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    Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer

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    Democrito Louierick Plaza VI
    The document discusses the pathophysiology of breast cancer including predisposing factors such as gender, age and genetics. It describes the genetic mutations and cellular changes that can lead to uncontrolled growth of cancer cells in the milk duct. As the cancer grows and spreads locally to lymph nodes, it can cause symptoms such as swelling, pain, and changes in the breast appearance as well as systemic effects like fatigue, weight loss and fever due to the body's immune response.

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    Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer

    Uploaded by

    Democrito Louierick Plaza VI
    337 views4 pages
    The document discusses the pathophysiology of breast cancer including predisposing factors such as gender, age and genetics. It describes the genetic mutations and cellular changes that can lead to uncontrolled growth of cancer cells in the milk duct. As the cancer grows and spreads locally to lymph nodes, it can cause symptoms such as swelling, pain, and changes in the breast appearance as well as systemic effects like fatigue, weight loss and fever due to the body's immune response.

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    The document discusses the pathophysiology of breast cancer including predisposing factors such as gender, age and genetics. It describes the genetic mutations and cellular changes that can lead to uncontrolled growth of cancer cells in the milk duct. As the cancer grows and spreads locally to lymph nodes, it can cause symptoms such as swelling, pain, and changes in the breast appearance as well as systemic effects like fatigue, weight loss and fever due to the body's immune response.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    337 views4 pages

    Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer

    Uploaded by

    Democrito Louierick Plaza VI
    The document discusses the pathophysiology of breast cancer including predisposing factors such as gender, age and genetics. It describes the genetic mutations and cellular changes that can lead to uncontrolled growth of cancer cells in the milk duct. As the cancer grows and spreads locally to lymph nodes, it can cause symptoms such as swelling, pain, and changes in the breast appearance as well as systemic effects like fatigue, weight loss and fever due to the body's immune response.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Some of the key factors discussed are gender, age, genetics, diet, oral contraceptive use, immunosuppression and genetic mutations. The etiology of breast cancer is still largely unknown.

    Predisposing factors mentioned include gender, age and genetics. Precipitating factors include diet, history of oral contraceptive use and immunosuppression.

    The progression involves genetic mutations, uncontrolled cell growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, impairment of the immune response, local and lymphatic spread, and compression of blood vessels leading to ischemia and necrosis.

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER

    PREDISPOSING FACTORS Gender Age Genetics ETIOLOGY (Unknown) PRECIPITATING FACTORS Diet Hx of taking oral contraceptives Noncompliance to treatment Immunosuppression

    Genetic mutation of the cellular DNA (P53, BRCA-1, & BRCA-2 genes)

    Activation of growth-promoting oncogenes

    Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes

    Alterations in the gene that controls apoptosis

    Unregulated proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells in the milk duct

    Growth of a malignant tumor

    Activation of immunologic mechanism Cancer cells release exosomes Impairment of the immune response Death of some Cancer cells Immunosuppression

    Release of growth factors Cancer cells destroy normal RBCs Angiogenesis Anemia of Chronic disease Lymphocytes RBC Hgb Pale nail beds Capillary refill

    Release of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes & Natural Killer cells

    Crackles

    Pneumonia of Immunosupression

    Release of Neutrophils and Macrophages Malignant tumor grows rapidly

    Productive cough DOB

    Production of Pyrogenic cytokines: (IL-1)

    Fever

    Change in symmetry or size of the breast

    Rapid multiplication of cancer cells

    Malignant tumor obstructs the milk duct

    Malignant tumor tends to compress blood and lymphatic vessels

    Rapid metabolism caused by the cancer cells

    Rupture of milk duct Blood supply to the breast tissue

    Inflammatory response C Normal cells are deprived of nutrients Release of chemical mediators: Bradykinins & Prostaglandins

    Ischemia

    Unexplained weight loss Fatigue Limited ROM (3/5)

    Necrosis

    Transient vasoconstriction F

    D G

    Vasodilation

    Blood and lymph stasis

    Cancer cells begin to spread locally via lymphatic vessels

    Vascular permeability Presence of cancer cells in lymph nodes Plasma fluid leaks into the tissue Palpable, immovable, hard & painless nodes: Supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes (2 cm)

    Swelling

    Tissue decay

    Compression of the nerve endings

    Foul odor

    Pain

    Accumulation of fluid, cells and cellular debris & live and dead lymphocytes

    Pus

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