GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES

This is a resource pack that I put together for myself to teach roots, prefixes, and suffixes as part of a separate vocabulary class (short weekly sessions). It is a combination of helpful resources that I have found on the web as well as some tips of my own (such as the simple lesson plan).

Lesson Plan Ideas ........................................................................................................... 3 Simple Lesson Plan for Word Study: ........................................................................... 3 Lesson Plan Idea 2 ...................................................................................................... 3 Background Information .................................................................................................. 5 Why Study Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes? ......................................................... 6 Latin and Greek Word Elements .............................................................................. 6 Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes .......................................................................... 6 Root, Prefix, and Suffix Lists ........................................................................................... 8 List 1: MEGA root list ................................................................................................... 9 List 2: Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes .......................................................................... 32 List 3: Prefix List ....................................................................................................... 42 List 4: Greek Roots .................................................................................................... 43 List 5: Greek Prefixes ................................................................................................ 43 List 6: Greek Suffixes List .......................................................................................... 44 List 7: Latin and Greek word roots ............................................................................. 45 Sample Study Card ....................................................................................................... 47 Games/Activities ........................................................................................................... 48 Word Webs ................................................................................................................ 48

Nonsense Words ....................................................................................................... 48 Concentration ............................................................................................................ 49 Crossword Puzzles .................................................................................................... 49 Word Searches .......................................................................................................... 49 Hangman ................................................................................................................... 49 Jeopardy .................................................................................................................... 49 Quizzes ...................................................................................................................... 49 Tips ............................................................................................................................ 49

Lesson Plan Ideas

Study: Simple Lesson Plan for Word Study :
This is a simple plan I made up based upon what I came across on the web: 1. Choose one (or two) new root(s), prefix(es), or suffix(es) a week to learn 2. Have student list as many words as he/she can with the target root, prefix or suffix. 3. Create a study card as shown near the end of this document. 4. Play games or other activities to practice the root, suffix, or prefix. 5. Work in regular review of all previous roots. You might make a warm up activity or give a quiz at the beginning of each session.

Lesson Plan Idea 2

Excerpted from: Learning How to Define and Use Root Words
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise

Procedure: Students will be grouped into groups of four. Each group will be given 10 of the roots from the master list provided by the instructor; each group will get different roots from the master list. Students in each group will use a marker to write each of the 10 roots on an index card. Students will think of two or three words that use the root and write each of these words on the opposite side of the index card. They will write the definition next to each word. (If they are unsure of the definition, they will be allowed to use the dictionary.) They will then attempt to find the similarity for each word; in this way they will attempt to define the root. Example: the students write ject on one index card. On the reverse side, they may come up with inject, reject, and project. Students may discuss that all three words have something to do with movement. Moving in, moving back and moving forward. Students may then infer that ject means to move or to throw. Inject=throw in, reject=throw back, project=throw forward. (Time permitting, students should be encouraged to write on the card one or two more complex words using jecte.g. projection, conjecture, objection. Students in each group will then pair, and each pair will follow the same

procedure for each of the five roots they have chosen. The two pairs of students will then share their findings and write their ten roots and definitions in their notebooks (or on the master list). If there is time remaining, the four students will use an open sorting technique to sort their ten roots. For example, they might group by roots that are verbs and roots that are adjectives (e.g. ject pel cred scope aud=verbs; bio belli fort therm temp(o)=nouns. The time frame for this activity should be 45-50 minutes, one class period. (For subsequent activities involving the same lesson, the groups would share their findings with the class for the next day or two, until all the roots are defined. A possible final activity at this point, instead of a test, would be for each student to group all of the roots from the master list using an open sort. This, again, could be instead of a test, or this could be used as a study mechanism for each student to learn the meaning of the roots for a test, as studies show that grouping improves the learning process.)

Evaluation: The instructor will give students a list of new words using the roots defined by each group. The students will attempt to define these words without the use of dictionaries. Students will create nonsense words using a combination of the roots learned and be able to define these words: e.g. biocredography= a believable book about someones life; thermoscope=a device that lets you see the heat given off by an object. A more standard evaluation would be a test on the roots where the student would be given a series of roots; he would have to first define the root, then use a word that uses the root, then define the word: e.g. belli=war, belligerent, belligerent=a warlike person, an aggressive person.

Background Information
Read over the information on the next two pages with student before starting word study so he/she can understand the importance/significance or reason for undertaking this study.

Prefixes, Why Study Word Roots, Prefixes , and Suffixes?

Knowing the "building blocks" of the English language - prefixes, suffixes and root words - helps you to understand a word's meaning and spelling convention.

Latin and Greek Word Elements

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0907017.html

English is a living language, and it is growing all the time. One way that new words come into the language is when words are borrowed from other languages. New words are also created when words or word elements, such as roots, prefixes, and suffixes, are combined in new ways. Many English words and word elements can be traced back to Latin and Greek. Often you can guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word if you know the meaning. A word root is a part of a word. It contains the core meaning of the word, but it cannot stand alone. A prefix is also a word part that cannot stand alone. It is placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word to change its meaning. Often you can guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word if you know the meaning of its parts; that is, the root and any prefixes or suffixes that are attached to it.

Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0907036.html

Latin was the language spoken by the ancient Romans. As the Romans conquered most of Europe, the Latin language spread throughout the region. Over time, the Latin spoken in different areas developed into separate languages, including Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. These languages are considered sisters, as they all descended from Latin, their mother language. In 1066 England was conquered by William, duke of Normandy, which is in northern France. For several hundred years after the Norman invasion, French was the language of court and polite society in England. It was during this period that many French words were borrowed into English. Linguists estimate that some 60% of our common everyday vocabulary today comes from French. Thus many Latin words came into English indirectly through French.

Many Latin words came into English directly, though, too. Monks from Rome brought religious vocabulary as well as Christianity to England beginning in the 6th century. From the Middle Ages onward many scientific, scholarly, and legal terms were borrowed from Latin. During the 17th and 18th centuries, dictionary writers and grammarians generally felt that English was an imperfect language whereas Latin was perfect. In order to improve the language, they deliberately made up a lot of English words from Latin words. For example, fraternity, from Latin fraternitas, was thought to be better than the native English word brotherhood. Many English words and word parts can be traced back to Latin and Greek.

Root, Prefix, and Suffix Lists

1: List 1 : MEGA root list

This is a long list of roots. Super comprehensive. Includes examples. Root a/n a Meanings not, without on Sample Words and Definitions abyss - without bottom; achromatic - without color; anhydrous - without water afire - on fire; ashore - on the shore; aside - on the side abduct - carry away by force; abnormal - away from normal, not normal; ab/s, a from, away, off absent - away, not present; aversion - the act of turning away from; abbreviate: to shorten. ac, ad to, toward, near top, height, tip, beginning do accelerate - to increase the speed of; accessible - easily entered, approached, or obtained; admittance - allowing into; acrobat - a "high walker"; acronym - a word formed from the first (capital) letters of a word; acrophobia - fear of height activity - something that a person does; react - to do something in response; interaction - communication between two or more things aerate - to let air reach something; aerial - relating to the air; aerospace - the air space agriculture - management of the land, agribusiness - making money by utilizing land; agrarian - relating to the management of land neuralgia - pain caused by a nerve; analgesic - a drug that makes one pain free; nostalgia - aching for the familiar ambidextrous - able to use both hands equally; ambiguous - having more than one meaning; ambivalence - conflicting or opposite feelings toward a person or thing amble - to walk in a slow, relaxed way; ambulant - walking or moving around; ambulance - a vehicle that moves a patient amiable - friendly, pleasant, lovable; amity - friendly and peaceful relations; amorous - showing romantic love analysis - a close examination of something; anatomy - the structure of something as visible when cut up for analysis; anachronism - not being in the right place in time androgynous - being both male and female; android - resembling a human;

acro

act

aer/o

air

agr/i/o

farming

alg/o

pain

ambi, amphi

both, on both sides, around

ambul

walk, move

ami/o

love

ana

up, back, against, again, throughout man, male

andr/o

misandry - hatred towards men anim life, spirit animal - a living organism; animate - to make alive; equanimity - of balanced spirit anniversary - a date observed once a year; annual - happening once a year; millennium - 1,000 years antecede - to come before something in time; antemeridian - before noon; anteroom- a small room before the main room chrysanthemum and amaranth - names of flowers; anthology - a collection of anth/o flower treasured writings; anthozoan - half plant, half animal, like anemones and corals. anthropology - the study of mankind; anthropomorphism - giving human form anthrop/o human to non-human things; philanthropy - the love to mankind (expressed through good deeds) anti against, opposite of antibody - a substance that destroys micro-organisms; antiseptic preventing infection; antisocial - opposing social norm aphorism - a short expression of a general truth; apology - an explicit apo, apho away, off, separate expression of regret, apostrophe - a small dash used in place of an omitted letter aqu/a water aquarium - a water container for fish; aquatic- relating to water; aqueduct - a pipeline for water arborist - someone working with trees; arbor - a shady area formed by trees; arborous - having many trees archbishop - the highest ranking bishop; archenemy - chief or worst enemy; matriarch - a female who rules a group; monarch - a king or queen archaeology - the study of ancient cultures; archaic - belonging to an earlier period; archive - a collection of historical materials arthroscope - a tool to see inside a joint; arthritis - inflammation of a joint; arthropod - invertebrates with jointed legs, like spiders, crustaceans, insects artifact - object made by a person's skill; artisan - a person skilled in a craft; artist - a person who creates skillfully astronaut - a person traveling to the stars; astronomer - someone who studies the stars; asterisk - a star-shaped sign used as a reference tool audible - loud enough to be heard; audience - people who listen to a program; audiovisual - relating to sound and vision

ann enn

year

ante

before, in front

arbor arch/i /e/o/ae archa/e, archi arthr/o

tree chief, most important, rule primitive, ancient

joint

art astro, aster aud/i/io

skill star, stars, outer space hear

auto

self, same, one

autocrat - a person who governs with absolute power; autograph - a person's own signature; automatic - moving by itself aviary - a large enclosure for birds; aviatrix - a female airplane pilot; aviation - the art of designing or operating aircraft baric - pertaining to pressure, esp. of the atmosphere; milliard - metric unit, equal to 1/1000th of a bar; baryon - heavy elementary particle bellicose - warlike; belligerent - hostile, ready to fight; rebel - person who opposes and fights benefactor - person who gives money to a cause; beneficial - producing a good effect; benevolent - showing kindness or goodwill

avi/a

bird

bar/o

pressure, weight

bell/i

war

bene

good, well

bi/n

two, twice, once in biannual - happening twice a year; binoculars - optical device with two every two book lenses; bilateral - of or involving two sides bibliography - a list of books used as sources; bibliomania - an extreme love of books; bibliophile - a person who loves books biography- a life story written by another person; biology - the science of life; biosphere - Earth's surface inhabited by living things blastula - an early stage of embryonic development; fibroblast - a cell that forms connective tissue; blastoderm - the layer surrounding the inside of an egg intercept - to stop or interrupt; recapture - taking something back; captivating - taking hold of cardiac - relating to the heart; cardiogenic - resulting from heart disease; cardiologist - a heart doctor carnivorous - flesh-eating; carnal - pertaining to the body or flesh; incarnate given bodily form

bibli/o

bio

life, living matter

blast/o

cell, primitive, immature cell

capt, cept take, hold

cardi/o

heart

carn/i

flesh, meat down, against

cata

completely, intensive, according to

cataclysm - a flood or other disaster, catalog - a complete listing; catastrophe - turning for the worst, a substantial disaster

caust, caut cede, ceed, cess

to burn

cauterize - to burn with a hot instrument; caustic - capable of burning or eating away; holocaust - total devastation, especially by fire exceed - to go beyond the limits; recede - to go back; accessible - easily

go, yield

entered, approached, or obtained;

ceive, cept celer cent/i

take fast hundred, hundredth

accept - to take a thing that is offered; perceive - to take notice of something; receive - to take something given accelerate - to increase the speed of; decelerate - to reduce the speed of centennial- the 100th anniversary; centimeter - 1/100 of a meter; century 100 years egocentric - self-centered; eccentric - not having a common center, not according to norm; centrifugal - moving outward from a center encephalitis - inflammation of the brain; cephalic - pertaining to the head;

centr/o/i

center

cephal/o

head

cephalopod - marine mollusks like octopus and squid who have tentacles growing from their head

cerebr/o

brain

cerebral - pertaining to the brain; cerebrate - to use the brain; cerebrospinal pertaining to the brain and the spinal cord ascertain- to find out something with certainty; certain - being absolutely sure; certify - to state that something is true achromatic - without color; chromium - a blue-white metallic chemical element, chromatics - the study of color chronic - lasting for a long time; chronological - arranging events in time order, synchronize - happening at the same time chrysanthenum and helichrysum - golden/yellow flowers; chrysolite - a yellowish gem homicide - murder; incisor - a sharp tooth for cutting food; insecticide - a chemical used to kill insects circumnavigate - to sail around; circumscribe - to draw around; circumspect looking around clamor - to shout and make noise; exclaim - to cry out loudly and suddenly; proclamation - something announced officially in public clarification - an explanation; clarify - to make something clear; declare - to state something clearly conclusion - the end or last part; exclusion - shutting out, rejecting; seclude to keep away from; to isolate inclination - a leaning toward; incline - a surface that slopes or leans; recline - to lean back and relax

cert chrom/o

sure

chromat/o, color, pigment chros chron/o time

chrys/o

gold, yellow

cide, cise cut, kill circum, circle claim, clam clar

around, about

shout, speak out

clear

clud, clus close

cline

lean

coauthor - writer who collaborates with another author; coeducation co with, together, joint educating males and females together; cohousing - planning your neighborhood in an intentional neighborly fashion col together, jointly Collaborate - to work together; collision - smashing together; colloquial words formed by everday interaction commemorate - to memorize together; composition - an arrangement or com together, common putting together of parts; commune - living together while owning things in common cogn/i know cognition - process of acquiring knowledge; incognito - disguised so no one knows you; recognize - to discover that one knows concur - to agree with someone; contemporary - of the same time period as others; convention - a gathering of people with a common interest contradict to argue against, Contraflow, contraception, contrary not in agreement, controversy disagreement corporation - a company recognized by law as a single body; corpse - a dead body; corporal - pertaining to the body cosmonaut - a Russian astronaut; cosmos - the universe; microcosm - a miniature universe

con

with, jointly

contra/o

against, opposite

corp/o

body

cosm/o

universe

counter

opposite, contrary, counteract - to oppose the effects of an action; countermand - to cancel a opposing skull previous order; counteroffensive - attack against an attack craniology - the study of skull characteristics; cranium - skull of vertebrates; cranial - pertaining to the skull credence - belief that something is true or valid; credulous - believing things too easily, gullible; incredible - unbelievable cryptic - of hidden meaning; cryptography - science of secret codes; encrypt - encode into secret code accumulate - to gather or pile up; cumulative - gradually building up bicycle - a vehicle with two wheels; cycle - a sequence that is repeated; cyclone - a storm with circling winds decelerate - to slow down, reduce speed; dethrone - to remove from power; debug - to remove bugs decade - 10 years; decathlon - athletic contest that includes 10 disciplines in ten which each participant competes; December - formerly the 10th month of the Roman calendar

cranio

cred

believe

crypto cumul cycl

hidden, secret mass, heap circle, ring reduce, away, down, remove

de

dec/a, deka

deci

one tenth

deciliter - a tenth of a liter; decimate - reduce dramatically; decibel - one tenth of the sound volume unit bel democracy - government of the people; demographic - the study of people; epidemic - spreading among people in a region demitasse - a small cup of coffee; demimonde - someone of little respected life style philodendron - a climbing plant that grows on trees; dendrochronology -

dem/o

people

demi

half, less than

dendr/o/i tree

dating events by studying growth rings in trees; dendriform - in the shape of a tree

dent, dont tooth

dental - relating to teeth; dentist - a doctor for the teeth; dentures - a set of false teeth dermatologist - a doctor for the skin; pachyderm - a class of animals with very thick skin (elephant, rhinoceros); dermatitis - inflammation of the skin dichromatic - displaying two colors; diploma - a certificate, literally "a letter

derm/a

skin

di/plo

two, twice

folded double"; dilemma - a situation that requires a choice between two alternatives.

di/s

apart, away,

digression - a departure from the main issue, subject; disappear - to move

not, to the opposite out of sight; dissect - to cut apart piece by piece. through, between, apart, across diabetes - disease characterized by excessive thirst and discharge of urine; diagnosis - understanding a condition by going through a detailed review of symptoms; dialog - conversation between two people. contradict - to express the opposite of; prediction - a statement foretelling the future; dictate - to speak out loud for another person to write down. dominate - to be the master of; domineering - excessively controlling; predominate - to have more power than others donation - a contribution or gift; donor - someone who gives something; pardon - to give forgiveness for an offense conduct - to lead musicians in playing music; educate - to lead to knowledge; deduction - a subtraction of an amount. duplicate - make an identical copy; duet - a musical composition for two voices or instruments; duo - a pair normally thought of as being together. durable - having the quality of lasting; duration - the length of time something lasts; enduring - able to last.

dia

dict

speak

domin

master

don/at

give

duc/t

lead

du/o

two, twice harden, to last, lasting

dur

dyn/a/am

power, energy, strength abnormal, bad

dynamo - a generator of energy; dynamic - having physical energy/power; dynamite - a powerful explosive. dyspepsia - abnormal indigestion; dystopia - an imaginary place of total misery; dyslexia - impairment of the ability to handle words. eloquent - speaking beautifully and forcefully; emissary - a representative of

dys

e-

out, away

a country or group sent on a mission; eject - throw out forcefully.

ego

self into, cover with, cause

egoistic - self-centered; alter ego - a higher aspect of oneself; egomania excessive preoccupation with oneself. empathy - intention to feel like another person; empower - put into power; engorge - make larger. endotherm - a creature that can keep its inside temperature fairly constant;

em, en

endo

within, inside

endocrine - relating to glands that secrete directly into the blood or lymph; endogamy - the custom to marry within one's clan, tribe etc. bicentennial - of or relating to an age or period of 200 years; centennial - of

enn/i, anni years

or relating to an age or period of 100 years; perennial -lasting through many years.

en, in

inside, inwards on, upon, over,

envision - to picture in the mind; enclose - lock inside; inwards - towards the inside. epidemic - the rapid spread of something negative; epilogue - a short speech delivered after a play; epicenter - the center of an earthquake. equidistant - an equal distance from two points; equanimity - calm temperament, evenness of temper; equation - a statement of equality. ergonomics - study of the working environment; energy - the power to

ep/i

among, at, after, to, outside

equ/i

equal, equally

erg/o

work

accomplish work; energetics - science that looks at energy and its transformation.

esth/aesth

feeling, sensation, esthetician - someone who beautifies; aesthetic - pertaining to a sense of beauty race, people beauty; kinesthesia - the sensation of bodily movement. ethnic - pertaining to a defined group of people; ethnocentric - focusing on the ethnicity of people; ethnology - the science of people and races. euphemism - replacing an offensive word with an inoffensive one; euphonious - having a pleasant sound; euphoria - feeling of well-being. excavate - to dig out; exhale - to breathe out; extract - to pull out.

ethno

eu ex

good, well from, out,

extra, extro fac/t

outside, beyond

extraordinary - beyond ordinary; extraterrestrial - outside the Earth; extrovert - an outgoing person. artifact - an object made by a person; factory - a place where things are made; malefact - a person who does wrong. confer - to bring an honor to someone; ferry - a boat that carries passengers; transfer - to move to another place. confide - place trust in someone, fidelity - faithfulness; fiduciary - a trustee; deflect - to bend course because of hitting something; inflection - a bending in the voice's tone or pitch; flexible - easily bending. florist - someone working with flowers; floral - flowerlike; flora - the plant life of a particular time or area

make, do

fer fid flect flor/a, fleur

bear, bring, carry faith bend

flower completely (used to

for

intensify the meaning of a word)

forsaken or forfeited - completely lost; forgiven - completely given (a release of debt).

fore

in front of, previous, earlier

forebear - ancestor; forebode - to give an advance warning of something bad; forecast - a preview of events to be. fracture - a break; fragile - easy to break; fragment or fraction - a part or element of a larger whole; fugitive - a person who is running away; refuge - a sheltered place to flee to; refugee - a person seeking protection defunct - no longer working or alive; function - to work or perform a role normally; malfunction - to fail to work correctly. confusion - being flooded with too much information that is hard to make sense of; fuse - to melt by heating; infuse - to put into. gastric - pertaining to the stomach; gastronomy - serving the stomach by providing good food; gastritis - inflammation of the stomach. genealogy - the study of the history of a family; generation - all the people born at approximately the same time; genetic -relating to heredity encoded in the genes. geography - study of the earth's surface; geology - study of the structure of the earth; geoponics - soil based agriculture. geriatrics - medicine pertaining to the elderly; gerontocracy - the rule of the elders; gerontology - the science of aging.

fract, frag break flee, run away, escape perform, work

fug

funct

fus

pour

gastr/o

stomach

gen/o/e/ genesis

birth, production, formation, kind

geo

earth, soil, global

ger

old age

giga

a billion

gigabyte - unit of computer storage space; gigahertz - unit of frequency (one billion Hz/sec); gigawatt unit of electric power (one billion watts). decagon - a polygon with 10 angles; diagonal - a slanting line running across a space; octagon - a geometrical figure with 8 angles. diagram - a simple drawing; grammar - rules of how to write words in sentences; telegram - a message sent by telegraph.

gon

angle

gram

letter, written

graph/y

writing, recording, Graphology - the study of handwritings; autograph - written with one's own written pleasing hand; seismograph - a machine noting strength and duration of earthquakes. gratify - to please someone; grateful - feeling thankful; gratuity - a tip, token of appreciation. gynecology - the science of female reproductive health; gynephobia - fear of women; gynecoid - resembling a woman. digression - a departure from the main issue, subject, etc.; progress movement forward or onward; gradual - step by step. hectoliter - 100 liters; hectare - metric unit equaling 100 ares or 10,000 square meters; hectometer - 100 meters. helicopter - an aircraft with horizontal rotating wing; helix - a spiral form; helicon - a circular tuba. heliotropism - movement or growth in relating to the sun; heliograph -

grat

gyn/o/e gress, grad/e/i hect/o, hecat helic/o

woman, female

to step, to go

hundred

spiral, circular

heli/o

sun

apparatus used to send message with the help of sunlight; helianthus genus of plants including sunflowers.

hemi

half, partial

hemicycle - a semicircular structure; hemisphere - one half of the earth; hemistich - half a line of poetry. hemorrhage - clotting of the blood; hemorrhoids - swelling of the blood vessels; hemoglobin - red blood particle. hepatitis - inflammation of the liver; hepatoma - a tumor of the liver; hepatotoxic - toxic and damaging to the liver. heptagon - a shape with seven angles and seven sides; Heptateuch - the

hem/o/a

blood

hepa

liver

hept/a

seven

first seven books of the Old Testament; heptameter - a line of verse consisting of seven metrical feet.

herbi hetero

grass, plant different, other

herbicide - any chemical used to kill unwanted plants, etc.; herbivorous plant-eating; herbal - relating to plants. heterogeneous - made up of unrelated parts; heteronyms - words with same

spelling but different meanings; heterodox - not conforming to traditional beliefs. hex/a six hexagon - a shape with six angles/sides; hexameter - a verse measured in six; hexapod - having six legs. histology - study of the microscopic structure of tissues; histochemistry study of the chemical constitution of cells and tissues. homogeneous - of the same nature or kind; homonym - sounding alike; homeopath - a therapy that is based on treating "same with same" hydrate - to add water to; hydrophobia - intense fear of water; hydroponics hydr/o liquid, water growing plants in liquid nutrient solution; hydraulic - operated by force created by a liquid. hygr/o moisture, humidity too much, over, hygrometer - tool used to measure humidity; hygrograph - instrument for recording variations in atmospheric humidity. hyperactive - very restless; hypercritical - too critical; hypertension - above

histo homo, homeo

tissue

like, alike, same

hyper

excessive, beyond normal pressure. hypoglycemia - an abnormally low level of sugar in the blood; hypothermia -

hyp/o

under

abnormally low body temperature; hypothesis - a theory that is unproven but used under the assumption that it is true.

iatr/o

medical care

geriatrics - medical care of the elderly; pediatrician - a doctor who treats children; podiatry - medical care for feet. icon - an (often religious) image, in modern usage a simplified graphic of

icon/o

image

high symbolic content; iconology - science of symbols and icons; iconoclast someone who destroys religious images and traditional beliefs.

idio

peculiar, personal, distinct

idiomatic - Peculiar to a particular language; idiosyncracy - a physical or mental characteristic typical or a particular person; idiot - someone who is distinctly foolish or stupid. illuminate - to give light to; innovation - a new idea, method, or device; inspection - the act of examining or reviewing. illegal - not legal; impossible - not possible; inappropriate - not appropriate; irresponsible - not responsible. image - a likeness of someone; imaginative - able to think up new ideas or images; imagine - to form a picture or likeness in the mind. infrastructure - underlying framework of a system; infrared - below the regular light spectrum.

il, in ig, il, im, in, ir imag

in, into

not, without

likeness

infra

beneath, below

inter intra, intro ir

between, among, jointly within, inside

international - involving two or more countries; intersection - place where roads come together; intercept - to stop or interrupt the course of. intrastate - existing in one state; intravenous - inside or into a vein; introvert shy person who keeps within him/herself. irredeemable - not redeemable; irreformable - not reformable; irrational - not rational. isobar - a line on a map connecting points of equal barometric pressure;

not

iso

equal

isometric - having equality of measure; isothermal - having equal or constant temperature.

ject

throw

eject - to throw someone/something out; interject - to throw a remark into a discussion; project - to cast or throw something. judgment - a decision of a court of law; judicial - having to do with judges or courts of law; judiciary - a system of courts of law. conjunction - a word that joins parts of sentences; disjunction - a disconnection; junction - a place where two things join. juvenile - youthful or childish; rejuvenate - to bring back to youthful strength or appearance. kilobyte - 1,000 bytes; kilometer - 1,000 meter; kilograms - 1,000 grams. kinetics - study of the force of motion; psychokinesis or telekinesis - the

jud

law

junct

join

juven kilo kine/t /mat

young thousand

motion, division

ability to move objects with your mind; cinematography - motion picture making.

lab lact/o later leuk/o, leuc/o lex

work milk side

collaborate - to work with a person; elaborate - to work out the details; laborious - requiring a lot of hard work. lactate - to give milk, nurse; lactose - the sugar contained in milk; lactic acid. bilateral - of or involving two sides; unilateral - affecting one side of something. leukemia - abnormal increase of white blood cells in the blood; leukocyte - a mature white blood cell; leucine - a white, crystalline amino acid. lexicology - the study and history of words; alexia -loss of the ability to read; illegal - not authorized by the official rules or laws. liberate - to set free; libertine - a person with a free, wild lifestyle; liberty freedom. linguist - one who studies languages; multilingual - able to communicate in

white, colorless

word, law, reading

liber lingu

free language, tongue

multiple languages; linguine - long, flat "tongue-shaped" pasta. lip/o lite, ite, lith/o loc fat liposuction - the mechanical removal of fat reserves in the tissue; lipase enzyme that breaks down fat; lipoid - resembling fat. appatite - a group of common minerals; granite - a hard, granular rock; monolith - a remarkable, unique stone. dislocate - to put something out of its usual place; location - a place; relocate - to move to a new place. logic - correct reasoning; monologue - a long speech by one speaker;analogy - similarity, especially between things otherwise dissimilar. eloquent - speaking beautifully and forcefully ; loquacious - very talkative; elocution - art of public speaking. elucidate - to explain, to throw light on; lucid - easily understood, giving off light; translucent - allowing light through. prelude - introduction to the major performance; illusion - misleading optical image or impression; delude - to mislead, deceive. illuminate - to fill with light; lumen - unit measuring light. lunar - relating to the moon; lunarscape - the surface of the moon; lunatic insane (as if driven mad by the moon). macroevolution - large scale evolution; macromolecule - a large molecule; macroeconomics - study of the overall forces of economy. magnify - make larger; magnificent - grand; magnate - a powerful person, especially in business or industry. malcontent - wrong content; malaria - "bad air", infectious disease thought to mal/e bad, ill, wrong originate from the "bad air" of the swamps, but caused by the bite of an infected mosquito; malicious - showing strong ill will. man/i/u hand maneuver - to move by hand; manual - done with the hands; manuscript - a book written by hand. command - an order or instruction; demand - a hard-to-ignore order; mandate - an official order.

mineral, rock, fossil

place word, doctrine, discourse

log/o

loqu, locu speak

luc

light

lud, lus lumin lun/a/i

to play light moon

macro

large, great

magn/a/i

great, large

mand

to order

mania

madness, insanity, bibliomania - a crazy love of books; egomania - a mad love of oneself; excessive desire sea maniac an insane person. marina - a harbor for pleasure boats; maritime - relating to the sea; submarine - an undersea boat; aquamarine - blue-green in color, like sea

mar/i

water. mater, matr/i max mother maternal - relating to motherhood; maternity - the state of being a mother; matriarch - a woman head of a household. maximal - the best or greatest possible; maximize - to make as great as possible; maximum - the greatest amount. medieval - pertaining to the Middle Ages; medium - in the middle; mediocre only of medium (inferior) quality. megalopolis - an area with many nearby cities; megaphone - a device that projects a loud voice; megastructure - huge building or other structure. melancholy - a state of dark emotions; melanoma - malignant dark tumor of the skin; melodrama - a dark, pathetic drama. commemorate - to honor the memory of, as by a ceremony; memorial memor/i remember related to remembering a person or event; memory: an ability knowledge or an individual's stock of retained knowledge. merge, mers meso dip, dive immerge or immerse - to put or dip something into a liquid; submerge to dip something completely into wate.r Mesoamerica - Middle America; meson - elementary particle with a mass between an electron and a proton. metaphysics - study of nature and reality; metamorphosis - a complete change of form; metastasis - the transmission of disease to other parts of the body. audiometer- an instrument that measures hearing acuteness; chronometeran instrument that measures time; metric - measured. microbe - a very small living thing; microchip - a tiny wafer with an integrated circuit; microscope - a device to see very small things. midriff - the area between the chest and the waist; midterm - middle of a term in school; midway - halfway between. immigrant - a person who moves to a new country to settle; migrant - person who moves from place to place; migration - the process of moving. millimeter - one thousandth of a meter; millibar - one thousandth of a bar; milliliter - one thousandth of a liter. mini - something that is very small; minuscule - extremely tiny; minutiae very small or trivial details. to retain

greatest

medi

middle

mega

great, large, million

melan/o

black

middle

meta

change, after, beyond, between

meter, metr/y micro

measure very small, short, minute middle

mid

migr

move

milli

onethousandth

min/i

small, less

bad, badly, wrong, mis/o wrongly, to hate miss, mit send, let go

misbehave - to behave badly; misprint - an error in printing; misnomer - an error in naming a person or thing. dismiss - to send someone away; missile - a weapon sent into the air; emit to send something out; admittance - entry. immobilize - to stop from moving; mobile - able to move freely; mobility - the quality of being able to move. monochromat - having one color; monologue - a speech spoken by one person; monotheism - belief in one god. motion - the act of moving; motivate - to move someone to action; promote to move someone forward; removable - able to be taken or carried away. metamorphosis - complete change of form; endorphins - chemical in the brain able to transform pain; amorphous - without distinct shape or form. immortal - living forever, unable to die; mortal - certain to die; mortician - an undertaker. multicolored - having many colors; multimedia - using a range of media; multitasking - doing many things at once. immutable - not changing; mutant - an organism that has undergone change; mutate - to undergo a change. myocardium - the middle muscle of the heart; myasthenia - muscle fatigue or weakness; myosin - common protein in muscle tissue. narrate - to tell a story; narrative - a story; narrator - a person who tells a story. innate - included since birth; natal - relating to birth; natural - gotten at birth, not afterward. circumnavigate - to sail around a place; naval - relating to a navy or warships; navigate - to sail a ship through a place. necrophil - loving death; necrosis - the death of tissue due to disease or injury; necrology - a list of persons who have recently died. negate - to say it didn't happen; negative - meaning "no"; renege - to go back on a promise. neoclassic - a revival of classic form, neocolonialism - the indirect ("new")

mob

move

mon/o

one, single, alone

mot, mov move

morph/o

form

mort

death many, more than one or two change

multi

mut

my/o

muscle

narr

tell

nat

born

nav

ship

necr/o

dead, death

neg

no

neo

new, recent

economical and political control of a region by a more powerful foreign power; neonatal - a newborn child, especially the first few weeks.

nephr/o

kidney

nephritis - inflammation of the kidneys; nephrotomy - surgical incision of a kidney; nephron - a single, excretory unit in the kidney. neuralgia - pain along a nerve; neurologist - doctor specializing in the

neur/o

nerve

nerves; neurotic - mental disorder that usually does not include an impaired perception of reality. misnomer - an error in naming a person or thing; nominal - being something

nom/in

name

in name only but not in reality; nominate - to name for election or appointment, to designate.

non

no, not, without

nondescript - with no special characteristics; nonfiction - true, real, not made-up; nonsense - without sense. notable - marked as worthy of attention; notarize - to certify a signature on a legal document; annotate - to add remarks. announce - to declare in public; denounce - to proclaim harsh criticism; enunciate - to speak or declare something clearly. innovate - to introduce a new way; novelty - something new; novice - a person who is new at a job; renovate - to make something like new again. enumerate - to name a number of items on a list; numerology - the study of magical uses of numbers; numerous - a large number. object - to be against something; obscure - hard to understand; opposition the act of resistance or action against. octagon - a figure with 8 sides and 8 angles; octogenarian - person in his or her 80s; octopus - sea animal with 8 arms. binoculars - lens device for seeing distances; monocula - relating to one eye; oculist - an eye doctor. omnipotent - with all the power; omniscient - knowing all things; omnivorous eating all foods. optic - relating to the eyes; optician - a person who fits eyeglasses; autopsy the examination of a dead body. optimal - the best, the most desirable; optimize - to make the best of; optimum - the best something could be. orthodontist - a dentist that straightens teeth; orthopedic - a doctor

not noun, nunc nov

mark

declare

new

numer

number

ob, op

in the way, against

oct/a/o

eight

ocu

eye

omni

all eye, visual condition, sight best

op/t/s

opt

ortho

straight

concerned with the proper alignment of the bones; orthography - the correct way of writing.

osteo

bone

osteoarthritis - inflammation caused by degeneration of the joints;

osteopathy - therapy that uses among others manipulation of the skeleton to restore health; osteology - the study of bones. goes beyond, out surpasses, exceeds over excessive Outgoing - being of lively, sharing nature; outdoing - doing better than; outdoor - outside. overconfident - more confident than is appropriate; overstock - more supplies than is desirable; overexcited - ,more excited than one should be. oxymoron - combining two ideas that sharply contradict each other; oxydize - corrode a surface. paleontology - study of ancient fossils; paleography - the study of ancient forms of writing; Paleolithic - period of the Stone Age. panacea - a cure for all diseases or problems; panorama - an all-around view; pantheism - the worship of all gods; pandemic - affecting all. parasite - an organism that lives on and off another living being; parallel alongside and always an equal distance apart; paragraph - a portion of a writtenn document that presents a distinct idea. parachute - protection from falling; parasol - an umbrella used to protect from the sun; paternal - relating to fathers; paternity - fatherhood; patriarch - a man who rules a group. antipathy - a feeling of great dislike; apathy - a lack of feeling or interest; empathy - ability to understand another's feelings. pedal - a lever pushed by the foot; pedestrian - one who walks; pedicure cosmetic treatment of feet and toes. compel - to force someone to act; expel - to drive someone out of a place; repel - to force back. pentagon - shape having 5 angles and 5 sides, pentagram - a five-pointed pent/a five star formerly used as a symbolic figure in magic; pentathlon - an athletic contest that includes five events. pept, peps per peri digestion dyspepsia - abnormal digestion; peptic - aiding digestion; pepsin - a digestive enzyme. permanent - lasting throughout all time; permeate - to spread throughout; persist - to continue for a long time; perennial - lasting through many years.

oxy

sharp

pale/o

anient

pan

all, any, everyone beside, beyond,

para

abnormal, assistant

para pater, patr/i path

protection from

father

feeling, emotion

ped/i/e

foot, feet

pel

drive, force

through, throughout

around, enclosing periodontal - pertaining to bone and tissue around a tooth; peripheral - lying

outside of the center; perimeter - the outer boundary of an area. phag/e to eat esophagus - muscular tube that carries food to the stomach; anthropophagy or sarcophagy - cannibalism; xylophagous - feeding on wood. philanthropist - one who loves humanity; philology - the love of words; philosophy - the love of wisdom; bibliophil - loving books. cacophony - loud, unpleasant sounds; microphone - a device that records and amplifies sound; phonetic - relating to human speech sounds. photogenic - caused by light; photograph - image made on light-sensitive film; photon - the smallest possible unit of light. chlorophyll - a group of green pigments found in leaves; phyllotaxis - the phyll/o leaf arrangement of leaves on a stem; phyllite - a rock that forms sheets, similar to slate. phys nature, medicine, the body physical - relating to the body; physician - a doctor; physique - nature and shape of one's body. epiphyte - a plant growing independently on the surface of another; phyt/o/e plant, to grow hydrophyte - a plant that grows only in water; neophyte - a beginner, especially a person recently converted to a new belief. to form, plas/t/m development, forming cells protoplasm - something that is the first made or formed, also the living portion of a cell; plastic - able to be formed, especially when warm; plaster a mixture of lime, sand and water that forms a smooth solid covering for walls.

phil/o phon/o /e/y phot/o

love, friend

sound

light

pneum/o

breathing, lung, air, pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs; pneumatic - using the force of air; spirit foot dyspnea - difficulty breathing. podiatrist - a doctor for the feet; podium - a small platform to stand on; tripod - a stand or frame with 3 legs. metropolis - a large city; police - people who work for the government to maintain order in a city; politics - actions of a government or political party. polychrome - with many colors; polyglot - a person fluent in many languages; polygon - shape with 3 or more straight sides. opponent - a person who places him/herself against an action, idea, etc.; postpone - to put off doing something. popular - appealing to a lot of people; population - all of the people who live in a particular area; populist - a supporter of the rights of people. export - to carry goods out of a place to another; portable - able to be

pod/e

poli

city many, more than one place, put

poly

pon

pop port

people carry

carried; porter - a person who carries luggage. pos place, put deposit - to place or drop something; expose to place out into the open for all to see; position - the place where someone is. posthumous - after someone's death; postpone - to delay something; postscript - an addition to an already completed document. preamble - a part in front of a formal document; prepare - to get ready in advance; prediction - a statement foretelling the future.

post

after, behind earlier, before, in front of

pre

pro

before, in front of, prognosis - a prediction of what will happen; prologue - a passage before the for, forward primitive, first, chief main part; prophet - a person who foretells the future. prototype - the first of a kind; proton - on of the very basic parts of an atom; protocol - a first draft from which a document is prepared. pseudonym - a fictitious name; pseudoscience - theories presumed without proof of a scientific nature; pseudopregnancy - a false pregnancy. psyche - the human spirit or soul; psychic - relating to the human mind or

prot/o

pseud/o

wrong,false

psych/o

mind, mental

someone who has supernatural mental abilities; psychology - the study of the mind.

pugn/a, pung pul

to fight

pugnacious - having a quarrelsome or aggressive nature; repugnant distasteful, offensive or revolting; pungent - piercing. compulsion - a very strong urge; expulsion - to someone out; impulsive having a spontaneous urge to do something. purge - remove anything undesirable; purgatory - according to Roman

urge

purg

clean

Catholics a place where souls must clean themselves of sin; expurgate remove objectionable passages from a publication.

put

think

computer - an electronic thinking device; dispute - to disagree with what another person thinks; input - contribution of one's thinking. pyrotechnics - the art of making fireworks; pyrometer - a thermometer for measuring high temperature; pyretic - relating to or producing fever. quadrant - open space with buildings on 4 sides; quadrennium - period of 4 years; quadruped - a 4-footed animal. quarter - one fourth; quart - a fourth of a gallon; quartet - a musical composition or group involving 4 voices or instruments. quintett - a composition for 5 voices or instruments; quintessence - pure

pyr/o

fire, heat

quad/r/ri

four

quart

fourth

quin/t

five, fifth

essence, based on the ancient philosophy that there was a fifth element that was present in all things; quintuple - fivefold.

radic, radix radio

root

eradicate - pull out at the roots; radical - fundamental, looking at things from a drastic point of view; radish - an edible root of the mustard family. radioactive - emitting radiation; radiologist - someone diagnosing or treating via radiation. ramification - the resulting consequence of a decision; ramify - to spread or branch out; ramus - a branchlike part. rebound -to spring back again; rewind - to wind something backward; reaction: a response; recognize: to identify someone or something seen before. regent - a person who rules on behalf of a king or queen; regime - a government that rules; regulate - to apply a rule. retroactive - relating to something in the past; retrogress - to go back to an earlier condition; retrospect - the remembering of past events. rhinoceros - a species of animals with a big horn on the snout; rhinoplasty surgery of the nose; rhinovirus - viruses that are causing the common cold. rhododendron - a flower with red/pink flowers; rhodium - an element which

radiation, ray

ram/i

branch

re

again, back, backward

reg

guide, rule

retro

backward, back

rhin/o

nose

rhod/o

red

produces a red solution; rhodopsin - a purple pigment in the retina that is needed for vision.

rid

laugh

deride - to make fun of someone; ridicule - to make fun or mock; ridiculous silly, causing laughter. diarrhea - abnormally excessive bowl movement; hemorrhage - heavy blood

rrh/ea /oea/ag

flow, discharge

flow; catarrh - inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially the nose and throat.

rub

red

ruby - deep red color and a precious stone of the same color; rubella measles; bilirubin - reddish pigment in bile. bankrupt - unable to pay because you're "broke"; interrupt - to break into a conversation or event, to disturb; rupture - a break in something. sane - mentally healthy; sanitary - relating to cleanliness and health; sanitation - maintenance of public health and cleanliness. ascend - to climb upward; crescendo - a climbing up of the volume of music; descend - to go or climb down. conscience - sense of knowing right from wrong; conscious - knowing what is happening; omniscient - knowing everything. arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arterial walls; multiple sclerosis - disease

rupt

break, burst

san

health

scend

climb, go

sci scler/o

know hard

which causes the tissue of the brain and spinal cord to harden; sclerometer instrument for measuring hardness. see, examine, observe microscope - a device used to see tiny things; periscope - a seeing instrument on a submarine; telescope - a device used to see over a distance. inscribe - to write letters or words on a surface; scribe - a person who writes out documents; describe - to represent with words or pictures. secede - to formally break away from; seclude - to keep away from; serum a liquid isolated out of another. dissect - to cut apart piece by piece; intersection - the place or point where two things cross each other; bisect - to cut into two equal parts. self-discipline - the ability to discipline yourself; self-respect - respect for yourself; selfish concerned only with your own interests. semiannual - every half year; semicircle - half a circle; semiconscious partly conscious; semiannual - every half of a year. September - this used to be the seventh month in the Roman calendar; sept/i seven septet - a group of seven musicians; septuagenarian - a person in his/her seventies. serv save, keep conserve - to save or keep something safe; preserve - to save something; reservation - a place kept for a person. sextet or sextette - a composition or group of six, sextuple - sixfold; sexagenarian - person in his/her sixties. desolate - lonely, dismal, gloomy; solitary - done alone, by yourself; solo - a performance done by one person alone. solar - involving the sun; parasol - umbrella protecting from the sun; solarium - a room where one is exposed to sun light. insomnia - inability to fall asleep; somniloquy - talking in your sleep; somnolent - feeling sleepy. consonant - a speech sound; sonorous - producing loud, full, rich sounds; supersonic - faster than sound; unison - as one voice. philosopher - a wise person; sophisticated - wise about the ways of the world; sophism - a clever but misleading argument. circumspect - cautious, looking all around; retrospective - a looking back at past things; spectator - a person who sees an event.

scop/e/y

scrib, script se

write, written

apart

sect

cut

self

of, for, or by itself

semi

half, partial

sex

six

sol

alone

sol

sun

somn/I

sleep

son

sound

soph spec/t, spic

wise

see, look

sphere

ball

biosphere - the whole round surface of the earth; hemisphere - half the earth spherically shaped like a ball. inspire - to stimulate or animate; transpire - to give of vapor with waste product through the skin or a membrane; spirit - invisible life force. stable - standing steady and firm; stagnant - standing still, not moving; stationary - at a standstill, fixed. constellation - a group of stars that forms a pattern; interstellar - between the stars; stellar - relating to stars. construct - to build; destruction - the act of destroying something that was

spir

breathe

sta

stand

stell

star

struct

build

built; structure - something built; infrastructure - underlying framework of a system.

sub

under, lower than, submarine - an underwater boat; submerge - to put underwater; substandard inferior to highest higher in quality or quantity together, with, same - inferior to accepted standards. sum - the combined total of everything; summation - the total, highest amount; summit the highest point or top. Super bowl - the final annual football game; superior - above average, better in quality; supersonic - faster than the speed of sound. symmetry -similarity in size, form or arrangement; synergy - the combined effect; synchronize - to cause to occur at the same time. contact - a state in which two things touch; tactile - relating to the sense of touch; tangible - able to be touched; intact - with nothing missing. syntax - the systematic arrangement of words; taxonomy - the science of classification; ataxia - loss of the ability to coordinate muscle action. technology - the practical application of knowledge; technocracy - rule of technology; technologically - characterized by technology. telephone - a device to talk to a distant person; telescope - a device to view distant objects; television - a device to receive pictures from afar; telecommuting - working remotely, bridging the distance via virtual devices. contemporary - existing at the same time; temporal - relating to time; temporary - lasting for a limited time. determine - to find something out at the end of an investigation; terminate to end; exterminate - to destroy or get rid of completely. extraterrestrial - existing outside the earth; terrain - ground or land; territory an area of land.

sum

super sy/m /n/l/s

tact, tang touch

tax/o

arrangement

techno

technique, skill

tel/e/o

far, distant, complete

temp/or

time

term/ina

end, limit

terr/a/i

land, earth

tetra

four

tetrapod - having 4 legs; tetrarchy - government by 4 rulers; tetrose - a monosaccharide with four carbon atoms. monotheism - belief in one god; polytheism - worshiping more than one god; theology - the study of religion, god, etc. thermal - relating to heat; thermos - an insulated jar that keeps heat in; thermostat - a device that controls heat. contortion - a twisted shape or position; distort - to alter the shape or

the/o

god

therm/o

heat

tort

twist

condition of; retort - reply in a manner that is supposed to change the effect of something previously said.

tox

poison

detoxification - the process of removing poisons; toxic - poisonous; toxicology - the study of poisons; intoxicated - influenced by drugs. attract - to pull objects nearer; distract - to drag attention away from something; tractor - a motor vehicle that pulls things. transcontinental - across the continent; transfer - to move from one place to another; transport - to carry something across a space. triangle - a figure with 3 sides and 3 angles; triathlon - an athletic contest with 3 events; tricycle - a 3-wheeI vehicle with pedals. ultrahigh - extremely high; ultramodern - more modern than anything else; ultrasonic - sound waves beyond human hearing. unabridged - not shortened; unfair - opposite of fair; unfriendly - lacking friendliness. unicycle - a vehicle with one wheel; unilateral - decided by only one person or nation; unique - the only one of its kind; unison - as one voice. suburb - residential area on the edge of a city; urban - relating to a city; urbanology - the study of city life. evacuate - to empty a dangerous place; vacant - empty, not occupied; vacation - a time without work. circumvent - to go around or bypass restrictions; convention - a gathering or assembly of people with a common interest; intervene - to come between. veracious - truthful, honest; veracity - the truth; verify - to make sure that something is true. verbalize - to put into words; adverb - a word relating to a verb; proverb - a short saying that expresses a well-known truth.

tract

pull, drag across,beyond, through three, once in

trans

tri

every three, third

ultra

beyond, extreme, more than not,opposite of, lacking one, single

un

uni

urb

city

vac

empty

ven/t

come

ver/I

truth

verb

word

vers, vert

reverse - to turn around; introvert - being turned towards the inside; version turn a variation of an original; controversy - a conversation in which positions are turned against each other. acting in place of, next in rank see conquer vice-president - the person next in rank to the president evident clearly seen convince - to win someone over; invincible - not able to be conquered; victory - the conquest of an enemy. vision - the ability to see; envision - to picture in the mind; evident - clearly visible. revival - the act of bringing back to life; vital - pertaining to live; vivacious high-spirited and full of life. advocate - to speak in favor of; equivocate - to use misleading language that

vice vid vince, vic vis, vid viv/i vit

see

live, life

voc/i

voice, call

could be interpreted two different ways; vocalize - to produce with your voice.

vol/i/u vor, vour xen/o

wish, will

benevolent - showing good will and kindness; volition - the act of making a choice or decision, voluntary - resulting from your own free will. carnivorous - meat-eating; voracious - desiring or eating food in great quantities; devour - to eat quickly. xenophobic - afraid of foreigners; xenogenesis - the creation of offspring that is completely different from either parent; xenophile - attracted to foreigners. xerophyte - a plant that grows in dry climate; xerography - a dry photocopying process; xeric - requiring small amounts of moisture. zoology - study of animals; zooid - resembling an animal; zooplankton minute floating aquatic animals. zygote - a cell formed by the union of two gametes and the organism

eat

foreign

xer/o/I

dry

zo/o

animal life

zyg/o

pair

developing from that; zygomorphic - pertaining to organisms that can be divided into symmetrical halves along one axis only.

Source (Table): http://www.espindle.org/roots.html

List 2: Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

This list might make a good scope/sequence for your studies as it tells the origins and the list is arranged in easy to read categories.

BASE
act acu, acr, ac alt anima, anim ann, enn anthrop aqua arch, archi arm arbitr, arbiter art arthr, art aud bell biblio, bibl bio capit, cipit caus cede cele cell cent cept, capt, cip, cap, ceive, ceipt cert cess, ced cid, cis circ, circum civ claud

MEANING
to act needle high life, mind year man water govern, rule army, weapon to judge, consider craft, skill segment, joint to hear war book life head cause, case, lawsuit to go, yield honor to rise, project one hundred to take, hold, grasp sure, to trust to move, withdraw to cut off, be breif, to kill around citizen close, shut, block

ORIGIN
Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin Greek Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin

clin cog column comput cont cor, cord, cour, card corp cosm crac, crat cred crit, cris culp curs, curr, corr custom dem dent, odon derm dic, dict duct, duc dur

to lean, lie, bend to know a column to compute to join, unite heart body world, order, universe rule, govern believe, trust separate, discern, judge fault, blame to run one's own people tooth skin to say, to speak, assert to lead, draw to harden, hold out

Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin

BASE
ego ethn equ fac, fic, fect, fact famil fen fer fid fin flu form fort frig fum

MEANING
I nation equal, fair to make, to do family to strike to carry, bear, bring trust, faith to end to flow shape, form chance, luck, strong cool smoke, scent Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin

ORIGIN

gam gen geo gno, kno grad, gred, gress graph, gram grat grav, griev, grief gymn hab hom hosp host hydro hygiene hypno init jur, jus, jud juven labor, lab lat laud leg, lig lev liber, liver lingu, langu lith loc locu, loqu log luc, lum man mar

marriage race, family, kind earth to know step, degree, rank pleasure, thankful, goodwill, joy heavy naked to have, hold, dwell man, human guest, host enemy, stranger water the art of health sleep to begin, enter upon law, right young work lateral, side, wide praise law, to chose, perceive, understand to make light, raise, lift free tounge stone place word, speak idea, word, speech, reason, study light hand sea

Greek Latin Greek Greek Latin

write, draw, describe, record Greek Latin Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Latin Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin

med, medi medic

middle physician, to heal

Latin Latin

BASE
memor men, min, mon ment meter, metr migr mim mit, mis mor morph mort mov, mob, mot mus mut necess neur, nerv noc, nox nomen, nomin null, nihil, nil nym, onym, onom opt ord, ordin ortho par, pair part, pars ped, pes pend, pond, pens phe, fa, fe phil phon photo pler

MEANING
mindful mind measure to move, travel copy, imitate to send fool, manner, custom form death to move little mouse change, exchange unavoidable nerve night, harm name nothing, void name eye order straight arrange, prepare, get ready, set portion, part foot to weigh, pay, consider speak, spoken about love sound, voice light to fill

ORIGIN
Latin Latin Greek Latin Greek Latin Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Greek Greek Latin

to think, remind, advise, warn Latin

plic plur, plus pneu polis, polit port pos pot prim, prin priv prob psych pyr reg, rig, rect, reign respond rupt sacr, secr, sacer sat sci scope

to fold more breath citizen, city, state to carry to place, put powerfull first seperate to prove, test mind, soul, spirit fire government, rule, right, straight to answer break, burst sacred to please to know to see

Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek

Base
scrib, script sed, sid, sess sent, sens sequ, secut simil, simul, sembl sol, soli solus somn son soph spec, spect, spic spond, spons tac, tic techn

Meaning
to write to sit, to settle to feel to follow, sequence together, likeness, pretense alone, lonely to comfort, to console sleep sound wise to look at, behold to pledge, promise silent art, skill

Origin
Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin Greek

temp ten, tain, tent tend, tens term test the, them, thet theatr theo topo tract trib vac ven ver vers, vert vest vestig via vir vis, vid viv, vit voc, vok

time to hold to give heed, stretch toward boundary, limit to witness, affirm to place, put to see, view god place to pull, draw to allot, give empty to come truth to turn to adorn to track way, road manliness, worth to see, to look life voice, call

Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin

Base
ab acro ad, ac, at, as, ap, am, an, ar, ag, af ambi amphi ant, anti ante apo, ap, aph archa, arshae

Meaning
away top, tip, end to, toward, at around, both both, of oth sides, around against before away from, off old, ancient

Origin
Latin Greek Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Greek Greek

auto ben, bon bi co, con, com contra, contro de deca, dec, deka di, dis dia dis, dif du dys e, ex, ec ecto en endo, ento ep, epi eu extra fore hemi hetero hier holo homo hyper hypo, hyp ideo, idea in, ir, im, il in, im inter intro iso kilo macro

self good, well two together, with against from, away, off ten two, twice through, across apart, away, not, to deprive double, two difficult, bad out, beyond, from, out of, forth outside of in give [intensifier] within upon, at, in addition good, well beyond before half various, unlike sacred whole same above, beyond under, less than idea not, without in, on, upon, into, toward between within equal thousand long, large

Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Greek Latin Latin Greek Latin Greek Latin Greek Greek Greek Latin Anglo-Saxon Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Greek

magn, mag, meg, maj mal mega met, meta, meth micro migr mill mis mono multi neo non, ne o, ob, oc, of, op omni paleo pan, panto para penta per peri pre pro pronto poly post pseudo quad, quatr re retro se, sed semi sover sub super, supra syn, sym, syl

great bad, ill great among, with, after, beyond small to move, travel thousand less, wrong one many, much new not against, toward all long ago, ancient all, every beside, beyond five through around, about before before, forward, forth first many after false, counterfeit four again, anew, back back, backward, behind apart, aside, away half above, over under, below, up from below above, down, thoroughle together, with Latin Latin Latin Greek Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Greek Latin Greek Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek

Latin Latin Greek Greek Greek

tele trans tri un uni

far off over, across three not one

Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin

Noun forming suffixes

Suffix
age ance ant ar ary ence ent ic ine ion, tion, ation ism ist ive ment or ory ty y

Meaning
belongs to state of being thing or one who relating to, like relating to, like state, fact, quality to form like, having the nature nature of-feminine ending being, the result of act, condition one who of, belonging to, quality of a means, product, act, state person or thing that place for condition of, quality of creats abstract noun

Origin
Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin & Greek Latin Latin Latin & Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek & Anglo-Saxon

Adjective forming suffixes

Suffix
able al

Meaning
capable of being like, suitable for

Origin
Latin Latin

ance ant ar ary ate ent ial ible ic ine ive ory ous y

state of being thing or one who relating to, like relating to, like to become associated with to form function of capable of being like, having the nature of nature of-feminine ending of, belonging to, quality of place for characterized by, having quality of quality, somewhat like

Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin & Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek & Anglo-Saxon

Verb forming suffixes

Suffix
ate fy ise, ize

Meaning
to become associated with make, do to become like

Origin
Latin Latin Latin

Adverb forming suffixes

Suffix
ic ly

Meaning
like, having the nature of like, to extent of

Origin
Latin & Greek Latin

Compiled by the Kent School District:

http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/KSD/MA/resources/greek_and_latin_roots/transition.h tml

3: List 3 : Prefix List

I included this one for its examples (to use in our learning sessions) Prefix a,an ana anti arch, archi dia en, em epi eu hetero homo hyper hyp, hypo in, il, im, ir macr, macro meta, met micro neo orth para, par pro proto syn, sym, syl, sys tele thermo topo zoo Meaning lacking, not, without up, back, again against, opposing chief, first across, apart, through, between in, among, within on, outside, over, outer good, well other same excessive, over under, beneath Examples atypical, anonymous, anarchy, apathy anachronism, anagram, analogy antithesis, antisocial, antiseptic architect, archetype, archbishop diagnose, dialogue, diameter

enliven, empathy epidermis, epitaph, epilogue euphony, euphemism, eulogy heterogeneous, heterodox homogeneous, homonym, homograph hyperactive, hyperbole, hypercritical hypodermic, hypotenuse, hypocrite inspire, imprint, irradiate, infamy, inefficient, in(to), within, not, opposing illegal long, large, prominent macrocosm, macrobiotic change of, over, beyond metaphor, metabolism, metaphysics small microfilm, microscope, microbe neon, neologism, neophyte, neocene, Neonew, latest of a period Hebraic straight, right orthodonture, orthopedics, orthodox beside, beyond, variation paradox, paraphrase, parenthesis before, forward program, produce, provision, progress first proton, protozoa, prototype together far, distant heat place living synthesize, symphony, synchronize telegraph, telepathy, telescope thermometer, thermonuclear topography zoology

http://www.donnayoung.org/english/sp/greek_prefixes.htm

4: List 4 : Greek Roots

Again, I chose this for its examples. (Source: Infoplease) The following table lists some common Greek roots. Greek root Basic meaning Example words -anthrop-chron-dem-morph-path-pedo-, ped-philo-, phil-phonhuman time people form feeling, suffering child, children having a strong affinity or love for sound misanthrope, philanthropy, anthropomorphic anachronism, chronic, chronicle, synchronize, chronometer democracy, demography, demagogue, endemic, pandemic amorphous, metamorphic, morphology empathy, sympathy, apathy, apathetic, psychopathic pediatrician, pedagogue philanthropy, philharmonic, philosophy polyphonic, cacophony, phonetics

Greek List 5: Gr eek Prefixes

The following table gives a list of Greek prefixes and their basic meanings. Greek prefix Basic meaning a-, ananti-, antautobio-, bigeohypermicromononeopanthermo-, thermwithout opposite; opposing self, same Earth; geography excessive, excessively small one, single, alone new, recent all heat Example words achromatic, amoral, atypical, anaerobic anticrime, antipollution, antacid autobiography, automatic, autopilot geography, geomagnetism, geophysics, geopolitics hyperactive, hypercritical, hypersensitive microcosm, micronucleus, microscope monochrome, monosyllable, monoxide neonatal, neophyte, neoconservatism, neofascism, neodymium panorama, panchromatic, pandemic, pantheism thermal, thermometer, thermostat

life, living organism biology, biophysics, biotechnology, biopsy

Suffixes List 6: Greek Suffix es List

Words and word roots may also combine with suffixes. Here are examples of some important English suffixes that come from Greek: Greek suffix -ism -ist Basic meaning Example words

forms nouns and means the act, state, or criticism, optimism, capitalism theory of forms agent nouns from verbs ending in conformist, copyist, cyclist -ize or nouns ending in -ism and is used like er forms verbs from nouns and adjectives formalize, jeopardize, legalize, modernize, emphasize, hospitalize, industrialize, computerize cardiogram, telegram monograph, phonograph, seismograph

-ize

-gram -graph

something written or drawn, a record something written or drawn; an instrument for writing, drawing, or recording speech, discourse; to speak discourse, expression; science, theory, study measuring device; measure forms adjectives and nouns and means like, resembling or shape, form

-logue, log -logy -meter, metry -oid -phile

monologue, dialogue, travelogue phraseology, biology, dermatology spectrometer, geometry, kilometer, parameter, perimeter humanoid, spheroid, trapezoid

one that loves or has a strong affinity for; audiophile, Francophile loving agoraphobe, agoraphobia, xenophobe, xenophobia homophone, geophone, telephone, Francophone

-phobe, - one that fears a specified thing; an phobia intense fear of a specified thing -phone sound; device that receives or emits sound; speaker of a language

List 7: Latin and Greek word roots

You could use this as a scope/sequence for your studies. ama astr aud

auto

belli

bio

brev

cap

centri

chrono

cide

cor/cardi

cred

deca

derm

dorm

duct

fac/fic

fid(e)

fin

flex

fort

fract/frag

gam

gen

geo

gress/grad

graph/gram

greg

hema/hemo

hydra/hydro

ject

loqu

0magna

mania

mar

mega

meter

micro

migra

mit/mis

multi

nov

omni

onym

ortho

pan

ped/pod

pel/puls

phil(o)

phobia

port

proto

psych(o)

rupt

scope

scrib/script

spir

struct

tele

temp(o)

terra

therm

tox

tract

uni

vent

vera/veri

vict/vinc

voc

vor

zo(o)

Sample Study Card

Source: Vocabulary Vine

On the front side, write the root/prefix or suffix

Games/Activities
Word Webs
Ask students to brainstorm three words that they know that contain the root, and then write the words in the circles. (Students might think of magnify, magnanimous, and magnificent.) Ask them what the definitions of the three words are that they gave you, and guide them to realize they can figure out the -magn- means "large" or "grand." Therefore, they can most likely figure out the definition of a word they don't know that contains the root -magn-.\

Example: Write the common prefix un- in the center of the word web. Ask students to brainstorm three words they know that begin with un-, and write them in the circles. Help students "break apart" the words they gave you, leading them to recognize that unmeans "not." Point out that by knowing what un- and the base word means, they can figure out the definition of the word. For example, if students know that un- means "not" and ready means "prepared," then they can figure out that unready means "not prepared" or "not ready."
http://www.teachervision.fen.com/lesson-plan/teaching-methods/48608.htm

Nonsense Words
Students will create nonsense words using a combination of the roots learned and be able to define these words: e.g. biocredography= a believable book about someones life; thermoscope=a device that lets you see the heat given off by an object.

Concentration Crossword Cross word Puzzles Word Searches Hangman Jeopardy Quizzes

students must encounter a word up to 70 times before that word is mastered, it is important to quiz and quiz again. Source: www.vocabulary-lesson-plans.com

Tips
1. Dont use obscure words for examples. Use words that would be familiar to student or in popular usage. This will help student to remember the roots, etc better, insha Allah. 2. Discuss roots, prefixes, and suffixes that you have learned when you come across them in reading. Have student guess what unknown words mean by examining the roots, prefixes, and suffixes (pull apart the word). 3. In examples, use roots which clearly relate to each roots meaning. Dont use words where its hard to tell how the word relates to the roots meaning.