.6 8.3 8.9
Group of Score
Notes:
is histogram
is polygon
B. Hypothesis Testing
To check whether the writers hypotheses in chapter II are accepted or
not, she tests the null hypothesis (H
o
) and the alternative hypothesis (H
a
) using t-
test. The null hypothesis (H
o
) states that there is no significant difference in
English vocabulary achievement between group of students taught by Total
Physical Response (TPR) and those taught by Grammar Translation Method
(GTM). The hypothesis can statistically be formulated as follows:
H
0
(Null Hypothesis) : a = b
It means that the mean scores between two groups are equal or both the
experimental and the control group have the same mean scores. Meanwhile,
alternative hypothesis states that there is a significant difference in English
vocabulary achievement between group of students taught by Total Physical
Response (TPR) and those taught by Grammar Translation Method (GTM).
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ii
57
The hypothesis can statistically be formulated as follows:
H
1
(Alternative Hypothesis) : a > b
It means that the experimental group has higher mean score than the
control group or the group of students taught by Total Physical Response has
higher mean score than the group of students taught by Grammar Translation
Method.
The null Hypothesis (Ho) is rejected if t
o
>t
t
(t
observation
> t
table
) for the
degree of freedom (df )= (n
1
+ n
2
) 2 and at the level of significance = 0.05,
which means that alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. On the contrary, if t
o
<t
t
(t
observation
< t
table
), Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected.
The result of t computation (t-test) shows that the t-
observation
(t
o
) is 4.20
while the t-
table
(t
t
) for the degree of freedom 68 and at the level of significance
= 0.05 is 1.67. It can be seen that the t-
observation
(t
o
) is higher than the t-
table
(t
t
),
which means that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted while the null
hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference in
English vocabulary achievement between the group of students taught by Total
Physical Response (TPR) and those taught by Grammar Translation Method
(GTM). The computation of t-test can be seen in appendix 23.
The writer uses t-test to test the first hypothesis. Then, to test the second
hypothesis, she needs to compare the mean scores of the two groups which the
total scores of sample divided by the total number of subjects. The mean score of
the students taught using TPR is 7.76, while the mean score of the students taught
using GTM is 6.58. It shows that the mean score of the students taught using TPR
is higher than the mean score of the students taught using GTM. It can be
concluded that using TPR to enhance students vocabulary mastery has better
result than using GTM. On the other hand, TPR is more effective to enhance
students vocabulary mastery.
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58
C. Discussion of the Research Result
From the computation of t-test, it shows that the t-
observation
(t
o
) = 4.20 is
higher than t-
table
(t
t
) = 1.67 for the degree of freedom of 68 and at the level of
significance of = 0.05. The null hypothesis is rejected, which means that there
is a significant difference in English vocabulary achievement between group of
students taught by Total Physical Response (TPR) and those taught by Grammar
Translation Method (GTM). The students who are taught by using TPR have
better result than those taught using GTM, as seen in the differences of mean. The
mean score of the students taught using TPR is 7.76, while the mean score of the
students taught using GTM is 6.58.
The result of the analysis can be clarified by the following reasons. It has
been explained in chapter II that TPR is based on the way in which children learn
their mother tongue. In TPR, they should not learn by memorizing lists of
vocabulary because babies also do not learn by memorizing lists of vocabulary. It
is more fun, like a play, so they will be easy to understand and to learn the target
language. In TPR classroom, students respond to commands that require physical
movement. It can reduce the learners stress and anxiety because students allow
speaking when they are ready. When they do begin to speak, perfection should not
be expected. TPR places more emphasis on the link between word and action. The
activity, where a command is given in the imperative and the learners respond the
command by performing the appropriate gesture, is the main activity of TPR.
Harmer (2007: 84) states that the learners must be encouraged to respond to texts
and situations with their own thoughts and experiences, rather than just answering
questions and doing abstract learning activities. The teacher must give them tasks
which they are able to do, rather than risk humiliating them. It means that it will
be easier for the students to remember the words they have learned for long-term
retention if they are involved directly and use their body in learning vocabulary
items. It can be concluded that this condition will cause the students are easy to
master and remember vocabulary for long-term retention.
On the other hand, Grammar Translation Method is a teaching foreign
language method which focuses on learning the grammar rules and their
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59
application in translating passages from one language into a target language,
memorizing of vocabulary of texts, and writing exercises. In GTM activities, the
teacher gives a text and the students translate it. The students are not active during
learning process or involved in learning process directly and there is no
interaction or response between students and teacher. The students just sit on their
chair and translate the text. This condition will make students bored and forget the
material easily. They also do not enjoy the learning process. This condition is not
relevant with the characteristics of junior high school students. They are more
attracted in experiences than theory. In addition, they are interested to learn
something by doing it or are actively involved in the learning process.
After comparing the characteristics of those methods, it can be concluded
that TPR can give better result to enhance students vocabulary mastery. It shows
that the result of the research proves that there is a significant difference in
English vocabulary achievement between group of students taught by Total
Physical Response (TPR) and those taught by Grammar Translation Method
(GTM) and it also shows that Total Physical Response is effective to enhance
students vocabulary mastery.
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60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
The objective of this study is to find out whether or not the use of Total
Physical Response to enhance students vocabulary mastery of the seventh grade
of junior high school especially at SMP N 3 Ajibarang is effective. In order to
achieve the objective of this study, the writer conducts an experimental research.
After conducting the experiment, the writer finds out the difference between the
mean scores of the pre test and the post-test both two groups. The test is an
English vocabulary. The students are asked to do the test by answering the 28
multiple-choice items and 2 matching word items. To make sure that the test is
valid and reliable, the test is tried out first. The result of the try-out number 1 is
0.439. It is greater than critical value of 95% with confidence level 0.329. It
means that the test is reliable and valid.
In chapter IV the writer has analyzed the data statistically. Based on the
statistical analysis, it was found that the mean score of the post- test of
experimental group (taught using Total Physical Response) is higher than the
mean score of post-test of control group (taught using Grammar Translation
Method). In order to know whether the difference between the two mean is
significant or not, the t-test is applied. The result of computation t-test is 4.20. The
critical value at 0.05 alpha level of significance is 1.67. Since the obtained t-value
(4.20) is higher than critical value at 0.05 alpha level of significance (1.67) or
t
obervation
>t
table
, the writer concludes that the test is statistically significant or there
is a significant difference in English vocabulary achievement between group of
students taught by Total Physical Response (experimental group) and those taught
by Grammar Translation Method (control group). Group of students taught by
Total Physical Response (experimental group) gets higher achievement in English
vocabulary than those taught by Grammar Translation Method (control group). As
the mean scores of the post test both two groups show that the experimental group
lx
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gets 7.76 while the control group gets 6.58. So, the second hypothesis which says
that the group taught by Total Physical Response has a better achievement in
English vocabulary than those taught by Grammar Translation Method is
accepted. It proved that TPR is more effective than GTM.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above Total Physical Response is more effective
to enhance students vocabulary mastery to Junior High School students than
Grammar Translation Method. In that emend, the writer would like to offer some
suggestions, as follows:
1. To the students
In Total Physical Response activities, the students should be active to
follow the process of teaching and learning English and do more practices
in the class. In TPR classroom, students respond to commands that require
physical movement. So, the students must not be passive and shy, must do
more practices in the class. Besides these, they have to improve their
vocabulary mastery with various activities.
2. To the English teacher, especially English teacher of Junior High school
a. Teaching English is not easy. The teacher must always be creative and
should use various methods in teaching especially appropriate method
according to the situation and topic or students education level and
interest appropriate for their students. The method should make
students more interested and motivated in teaching and learning
process. Before they conduct the teaching and learning process, they
should choose an appropriate method or approach first. Because the
method or approach is one of factors affecting the success of teaching
and learning process.
b. Total Physical Response as one method of teaching language can be
used as alternative to enhance students vocabulary mastery and
students achievement of English vocabulary.
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62
3. To the other researcher
The writer hopes that finding of this study will be used as a starting point
of the future studies on similar problem. There are still many other
methods of teaching English that could be studied to find out the
effectiveness of the methods or approaches in teaching vocabulary to be
applied to the students.
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