Lecture # 4
Sana Rizwan
ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
A typical programming task can be divided into two phases:
Problem solving phase
produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe
solution of problem this sequence of steps is called an algorithm
Implementation phase
implement the program in some programming language
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Steps in Problem Solving
First produce a general algorithm (one can use pseudocode) Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step detailed algorithm that is very close to a computer language. Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms. Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English.
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Pseudocode & Algorithm
Example 1: Write an algorithm to determine a
students final grade and indicate whether it is passing or failing. The final grade is calculated as the average of four marks.
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Pseudocode & Algorithm
Pseudocode: Input a set of 4 marks Calculate their average by summing and dividing by 4 if average is below 50 Print FAIL else Print PASS
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Pseudocode & Algorithm
Detailed Algorithm Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4 Step 2: GRADE (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then Print FAIL else Print PASS endif
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The Flowchart
(Dictionary) A schematic representation of a sequence of
operations, as in a manufacturing process or computer program. (Technical) A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an information system or program. Information system flowcharts show how data flows from source documents through the computer to final distribution to users. Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single program or subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.
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The Flowchart
A Flowchart
shows logic of an algorithm emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections e.g. control flow from one action to the next
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Flowchart Symbols Basic
Name Symbol Use in Flowchart Oval Denotes the beginning or end of the program Parallelogram Denotes an input operation
Rectangle
Denotes a process to be carried out e.g. addition, subtraction, division etc.
Diamond
Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made. The program should continue along one of two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)
Hybrid
Denotes an output operation
Flow line
Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program
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Example
START Input M1,M2,M3,M4 GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4 Step 2: GRADE (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then Print FAIL else Print PASS endif
Y
IS GRADE<5 0
PRINT PASS
PRINT FAIL
STOP
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Example 2
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert
the length in feet to centimeter. Pseudocode: Input the length in feet (Lft) Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30 Print length in cm (LCM)
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Example 2
Algorithm Step 1: Input Lft Step 2: Lcm Lft x 30 Step 3: Print Lcm
Flowchart
START
Input Lft
Lcm Lft x 30
Print Lcm
STOP
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Example 3
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its area. Pseudocode Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W Print A
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Example 3
Algorithm Step 1: Input W,L Step 2: AL x W Step 3: Print A
START Input W, L
ALxW
Print A
STOP
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Example 4
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will calculate the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0 Hint: d = sqrt ( b2 4ac ), and the roots are: x1 = (b + d)/2a and x2 = (b d)/2a
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Example 4
Pseudocode: Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the quadratic equation Calculate d Calculate x1 Calculate x2 Print x1 and x2
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Example 4
START
Algorithm:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Input a, b, c d sqrt ( b b 4 a c ) x1 (b + d) / (2 x a) x2 (b d) / (2 x a) Print x1, x2
Input a, b, c d sqrt(b x b 4 x a x c) x1 (b + d) / (2 x a) X2 (b d) / (2 x a) Print x1 ,x2
STOP
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DECISION STRUCTURES
The expression A>B is a logical expression it describes a condition we want to test if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take the action on left print the value of A if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we take the action on right print the value of B
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DECISION STRUCTURES
Y is A>B N
Print A
Print B
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Quiz Example 1
Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the
largest value and prints the largest value with an identifying message.
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Solution Quiz 1
ALGORITHM Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2 Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then MAX VALUE1 else MAX VALUE2 endif Step 3: Print The largest value is, MAX
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Quiz Flowchart 1
START Input VALUE1,VALUE2
is VALUE1>VALUE2
MAX VALUE1
MAX VALUE2
Print The largest value is, MAX STOP
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Quiz Example 2
Write an algorithm that reads three numbers and
prints the value of the largest number.
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Quiz algorithm 2
Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3 Step 2: if (N1>N2) then if (N1>N3) then MAX N1 [N1>N2, N1>N3] else MAX N3 [N3>N1>N2] endif else if (N2>N3) then MAX N2 [N2>N1, N2>N3] else MAX N3 [N3>N2>N1] endif endif Step 3: Print The largest number is, MAX
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Assignment 1
Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the above
Algorithm.
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Assignment 2
Write and algorithm and draw a flowchart to a) read an employee name (NAME), overtime hours worked (OVERTIME), hours absent (ABSENT) and b) determine the bonus payment (PAYMENT). For solution view Answer
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Assignment 2 (conti)
Bonus Schedule
OVERTIME (2/3)*ABSENT >40 hours >30 but 40 hours >20 but 30 hours >10 but 20 hours 10 hours Bonus Paid $50 $40 $30 $20 $10
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