yqEffiE 0 AP)I(ABH 11 4,P)J(ABA

CAOBOAAHA JOBAHOBH1iA
1
EOPHC MHAOCABA>EBH1i
fiaAKaHOAOIIIKH HHCTHTYT
CAHY
AncTpaKT: Y paAy ce pa3MaTpa OIIlliTe y"llelhe o Ap)l(aBI111 Teop11ja Ap)l(aBe
CAo6oAaHa]oBaHOBHha, cHcTeMCKI1113AO)I(eHo y IheroBOM KaiiHTaAHOM AeAy
ApJKaea. 0KOCHHu;a JoBaHOBHheBHX HcTpa)I(HBalha je y-qelhe o Ap)l(aBH, Koje
je y AeBeTHaecTOM BeKy jeAHHO y HeMa"l!Koj 6HAO CHCTeMcKH opraHH30BaHo.
TipeMa IhefOBOM MHlliA>elhy Ap)l(aBHa BAaCT I1 rrpaBO HaCTajy HCTOBpeMeHO, KaO
jeAHHCTBeHH <f?eHOMeH, KaO ,AHI.J;e 11 HaAH"llje I1CTe CTBap11". Y pa3Bojy I1Aeje
. . .
Ap)l(aBe ce IIOKa3yJe Aa Je npaBHa Ap)l(aBa HMaHeHTHa II OJ MY Ap)l(aBe, OAHOCHO
Aa je 3a ocTBapHBalhe rrojMa Ap)l(aBe AorH"l!KI1 HY)I(Ha IIOAeAa BAacTH. TioAe-
AOM BAaCTI1 Ap)l(aBa, HaKO HeorpaHH"lleHa I1 HeAeA>HBa y CBOJOJ cyBepeHOCTH,
caMy ce6e orpaHHqaBa. 3a JoBaHOBHheBy TeopHjy Ap)l(aBe MO)I(e ce peh11 Aa
rrpeACTaBA>a CHHTe3y <f?HA030<f?CKI1X Teopuja Ap)l(aBe aHTHKe 11 MOAepHor A0-
6a, HeMa"l!Kor orrlliTer y-qefua o Ap)l(aBH 11 eHrAecKor rroAHTH"l!KOr HCKYCTBa.
KA>yqHe peqH: rroAHTHqKa <f?HA03o<.PHja, OIIlliTa TeopHja Ap)l(aBe, .nojaM
Ap)l(aBe, npaBo, HAeaAHa Ap)l(aBa.
Y CBOM H3yqaBalhy rrojMa Ap)l(aBe CAo6oAaH JoBaHOBHh ce ocAalha
Ha Ayry HCTop11jy npoMHlliA>alha Ap)l(aBe, OA aHTJ1qKe <f?HA03o<f?Hje, npeKo
1 PaA je HarrwcaH y OKBHPY rrpojeKTa ,HcTopwja rroAHTH':IKHX HAeja H H C T H T Y ~ H j a Ha EaAKaHY
y 19. H 20. seKy" MHHHcTapcTBa rrpocseTe H HayKe (6p. 177011).
341
EOPI1C MI1AOCAB1DEBI11i
. .
HOBOBeKOBHHX TeopHJa, AeBeTHaecToBeKOBHHX HeMaqKHX CTYAHP o Ap)Ka-
' .
BHH eHrAecKor noAHTlfqKor HCKYCTBa, AO Teop11p o OAYM11paH>y Ap)l(aBe 11
o6HaB.toalba Te0p11je Ap)KaBHOr ancOAYTI13Ma. 0KOCH11u;ajoBaHOBI1heBI1X 11C-
Tpa)I(HBalba je yqelbe o Ap)KaBI1, Koje je y AeBeTHaecTOM BeKy jeA11HO y HeMaqKoj
6HAO CHCTeMCKI1 opraHI130BaH0,
2
AOK cy y Apyri1M 3eM.toaMa CaMO nospeMeHO
o6jaB.toi1BaHe CTYA11je qlfjl1 je npeAMeT 11CTpa)I(I1Balba 611Aa Ap)KaBa.
3
noqes-
IIII1 OA <I>HxTeosor yqelba,
4
XereAOBe <PI1A03o<}mje npasa 11 pa3MaTpaH>a noj-
Ma YMHOr npasa (Vernunftrecht),
5
npeKo onniTer yqeH>a o Ap)KaBH (allgemeine
2 c. JoBaHOBHn, OatOBU upaeHe iUeopuje 0 gpMaBU, A. 06paAOBHn, EeorpaA 1906, 3. 3a
rrperAeA HeMa'IKOr AeBeTHaecTOBeKOBHOr yqelba o Ap)l(aBH H jaBHOM rrpaBy B. M. Stolleis,
Geschichte des Ojfentlichen Rechts in Deutschland, 2, 1800-1914, C. H. Beck, Miinchen 1992.
3 Y <J?paHIJ;yCKHM rroAHTH'IKHM TeopHjaMa, rroce6Ho HaKOH Pycoa, yrAaBHOM ce
rroHcToBenyjy Ap)l(aBa H APYIIITBo, Kao H rrojMoBH Harwje H HapoAa ca rrojMoM APYIUTBa. Aa
AeBeTHaeCTOBeKOBHa HeMa'IKa IIOAHTH'IKa H rrpaBHa TeopHja jacHO pa3AHKyje OBe rrojMOBe B.
y: J. K. Bluntschli, Lehre von modernen Staat, Erster Theih Allgemeine Staatslehre, 6. Auflage,
J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart 1886, 118. OA <J?paHu;ycKHX CTYAHja o Ap)l(aBH JoBaHOBHn yKa3yje Ha:
H. Michel, L' idee de l'etat, essai critique sur l'histoire des theories sociales et politiques en France
depuis !a Revolution, Hachette, Paris 1896; A. Esmein, Elements de droit constitutionnel.franrais
et compare, L. Larose, Paris 1903; L. Diguit, L'Etat, Paris 1901/1903. HaBOAI1 H cTyAHje
aMepi1'IKI1X ayTopa KOjHMa ce CAY)(110: T. W. Wilson, The State: Elements of Historical and
Practical Politics, A sketch ofinstitutional history and administration, D.C. Heath & Co, Boston
1889; W. W. Willoughby, An Examination of the Nature of the State: A Study in Political
Philosophy, Macmillan & Co, New York- London 1896; J. W. Burgess, Political Science and
Comparative Constitutional Law, Ginn & Company, Boston- London 1890. PeTKe cy CI1HTe3e
HeMa'IKHX, eHrAeCKHX, <J?paHI.\YCKHX, IIIBajl\apcKHX 11 aMepH'IKHX Ap)l(aBHo-rrpaBHHX TeopHja
11 HcKycTaBa. Kao niTo je HeMa'IKO yqelbe o Ap)l(aBH Be3aHo 3a HeMa'!Ke ycTaHoBe, TaKo cy 11
eHrAecKe cTyAHje o yCTaBHOCTH H napAaMeHTapH3MY cKopo HCKA>Y'IHBo rrocBeneHe eHrAecKoj
rroAHTH'IKoj H rrpaBHoj TpaAHD;HjH. }oBaHOBHn, OcHoeu 6, HCTH'Ie Aa H3y3eTaK rrpeAcTaBA>a
KOMrrapaTHBHa aHaAI13a eHrAecKe H KOHTHHeHTaAHe ycTaBHOCTI1 y: A. Dicey, Introduction to
the Study of the Law of the Constitution, Macmillan and Co, London 1885. _
4 J. G. Fichte, Der geschlossene Handelsstaat, J. G. Cotta, Tubi_ngen 1800; Rechtslehre, [ 1812],
F. Meiner, Hamburg 1980;Die Staatslehre, [1813], G. Reimer, Berlin 1820. B11IIIe o <l>HxTeoBoM
rro3HOM yqelby o cysepeHOCTH H Ap)l(aBH B. paAOBe H3 36opHHKaPraktische Philosophie in Fichtes
Spatwerk, G. Zoller/H. G. v. Manz (Hrsg.), Fichte-Studien 29, Rodopi, Amsterdam- New
York2006.
5 3a <l>HxTea je orrlllTe rrpaBo 'IHCTO YMHO rrpaBo (reines Vernunftrecht). B.: J. G. Fichte,
Rechtslehre, 5. Yrr. G. w. F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Naturrecht und
Staatswissenschaft im Grundrisse, [1821] Werke 7, E. Moldenhauer und K. Markus Michel,
Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M. 1979, 432: ,YCTaB je yMaH aKo Ap)l(aBa cBojy AeAOTBopHocT y
ce611 pa3AI1Kyje H OApel)yje rrpeMa rrp11p0AI1 rrojMa". L. Michelet, Des Vernunftrechts erster
Theih enthaltend die Grundrechte und das Einzelrecht, Naturrecht oder Rechts-Philosophie als
342
yqfhE 0 AP)l(ABI1 HAP)J(ABA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI11iA
Staatslehre),
6
AO Teopnja Ap)l(aBHOr npaBa H ycTaBa (Staatsrechtslehre), n3y-
qaBalie nojMa Ap)l(aBe 3aCHHBa ce Ha Ayroj <_PnAo3o<_PcKoj y Kojoj
je npOMHIIIJDaH>e Ap)l(aBe npeAMeT TIOAHTHKe KaO npaKTlfqHe <PnA03oqm:je.
HacAOBH KH>Hra o Ap)l(aBH, norAaBJDa KH>nra OA 3Haqaja 3a pa3Boj yqeH>a o
Ap)l(aBHHAll pyKonnca npeAaBalha cy ce MelhaAH, OA Yttelba 0 upaey, Yttelba 0
gpJKaBU, ct>uA03ouje iipaea,7 npeKO Oiituiiiei gpJKaBHOi upaea ll Oiituei yttelba
0 gpJKaBU,
8
AO ApJKaee
9
ll Yttelba 0 yciiiaey HAll YciiiaBHOi upaea.
10
TioHeKaA ll
KH>Hre npeMa qnjeM HaCAOBY 6u Ce MOfAO npeTTIOCTaBHTH Aa ce 6aBe HCKJDy-
quBO nuTaH>nMa Be3aHHM 3a HeMaqKy pa3MaTpajy u oniiiTY Teopujy Ap)l(a-
die praktische Philosophie, enthaltend Rechts-, Sitten- und Gesellscha.ftslehre, Nicolai, Berlin
1866, 5, yTeMe.tnyje rrpaBo y XereAeOBOM ,yMHO je CTBapHo M CTBapHo je yMHo",
HarAarnaBajynM Aa je cTBapHo rrpaBo YMHo".
6 Stolleis, Geschichte, 121-186,423-460.
7 Fichte, Rechtslehre [1812]; Die Staatslehre, [1813/1820]; Das System der Rechtslehre [1834];
W. T. Krug, System der praktischen Philosophie, Erster Theil, Rechtslehre, Dikaologie oder
philosophische Rechtslehre, A. W. Unzer, Konigsberg 1817; Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie
des Rechts, Naturrechtund Staatswissenscha.ft im Grundrisse, Nicolai, Berlin 1820; C. v. Rotteck,
Lehrbuch des Vernun.ftrechts und der Staatswissenscha.ften, 1-4, Stuttgart 1829-1835; Michelet,
Des Vernun.ftrechts erster Theil, [1866].
8 H. Zopfi, Grundsatze des allgemeinen und des konstitutionell-monarchischen Staatsrechts, C.
F. Winter, Heidelberg 1841. EAyH'IAM (J. C. Bluntschli) o6jaBMO je cBojy KfbMrY o Ap)KaBM 1852.
fOAI1He IIOA HaCAOBOM Ouutiite gpJKaBHO upaso (Allgemeines Statsrecht geschichtlich begrundet,
J. G. Cotta, Mi.inchen 1852) Aa 611 ce KaCHMje IIOA MCTMM HaCAOBOM rrojaBMAO BMIIIe lbeHMX
AOIIYfbeHMX M3AaiDa, Koja cy rrpepacAa y ABOTOMHO AeAo. Y HacAOBMMa EAyH'IAMjeBMX AeAa peq
,Ap)KaBa" ce rrMrne ca jeAHMM ,a" (Stat), IIITO je y KaCHMjMM M3AaiDMMa rrpoMeiDeHo. DpMAMKOM
o6jaB.tnMBalba rreTor M3Aalha (1875) AOAaT je M TpehM TOM, a AeAO je o6jaB.tneHO IIOA
HacAOBOM Y<te!-be o gpJKasu (Lehre vom modernen Stat). DpBM TOM, qMjM ce caAp)Kaj y
OCHOBM IIOKAana ca rrpBMM M3AalbaMa Ouutei gpJKaBHOi upasa, A06Mo je HaCAOB Ouutiite y<te!-be
o gpJKasu (Allgemeine Statslehre), AOK je ApyrM TOM A06Mo paHMjM Ha3MB AeAa- Ouzuiite
gpJKaBHO upaso (Allgemeines Statsrecht), a TpenM TOM HaCAOB Jlo.llUutU1Ca 1CaO Hay1Ca (Politik als
Wissenscha.ft). BMA. J. Bluntschli, Lehre von modernen Stat, 1-3-LJ. G. Cotta, Stuttgart 1875-
1876. DocAe EAyHqAMja, KIDMre IIOA HaCAOBOM Ouutiite y<te!-be o gpJKaBu o6jaBMAM cy M PeM
(Hermann Rehm) 1899,JeAMHeK (GeorgJellinek) 1900, illMMT (Richard Schmidt) 1901-1903.
M KeA3eH (Hans Kelsen) 1925. B. M HajHoBMja AeAa ca OBMM HacAOBOM: T. Fleiner, L. R. Basta
Fleiner, Allgemeine Staatslehre, Uber die konstitutionelle Demokratie in einer multikulturellen und
globalisierten Welt, Springer, Berlin - Heidelberg- New York 2004; K. Doehring, Allgemeine
Staatslehre: eine systematische Darstellung, 3. neubearbeitete Aufl, C. F. Mi.iller, Heidelberg 2004.
9 F. Oppenheimer, Der Staat, Ri.itten & Loening, Frankfurt a.M. 1907; H. Freyer, Der Staat,
Rechfelden, Leipzig 1926; 0. Spann,Der wahre Staat, & Meyer, Leipzig 1921.
10 R. Smend, Verfassungund Verjassungsrecht. Mi.inchen, 1928, C. Schmitt, Verfassungslehre,
Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1928.
343
EOPHC MI1AOCABA>EBI11i
Be_Il 3a HaCAOBe Klbl1Ta 0 Ap)l(aBH, MeljyTHM, HajAy)l(e je 6110 ycTaJDeH Ha311B
Ouutiue y-zte1be o pJKaeu (Allgemeine Staatslehre). 3a pa3AHKY OA npeTXOAHHX
HacAoBa, OuutiiiuM ytte1beM o gpJKaeu HarAarnaBa ce Aa je npeAMeT CTYAHje npe
CBera Ap)l(aBa KaO jeAHHCTBeHH <PeHOMeH,
12
OAHOCHO Aa cy llCKlDy-'IeHa pa3Ma-
Tpalba npaBa Koja 611 npeTXOAHAa Ap)l(aBH, npe cBera npHpOAHa npaBa.U Tipe
onrnter yqefba o Ap)l(aBH, y KlhiHaMa y q11j11M HaCAOBHMa cy ce HaAa3HAH noj-
MOBH yqefba o npaBy, <PHA030pHje npaBa HAll YMHor npaBa, npe pa3MaTpalba
Ap)l(aBe, yTeMeJDyje ce npaBo Koje npeTXOAH Ap)l(aBH. EAyHqAH (Johann Caspar
Bluntschli) KPHTHKyje Teop11je Ap)l(aBe 11 jaBHor npaBa H3BeAeHe 113 qJ1cTe cne-
KyAar.:t;HJe, OAHOCHO AeAyKOBaHe nyTeM qJ1CTO AOfJ1qKJ1X 3aKJDyqaKa 113 CIIeKyAa-
TllBHOr norAeAa Ha cBeT. OH yKa3yje Ha nocTojalbe MHOrHx cHcTeMa npHpOAHOr
HAll p11A030pCKOr jaBHOr npaBa KOjll cy IIOAjeAHaKO yAaJDeHH OA II0311Tl1BHOr 11
HCTopHjcKor npaBa 11 HarAarnaBa Aa Ap)l(aBa Mop a Aa 6yAe ,pHA03opcKH cxBahe-
Ha KaO 11 11CTOp11jCKI1".
14
Ee3 o6311pa Ha HaqHH Ha KOjH je yTeMeJDeHo yqelhe o Ap)l(aBH 11 6e3 o63H-
pa Ha HarAaiiiaBalbe npaBHOr, llCTOpHJCKOr, COIJ;llOAOliiKOr HAll HeKOr Apyror
aciieKTa, CBe Teop11je 0 Ap)l(aBH, C o63HpOM Ha npeAMeT CBOf llCTpa)l(HBalba, y
CBOjoj OCHOBH cy yTeMeJDeHe y OApeljeHOj IIOAHTllqKoj p11A030pHjl1. TipHTOM,
jeAaH HapoqHTO Ba)l(aH, aAH He 11 jeAHHH cerMeHT Ap)l(aBe je lbeHa npaBHa op-
raHH3aiJ;HJ a.
CxBaTalhe Ap)l(aBe Kao jeAHHCTBeHor IIOAHTHqKor TeAa, OAHOCHO TeopHja
Ap)l(aBHe cyBepeHOCTH,
15
H3AO)l(eHo je y XereAoBoj <PHA03oqmjH npaBa.
16
HaKo
ce XereA qecTo H30cTaBJDa 113 aHaAH3a HCTop11je Ap)l(aBHonpaBHHX Teop11ja 11
jaBHor npaBa,
17
KeA3eH (H. Kelsen), KPHTHKyjyhH ynpaBo XereAoBy Teop11jy
11 Kao IIITO je cAyqaj ca BHIIIe rryTa o6jasA>eHoM Aa6aHAOBOM (P. !:-aband) KfbHroM o AP)I(aBHOM
rrpasy HeMaqKor 14apcTBa (1876-1882, 1895, 1901, 1911). B.: P. Laband, Das Staatsrecht des
Deutschen Reiches,J. C. B. Mohr, Ttibingen -Leipzig 1901.
12 T. Fleiner, L. R. Basta Staatslehre, 24; K. Staatslehre,
6-8.
13 Stolleis, Geschichte, 424.
14 Bluntschli, Staatslehre, 11.
15 3a rrperAeA TeopHja cysepeHOCTH s. C. E. Merriam, History of the Theory of Sovereignty since
Rousseau, The Columbia University Press, New York- London 1900.
16 B.: Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, ( 260- 320), 406n AaA>e.
17 Stolleis, 133.
344
Y'"-IEI-bE 0 AP:>KABI1 I1AP)J(.ABA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI11iA
Ap)KaBe,
18
HarAarnaBa 3Haqaj IDeroBe <PMA03oqn1je 3a pa3Boj yqeiDa o Ap)KaBM.
19
CpeA,MHOM AeBeTHaecTor BeKa o Ap)KaBM ce roBopM Kao o opraHM3My, aAM
He BMIIIe y X e r e A o ~ o M 11 llleAMHrOBOM (F. W. J. Schelling) cMMcAy peqH, Ben
y 3HaqeiDy Koje je TepMMH ,opraHM3aM" A06Mo y rrpMpOAHMM HayKaMa. Ilpe-
Ma EAyHqAMjy, Ap)KaBa HMa 6MOAOIIIKO-AYXOBHM opraHCKM KapaKTep,
2
Kao 11
rrpaBHY AMqHocT y CMMCAY jaBHor rrpaBa. OH KPHTMKyje TeopHjy HapoAHe cy-
BepeHOCTM, HaiJ;MOHaAHe cyBepHOCTH, cyBepeHOCTM rrpaBa HAM npaBAe, KaO
11 Teop11jy arrcoAyTHe MOHapxMje. 3a EAyHqAHja rrpaBM cyBepeH jecTe ,Ap)KaBa
Kao AMqHocT".
21
EAyHqAHjeBa TeopMja Ap)KaBe je Ayro 6MAa BeoMa yTau;ajHa
M M3BaH HeMaqKor rOBOpHor IIOApyqja.
22
I1aKO ce y Be3M ca}oBaHOBMneBOM
TeopMjoM Ap)KaBe Hajqernhe rroMMIDe JeAaHeKoBa (G. Jellinek) TeopMja/
3
je-
AMHO ce 3a EAyHqAajeBo yqeiDe o Ap)KaBM MO)Ke penH Aa ra]oBaHOBMn cAeAM
y CBOM rrpOMI1III.toaiDy.
Y Apyroj IIOAOBMHM AeBeTHaeCTOr M rroqeTKOM ABaAeCeTOr BeKa HeMaqKa
HayKa 0 Ap)KaBM ce Kpene OA jeAHOr BMIIIe <l>HA030<PCKOr ITOMMalba Ap)KaBe
. . .
rrpeMa rrpaBHOM, IIITO Ha KpaJy AOBOAM AO OABapiDa rrpaBa OA Ap)KaBe, TJ. Ty-
Maqelba Ap)KaBe Kao JeAHOr AorMqKH HerrpoTMBpeqHor cKyrra rrpaBHHX HopMH.
Aa6aHA (P. Laband) je HajBMIIIe AOrrpMHeo IIIMpeiDy qMcTo rrpaBHe MeTOAe y
HeMaqKMM Ap)KaBHorrpaBHHM CTYAMjaMa: ,C MaiDe MCTOpMjcKe epyAMIJ;Hje 11 c
MaiDe CKAOHOCTM 3a <PMA03o<PcKe crreKyAau;Mje OA]eAMHeKa, Aa6aHA rroKa3yje
18 KeA3eHOB npaBHH HopMaTHBH3aM Ap)l(aBHoj cyBepeHOCTH npeTnocTaB!oa Mel)yHapoAHO
npaBo. EyAynHocT Mel)yHapoAHor npaaa BHAH y BoA<PoBoM (Christian Wolff) npojeKTY civitas
maxima. B.: KeA3eH, Teopuja cysepmociUu u iUeopujaMebyHapogHoi upasa, llpU/wijegHoj -ttuciUoj
Uieopuju upasa, npeB. A. EacTa, CAy)l(6eHH AHCT cu,r, EeorpaA 2003,214, 215, 268, 269.
19 ,[XereAOBa] <PHA030<PHja npaBa liMa 3a cpeAHIIITe cyBepeHOCT Ap)l(aBe, IIITaBHIIIe AOCTH)I(e
BpxyHal.\ ynpaBO y o6orOTBopelby Ap)l(aBe H, AOCAeAHO, OA6al.\yje CBaKy npeACTaBy 0 HeKOM
nopeTKY Mel)yHapoAHOr npaaa KOjH ce HaAa3H H3HaA Ap)l(aBa. H HHje cAy'lajHo IIITO je XereAOBO
CXBaTalbe MeqyHapOAHOf npaBa, KOje je y Apyroj TpenHHH AeBeTHaeCTOf BeKa Ba)I(HAO .Ben KaO
npeBAaAaHo, yTpenoj TpenHHH [ ... ] noHoBo AOIIIAO AO H3pa3a." B.:_= KeA3eH, Teopuja cysepHociUu,
143.
20 HaKo je KaCHHje BHIIIe cxBaTa Kao MopaAHH 11 AYXOBHH opraHH3aM, y paHHM paAOBHMa
DAYH'IAH Ap)l(aBy AOCAOBHO nopeAH ca 6HoAOIIIKHM opraHH3MOM. B.: J. Blumschli, Psychologische
Studien uber Staat und Kirche, Zurich und Frauenfeld, 1844, 225-228.
21 Blunrschli, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 23, 572. Teop11jy HapoAHe cyBepeHOCTH KPHTHKyje
cAeAenH XereAoBy apryMeHTau;Hjy. B.: Hegel, 446-447.
22 0 MecTy DAYH'IAHjeBe TeopHje y npaBHoj 11 noAHTH'IKoj HCTopHjH B. Stolleis, 430-433.
23 B. ynopeAHH nperAeA HeKHx }eAHHeKoBHx 11 JoBaHOBHneBHx peiiielba y: A. I1aBKOBHn,
C.llo6ogaH]osaH08Utz.]egaH HeceHUtUMeHUta.llaH upuciUyu UO.IlUUtUU;U (npeB. E. qacap ), I1paBHJ1
<PaKyATeT YHHBep3HTeTa y EeorpaAy, CAy)l(6eHH rAaCHHK, EeorpaA 2008, 69-86.
345
EOPI1C MI1AOCABIDEBI11i
MHOfO BMIIIe TaAeHTa y 'tJHCTO npaBHMM KOHCTpyKD;MjaMa: MOfAO 611 ce MO)I(Aa
pen11 A a je TO AaHac HajBenM npaBHM'tfKM TaAeHaT y HeMa"tJKoj".
24
06HoBa MH-
TepecoBalha 3a KaHTOBY <PMA03oq,Mjy KpajeM AeBeTHaecTor BeKa M3BpiiiMAa je
npecyAaH yTMu;aj Ha oniiiTe yqelhe o Ap)l(aBM 11 <PMA03oqmjy npaBa (JeAMHeK,
KeA3eH). CAeAehM KaHTOBY MAejy KPMTMKe 'tfMTOCTOr yMa, KeA3eH npeAy3MMa
" .
KPMTMKY ,"tJMCTor npaBa . 11 npeyTeMe.IDyJe u;eAoKynHo npaBo Ha HeoKaHTOB-
CKMM OCHOBaMa.
25
JoBaHOBHheBa KlbHra o Ap)l(aBH
I1aKO je HaCAOB JoBaHOBMneBe KlhMre OcHOBU upasHe iiieopuje 0 gpJKaBU
(1906) 6110 11 ca Ha3MBOM npeAMeTa KOjM je npeAaBaO Ha TipaBHOM
taKyATeTy (OnniTe Ap)l(aBHO npaBo), OHa o6yxBaTa 11 OlliiiTe yqelhe 0 Ap)l(aBH
11 onniTe Ap)l(aBHO npaBo.
26
Y JoBaHOBMneBoj KlhM3M ce pa3MaTpajyyo6M"tJaje-
He ocHOBHe TeMe oniiiTer yqelha o Ap)l(aBM - nojaM Ap)l(aBe, yqelhe o TPMMa
eAeMeHTMMa Ap)l(aBe, llMTalhe OAHOCa BAaCTM, npaBa 11 CMAe 11 nojaM cyBepe-
HOCTM, OAHOCHO HajBMIIIe BAaCTM. Ap)l(aBHonpaBHa nMTaiDa npoM3Aa3e 113
peiiielha OCHOBHMX llMTalha 0 Ap)l(aBM, Hapo'tJMTO llMTalha llOAeAe BAaCTM, OA-
HOCHO <PYHKD;Mja BAaCTM 11 opraHH3au;Mje Ap)l(aBe.
CBojy KIDMry o Ap)l(aBM]oBaHOBMn je o6jaBMo qeTMPM nyTa (1906, 1914,
1922, 1936).
27
TipMTOM, y CBHM 113AalhMMa, 6e3 o6311pa Ha lhMXOB o6MM, OHa
caAp)I(M TPM MeTa norAaBJDa yBoAa 11 TPM MeTa AeAa ca MCTMM 6pojeM rAaBa:
24 }oBaHoBnn, Oaweu, 5.
25 Bmne o JoBaHoBnneBoj KeA3eHoBor HopMaTMBM3Ma B. C. JoBaHoBnn, ,KeAceH':
[ 1920, 1935] CA 9, 366-385; A. EacTa, ,CAo6oAaH JoBaHoBnn n XaHc KeA3eH", AHa.;zu llpaeHoi
aKJAmemayEeoipagy 1-4/2001,25-43.
26 JoBaHOBMn, OcHoeu, 3. EAyH'IAMjeB npBo6nTHH Ha3MB 3a omriTe y<JeJDe o Ap:lKaBHje 6Ho
,omriTe Ap:lKaBHO npaBo". B. <l>ycHHOTY 8. _
27 c. JoBaHOBHn, Omoeu upaeHe meopuje 0 gpJKaeu, A. 06paAOBHn, EeorpaA 1906; OcHOBU
upaeHe meopuje 0 gpJKaeu, Apyro H npoumpeHO H3Aalbe, r. KoH, EeorpaA 1914; 0
gpJKaeu, OCHOBU jegHe upaeHe meopuje, Tpene nperAeAaHO H AOITylbeHO M3Aalbe, r. KoH, EeorpaA
1922; ApJKaea 1-2, Ca6paHa geAa 13, 14, r. KoH, EeorpaA 1936. TiocAeAlbe }oBaHOBHneBO
H3Aalbe H3 1936. noHoBo je o6jaB.toeHo 1990. roAHHe y Ca6paHuM geAuM.a: CAo6oAaH
JoBaHoBnn, Ca6paHa ge.;za 8, yp. P. Ca.Mapr,mn, )K.. CTojKoBnn, EI1f3,JyrocAaBHjany6AHK, CK3,
EeorpaA 1990 ( 3a Ca6paHa ge.;za M3 1990-1991. rOAHHe Aa.toe: CA). 3a 6H6AHorpa<!>cKe ITOAaTKe
o paAOBHMa CAo6oAaHa JoBaHoBHna H paAOBHMa o BMA. A. ApaHMToBnn, CAo6ogaH
]oeaHoeun: 6u6Auoipauja ca xpoHoAoiujou JKueoma u paga, <PoHA CAo6oAaH JoBaHoBnn,
EeorpaA 2010.
346
Y"Y:EI-bE 0 AP)l(ABI1 I1AP)J(ABA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI11iA
no jaM Ap)l(aBe (11Me, orrpaBAaH>e, 3aAaTaK Ap)l(aBe, Ap)l(aBHa AI1"LIHOCT, o6AacT,
napoA 11 BAacT Kao eAeMeHTI1 Ap)l(aBe 11 CAO)I(eHa Ap)l(asa), Ap)l(aBHe
(3aKOHOAaBCTBO, yrrpasa 11 cyAcTso) 11 Ap)l(aBHY (rroAeAa BAaCTI1,
3aKOHOAaBHe BAaCTI1, yrrpasne BAaCT11). KH>11ra
OcHOBU upaeH.e iUeopuje 0 gpeaBU (1906, 1914) speMeHOM je AOIIyH>aBaHa 11
Aa 611 Tpene 113Aalbe A0611AO HaCAOB Q gpeaBU, OCHOBU jegHe
upaBH.e iUeopuje (1922), a "l!eTBPTO ApeaBa (1936), lliTO HajBI1IIIe 11 OAfOBapa
CaAp)l(ajy, IIOIIITO OA rrpsor 113AaH>a Hl1je peq caMO 0 rrpaBHOj Te0p11j11 sen 0
u;eAOBI1Toj CTYA11jl1 o Ap)l(aBI1. Apeaea o6yxsaTa 11 III1TaH>e ocHOBHI1X Ha"LieAa
Ap)l(aBe, 11 Ap)l(aBHorrpasny Teop11jy, 11 aHaAI13e rrojeA11Ha"LIHI1X Ap)l(aBa. Jo-
BaHOBI1n je IIOCTerreHO MelbaO HaCAOB CBOr Kaiii1TaAHOf AeAa,
. . . .
ra ca H>erOBI1M CaAp)l(aJeM, KOJ11 Je BHIIIe OIIIIITa TeopHJa 0 Ap)l(aBH II aHaAH3a
rrpaBHHX OCHOBa Hero jaBHorrpaBHHX HOpM11. I1aKO je Apyro H3AaH>e
113 OCHOBa,
28
a IIOCAeAH>e 3HaTHO Ay)l(e OA rrpsor, 3arrpaBO HHje AO-
IIIAO AO rrpoMene ocnosne HAeje, HHTI1 CTPYKType paAa. Kao IIITO je cAy"Liaj 11
ca Apyri1M KlbHraMa 0 Ap)l(aBH KOje cy y TO speMe o6jaB.fuHBaHe, OA <PopMe y
Kojoj cy H3Aarane Ba)I(HI1ja cy ocnosna Ha"l!eAa Ha Koji1Ma ce TeMeA>e.
29
Y ysoAy Apeaee, y rrorAaBA>Y IIOA nacAOBOM ,KaKo ce AOAa3H AO HAeje o
Ap)l(aBH yorriiiTe",
30
JosaHOBHh narAaiiiasa Aa je rrpeAMeT H>erosor HcTpa)I(H-
BaH>a Ap)l(aBa yorriiiTe. I1Aeja Ap)l(aBe, "LIHjH nacTaHaK]osa:HosHh o6jaiiiH>asa,
jecTe Ap)l(aBa yorriiiTe, KaO THIICKa Ap)l(aBa. I1Aejy Ap)l(aBe H3BOAH ITO yrAeAy
Ha spcTe y 6HOAOrHjH, H3ABajaH>eM 3ajeAHH"l!KHX H3 IIOCTOjenHX Ap)l(a-
Ba: ,I-heHa ce CAHKa H3BOAH H3 CTBapHOCTH, II TO Ha Taj Ha"LIHH IIITO ce KOA
CTBapHHX Ap)l(aBa H3ABajajy OHe Koje cy liM CBHMa 3ajeAHH"l!Ke. Y )l(l:l-
. . .
BOTHlbCKOM CBeTy IIOCTOJe CaMO JeAHHKe, IIOJeAHHa"l!He )l(l:IBOTHH>e, a He II Bp-
28 C.]oBaHOBI1h,Ap)fCaBa, CA 8, 10.
29 0 ]oBaHOBI1heBI1M Oatoea.Ma [ 1906], Kao nporpaMcKoj Klbl1311 Koja ,Aaje cjajHY CKI11\Y jeAHe
Teop11je, BeOMa KOXepeHTHe 11 113BpCHO KOMTIOHOBaHe" 11 TpeT11pa Ap)l(aBy KaO ,TIOAI1T11qKy
3ajeAH111\y" B.: C. Bpaqap, ,Y3opHo je3rpo onyca CAo6oAaHa]oBaHOBI1na",AeAO CAo6ogaHa
]oeaHoeulia y ceoM epeMeHy u gaHac (yp. C. Bpaqap ), DpaBHI1 q>aKyATeT, EeorpaA 1991, 25, 27,
33. Aa je JoBaHOBI1heBaAp)fCaBa ,Hajpa3BI1jeHI1jl1 o6AI1K npaBHe Teop11je Ap)l(aBe y Harnoj Hayl.\11
yonrnTe': B.: A. EacTa, ,CAo6oAaH JoBaHOBI1h Kao TeopeTI1qap Ap)l(aBe 11 npaBa", CAo6ogaH
]oeaHoeuli, AwmociU u geAo, yp. M. ]oB11q11n, CAHY, EeorpaA 1998, 338.
30 ]oBaHOBI1h,Ap)fCaBa, 22-25.
347
EOPI1C MI1AOCAB.IbEBI11i
CTe; lUiaK 3aTa BpcTe ce CMaTpajy 3a AaBalDHa CTBapHe Aa Mary 611T11 rrpeA-
MeT HayqHar 11CII11TI1Balba. T11rrcKa Ap)l(aBa CTBapHa je 11CTa TaAI1Ka KaAI1Ka 11
BpCTa."
31
jaBaHaBI1fl, AaKAe, 113ABaja acHaBHe KapaKTep11CTI1Ke rracTajenHX Ap-
)l(aBa 11 Ha acHaBy THX QpTa a6pa3yje HAejy Ap)l(aBe. Tip11TaM, aH ce He yrryiiiTa
y rrAaToHaBcKa rri1Talhe oHTaAoiiiKe 3acHaBaHOCTI1 11Aeja,
32
Bence, BI1IIIe y Ayxy
apHCTOTeAaBCKe TpaA11QH)e, 3aAp)l(aBa Ha pa3aTpalhy OIIIIITI1X KapaKTep11-
CTI1Ka lheMy caBpeMeHI1X Ap)l(aBa, y3nMajyh11 3a rrpeAMeT cBar 11CTpa)l(HBalba
11Aejy Ap)l(aBe CXBaneHy Kaa TI1IICKY Ap)l(aBy.
33
3a joBaHaBI1fla je Ap)l(aBa yarriiiTe, KaO 11Aeja Ap)l(aBe, OIIIIITI1ja aA CBI1X
rrojaBHI1X a6AI1Ka Ap)l(aBe. y pa3MaTpalhy Ap)l(aBe yorriiiTe He Ma-
ry ce CBe Ap)l(aBe CBI1X erraxa CBeCTll Ha jeAaH jeA11HCTBeH Tllll: ,KaA Ce yrra-
peAe ca6oM pa3HI1 llCTap11jCKll THilaBI1 Ap)l(aBe, aHAa ce BHAH Aa HeMa
HHjeAHe QpTe KOja 611 ce Kpa3 CBe lbHX CTaAHO rrpaBAaqi1Aa."
34
Y rrp11Aar OBaj
Te311 ]aBaHOBHfl napeA11 Ap)l(aBy cpeAlher BeKa ca MaAepHoM Ap)l(aBaM, HarAa-
IIIaBajyhl1 Aa ce OBa ABa TI1Ila Ap)l(aBe pa3AI1Kyjy y aCHOBHaM HaqeAy, rrpeMa
KOMe 3a MaAepHy, cyBepeHy Ap)l(aBy HeMa BAaCTI1 Kaja 611 611Aa l13HaA lbe. 3a
. .
pa3AI1KY OA TeopHJe Ap)l(aBHe cyBepeHaCTH KOJa Ba)l(l1 3a MOAepHe Ap)l(aBe,
rAe je BAacT cyBepeHa, AaKAe HeAeJDHBa, y cpeA&eM BeKy y 3arraAHaj EBponH
Ap)l(aBHa BAacT je rraA HaA3apaM QPKBeHe BAaCTH, rrancTBa. Oc11M Tara, H3HaA
rrojeA11HaqHI1X Ap)l(aBa je 11 11Aeja QapcTBa, Kaa CBeTar p11MCKar QapcTBa He-
. .
MaqKar HapaAa, Kap 11CTa Kaa 11 KaTaAI1qKI1 11HTepHaQI10HaAI13aM, Kaa JeAHa
31 JoBaHOBifh, ApJICaBa, 22. Yrr. ApHcToTeA, Pol. 1290b 24-36. BHA. Bluntschli, Allgemeine
Staatslehre, 14; A. DaBKOBifh, CAo6ogaH joBaHOBuli, 82.
32 JoBaHOBifh, ,lliaToH': CA 9, 37, yKa3yje Aa KOA lliaToHa: ,AoBeAeHa y Be3y c H:AejoM Ao6pa,
Ap)KaBa rrpeCTaje 6H:Tif caMa ce611 Qlf.tn. 0Ha H:Ma orrpaBAalba caMo YTOAH:KO YKOAH:Ko je KaApa
Aa rrocAy)Kif H:AejH: Ao6pa".
33 J1aKO H:Aejy He Y3H:Ma y H>eHOM IIA.aTOHOBCKif CXBaheHOM, OHTOAOIIIKOM CMifCAy,}oBaHOBifh
ce, MeQyTH:M, He 611 MOraO CMaTpaTH: Hlf rrpeACTaBHifKOM apH:CTOTeAOBCKe TpaAHQH:je y
lfCTOpHjlf cprrcKe <l>HA030<!>CKe MlfCA.If. 0 IIAaTOHOBCKOM If ap_HCTOTeAOBCKOM ycMepeH>y y
lfCTopHjlf cprrcKe <!>HA03o<PH:je B.: M. Durie and S. Zunjie, ,Philosophie in Serbien - Ansatze
zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und zum heutigen Stand", M. Durie, S. Zunjie, Hrsg, Die serbische
Philosophie Heute (Munich 1993 ), 14. ]oBaHOBifh rroce6Ho BOAH paqyHa Aa H:Aejy Ap)KaBe
He o6pa3AO)Kif xereAOBCKif, Kao AHMH:TpHje MaTH:h y cBojoj TeopHjlf Ap)KaBe. B.: A. MaTH:h,
,HaqeAa YMHOr Ap)KaBHOr rrpaBa", [ 18 51]' Hatte.!La JMHOi gpJICa8HOi upaBa, Kpaiiixu upeiAeg
UCiUopujacoi pa38Ut:Uxa Hatte.!La upaBa, MOpa.!La U gpJICaBe og HajciUapujux BpeMeHa go HaUtuX gaHa,
EeorpaA 1995, 24: ,Ap)KaBHa HAeja 3aCHH:Ba ce Ha YMHoj CBeCTif o 611li.y H no TOMeo MopaAHoj
If npHpOAHOj HY)KHOCTH Ap)KaBe. 11cTopH:jcKa Ap)KaBa noKa3yje ce, HanpoTH:B, Kao Ha KaKBOM
lf3BeCHOM MeCTY rrpaKTifqHo OCTBapeHa Ap)KaBHa HAeja."
34 JoBaHOBifh, ApJICaBa, 22.
348
yqEfbE 0 AP)l(A.Bl1l1AP)[(A.BA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI1'EA
BpcTa,,XPHillnaHCKe Al1re",
35
OHeMorynaBa CTBapalbe nojMa cyBepeHOCTl1, AO
. .
qera AOAa3l1 TeK ca nopBOM anCOAYTHl1X MOHapxHp.
To niTo HeMa HHjeAHe u,pTe Koja 611 ce npoBAatiHAa Kpo3 cBe HCTopHjcKe
. . . . .
THnoBe Ap)l(aBa He 3Hal!l1 Aa He nocTOJH HaJOlllllTI1Jl1 noJaM Ap)l(aBe, noA KOJI1
ce Mory cBeCTH cBe Ap)l(aBe yonlllTe, Kao THncKe Ap)l(aBe llOJeAHHHX enoxa.
0AroBapajynH Ha nHTalbe ,IllTa je Te IllTO MHoro6pojHe THnoBe Ap)l(aBe, no-
peA CBe lbl1XOBe pa3HOBpCHOCTl1, llOABOAI1 llOA l1CTI1 llOJaM l1 llOA l1CTO l1Me
Ap)l(aBe",
36
]oBaHOBHn HarAalllaBa Aa cBaKa Ap)l(aBa caAp)I(H HenpoMeHA>H-
Be eAeMeHTe KaO IllTO cy A> YAH KOJI1 cy y lbOJ CJeAHlbeHH, 3eMA>l1IllTe Ha KOMe
cy TH A>YAH HacTalbeHHH BAacT Koja HM 3anoBeAa.
37
HapoA 11 TepHTOpHja cy
APYillTBeHH, OAHOCHO reorpaqKKH nojMOBH, a BAacT npaBHH nojaM, KOMe Jo-
BaHOBHn nocBenyje HajBeny na)l(lby: ,Y ToKy HcTopHjcKor pa3Bl1TKa Ap)l(aBe
caMo ce lbeHH ocHOBHH cacToju,H He Melbajy, cacToju,H KOjH caMH co6oM HeMajy
npaBHor HHTepeca. To cy 3eMA>l1IllTe, A>YAH KOjH Ha TOM 3eMA>l1IllTY cTaHyjy,
BAacT Koja HaA lbHMa rocnoAapH. Ha ocHoBy THX HenpoMeHA>l1Bl1X eAeMe-
HaTa Ap)l(aBe MO)I(e ce YTBPAHTH lbeH onlllTH nopM, aAH He 11 lbeHa THncKa
opraHH3au,Hja."
38
0BHM o6jallllbelbeM nocTaje jacH11j11 JoBaHOBHneB cTaB Aa
HeMa HHjeAHe u,pTe Koja 611 6HAa 3ajeAHI1l!Ka CBI1M l1CTOpi1jCKl1M Tl1ll0Bl1Ma
Ap)l(aBe. To He 3Hal!l1 Aa AOCAOBHO HeMa 3ajeAHI1l!Kl1X KapaKTepHCTHKa- jep
OH CaM yKa3yje Ha HenpoMeHA>l1Be eAeMeHTe Ap)l(aBe - Ben_ Aa HeMa CAI1l!HOCTI1
y npHHI.J,l1lll1Ma Ap)l(aBHo-npaBHe opraHH3ai.J,Hje. OnlllTe u,pTe Ap)l(aBHe opra-
Hl13au,Hje y cpeAlbeM BeKy 611Ae 611 OAHOC MOHapxHje l1 nanCTBa, l1Al1 lll1Talbe
npHHI.J,Hna opraHH3ai.J,Hje 11 yHyTpallllbe xHjepapxHje jeAHOr cTaAe)l(a. Ca Apy-
. . .
re CTpaHe, OlllllTe u,pTe MOAepHe cyBepeHe Ap)l(aBe y KOJOJ BAaAa 3aKOH Jecy
Mepa OABOjeHOCTl1 3aKOHOAaBHe, l13BpiiiHe l1 CYACKe BAaCTI1, 611pal!KO npaBO
HTA.
39
Ha ocHosy oBe pa3Al1Ke Moryne je pa3yMeTH 3aiiiTo je JosaHOBHn, c
35 C.JoBaHoBMn, ,AaHann-ba riOAMTMqKa KpH3a", [1925], CA 9, 436.
36 ]oBaHOBHn,ApJKaBa, 24.
37 ,Yqelhe o TPM eAeMeHTa" (,Drei-Elemente-Lehre"). B.: G.Jellinek,Allgemeine Staatslehre,
0. Haring, Berlin 1914, 393-434; K. Staatslehre, 21-42; T. Fleiner, L.
R. Basta Fleiner,Allgemeine Staatslehre, 291-313.
38 ]oBaHOBMn, ApJKaea, 24.
39 }oBaHOBMn pa3MaTpa TMllCKY Ap)l(aBy pa3HMX HapOAa MCTOr CTeneHa rAe ce M
nopeA CBMX pa3AMKa y nojeAMHOCTMMa MO)I(e M3BeCTM OApel)eHa CAJfqHOCT y rAaBHMM
OH yKa3yje Ha TO Aa ce KOA CBMX Ap)l(aBa 3anaAHe HaAa3e 3ajeAHMqKe jaBHO-
npaBHe ycTaHOBe, KaO IIITO cy llOAeAa BAaCTM, npeACTaBHH:qKJf CTMCTeM, OArOBOpHOCT MMHMCTpa
(npeMMjepa) M CA., M M3 TMX 3ajeAHlfqKMX KapaKTepHCTMKa MO:>Ke ce CKAOllMTM jeAHa TMllCKa
MOAepHe Ap:>KaBe, KOja ce llOCAe CBOAM Ha OCHOBHe 0Baj llOCTynaK
349
BOP11C M11AOCABIDEB111i
jeAHe M3pH'II1T y Aa HeMa onniTer THna Ap)l(aBe, 11.3aiiiTO, ca
Apyre, pa3MaTpa 11 HajoniiiTHje npHHQHne Ha Koji1Ma ce 3aCHHBajy cBe Ap)l(aBe
CBI1X HapOAa 11 CBHX enoxa.
HajoniiiTHjl1 nojaM Ap)l(aBe, AaKAe, HaAHAa311 nojaM Ap)l(aBe nojeA11He
enoxe H OAHOCI1 ce Ha CBe HCTOpHjCKe THllOBe Ap)l(aBHe opraHH3aQI1je. TioA
,11AejoM o Ap)l(aBH yoniiiTe" 11 ,TI1TICKOM Ap)l(aBoM" JoBaHOBHh noApa3yMeBa
TMTICKY enoxe, AOK ,OTIIIITI1M nojMoM Ap)l(aBe" Ha3HBa no jaM
TIOA KojH TIOABOAH cBe THncKe Ap)l(aBe CBHX enoxa.
40
OA cnopeAHOr je 3HalJaja,
KOjH ce TepMHH KOp11CTH, jep je peq CaMO 0 noce6HOM 11 OlliiiTeM
. " . . .
ITOJMY Ap)l(aBe, OAHOCHO, ,Ap)l(aBa yoniiiTe Je HAep KOJa ce MO)I(e llOABeCTH
. . "
ITOA OITIIIT11JY HAeJy Ap)l(aBe, KaO IIITO cy ITOA ,Ap)l(aBy yoniiiTe TIOABeAeHe
OTIIIITe KapaKTepHCTHKe pa3HHX nojeA11HalJHHX Ap)l(aBa_41
HajoniiiTI1jH nojaM Ap)l(aBe JoBaHOBI1h pa3MaTpa y cBojoj TeopMjH o
ITOCTaHKY Ap)l(aBe,
42
Koja CAeAH Ayry TpaAHQHjy pa3MaTpalba OBe TeMe y ITO-
AI1THlJKOj <J?HA03o<J?HjH.
43
KaA ce Y3Me y o6311p Aa ce y Teop:HjaMa o nocTaHKY
Ap)l(aBe npOMHIII.toajy OCHOBHa HalJeAa OA KOjHX 3aBI1CH QeAO 113Aaralbe jeAHOr
cHcTeMa, TeopHja o nopeKAY Ap)l(aBe 11Ma npecyAaH 3HalJaj 3a yTeMe.tnelbe JoBa-
HOBI1neBe <}>HA030<J?Hje TIOAHTI1Ke. 36or TOra llOCTaB.tnalbe llHTalba 0 OlliiiTeM
nojMy Ap)l(aBe 11Ma y }oBaHOBHneBoj MHCAI1 AaAeKO BefiH 3HalJaj Hero IIITO OH
caM TO 11CTI1lJe y yBoAy ApJKase, rAe 11CTHlJe pa3AI1Ke Ap)l(aBHHX THnoBa pa-
3AHlJHTI1X enoxa.
}oBaHOBHn yKa3yje Ha TO Aa ,Ap)l(aBa yoniiiTe" MO)I(e, nopeA THTICKe Ap-
)l(aBe Kojy npHKa3yje y ApJKaBu - cyBepeHe MOAepHe npaBHe Ap)l(aBe, noApa3y-
MeBaTH 11 nojaM HAeaAHe Ap)l(aBe. TioA HAeaAHOM Ap)l(aBOM OBAe noApa3y-
MeBa 11CK.tnylJHBO yTonHjcKe MOAeAe y KojHMa ce Aaje npHKa3 KaKBa, npeMa
HajjaCHHje ce MO)l(e BHAeTH y 'ieTBpTOM AeAy ,4pJKaBe ( 1936), y KOMe OH, ITOA HaCAOBOM ,TiopaTHa
Ap)l(aBa", npHKa3yje rAaBHe U:pTe HOBOr THna MeljypaTHHX eBpOITCKHX Ap)l(aBa. }oBaHOBHfl,
,4pJKaBa, 415, HarAaiiiaBa Aa je npaBHa Ap)l(aBa AOBpilleH THn, AOK ce 3a HOB THIT jom He 3Ha Aa
AH je yonliiTe peq 0 jeAHOM THny HAH 0 BHille IDHX: ,YMeCTO jeAHe TOOpHje HOBe Ap:>Kase MH neMO
llOKyliiaTH Aa HCTaKHeMO HOBe U:pTe ycTaBHOf npaBa OHHX Ap)l(aBa 'iHjH HaM npHMep H3fAeAa
HajKapaKTepHCTH'iHHjH 3a nopaTHY ITOAHTH':IKY eBOAYU:Hjy".
40 McTo.
41 ]oBaHOBHfleBe H]eAHHeKoBe TeMeA>He nocTaBKe cy noTnyHo ApyraqHje. B.: TiaBKOBHh, 84.
42 B.: ]oBaHoBHn,,4p..11CaBa, 30-39; ,The Relation ofWar to the Origin of the State by Rudolf
Holti, Helsingfors, CA 12,401.
43 TIAaToH,,4pJKaea, 369a; ApHcToTeA, 1278b 15. Hegel; 399-400, cMaTpa Aa
ce <.l>HAo3o<.l>cKo pa3MaTaiDe Ap)l(aBe OAHOCH Ha yHyTpamlbe Tj. nojMoBHO MHliiA>eiDe, a He H Ha
onmTe HcTopHjcKe pa3Aore. Bluntschli, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 11, HarAamasa Aa Ap)l(aBy Tpe6a
CXBaTHTH H <.l>HA030<.l>CKH H HCTOpHjCKH.
350
yqEI-bE 0 AP)l(ABI1 YIAP)J(ABA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI11iA
. .
MOpa Aa HMa HHKaKBe CAifqHOCTH Ca Ap)KaBaMa KOJe Y CTBapHOCTH TIOCTOJe;
lliTaBHIIIe, MO)I(e HM 6HTH y CBeMy cynpOTHa, H 3aTO, HAeaAHa ce Ap)l(aBa HH-
KaAa He Y3HMa 3a npeAMeT HayqHor HcTpa)I(HBaiDa."
44
IlojaM HAeaAHe Ap)l(aBe, MeljyTHM, MO)I(e H ApyraqHje Aa ce CXBaTH, OHa-
KO KaKO caM joBaHOBHh HarAaiiiaBa: ,J1AeaAHa Ap)l(aBa, TO je Ap)l(aBa KaKBa
6H Tpe6aAO Aa TIOCTOjH".
45
Y OBOM CAyqajy 6H ce MOrAO AOhH AO jeAHOr Apyra-
qHjer 3aKfDYqKa. AKo ce He MHCAH Ha TIOCTOjaiDe HeKe Ap)l(aBe H3 MaiiiTe, Beh
Ap)l(aBe KaKBa 6H Tpe6aAO Aa 6yAe, OHAa ce MO)I(e penH Aa H3Meljy HAeje Ap-
)l(aBe Kao THTICKe Ap)l(aBe H HAeje Ap)l(aBe Kao HAeaAa HeMa pa3AHKe. OniiiTH
nojaM Ap)l(aBe (allgemeine Staatsbegriff) npeMa EAyHqAHjy caAp)I(H cyiiiTHHCKe
KapaKTepHCTHKe TIOCTOjehHX Ap)l(aBa,
46
AOK HAeja HAH HAeaA Ap)l(aBe npeA-
CTaB!Da CAHKY Ap)l(aBe Koja joiii HHje ocTBapeHa, Ben Kojoj ce Te)I(H.
47
TyMa-
qehH ApHcToTeAa, EAyHqAH pa3AHKyje nojaM Ap)l(aBHOr HAeaAa H ,Haj6o1oe
npoceqHe Ap)l(aBe", aAH yKa3yje Ha TO Aa Haj6o1oa npoceqHa Ap)l(aBa, cxBaheHa
Kao ycTaBHa Ap)l(aBa, MO)I(e 6HTH HAeaA.
48
Y TOM CMHCAY 6H npaBHa Ap)l(aBa,
Ha HaqHH KaKO je joBaHOBHh CXBaTa, 6HAa HCTOBpeMeHO H HAeaAHa Ap)l(aBa.
joBaHOBHneBO H3Aara!he npaBHe Ap)l(aBe MO)I(e ce, y OBOM CMHCAy, CMaTpaTH
H H3Aara!heM JeAHOr Ap)l(aBHOr HAeaAa, OAHOCHO napaAHrMe.
I1aKo y yBoAy ApJKaBe Aaje caMo <J?opMaAHe pa3Aore cBor pa3MaTpaiDa
Ap)l(aBe, Tj. Ap)l(aBHe opraHH3au;Hje npaBHe Ap)l(aBe, JoBaHOBHh HMa AaAeKo
Ay61oe CHCTeMCKe apryMeHTe y npHAOr npaBHOj Ap)l(aBH, OAHOCHO npaBHOCTH
Ap)l(aBe. OcHOBHH pa3Aor HaAa3H ce y TOMe IIITO je npBo HaqeAo IDeroBe Teo-
pHje 0 Ap)l(aBH HaqeAO jeAHHCTBa Ap)l(aBe, BAaCTH H npaBa KaO jeAHHCTBeHOr
peHoMeHa. Ap)l(aBHa BAacT H npaBo HCTOBpeMeHo HacTajy, Kao jeAHHCTBeHH
<J?eHoMeH, Kao ,AHu;e H HaAHqje HCTe CTBapH".
49
BAaCTH HeMa
npaBa H 6e3 npaBa HeMa Ap)l(aBe. IlpHTOM Tpe6a HMaTH y BHAY Aa ce TO npBo
HaqeAO HaAa3H y OTIIIITOj TeopHjH 0 Ap)l(aBH, KOja o6yxBaTa HajOTIIIITHjy HAejy
44 ]oBaHoBHn,Apeaea, 24.
45 I1cTo, 22.
46 3a EAyH'IARjeB ,onlllTR nojaM Ap)l(aBe" ]oBaHOBRn KOpRcTR TepMRH ,TRncKa Ap)l(aBa".
47 Bluntschli, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 14.
48 B.RCTO, 528, o ApRcToTeAOBOM (llo.lluiUux:a, 1278a 35-40; 1292a 35R Aa1De) nojMY politeia
KaO ycTaBHOj BAaAaBlfHlf.
49 ]oBaHOBHn,ApeaBa, 107.
351
EOPHC MI1AOCAB1DEBI11i
Ap)l(aBe, a He caMO Ap)l(aBHY opraHI13ai.J;I1jy. TipaBO 11AI1 rrpaBHOCT KaO CBOjCTBO
JoBaHOBI1n cMaTpa 11MaHeHTHI1M Ap)l(aBI1. A a je rrpaBo 11MaHeHTHO Ap-
)l(aBI1; B11A11 Ce y TOMe IIITO je A06po611T Ap)l(aBe, OAI1qeHa y IheHOM jeA11HCTBy,
cHa311 11 cTa611AHOCTI1, HerrocpeAHO Be3aHa 3a rrojaM rrpaBHe Ap)l(aBe. AaKAe,
rrpaBHa Ap)l(aBa Hl1je CAyqajHI1 11CTOp11jCKI1 AOraljaj, CaMO <Pa3a y Kojy je AOC-
rreAa Ap)l(aBa, Ben ocTBapeiDe 11Aeje Koja je caAp)l(aHa y caMOM rrojMy Ap)l(aBe.
Apyr11M peq11Ma, rrocTojl1 yHyTpaiiiiDa AOri1Ka pa3Boja OA rrojMa AO
OCTBapeiDa.
KaAa y ApJKaBu roBop11 o Aor11u;11, JoBaHOBI1n MI1CAI1 Ha AOri1KY Ap-
)l(aBe: ,TipaBHa Ap)l(aBa 6HAa je AOBpiiieH TI1I1; IheHO AOrl1qHO jeAI1HCTBO
611AO je I10CTaAO TaKO jacHO Aa Ce 0 IhOj MOTAO rOBOp11TI1 KaO 0 jeAHOM arr-
CTpaKTHOM o6pacu;y, He3aBI1CHO OA Ap)l(aBa Koje cy CBOje ycTaBe TOM o6paci.J,y
cao6pa)l(aBaAe".
50
YHyTpaiiiiDe AOrlfqKo jeA11HCTBo JoBaHOBI1neBor rrojMa AP-
)l(aBe BHA11 ce Ben 113 caM or caAp)l(aja ApJKaBe. 0Ha ce AeAI1 Ha TPI1 ocHOBHa
AeAa - rrojaM Ap)l(aBe, Ap)l(aBHe <PYHKu;11je 11 Ap)l(aBHY opraH113au;11jy. CBa Ta
TPI1 AeAa 11Majy yHyTap ce6e CAI1qHe, y ocHOBI1 TpoqAaHe rroAeAe.
51
JoBaHOBHn
113 rrojMa Ap)l(aBe CI1CTeMCKI1113BOAI1 IheHe <PYHKI.J;I1je: ,Aa 611 MOrAa BaH ce6e
. .
CaMe, y CITO!oaiii!heM CBeTy, AeJCTBOBaTI1, CBaKa ce 11AeJa Mopa rrpeTBOp11TI1 y
. .
c11Ay; 3aTo 11 Ap)l(aBa He MO)l(e CBOJe 11HTepece ocTBap11TI1 APYKq11Je Hero pa3-
BI1jaiDeM 113BecHor KBaHTyMa cHare. Ap)l(aBHI1 ce )l(lfBOT MaHI1<PecTyje Ha Taj
Haqi1H IIITO Ap)l(aBa ITOKyiiiaBa Aa CBOjOM KOAeKTI1BHOM CHaTOM OCTBap11 CBOje
11Aeje o CBOM 11HTepecy".
52
Tip11TOM, y Ap)l(aBHoj aKTI1BHOCTI1 ce pa3AI1Kyjy ABa
MOMeHTa- ll3HaAa)l(elhe Ap)l(aBHOr 11HTepeca ll IherOBO OCTBap11Ba!he. J13Ha-
. . . .
Aa)l(elhe Ap)l(aBHOr 11HTepeca Je pa3MI1III1Dalhe 0 TOMe IIITa Je HaJKOp11CH11Je Aa
Ce ypaA11 3a Ap)l(aBy y jeAHOM TpeHyTKy. J13HaAa)l(e!he Ap)l(aBHOr 11HTepeca
joiii Hl1je CI101DHa AeAaTHOCT, Ben je CaMO 3aKfDYqi1Balhe ,IIITa 11 KaKO Tpe6a
Aa ce ypaA11".
53
OcTBapHBaiDeM Ap)l(aBHOr 11HTepeca, MeljyTI1M, rrpeAa311 ce ll3
,c<Pepe MI1CAI1" y ,c<Pepy qi1IheHI1lJ,a".
54
JoBaHOBI1n yKa3yje Ha TO Aa ce y rrpBoM Kopary 113HaAa)l(elha Ap)l(aBHOr
llHTepeca Mory rrp11MeHI1TI1 ABa Haqi1Ha. TipeMa jeAHOM, paA11 ce OA CAyqaja
50 J1cTO, 415.
51 Y CBHM H3AalbHMa joBaHOBHneBe KlhHre 0 Ap)l(aBH rrpBH A eO (,f1ojaM Ap)l(aBe") HMa OCaM
rAaBa, a Apym (,Ap)l(aBHe ABe. J1aKO caMo TpenH AeO (,Ap)l(aBHa
HMa TPH rAaBe, MO)l(e ce BHAeTH Aa je yHyTpaunna ITOAeAa rrpBa ABa AeAa, y OCHOBH,
TPO'!AaHa.
52 ]oBaHOBHn,ApJKaBa, 187.
53 I1cTo.
54 I1cTo.
352
Yl.JEI-bE 0 AP)l(ABI1 I1AP)](ABA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI11iA
AO cAyqaja, OAHOCHO cBaKH cAyqaj ce Y3HMa caM 3a ce6e na ce npeMa IDeroBHM
noce6'HHM OKOAHOCTHMa OI.J;eiDyje IIITa je 3a Ap)l(aBy HajKopHCHHje Aa ypaAH.
TipeMa ApyroM Ha'1HHy, cAyqajeBH HCTe BpcTe Mory ce rpynHcaTH KaKo 611 ce
npou;eHHAO rnTa je ,npoceqHo 3a Ap)l(aBy HajKopHcHHje"
55
Aa y cAyqajeBHMa
AaTe BpcTe ypaAH: }-IHM ce cAyqajeBH Ap)l(aBHor )I(HBOTa rpyn11rny no BpcTaMa,
3a Ap)l(aBy MoryhHo A a y CBHMa cAyqajeBHMa HCTe BpcTe paAH jeAHaKo,
Tj. Aa paAH no yHanpeA nOCTaB.tDeHHM npaBHAHMa".
56
f1peMa npBOM Ha'1HHY
Ap)l(aBHOr HHTepeca, KaAa ce paAH OA CAyqaja AO CAyqaja, MaAH
je pa3MaK H3HaAa)l(e!ha 11 OCTBapHBaiDa Ap)l(aBHor HHTepeca, 36or qe-
ra o6e aKTHBHOCTH, l1 l13HaAa)l(e!he l1 OCTBapHBalhe, o6aB.tDajy HCTH opraHH.
OpraHH KojH AeAyjy Tpe6a Aa ycTaHoBe 11 KaKo Tpe6a AeAoBaTH jep ce To nH-
TaiDe nocTaB.tDa yoq11 caM or AeAOBaiDa.
57
TaAa Ap)l(aBa AeAyje npoH3B01DHO jep
He AeAyje Ha ocHoBy npeTXOAHOr npoMHrn.tDaiDa, Beh OA cAyqaja AO cAyqaja.
58
]oBaHOBHh yKa3yje Ha TO Aa je Apyra'1Hje KaAa ce 3a u;eAy BpcTy cAyqajeBa
H3paqyHa npoceqaH Ap)l(aBHHHHTepec: ,Ap)l(aBHH ce HHTepec OHAa
. .
npeMa JeAHOM ancTpaKTHO-THncKoM cAy'1a)y, rnTo 3Ha'1H Aa ce MO)I(e YTBPAHTH
npe Hero ce 11 jeAaH KOHKpeTaH cAyqaj Tora THna nojaBH y npaKcH".
59
Y OBOM
. .
ApyroM CAy'1a)y l13HaAa)l(e!he Ap)l(aBHOr HHTepeca ce TOAHKO BpeMeHCKH OABap
OA IDerOBOr OCTBapHBalha Aa ce 3a Ta ABa MOMeHTa Ap)l(aBHe paAIDe He Mopa)y
ynoTpe6HTHHCTH opraHH: ,KaA ce 3a Ta ABa MOMeHTa Ap)l(aBHe paAIDe ynoTpe-
6e pa3Hl1 opraHH, TH ce MOMeHTH npeACTaB.tDajy KaO ABe OABOjeHe <l>YHKI.J;Hje:
jeAHa peryAaTHBHa, a Apyra l13BprnHa".
60
f1ornTO cy OBe ABe <l>YHKI.J;Hje OABOje-
He, 11 OAAY'1HBaiDe ca jeAHe cTpaHe, Hl13BprnaBaiDe npeTXOAHO
npoMHrn.tDeHor, ca Apyre cTpaHe, AOAa3H AO Tpeher KopaKa, OAHOCHO nojaBe
Tpehe <l>YHKI.J;Hje: ce Te ABe <l>YHKI.J;Hje OABOje jeAHa OA Apyre, jaB.fua ce l1
jeAHa Tpeha <l>YHKI.J;Hja."
61
KaAa cy 3a nojeAHHa'1He cAyqajeBe HCTe BpcTe cAy-
qajeBa Beh nponHcaHa npaBHAa, 3Ha ce rnTa je 3a Ap)l(aBy HajKopHcHHje y cBa-
KOM TaKBOM THnCKOM CAyqajy. 3a CBaKH noce6aH cAyqaj noTpe6Ho
. .
Je ycTaHOBHTH KOJOJ BpcTH npHnaAa 11 KOJa npaBHAa 3a !hera Ba)l(e, a 3aTHM
npHMeHHTH npaBHAa Ha CAy"'1ajy, KOHKp{:Tl130BaTH ra: ,CBa OBa
. . .
TPH MOMeHTa JaB.tDaJy ce y Ap)l(aBHOJ paAIDH caMo OHAa KaAa ce peryAaTHBHa
55 HcTo.
56 HcTo, 188.
57 HcTo.
58 HcTo, 230.
59 HcTo.
60 HcTo.
61 HcTo.
353
EOPHC MI1AOCAB1oEBI11i
<}>yHKQMja OABOjM OA M3BpiiiHe. 0HAa ce jaBiba, rrpBo, <}>opMyAMCalbe Ap)l(aB-
HOr MH1'epeca y o6AMKY OIIIIITHX rrpaBMAa, 3aTMM ce IIOA Ta rrpaBMAa IIOABOAe
KOHKpeTHM cAylfajeBM KOjM ce y rrpaKCM jaBe, Haj3aA ce Ta rrpaBMAa OCTBapyjy
y TMM KOHKpeTHMM cAylfajeBMMa."
62
Ha OBaj HalfMH JoBaHOBMh M3 caMe AOrM-
Ke Ap)l(aBe, OAHOCHO Ap)l(aBHe paAlbe Ha OCTBapMBalby COIICTBeHMX MHTepeca,
Ha OCHOBY pa3AM'tfMTMX MOMeHaTa Ap)l(aBHe paAlbe, pa3AMKyje TPM Ap)l(aBHe
<}>yHKIJ;Mje- 3aKOHOAaBHy, cyAcKy M M3BpiiiHY (yrrpaBHy). YHyTpaiiilbOM AO-
rMKOM Ap)l(aBe AOIIIaO je AO rrpeTIIOCTaBKe 3a IIOAeAy BAaCTM jep llOAeAa BAa-
CTM y Ap)l(aBHoj opraHM3au;MjM Tpe6a Aa OArOBopa Ap)l(aBHMM <}>yHKIJ;MjaMa.
63
)oBaHOBMh HarAaiiiaBa Aa 3aKOHOAaBHa M cyACKa <}>yHKIJ;Mja ,pe30Hyjy"
0 Ap)l(aBHMM MHTepeCMMa, AOK MX yrrpaBa OCTBapyje.
64
3aKOHOAaBCTBO llOCTy-
na npeMa MHAYKTMBHoj MeTOAM jep Ha ocHoBy HeoApeheHor 6poja cAylfajeBa
,3aKibylfyje KaKBa rrpaBMAa Tpe6a 3a IbM X rrporrMcaTM",
65
a cyAcTBO nocTyna
AeAyKTMBHO jep Ha ocHoBy yHarrpeA rrocTaBibeHor rrpaBMAa 3aKibylfyje KaKo y
AaToM cAylfajy Tpe6a nocTynaTM.
66
]oBaHOBMn HarAarnaBa A a cy 3aKOHOAaBcTBO
M cyAcTBO TeopMja, a yrrpaBa rrpaKca: ,M3 Tor pa3Aora yrrpaBHa ce <}>yHKIJ;Mja
MO)I(e CMaTpaTM KaO OHa <}>yHKIJ;Mja 6e3 Koje 611 Ap)l(aBHM )l(l1BOT yoniiiTe 6110
HeMorynaH".
67
Ap)l(aBa 6e3 3aKOHOAaBCTBa 11 cyAcTBa MO)I(e ce 3aMMCAMTM, aAM
Ap)l(aBa 6e3 M3BpiiiHe <}>yHKIJ;Mje He 611 HM nocTojaAa.
68
Ap)l(aBHMMHTepec je,
Aa pa3ABOjl1 CBoje peryAaTMBHe <}>yHKIJ;Mje OA l13BpiiiHMX.
Y u;eAOM caMopa3Bojy MAeje Ap)l(aBe noKasaHo je Aa je npaBHa Ap)l(aBa
MMaHeHTHa nojMy Ap)l(aBe, OAHOCHO Aa je 3a CaMOOCTBapMBalbe nojMa Ap)l(a-
Be AorMlfKM HY)I(Ha noAeAa BAacTM. TioAeAa BAaCTM oMoryh.yje Ap)l(aBM Aa,
MaKo HeorpaHMlfeHa M HeAelbMBa y cBojoj cyBepeHOCTM, caMy ce6e orpaHM-
lfaBa.69 0Ha CBojy 3aKOHOAaBHY HeorpaHM'IeHOCT CaMOOrpaHMlfaBa TaKO IIITO
62 HcTo.
63 Yn. Hegel, 432-433, rAe ce HarAamasa Aa noAeAe BAaCTH caAp)KH cylllTHHCKH
MOMeHaT pa3AHKe, peaAHe YMHOCTH ,TaKO IIITO je CBaKa OA THX CaMa y ce6H TOTaAHTeT
THMe IllTO y ce6H AeAOTBOpHO HMa H CaAp)l(H Apyre MOMeHTe, H IIITO OHH, llOIIITO H3pa)l(aBajy
. . ,,
pa3AHKY llOJMa, OCTaJY ynpaso y CBOM HAeaAHTeTy H 'lHHe CaMO HHAHBHAyaAHY
64 JosaHOBHn,Ap)l(aBa, 228-229. 0 ,pe3oHoBalby" B.: C. Bpaqap, pe30HOBalba y
CllHCHMa CAo6oAaHa JosaHOBHha", Ilpeucuumusa1ba upasHe MemogO/l.oiuje - Haiosez.umaju
gp)l(aBHo-upasHoi uHiiieipMU3Ma, Hay'lHa K.lbHra, EeorpaA 1994, 363-418.
65 HcTo, 228.
66 HcTo.
67 HcTo, 230.
68 HcTo, 231.
69 C.JosaHOBHh, 0 cysepmocmu [1897], fpaAHHa, HHIII 1996, 51.
354
Yl.JEI-hE 0 AP)KABI1 HAP)J(ABA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI111A
npOIII1CI1BalheM rrpaBH.Aa orpaHH'tfaBa I13BpiiiHY BAaCT: ,Mo)l(e I13rAeAaTI1
Heo6JaiiiiDI1BO Aa jeAHa HCTa Ap)l(aBHa AI1'IHOCT 6yAe y CBOM 3aKOHOAaBHOM
CBOjCTBY HeorpaHH'tfeHa, a y ynpaBHOM orpaHH'IeHa. 3ap Ha Kpajy KpajeBa TO
oneT He H3Aa3H Ha orpaHH'tfaBaiDe Ap)l(aBe caMe co6oM? Kao yrrpaBHa B.AacT,
OHa ce IIOABpraBa OHI1M orpaHH'tfeiDHMa Koja je CaMa ce611 IIOCTaBHAa- I1 3ap
caMoorpaHH'tfaBaiDe MO)I(e 6HTI1 orpaHH'tfaBaiDe y rrpaBHOM CMHcAy? AAM OBAe
Tpe6a rroMeHyTH OHO IIITO je pe'IeHo paHHje ( 17, IV), Aa Ap)l(aBHY AH'IHOCT
npeACTaB.!t>ajy caMo 3aKOHOAaBHI1 opraHH, a He 11 yrrpaBHH. Ap)l(aBHa AH'IHOCT
HCTOBeTHa je ca Ap)l(aBHOM BO.!t>OM, a Ap)l(aBHa BO.!t>a ca rrpaBHI1M rropeTKOM."
70
***
]oBaHoBHn je y'IeiDeM o Ap)l(aBH H3Bpll.IHO BeAHKY cHHTe3y Teop11ja cBojHx
rrpeTXOAHHKa. flpHTOM IDeroBH 3aK.!t>Y'IIJ;I1 HHcy caMo rrpepaAa HajBa)I(HHjHx
HAeja HCTOpHje IIOAI1TI1'!Ke <J?I1A030qmje I1 rrpaBa Ben TeMe.!t>HO rrpOMI1III.!t>eHa I1
cHcTeMCKH I13BeAeHa cTaHOBHIIITa. ToKOM CBOr AyroroAHIIIIDer HcTpa)I(HBaiDa
. . . .
IIOJMa I1 opraHI13aD;HJe Ap)l(aBe OH Je npoy'tfaBaO TpaAHD;HJY aHTI1'!Ke I1 MO-
AepHe rroAHTH'IKe <J?I1A03o<J?Hje, rro'tfeBIIIH OA flAaTOHOBHX, npeKo Xo6coBHX,
EoAeHOBHX, MaKHjaBeAHjeBHX, fpou;HjycoBHX, AoKOBHX 11 MoHTecKjeoBHX
crrHca, PycooBHX 11 EepKOBHX y'tfeiDa, AO KaHTOBHX, XereAOBHX, MHAOBHX 11
MapKcOBHX paAOBa. CBa y'IeiDa Koja je pa3MaTpao, Kao 11 cBe HHTepnpeTau;Hje
IIOAI1TI1'!Ke npaKCe, HMajy CaMO jeAaH OCHOBHI1 IJ;I1.!t> - rrpou;eHy Haj6o.!t>er MO-
ryner opraHH30BaiDa Ap)l(aBe. 36or Tora cy cBe IDeroBe rroce6He CTYAHje, He-
rrocpeAHO HAM rrocpeAHO, Be3aHe 3a ApJKaBy, Kao cHcTeMcKo Ae.Ao y Koje cy
YK.!t>Y'tfeHe IDeroBe rrpou;eHe IIOAHTH'IKHX y'IeiDa Koja cy 611Aa y3poK HAM Teo-
pHjcKa apTHKyAau;Hja HCTopHjcKHX rrpou;eca 11
J1aKO HeKa}oBaHOBHneBa peiiieiDa Mory Aa IIOACeTe Ha xere.AOBCKY CI1H-
Te3y cAo6oAe 11 Ap)l(aBe,
71
OH je BeoMa orrpe3aH 11 KPHTH'tfaH y npoMHIII.!t>aiDy 11
ycBajaiDy <J?I1A030<J?CKOr }OIII OA HajpaHHjHX paAOBa Kpi1THKyje OIIIIITe
rrpeApacyAe erroxe 11 HarAaiiiaBa HY)I(HOCT rrpeHCIIHTHBaiDa 11 caMope<PAeKTO-
70 JosaHOBHn,Apcaoa, 120.
71 1). Tac11n, ,TipaBHHK': CaopeMeHUf1U o CAo6ogaHy}ooaHoouny, yp.J. TpKy.toa, M. By'iHHHn,
TipaBHH <PaKyATeT, CAy)J(6eHH rAaCHHK, EeorpaA 2009,224, cMaTpa Aa]osaHOBHn noAcena He
eHrAecKe ayTope KojH ycsajajy XereAoBo rAeAHIIITe o Ap)J(aBH, npeMa KOMe nojeAHHaQ ynpaso
y Ap)J(aBH CTH'ie CBojy CA060AY
355
EOPI1C MI1AOCAB.LDEBI11i
BaH>a npeApacyAa

}oBaHOBHn H11je Kp11T11'iaH npeMa
ycnocTaBIDalba npaBa npe Ap)l(aBe, KaKBe cy, npe cBera, AoKoBa
H PycooBa Teop11ja np11poAHOr npaBa 11 APYliiTBeHor yroBopa/
3
Beh 11 npeMa
H3jeAHa'iaBalby np11pOAHOr 11 YMHOr npaBa, OAHOCHO xereAOBCKOM yTeMeiPelhy
npaBa npe Ap)l(aBe.7
4
Tip11TOM IDefOBO MHliiiDelhe je A11jaAeKT11'iKO, aA11 H Kp11-
T11'iKO npeMa xereAOBCKoj A11jaAeKT11Q11: ,XereA je noMohy A11jaAeKT11Ke crnop11o
jeAHY HOBY AOf11Ky, c B11llle r11nKOCT11 11 A11HaM11Ke Hero liiTO je 11MaAa o611':1Ha,
cpopMaAHa A0f11Ka - aA11 Ta lbefOBa AOfHKa, Koja je paA11Aa C llOKpeTHHM, a He
c YTBpljeHHM nojMOB11Ma, 611Aa je 11naK AornKa 11 11MaAa je cBoje CTaAHe 3aKoHe
(Te3a, aHTHTe3a, C11HTe3a). 0TyAa je XereA Ap)l(ao Aa MO)I(e AeAyKT11BH11M nyTeM
72 B.: C.JoaaHOBHll, ,0 ACMOKpaTHjH" [1889] CA 12, 795-.811; ,0 APYillTBeHOM yroaopy"
[1895], CA 12, 175-208. PaA ,0 APYillTBCHOM yroaopy" o6jaa.h>eH jey y CpucKO.M
upeiAegy, KOjH je loy6oMHP HeAHll.
73 3a paaAHKY OA CAo6oAaHa JoaaHOB.Hna, aeroa BAaAHM.Hp JoaaHOB.Hll, aa Kora je
HanpeTKa H3jeAHa'lelhe Ap)l(aae H APYillTBa, HMa noaHTHBHCT.H'lKY aepy y caeonlllTH
HanpeAaK .h>YACKOr APYillTBa .H 3acTyna Teop.Hjy APYillTBeHor yroaopa .H HapoAHe cyaepeHOCT.H.
B.: B. JoaaHOB.Hll, Omoou cHaie u oe.lluttuHe cpucKe, DAaTOHoaa IllTaMnapHja, HoaH CaA
1870, 15. K. CAo6oAaHa]oaaHOB.Hna" [1912], CaopeMeHUtJU o
C.llo6ogaHy ]ooaHoBuhy, yp. J. TpKy.iba, M. By'lHHHn, npaBHH <!>aKyATCT, CAy)l(6eH.H rAaCHHK,
EeorpaA 2009, 49-57, KPMTMKyje JoaaHOB.Hneay Teop.Hjy Ap)l(aae ca cTaHOB.HillTa np.HpOAHOr
npaaa, MaTepHjaA.HCTH'lKC <!>HA030<l>Hje, HAeje CBeOITillTer HanpeTKa KaO HeyMHTHOf
o6jeKTHBHOf np.HpOAHOf ACTepM.HHH3Ma, KaO H eraAHTap.H3Ma H
MapKcHCTH'lKe TeopHje KAacHor nopeKAa Ap)l(aBe. KPHTHKa, Kojy je noAcTaKAa
JoaaHOBHlleBa KpHt.HKa yqelba CaeT03apa MapKoB.Hna, OA noce6Hor je 3Ha'laja jep aeHe .HAeje
npey3HMa noCAepaTHa MapKcHCTH'!Ka H KPHTHKa J oaaHOBHneaor yqeJha. BHille
o B.HA. C. )l(ylb.Hli., Hcwopuja cpuCKe {JU.Ilo3o(luje, DAaTo, EeorpaA 2009,216-218.
7 4 3a XereAa ,npeAMeT npHpoAHor npaaa je YMHO npaaa H ocTBapelbe oae HAeje': B.:
G. W. F. Hegel, ,Naturrecht und Staatswissenschaft, nach der Vorlesung 1817 I 18 in
VOrlesungen, F. Meiner, Hamburg 1983, 5. XereAoBo cTaHOBHillTe ycaaja AMM.HTpHje MaTHll, 3a
Kora je YMHOCT npHpOAHOr npaaa 'l.HCTa HAeja npaaa Koja je YMHa,..a ocTBapyje ce y no3HTHBHOM
npasy, OAHOCHO AP)I(aBH. B.: A. ,KpaTKH nperAeA HcTopHjcKor paaBHTKa Ha'leAa npasa,
:MopaAa H Ap)l(aBe OA HajcTapHjHx apeMeHa AO Halll.HX AaHa': [ 1851], Hatte.lla JMHOi gpJKaBHOi
upaoa, KpautKU upeiA.eg ucwopujcKoi pa38UutKa Hatte.Jla upaoa, MopaM u gpJICaBe og Hajcwapujux
go Hawux gaHa, EeorpaA 1995, 111, 142. BHille o MaTMny a. )l(ylb.Hn, Hcwopuja cpucKe
u.ll030{Juje, 123-124. npeMa JoBaHOBHny, MaTHll ,npey3HOCH" Ap)l(aBHO y KOMe 6H
MOn BAaAe 3aBHCHAa OA ,jeA.HHCTBa H cnajalba C HapOAOM': a ce ITOBHHOBaO BAaCTH
a6or Tora IllTO a ,Aa je naMeTHO noB.HHOBaTH ce". B.: C. JoaaHOBHn, ,YcTaBo6paH.HTe.h>.H H
lbHXoaa BAaAa (1838-1858)': CA 3, 77.11aKo Aaje MaTHneae M.HCAH H lberoaor
HAeaAH30Balba Ap)l(aBe, H3fAeAa Aa je y paHOM HenocpeAHOM KOHTaKTY AOillAO AO H3BeCHOf
MaTHneae MHCAH Ha CAo6oAaHa]oBaHOBHna.
356
yqEI-hE 0 AP)l(ABI1 HAP)[(ABA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI1'E.A
- AaKAe, t.IHCTI1M yMoBaiDeM, npeABHQaTH TOK HcTopHje".7
5
]oBaHOBHheBa AHja-
AeKTHKa MO)I(e ce Y OCHOBll CBeCTll Ha yBepeae Aa Je npMAllKOM llOBe3HBalba cy-
npOTCTaB.IPeHHX Te3a Moryne, y jeAHOj HOBOj CllHTe3ll, Cat.IyBaTH OCHOBHe npHH-
JJ;lllle npeTXOAHO llOHlliiiTeHe Te3e, OAHOCHO Aa HIIJe llO)I(e.IPHO HOBOM Te30M
YKHHYTM npeTXOAHy, Ben ocTBapMTM HOBO jeAHHCTBO, Koje oMoryhyje pa3BMTaK.
3aTo cMaTpa Aa npHAMKOM npoMeHe y Ap)l(aBM M APYIIITBY Tpe6a cat.IyBaTM OHO.
IIITO t.IMHM ocHoBy Ap)l(aBe My HOBoj <Pa3M aeHor nocTojaaa.
OcHM ocHOBMHMX nocTaBKM EepKoBe <!>MA03o<}>Mje HacAel)a, ]oBaHOBMh
npMXBaTa MMAOBO CXBaTaiDe CA060Ae KaO HejeAHaKOCTM II npaBa llOAMTMt.IKe
MaiDMHe,
76
Eei,IeTOBe (W. Bagehot) aHaAM3e eHrAecKor napAaMeHTapH3Ma, Kao
M H3BecHa EaA<!>ypoBa (A. Balfour) rAeAMIIITa.
77
CMaTpa Aa EepKoBa <!>MA030-
<l>Hja, 3a pa3AHKY OA EeHTaMOBor (J. Bentham) yTHAHTapH3Ma, npeACTaB.IPa
TMllMl!HO eHrAeCKO MMIII.IPelbe.
78
joBaHOBHn He CAeAH MMAOB HHAMBHAyaA-
HH AH6epaAM3aM M Ha IDera OCAOlbeH COJJ;MjaAHM AapBHHM3aM, I1 yKa3yje Ha
onpaBAaHOCT cou;MjaAMCTMt.IKe KPMTMKe AH6epaAHO-MHAMBHAyaAMCTMt.IKor
cxBaTaiDa APYIIITBa?
9
Y joBaHOBHneBMM CTaHOBlllllTHMa 0 Ap)l(aBHOj cyBepeHOCTH MO)I(e Ce
npeno3HaTH EAyHt.IAHjeB YTMu;aj. Mel)yTMM, OH He ycBaja ocHoBy EAyHt.IAHje-
. . .
Be TeopiiJe Aa Je Ap)l(aBa CaMOCTaAHll opraHM3aM KOJII y cyiiiTllHM MMa )1(11-
BOT He3aBHCaH OA cBojHx opraHa. HajBepoBaTHHje 36or Tora M H36eraBa Aa y
Apeaeu pa3MaTpa )I(MBOT Ap)l(aBe OA nocTaHKa AO aeHor Kpaja, Kao lliTO TO
t.IHHH EAyHt.IAH. ]oBaHOBHn ycBaja HeKe OA H3pa3a HAM TepMHHa Koje KopHcTH
jeAHHeK, aAH He II MeTOAOAOIIIKe OCHOBe IDerOBOr yqeaa- t.IaK MHOra IDeroBa
peiiieaa noce6Ho KpHTHKyje. Y noTnyHoCTH OA6au;yje KeA3eHOBO HeoKaHTOB-
CKO yTeMe.IPeiDe t.IHCTor npaBa II cBol)eae Ap)l(aBe Ha npaBo. Ao6pHM AeAOM
75 C.]oBaHoBI1n, ,MapKc" [1935], CA 9, 253.
76 HcTo rAeA11IIITe 11Ma 11 BAaA11M11p JoBaHOBI1n. B.: C. JoBaHOB11h, ,BAaA11M11p JoBaHOB11h",
CA 11, 108.
77 CAo6oAaH JoBaHOBI1n ycBaja ocHOBHa rAeA11IIITa BAaA11M11pa JoBaHOBI1na o eHrAecKoM
nOAI1TI1qKoM CI1CTeMy. EA11CKa cy MY ocHOBHa cXBaTalba eHrAecKor noAI1TI1qKor HacAel)a Koja
je 11Mao 1Dy6oM11p HeA11h. B.: C.JoBaHOB11U, ,1Dy6oM11p HeA11h': [1920], CA 11,665-700.
78 EeHTaMOB YTI1A11Tap113aM, npeMa]oBaHOBI1ny, jecTe Kojl1 je orpaHI1qeH
nojMoM Kop11cTI1 11 Hl1je ayTeHTI1qHo eHrAecKM, Kao IIITO je TO EepKoBo MI1III1oelbe. C. JoBaHOB11h,
IIpuMepu UO/luiUwJxe cOtJUO.Iloiuje, EHi.llecx:a, C/>paHIJJCX:a, HeMafix:a 1815-1914, CA 10, 28. 0
npocBeTI1TetocKor noce6Ho (C. A. Helvetius)
<P11Aoso4>11je Ha EeHTaMa B.: J. S. Mill, ,Bentham': y: Utilitarianism and On Liberty, ed. M.
Warnock, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2003, 82.
79 ]oBaHOBI1n, ApJKaea, 80.
357
EOPHC MHAOCABibEBH1i
je carAaCaH ca lliMHTOBOM (C. Schmitt) KPHTHKOM KeA3eHOBe Teo,pHje,
80
aAM
HarAamaBa Aa Tpe6a BOAMTH pa'iyHa A ace rrpaBO He 3aiiOCTaBM 36or IIOAMTMKe.
JoaaHOBMn MMa jeAMHCTBeHH CMCTeM
81
y 'iHjeM cpeAMIIITY ce HaAa3M TeO-
pMja Ap)KaBe. J eAHHCTBO Ap)l(aBe, BAaCTH H rrpaaa HerrocpeAHO je IIOBe3aHO ca
TeopMjoM Ap)KaBHe cyaepeHocTM, H3 Koje rrpoH3Aa3H TeopHja rrpaaHe Ap)Kaae.
3aJoaaHOBH.nesy TeOpHjy Ap)KaBe MO)Ke ce penH Aa rrpeACTaBIDa CHHTe3y IIO-
AHTH'iKMX TeopHja Ap)KaBe MOAepHor A06a H aHTHKe, HeMa'iKOr OIIIIITer yqeJba
o Ap)KaBH H eHrAecKor noAHTH'iKOr HcKycTaa. 0Ha HHje opHrHHaAa y CMHCAY
caMe HAeje H TeMe Koja 611 6HAa rrpeAMeT caMo H>erose rra)l(H>e jep je TeopHjcKo
rrpoMHill.h>aH>e Ap)Kaae 6HAO y Ayxy apeMeHa y KOMe je )KHBeo. H nopeA Tora
IIITO je OIIIliTe y'ieH>e o Ap)KaBH 6HAa IIIKOACKa TeMa CTYAHja o Ap)l(aBH, Josa-
HOBHh je y TOM AeAy caor paAa AaO HajHHTeH3HBHHjH AH'iHH ne'iaT. HHje 6Ho
CaMO HAH BeiiiT eKAeKTH'iap Ben H CHHTeTH'iKH MHCAHAaQ KOjM je Ha
ocHosy TeMe.h>HHX KPMTH'iKHX rrpoMHilllDaH>a AOillao AO BAaCTHTMX
Ka. 3aTo je IIAOA QeAor aeroaor paAa TeopMja o Ap)KaBM Koja ce, H rropeA CAH'i-
HOCTM ca rrpeTXOAHHM y'ielbHMa, pa3AHKyje IIO CIIeQH<l>H'iHO joBaHOBMneBOM
rAeAMIIITy.HaKo HHje 3aMHCAMO MAeaAHY Ap)l(asy Kao yTorrMjy, OH je TeMe.h>HO
HCTpa)KMO H IIOHYAHO OCHOBHe KapaKTepMCTHKe jeAHe MAeaAHe Ap)l(aBe, KaO
ocHOBHe rrapaAMrMe OAP)KHBe M M36aAaHcMpaHe Ap)KaBe.
80 J1CTO, 476-480.
81 }oBaHOBHh ycneiiiHO H36eraBa 3aMKY aM6Hli;H03HO 3aMHlll.toeHHX CHCTeMa KOjH cy, HaKO
AOrH'IKH HenpoTHBpeqHH, qecTo Heo6HqHe 11 BelllTaqKe KOHcTpyKu;nje. BeoMa o6a3pHB y
MeTOAOAOrHjH H AOrHli;H, CMaTpa Aa CBe BeAHKe CTBapH H3rAeAajy ,CaCBHM npocTo" (IJAamOH,
83). 36or TOra lberoB CHCTeM, y ca caspeMeHHli;HMa, HeMa CAHqHQCTH ca CHCTeMOM
CHHTeTH'IKe npasHe <l>HA03o<l>nje ToMe )l(HsaHOBHha HHTH ca MeTa<l>H3HqKHM cHcTeMOM
EpaHHCAasa TieTpoHHjesHha, 3acHoBaHHM Ha AHCKpeTHoj H <l>HHHTHoj reoMeTpHjH H
,eMnHpnopau;HOHaAH3My". 0 TieTpoHHjesnhy B. E. MHAocas.toeBHh, ,HoB norAeA Ha AeAo
EpaHHCAasa Dr.eguzuma l-2 ( 1999), 269.:_279.
358
yqEI-bE 0 AP)KABH HAP)J(A.BA CAOEOAAHAJOBAHOBI1nA
Boris Milosavljevic
Institute for Balkan Studies
SASA
THEORY OF THE STATE AND SLOBODAN JOVANOVIC'S
THE STATE
Abstract: This paper deals with the general theory of the state (allgemeine
Staatslehre) and SlobodanJovanoviC's theory of the state. The central concept of
Slobodan JovanoviC's political philosophy- the state- is systematically analyzed
in his capital work, The State. JovanoviC follows the studies of the theory of the
state which in the 19ch century were systematized only in Germany. According
to Jovanovic, state and law emerge simultaneously as a unique and inseparable
phenomenon. Law is immanent in the concept of the state and the separation
of powers is a logical necessity in the process of the realisation of the concept.
JovanoviC's theory of the state may be said to constitute an original synthesis of
classical and modern political theories of the state, of the German general theory
of the state and the British political experience.
Keywords: political philosophy, general theory of the state, concept of the
state, law, ideal state.
359