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En0175 07 PDF

This document reviews coordinate transformation (change of basis) for tensors. It shows that under a change of basis, the tensor components transform according to the transformation matrix Q such that QQ^T=I and Q^TQ=I, making Q an orthogonal matrix. It then gives an example of transforming from Cartesian to polar coordinates in 2D. The document also summarizes concepts related to forces in a continuum, including body forces, surface forces, internal forces, traction vectors, and Cauchy stress. It defines the Cauchy stress tensor σij and shows that the traction on a plane with normal n is given by σ·n.

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Thangadurai Senthil Ram Prabhu
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45 views6 pages

En0175 07 PDF

This document reviews coordinate transformation (change of basis) for tensors. It shows that under a change of basis, the tensor components transform according to the transformation matrix Q such that QQ^T=I and Q^TQ=I, making Q an orthogonal matrix. It then gives an example of transforming from Cartesian to polar coordinates in 2D. The document also summarizes concepts related to forces in a continuum, including body forces, surface forces, internal forces, traction vectors, and Cauchy stress. It defines the Cauchy stress tensor σij and shows that the traction on a plane with normal n is given by σ·n.

Uploaded by

Thangadurai Senthil Ram Prabhu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EN0175

09 / 26 / 06

Review on coordinate transformation (change of basis) for tensors.

v e3

v' e2
v e1
v v v' u = ui ei = u 'p e p v v' v v' = ui ei e p u 'p = u e p v v ' v' v ui = u ei = uq eq ei

v v' u e
1

v e2

v' e3

)
' v v' v v' ' u 'p = uq ei eq ei e p = u q Qiq Qip

Combining the above 2 equations yields Therefore Similarly, we can show

)(

Qiq Qip pq Qip Q jp ij


(Hint: using ui = u j e j e p ei e p = u j Qip Q jp )

(v

v' v v'

)(

In matrix form:

QQ = I , Q Q= I
T T

Such matrices/tensors are called orthogonal matrices/tensors. Example: Transformation from 2D Cartesian coordinate to 2D Polar coordinate.

v e2
r

v e

v er

v e1
1

EN0175

09 / 26 / 06

cos Q= sin

sin cos T , QQ = cos sin

sin cos cos sin

sin 1 0 = cos 0 1

Chap 3. Stress in a solid Continuum Continuous media ignoring the atomic and other discreteness of matters. Density

( V is smaller than all important dimensions but still contains sufficient number of atoms)

M V

(V 0) .

v v P n
v F

Homogeneity All points have the same material properties. (Opposite term: Heterogeneity) Isotropy Material properties are the same in different directions. (Opposite term: Anisotropy) Forces in a continuum: External (applied) forces Body (volume) forces

v F total body force on V (e.g. gravity).


v v F f = lim V 0 V
For example: The body force due to gravity can be written as

EN0175

09 / 26 / 06

3
2

g
1
v v f = g e3
Surface forces

v P total surface forces on S .


v v P t = lim S 0 S
For example: A uniform pressure on top of a block can be written as

3
2
1
v v t = p e3
Internal forces

v v ( n t )

v v (n ) t v n v n

vv t (n ) : traction vector at a point.

EN0175

09 / 26 / 06

According to Newtons action-reaction law,

vv v v t ( n ) = t ( n )
Simple example for 1D:

Let us put these concepts in terms of base vectors:


v v v v v v vv v (e v (e v (e ) ) ) t (e1 ) = t1 1 e1 + t2 1 e2 + t3 1 e3 v v v v v v vv v (e v (e v (e ) ) ) t (e2 ) = t1 2 e1 + t2 2 e2 + t3 2 e3 v v v v v v vv v (e v (e v (e ) ) ) t (e3 ) = t1 3 e1 + t2 3 e2 + t3 3 e3

We can define

ij = t j (e ) ,
i

which is the so-called Cauchy stress. The subscript i denotes the direction of plane normal and j denotes the direction of force.

33

32 31 13
11 12

23
21

22

1
Traction on an arbitrary plane with normal vector n

EN0175

09 / 26 / 06

S 2

v n

S1

v v ( e t 2)

v n

v v ( e t 1) v v (n t )

2
S3
1

S
1

v v t ( e3 )

Consider force equilibrium on the tetrahedron shown above:

v vv v v v v v v t (n ) S + t ( e1 ) S1 + t ( e2 ) S 2 + t ( e3 ) S 3 + f V = 0 ,
where f is the body force (which can also include inertia forces). Let S 0 ,

v V v v v v S v v S v v S t (n ) + t (e1 ) 1 + t (e2 ) 2 + t (e3 ) 3 + f =0 S S S S


1 V ~ S 2 0 as S 0 (This is the same as saying that the surface-to-volume ratio S

becomes very large as the volume shrinks to zero.) Consider the volume of the tetrahedron, V =

1 1 S h = S1 h1 3 3

S1 h v = = cos 1 = n e1 = n1 S h1

3
S1

h1
2

h1

S
1
5

EN0175

09 / 26 / 06

Similarly,

S 2 S3 = n2 , = n3 S S
where n1 , n2 , n3 are the components of the normal vector n ( n = n1e1 + n2 e2 + n3e3 ). Hence,

vv vv vv vv t (n ) = t (e1 )n1 + t (e2 )n2 + t (e3 )n3


In index notation,
v v v (n ) v (e ) t j = t j i ni = ij ni

i.e.

vv T v t (n ) = n
Special cases:

vv v v v v v t (e1 ) = e1 = ij (ei e j )ei = 1 j e j vv v t ( e2 ) = L = 2 j e j vv v t (e3 ) = L = 3 j e j

11 , 22 , 33 are called the normal stresses (on a base plane). 12 , 13 , 23 etc. are called the shear stresses (on a base plane).

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