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Lecture 11

This document summarizes solidification processing and kinetics. It discusses homogeneous nucleation where nuclei form spontaneously with no preferred sites. It also discusses heterogeneous nucleation where nuclei form at preferred sites like boundaries, surfaces, or inclusions. The document provides equations for calculating the local free energy change during nucleation and the critical radius of a spherical nucleus. It describes how the nucleation rate is determined by factors like the concentration of critical nuclei, the jump frequency of atoms across the liquid-solid interface, and the thermodynamic driving force for nucleation.

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40 views18 pages

Lecture 11

This document summarizes solidification processing and kinetics. It discusses homogeneous nucleation where nuclei form spontaneously with no preferred sites. It also discusses heterogeneous nucleation where nuclei form at preferred sites like boundaries, surfaces, or inclusions. The document provides equations for calculating the local free energy change during nucleation and the critical radius of a spherical nucleus. It describes how the nucleation rate is determined by factors like the concentration of critical nuclei, the jump frequency of atoms across the liquid-solid interface, and the thermodynamic driving force for nucleation.

Uploaded by

Anonymous T02GVGzB
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solidification Processing

Lecture 11: Kinetics 1


Solidification model
Nucleation
Homogeneous nucleation
Heterogeneous nucleation
Growth

Homogeneous nucleation
No preferred nucleation sites
Spontaneous
Random
Those of preferred sites
Boundary
Surface
Inclusion
Multiphase
Local free energy change
1. Liquid to solid 2. Interface
Local free energy change
( )
SL L S before after
A G G V G G G o + = = A
( )
SL S L
r G G r G o t
t
2 3
4
3
4
+ = A
Spherical nucleus:
Single nucleus
Critical radius
0 / = A dr G d
( ) T H
V T
G G
r
m
m SL
S L
SL
A A
=

=
o o 2 2
*
2 2
2 2 3
3
16
*
T H
V T
G
m
m sl
A A
= A
to
Parameters
For FCC Copper, r*~1 nm, which contains 310 Cu atoms in
each nucleus.
System free energy
Ideal solution: Particle of different sizes
n
i
particles with each contains i atoms
n particles with each contains 1 atom
S T G n G
i c
A A = A
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= A
i i
i
i
n n
n
n
n n
n
n k S ln ln
Number of nuclei
At equilibrium

0 / = c A c
i c
n G
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
A

i
i
n n
n
kT
G
ln
i
n n >>
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
kT
G
n n
i
exp
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
kT
G
n n
i
*
exp *
when
Number of nuclei
Boltzmann formula:
Critical nuclei:
Nucleation rate
The nuclei formed per unit volume
and per unit time duration
= The rate of formation of nuclei
per unit volume.
Nucleation rate
Two assumption
the concentration of critical nuclei remains that
at predicted by equilibrium considerations even
after nucleation begins
The addition of a single atom to a critical
nucleus makes that nucleus supercritical and
able to grow rapidly
Nucleation rate
LS i
n I v e* * =
e* = the number of atoms surrounding
a critical nucleus.
v
LS
= the frequency of atom jump
across the liquid-solid interface.
Nucleation rate
2
2
* 4
*
a
r t
e =
a = the average distance between two
nearest-neighbored atoms in liquid
Nucleation rate
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
kT
G
D D
A
L
exp
0
where
Nucleation rate
Nucleation rate

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