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    Pharmacology Ahmad Iqbal Butt Roll # 60

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    Sharaz Ahmed
    Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that were first isolated from fungus in 1945 and introduced clinically in 1964. They are structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins. Cephalosporins work by binding to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibiting cell wall formation in bacteria. They are classified into four generations based on their spectrum of antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, and diarrhea. Cephalosporins are generally administered orally or parenterally and excreted unchanged in the urine.

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    Pharmacology Ahmad Iqbal Butt Roll # 60

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    Sharaz Ahmed
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    Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that were first isolated from fungus in 1945 and introduced clinically in 1964. They are structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins. Cephalosporins work by binding to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibiting cell wall formation in bacteria. They are classified into four generations based on their spectrum of antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, and diarrhea. Cephalosporins are generally administered orally or parenterally and excreted unchanged in the urine.

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    Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that were first isolated from fungus in 1945 and introduced clinically in 1964. They are structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins. Cephalosporins work by binding to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibiting cell wall formation in bacteria. They are classified into four generations based on their spectrum of antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, and diarrhea. Cephalosporins are generally administered orally or parenterally and excreted unchanged in the urine.

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    17 views13 pages

    Pharmacology Ahmad Iqbal Butt Roll # 60

    Uploaded by

    Sharaz Ahmed
    Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that were first isolated from fungus in 1945 and introduced clinically in 1964. They are structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins. Cephalosporins work by binding to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibiting cell wall formation in bacteria. They are classified into four generations based on their spectrum of antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, and diarrhea. Cephalosporins are generally administered orally or parenterally and excreted unchanged in the urine.

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Pharmacology Ahmad Iqbal Butt Roll # 60

    CEPHALOSPORINS
    Cephalosporin discovery credit to Brotzu in 1945. First introduced into clinical use in 1964(cephalothin) A class of beta lactam antibiotics

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    Introduction to Cephalosporins..
    They were first isolated from the cultures of cephalosprium acremonium They are structurally and pharmaclological related to penicillins Derived from 7aminocephalosporanic Acid

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    Mechanism of action
    It binds to Penicillins binding protiens and inhibition of formation of cell wall These are bactericidal Agents Resistance Poor penetration of bacteria by the drug Lack of penicillin binding protein for a specific drug Degradation of drug by beta lactamases Failure of activation of autolytic enzyme in cell wall

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    Classifications of Cephalosporins
    4-Generations Based upon: The spectrum of anti microbial activity These Generations increased Gram negative and decreased Gram positive Activity

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    First Generation
    Cephalexin , po Cephazolin Cephalothin Cephradine , po Active against G + cocci (except enterococci) s.pneumoniae, s.pyogenes Use 1 Urinary tract infection 2 prophylaxis of surgical wound infecion 3 Cellucitis Modest activity against Gbactria
    6

    Second Generation
    Cefoxitin Cefuroxine Cefaclor Cefprozil Mainly effective against G-Bacteria Modest activity against G+Bacteria Use primary upper and lower respiratory tract infection

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    Third Generation
    Ceftriaxone Cefotaxine Enhanced G-activity Use Meningitis Gonorrhea (neisseria Gonorrhea)

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    Fourth Generation
    Cefepime
    Active against strep, staphylo, Aerobic Gm-

    Use
    Infection caused by s.pneumonia

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    Uses
    Pharyngitis Tonsilitis Otitis Pneumonia UTI Skin infection Bone infection Surgical prophylaxis

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    10

    Adverse Effect
    Hypersensitivity Reaction most common, Anaphylaxis, Bronchospasm, urticaria Nephrotoxicity Thrombophelebitis Super Infection Diarrhea Bleeding disorder, flushing, vomiting with alcohol intake
    Dr.T.V.Rao MD 11

    Pharmacokintics
    Cephalosporin are given Orally and Parent rally Extent of binding to plasma protein vary from one to another Mostly excreted unchanged by kidney Half life 30-90 min
    Dr.T.V.Rao MD 12

    Contraindications
    Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins or penicillins combination with aminoglycosides and loop diuretics b/c of their peritonial causing nephrotoxicity

    Dr.T.V.Rao MD

    13

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