Assignment 2 1 (i) Determine the heat generated during the stoichiometric combustion of kerosene with nitric acid when

the initial temperature of kerosene and nitric acid is 25oC. You can assume the following. Kerosene can be approximated as do-decane with a chemical formula C12H26. Nitric acid is pure and anhydrous with a chemical formula HNO3. The standard heats of formation are given below: H 0 f co2 = -390 kJ mole , H 0 f H 2O = -286 kJ mole , H 0 f co = -112 kJ mole ,

H 0 f

HNO3

= -171.8 kJ mole , H 0 f

ker osene

= -159 kJ mole .

(ii) What is the mixture ratio corresponding to the stoichiometric composition? (iii) If the molar specific heat of the gases could be assumed constant in the temperature range of interest and are given by the following: CO2 = 63 N2 = 37
J J J J , CO = 37 , H2O(g) = 58 , H2O(l) = 90 , mole K mole K mole K mole K

J , mole K

determine the final temperature of the gases. You can assume the combustion process to be adiabatic. The boiling temperature of water can be assumed as 100oC and the latent heat of vaporization as 40 kJ/mole. (iv) What is the molecular mass of the combustion products? (v) Given that the specific heat ratio of CO2, CO, H2O(g) and N2 are 1.32, 1.35. 1.33 and 1.4 respectively, determine the value of C* for the stoichiometric propellant combination of kerosene and nitric acid. The universal gas constant is 8.314
kJ . kmole K

2. In order to get the advantage of lower molecular mass for improving the specific impulse, a mixture ratio of 4.5 is used for the combustion of kerosene and nitric acid in the rocket. The standard heat of formation of nitric acid is -172 kJ mole . Using the data for the standard heats of formation, specific heats and latent heat given in the previous problem, determine: a. Molecular mass of the combustion products by the simple procedure that hydrogen is most reactive and all nitrogen in the propellant is converted to N2. b. Energy released from the combustion of 1 kg of kerosene c. Adiabatic flame temperature d. Sea-level specific impulse ( I sp , SL ) assuming chamber pressure as 7 MPa and the gases to be expanded in the nozzle to the ambient pressure of 0.1 MPa. 3. A fuel-rich mixture of kerosene and oxygen at a mixture ratio of 2.5 is burnt in a gas generator to produce hot combustion products for driving a turbine. If the molecular formula for kerosene is given by C12H24, determine: a) Temperature of the combustion products b) Molecular mass of combustion products.

The heat of formation Hfo in kJ/mole for kerosene = - 159, CO2= - 390, CO= -112, and H2O(l)= -286. The specific heats in J/(mole K) of CO2 = 63, CO= 37 , H2O(l)= 90 and H2O(g) = 58. The boiling temperature of water is 100oC and the latent heat of vaporization is 40 kJ/mole at 100 oC. 4. RDX having molecular formula (CH2NNO2)3 and a standard heat of formation of +75 kJ mole decomposes to form CO2, CO and H2O. Determine the energy release in kJ per kg of RDX and the adiabatic flame temperature of the combustion products. You can use the data of heat of formation and specific heats given in Exercise 4.1. 5. Most of the geosynchronous satellites use the propellant combination of mono-methyl hydrazine (MMH with molecular formula CH3N2H3) and mixed oxides of nitrogen MON-3. The chemical formula for MON-3 can be approximated to be N2O4. The mixture ratio used is 1.65. The standard heats of formation of MMH and N2O4 are +54.8 and +9.63 kJ mole respectively. Determine the following: a. Is the mixture fuel-rich, stiochiometric or fuel-rich? b. Determine the temperature of the combustion products using the data of standard heats of formation and specific heat given in Exercise 4.1. You can assume the initial temperature of the propellants as 25oC. a. If the pressure in the rocket combustion chamber is 1.4 MPa, the exit pressure in the nozzle is 0.01 MPa and the pressure at the geosynchronous altitude at which the spacecraft orbits is perfect vacuum, determine the specific impulse. The ratio of the exit area of the nozzle to the throat area is 100. You can assume the C* efficiency C * =0.98 and the thrust coefficient CF = 1.2. 6. Determine the temperature and the molecular mass of the combustion products in a cryogenic liquid propellant rocket using sub-cooled liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen at temperatures of 18 K and 80 K respectively at a mixture ratio of 5. The standard heat of formation of H2O is 286 kJ/mole. The following are the thermo-physical properties of LH2 and LOX: Boiling temperature of LH2: 22K Specific heat of LH2: 16
kJ kmole K kJ kmole K

Specific heat at constant pressure of GH2: 30

kJ kmole Boiling temperature of LOX: 90K

Specific heat at constant pressure of gaseous oxygen : 29

kJ . kmole Determine the specific heat ratio of the combustion products and the characteristic velocity C* of this cryogenic propellant combination.
Latent heat of LOX: 6800 7. A double base propellant can be assumed to consist of 40% NG and 60% NC by mass. The other substances in the propellant such as plasticizers, curators and burn rate modifiers are in small quantities and can be neglected. Determine the number of moles of NG per mole of NC in the propellant. The chemical formula for NC can be taken as C6H7O4(NO3)2 and the chemical formula for NG is C3H5(ONO2)3. Is the double base propellant oxidizer-rich or fuel-rich? 8. A composite modified double base propellant is formed by adding 10% AP by mass to the double base propellant consisting of 40% NG and 60% NC by mass. Determine the ratio of moles of NC, NG and AP in the composite modified double base propellant. 9. Aniline (C6H7N) is used with nitric acid (HNO3) in a liquid propellant rocket at stoichiometric mixture ratio. Determine: a. The mixture ratio b. If the standard heats of formation of aniline and nitric acid are 30.7 and -172 kJ/mole respectively, determine the temperature of the combustion products. You can use the values of the standard heats of formation and specific heats for the products given in this chapter. The temperature at which aniline and nitric acid are injected can be assumed as 25oC. c. If 3% aluminium powder is added to the above propellant and if all aluminium is converted to Al2O3 at the cost of some carbon in the propellant not getting oxidized to CO2, determine the heat release per unit mass of propellant. Assume there is no dissociation. The atomic mass of aluminium is 27 and the heat of formation of Al2O3 is 1670 kJ/mole. 10. A liquid propellant rocket, used for transferring a satellite from low earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit, uses a propellant combination comprising mono-methyl hydrazine (MMH- CH3N2H3) and di-nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). Equal volumetric flow rates of MMH and N2O4 are supplied to the thrust chamber. Given that the density of MMH is 865 kg/m3 and the density of N2O4 is 1400 kg/m3, determine the mixture ratio of the propellant combination used. 11. A stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is burnt in a rocket chamber at a chamber pressure of 3 MPa. Both hydrogen and oxygen are admitted as gas at a temperature of 25oC. Determine: a. The heat release from combustion and the temperature of combustion products when there is no dissociation of the products of combustion. b. The heat release from combustion and the composition and temperature of combustion products when dissociation occurs and the products comprise of H2, H, OH and O2 in addition to H2O. The standard Gibbs Free Energy for H2O, OH and H in kJ/kmole is given in the Table below at 3000, 3200, 3400, 3600, 3800

and 4000 K. The standard values of Gibbs Free energy for H2 and O2 is zero at all temperatures OH H Species H2O 3000 K -77,326 -4245 46,182 3200 K -65,604 -6862 33,928 3400 K -53,865 -9457 21,650 3600 K -42,110 -12,028 9350 3800 K -30,338 -14,576 -2967 4000 K -18,458 -17,110 -15,229 12. A hybrid rocket is proposed to be developed using solid hydrogen at a temperature of 8 K and liquid oxygen at a temperature of 80 K. Determine the heat release from combustion of solid hydrogen and liquid oxygen at a mixture ratio of 6 and atmospheric pressure in the absence of dissociation. The freezing and boiling temperatures of hydrogen may be assumed as 14 K and 20 K and the boiling temperature of oxygen as 90 K at one atmosphere. The heat of vaporization of liquid hydrogen is 0.89 kJ/mole and the heat of melting of solid hydrogen is 1.004 kJ/mole. The heat of vaporization of liquid oxygen is 6.8 kJ/mole. The specific heats of solid hydrogen, liquid hydrogen and gaseous hydrogen may be assumed as constant and equal to 5, 20, and 30 J/ (mole K) respectively. Similarly the specific heats of liquid oxygen and gaseous oxygen could also be assumed constant at 29 and 35 J/ (mole K) respectively. The standard heat of formation of water is -286 kJ/mole. The boiling temperature of water at 1 atmosphere is 100oC and the specific heat of water is 90 J/ (mole K). The specific heat of steam at constant pressure could be assumed to be constant and equal to 58 J/ (mole K).