BIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

NEURON
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

PARTS OF A NEURON

DENTRITE

A CLUSTER OF FIBERS AT ONE END OF A NEURON THAT RECIEVES MESSAGES FROM OTHER NEURONS. THE PART OF THE NEURON THAT CARRIES MESSAGES DESTINED FOR OTHER NEURON. SMALL BULGES AT THE END OF AXON THAT SENDS MESSAGES TO OTHER NEURON. PROTECTIVE COAT OF FAT AND PROTEIN THAT WRAPS AROUND THE AXON. GAP BETWEEN TWO MYELINATED AXONS

AXON

TERMINAL BUTTONS

MYELIN

NODE OF RANVIER

TYPES OF NEURON
SENSORY NEURON MOTOR NEURON ASSOCIATION NEURON

HOW NEURON FIRE

LIKE A GUN, NEURONS EITHER FIRE THAT IS, TRANSMIT AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE ALONG THE AXON-OR DONT FIRE. ALL-OR NONE LAW-THE RULE THAT NEURONS ARE EITHER ON OR OFF. RESTING STATE-THE STATE IN WHICH THERE IS A NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF ABOUT 270 MILLIVOLTS WITHIN A NEURON. ACTION POTENTIAL-AN ELECTRIC NERVE IMPULSES THAT TRAVELS THROUGH A NEURON WHEN IT IS SET OFF A TRIGGER CHANGING THE NEURONS CHARGE FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE.

SYNAPES-THE SPACE BETWEEN TWO NEURONS WHERE THE AXON OF A SENDING NEURON COMMUNICATES WITH THE DENTRITES OF A RECEIVING NEURON BY USING CHEMICAL MESSAGES. NEUROTRANSMITTERS-CHEMICALS THAT CARRY MESSAGES ACROSS THE SYNAPES TO DENTRITE AND SOME TIMES CELL BODY OF A RECEIVER NEURON.

NEUROTRANSMITTERS
NAME
ACETYLCHOLINE

LOCATION
BRAIN,SPINAL CORD,PNS

FUNCTION
MUSCLE MOVEMENT,COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING (excitatory/inhibitory) MEMORY (excitatory) EATING,AGGRESSION,SLEEPIN G (inhibitory) SLEEPING,MOOD,PAIN DEPRESSION (inhibitory) MUSCLES DISORDER,MENTAL DISORDER,PARKINSONS DISEASE (inhibitory/excitatory) PAIN SUPPRESSION,PLEASURE FEELINGS,APPETITES (inhibitory)

GLUTAMATE

BRAIN,SPINAL CORD

GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID SEROTONIN

BRAIN,SPINAL CORD

BRAIN,SPINAL CORD

DOPAMINE

BRAIN

ENDORPHINS

BRAIN,SPINAL CORD

ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYTEM

SPINAL CORD -SERVES AS PATHWAY OF NERVES IMPULSES

AUTONOMIC -CONTROLS ALL THE INVOLUNTARY ACTIVITES OF THE BODY

THE HUMANBRAIN

FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

MAJOR CORES OF THE BRAIN

FORE BRAIN MIDBRAIN HINDBRAIN

The anterior and largest portion of the brain; includes the cerebral hemispheres, the limbic system, the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the corpus callosum. Function: to control cognitive, sensory and motor function, and regulate temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping and the display of emotions.

The midbrain is the smallest region of the brain that acts as relay station for auditory and visual information. Portions of the midbrain called the red nucleus and the substantia nigra are involved in the control of body movement.

The area of the brain comprising the pons, medulla and cerebellum. Function: to co-ordinate motor activity, posture, equilibrium and sleep patterns and regulate unconscious but essential functions, such as breathing and blood circulation.

CENTRAL CORE-THE OLD BRAIN WHICH CONTROLS BASIC FUNCTIONS SUCH AS EATING AND IS COMMON TO ALL VERTEBRATES. CEREBRAL CORTEX- THE NEW BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOST SOPHISTICATED INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE BRAIN.IT ALSO CONTAINS FOUR LOBES

FOUR LOBES OF THE BRAIN

FOUR LOBES OF THE BRAIN LIES IN THE MOTOR

FRONTAL LOBE

CORTEX,INVOLVES IN DECISION MAKING,PLANNING,AND CARRYING OUT BEHAVIOR,RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS.

DAMAGE: INABILITY OF GOOD CHOICES AND RECOGNIZED CONSEQUENCE

CAN CAUSE INCREASE IRRITABILITY.

PARIETAL LOBE

INVOLVES IN PROCESSING SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE BODY,SUCH AS TOUCHING,LOCATING POSITION OF LIMBS,FEELING TEMPERATURE AND PAIN.

DAMAGE:THE ABILITY TO MULTITASK IS REDUCE OR ELIMINATED,RECOGNITION OF RIGHT AND LEFT

LOBES OF THE BRAIN

TEMPORAL LOBE

PRIMARY LOCATION OF AUDITORY AREA,INVOLVES IN APPRECIATION OF SOUNDS AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE. RESPONSIBLE FOR LEARNING,MEMORY AND HEARING DAMAGE:INABILITY TO PAY ATTENTION TO WHAT THEY SEE AND HEAR INABILITY TO COMPREHEND LANGUAGE IMPAIRED MEMEORY EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE PROSOPAGNOSIA

OCCIPITAL LOBE

INVOLVES IN PROCESSING VISUAL INFORMATION,WHICH INCLUDES SEEING COLORS AND PERCIEVING AND RECOGNIZING OBJECTS,ANIMALS AND PEOPLE. DAMAGE:LOSE OF VISUAL CAPABILITY INABILITY TO IDENTIFY COLOR HALLUCINATION

OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

HYPOTHALAMUS

RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING BASIC BIOLOGICAL NEEDS:HUNGER,THRIST, TEMPERATURE CONTROL

THALAMUS

RELAY CENTER FOR CORTEX,HANDLES INCOMING AND OUTGOING SIGNALS.

PITUTARY GLAND

MASTER GLAND REGULATES OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

MEDULLA

RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING UNCONSCIOUS FUNCTIONS SUCH AS BREATHING AND CIRCULATION.

PONS

INVOLVES IN SLEEP AND AROUSAL.

CEREBELLUM

CORPUS CALLOSUM

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF RIGHT AND LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

LEFT HAND TOUCH SPATIAL CONSTRUCTION CREATIVE THINKING FANTASY ART AND MUSIC APPRECIATION

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK THAT SENDS MESSAGES THOUGHOUT THE BODY VIA THE BLOOD STREAM. HORMONES-CHEMICALS THAT CIRCULATE THROUGH THE BLOOD STREAM AND REGULATE THE FUNCTIONING OR GROWTH OF THE BODY. PITUITARY GLAND-THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM WHICH SECRETES HORMONES THAT CONTROL GROWTH AND THE OTHER PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYTEM.

MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND ITS FUNCTIONS

HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY GLAND PARATHYROID GLAND THYROID GLAND THYMUS ADRENAL GLAND PANCREAS

HOMEOSTASIS GROWTH METABOLIC RATE IMMUNE SYSTEM INSULIN AND GLUCAGON,CONTROLS SUGAR METABOLISM PROMOTE MALE/FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS.

OVARY TESTES

MAJOR PROCESSES CONTROLLED BY HORMONES

REPRODUCTION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT MOBILIZING THE BODY AGAINST STRESSORS MAINTAINING ELECTROLYTE,WATER,NUTRIENT BALANCE OF THE BLOOD METABOLISM

PITUITARY GLAND

ANTERIOR LOBE/ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE -REGULATE SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES INCLUDING STRESS,GROWTH,REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION. -TARGET GLAND-ADRENAL GLAND MINERALOCORTICOID, GLUCOCORTICOID,SEXCORTICOID OVERPRODUCTION OF ACTH-CUSHING SYNDROME-WEIGHT GAIN,EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF FATS,ROUND FACE

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE TARGET GLAND-THYROID GLANDT3 (TRIIDITHYRONINE) T4 (THYROXINE)- BASALMETABOLISM

OVER SECRETION-HYPERTHYROIDISM UNDER SECRETION-HYPOTHYRODISM

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE TARGET GLAND-GONAD-GROWTH OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

LUTEINIZING HORMONE TARGET GLAND-GONAD-SEX HORMONE PRODUCTION

GROWTH HORMONE TARGET GLAND-LIVER,ADIPOSE TISSUE-PROMOTES GROWTH,LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE UNDERSECRETION-DWARFISM OVER SECRETION-GIGANTISM OVERSECRETION(ADOLESENCE)ACROMEGALY

DWARFISM

ACROMEGALY

PROLACTIN TARGET GLANDOVARIES,MAMMARY GLANDSECRETION OF ESTROGEN,PROGESTERONE,MILK PRODUCTION

POSTERIOR LOBE/NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
OXYTOCIN TARGET GLANDUTERUS,MAMMARY GLANDUTERINE CONTRACTION,LACTATION

ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE TARGET GLAND-KIDNEYSSTIMULAYE WATER RETENTION PROBLEM IN ADH-DIABETES INSIPIDUS