HBon PIB

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W Water Supplies Department

Handbook on Plumbing Installation for Buildings

Contents Page No.
1. GENERAL 1
1.1 DEFINITIONS 1
1.2 ABBREVIATIONS 2
1.3 COMMONLY USED WATERWORKS PIPES AND FITTINGS 3
2. RESPONSIBILITIES OF WATER AUTHORITY AND CONSUMERS/AGENTS 5
2.1 DIVISIONS OF RESPONSIBILITIES 5
2.2 OBLIGATIONS OF CONSUMERS/AGENTS 5
2.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR INSTALLING PLUMBING WORKS 6
3. SUBMISSIONS OF PLUMBING PROPOSALS 7
3.1 GENERAL 7
3.2 SUBMISSIONS 8
3.3 PLUMBING PROPOSALS 9
3.4 FORMAT 9
4. LICENSED PLUMBERS 11
4.1GENERAL 11
4.2 COMMENCEMENT OF WORK 12
4.3 INTERIM INSPECTIONS AND FINAL INSPECTIONS 12
4.4 COMPLETION OF WORK 13
4.5 WORKS OF A MINOR NATURE 13
5. METERING 15
5.1 GENERAL 15
5.2 METER POSITION 15
5.3 MASTER METER 18
5.4 CHECK METER 20
6. INSIDE SERVICE 21
6.1 FRESH WATER SUPPLY 21
6.2 FLUSHING SUPPLY 36
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7. FIRE SERVICE 41
7.1 METERING REQUIREMENT 41
7.2 PIPE MATERIALS 41
7.3 SUPPLY TYPES AND ARRANGEMENTS 42
8. STORAGE CISTERNS ,WATER PUMPS AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS 46
8.1 STORAGE CISTERNS (OR WATER TANKS) 46
8.2 WATER PUMPS 48
8.3 VALVES AND TAPS 49
8.4 EARTHING 50
8.5 SEPARATE METERING IN EXISTING PREMISES 50
8.6 AUTHORIZING PRIVATE DEVELOPERS/AUTHORIZED PERSONS TO UNDERTAKE WATER SUPPLY
CONNECTION WORKS 50
9. MAINTENANCE 52
APPENDIX A1: CHECKLIST FOR VETTING PLUMBING PROPOSALS 54
APPENDIX A2: COMMON MISTAKES BY PRACTITIONERS 65
APPENDIX A3: TEST PARAMETERS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 68

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Fig. No.
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Fig 36
List of Figures
Figure Title
Areas of Responsibility of Water Authority/Registered Agent/Consumers
(Direct Supply System)
Areas of Responsibility of Water Authority/Registered Agent/Consumers
(Indirect Supply System)
Typical Installation of a 15mm diameter Water Meter
Meter Dimensions
Direct Supply System
Indirect Supply System
Non-pressure Type Heater
Cistern Type Water Heater
Instantaneous Gas Water Heater
Layout of Unvented Electric Thermal Storage Type Water Heater
Pressure Type Thermal Storage Water Heater
Direct Centralized Hot Water System
Indirect Centralized Hot Water System
Salt Water Flushing Supply System
Flushing Supply Storage Cistern - Mixed Supply
Layout Drawing for Sprinkler System
Layout Drawing for Improvised Sprinkler System
Layout Drawing for Fire Hydrant/Hose Reel System
Layout Plan of the Typical Installation of DN150 Street Fire Hydrant
Section of the Typical Installation of DN150 Street Fire Hydrant
Schematic Layout of Pressure Reducing Valves
Common Mistakes for Meter / Check Meter Positions
Common Mistakes for Inside Service
Common Mistakes for Sump and Pump System
Common Mistakes for Watering Flower Beds Plumbing System
Common Mistakes for Fire Service
Master Meter Schematic Layout (Sheet 1 of 2)
Master Meter Schematic Layout (Sheet 2 of 2)
Master Meter Conceptual Design of Master Meter Room (Sheet 1 of 5)
Master Meter Schematic Layout of Master Meter in Private Road
Working Clearances for Check Meter Position
Typical Schematic Plumbing Diagram (Food Business (Restaurant) / Kitchen)

Preface

Water Supplies Department issued several booklets on the requirements, policies and
practices of plumbing installations. They are:
(a) Hong Kong Waterworks Standard Requirements for Plumbing Installation in Buildings;
(b) Water Supplies Department Circular Letters issued to Licensed Plumbers and
Authorized Persons;
(c) General Information on the Use of Different Types of Pipe Materials as Inside Service in
Buildings;
(d) Installation Notes of Different Types of Corrosion Resistant Pipe Materials as Inside
Service in Buildings; and
(e) A Guide to the Preparation of Plumbing Proposals.
With an aim to providing more comprehensive information in a user-friendly manner to the
practitioners for submission of plumbing proposals for new building developments to the
Water Authority, this Handbook on Plumbing Installation for Buildings summarises the
current Hong Kong waterworks requirements in respect of policies, procedures and practices
that the practitioners are expected to observe. This book is therefore intended to serve as a
handy reference for those concerned.

The contents of this book are based on the following references:-
(a) the Waterworks Ordinance (Cap 102) and the Waterworks Regulations (Cap 102
Subsidiary Legislation);
(b) The Hong Kong Waterworks Standard Requirements for Plumbing Installation in
Buildings; and
(c) Water Supplies Department Circular Letters issued to Licensed Plumbers and Authorized
Persons.

In all circumstances, it is the responsibility of the applicants to ensure that the plumbing
proposals comply with the prevailing waterworks requirements. It is therefore important for
the readers of this book to refer to the original text of these documents for the latest
information on new or modified requirements from the Water Authority before they submit
plumbing proposals. In case there is any discrepancy between the references and this book,
the references should take precedence.
For information and procedures on how to apply for water supply applications, you are
advised to visit the WSD's website at http://www.wsd.gov.hk/
Your suggestions and comments on this book are welcome. Please send them to:-
Chief Engineer/Customer Services
Water Supplies Department
Immigration Tower, 7 Gloucester Road, Hong Kong
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1. General

1.1 Definitions

The definitions used in this booklet are as follows:-

Agent A person who is approved under Section 7 of Waterworks
Ordinance as an agent of a communal service.
Authorized Person An Authorized Person registered under the Buildings Ordinance.
Communal Service That part of a fire service or inside service which is used in common
by more than one consumer in the same premises.
Connexion to the Main The pipe between the main and the control valve which is nearest to
the main and which regulates the flow of a supply from the main
into a fire service or inside service, such control valve and all
fittings between such control valve and the main.
Consumer A person who is approved under Section 7 of Waterworks
Ordinance as a consumer of a fire service or inside service.
Direct Supply System A plumbing system which conveys water directly from the
government water mains to the point of usage without any transit
water storage tanks.
Fire Service The pipes and fittings in premises, and any pipes and fittings
between the premises and a connexion to the main, which are used
or are intended to be used for a supply solely for the purposes of fire
fighting.
Fitting Any apparatus, cistern, cock, equipment, machinery, material, tank,
tap and valve; and any appliance or device other than a meter, which
is installed or used in a fire service or inside service.
Indirect Supply System A plumbing system which conveys water from the government
water mains to the point of usage through a transit water storage
tank.
Inside Service The pipes and fittings in premises, and any pipes and fittings
between the premises and a connexion to the main (other than the
pipes and fittings forming part of a fire service) which are used or
are intended to be used for the purposes of a supply.
Licensed Plumber A person licensed under the Waterworks Ordinance to construct,
install, maintain, alter, repair or remove fire services or inside
services.
Main Main includes a connexion to the main and any pipe owned by the
Government and maintained by the Water Authority for the
purposes of a supply.
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Meter An appliance or device owned by the Government and maintained
by the Water Authority for the purpose of measuring water
consumption.
Premises Any building or structure or any part thereof and any place in which
there is a fire service, inside service or any part of the waterwork; or
in which a fire service or inside service is intended to be constructed
or installed.
Water Authority The Director of Water Supplies
Waterworks Any property occupied, used or maintained by the Water Authority
for the purpose of water supply, including all water gathering
grounds.

1.2 Abbreviations

Abbreviations used in this booklet are as follows:-

BS British Standards
FSD Fire Services Department
GI Galvanized Steel
HKWSR Hong Kong Waterworks Standard Requirements for Plumbing
Installation in Buildings
LP Licensed Plumber
PB Polybutylene
PE Polyethylene
PVC-C Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
PVC-U Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride
TMF Temporary Mains Fresh Water for Flushing
VPLD Vertical Plumbing Line Diagram(s)
WSD Water Supplies Department
WW Waterworks
WWReg Waterworks Regulations
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1.3 Commonly Used Waterworks Pipes and Fittings
The functions of some commonly used waterworks pipes and fittings are described below:-
Fitting Function
Anti-vacuum Valve a valve in a water service that opens to admit air if the pressure
within the water service falls below atmospheric pressure.
Ball Valve a valve that controls the entry of water into a storage cistern or
flushing cistern, closing off the supply when the water level in the
cistern has reached a predetermined level. It is sometimes called a
ball cock or float-operated valve.
Boiler an enclosed vessel in which water is heated by the direct application
of heat
Butterfly Valve a valve in which a disc is rotated about a diametric axis of a cylinder
to vary the aperture. It is used where space is limited or more
sophisticated control is required.
Calorifer a storage vessel, not open to the atmosphere, in which a supply of
water is heated. The vessel contains an element, such as a coil of
pipe, through which is passed a supply of hot water or steam, in
such a way that the two supplies do not mix, heat being transferred
through the walls of the element.
Expansion Vessel a closed vessel for accommodating the thermal expansion of water
in a pressurized hot water heating system
Float Switch a device incorporating a float that operates a switch in response to
changes in the level of a liquid.
Gate Valve a valve that provides a straight-through passage for the flow of fluid
and in which the passage can be closed by a gate. It is used where
the water pressure is low and on distribution pipework from a
storage cistern. This valve is sometimes referred to as a fullway gate
valve because when it is fully open, there is no restriction of flow
through the valve.
Loose Jumper Type
Stopcock
a screwdown pattern valve with horizontal inlet and outlet
connections. It incorporates a loose jumper valve permitting flow in
one direction only. It is used for isolating the supply of water in a
high pressure pipeline. In case the supply main is shut off and
drained down for any reason, the non-return action of the loose
valve plate will stop any backflow from the service pipe.

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Non-return Valve a valve that prevents reversal of flow in the pipe of a water supply
by means of the check mechanism, the valve being opened by the
flow of water and closed by the action of the check mechanism
when the flow ceases, or by back pressure. It is also known as check
valve.
Pressure Reducing Valve a valve that reduces the pressure of a fluid immediately downstream
of its position in a pipeline to a preselected value or by a
predetermined ratio.
Pressure Relief Valve A self-acting valve that automatically opens to prevent a
predetermined safe pressure being exceeded.
Temperature Relief
Valve
A self-acting valve that automatically opens to prevent a
predetermined safe temperature being exceeded.

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2. Responsibilities of Water Authority and Consumers/Agents

2.1 Divisions of Responsibilities

The division of responsibilities for Water Authority, consumer/agent on the maintenance of
water supply systems are as follows (Fig 1 & Fig 2):-

Area of Responsibility Maintained by
Connexion to the main Water Authority
Water meter Water Authority
(the Consumer/Agent is however
responsible for the safe custody of the
meter serving his/her premises.)
Communal inside/fire service within the
building/lot boundary
Agent
Non-communal inside/fire service within the
building/lot boundary
Consumer

2.2 Obligations of Consumers/Agents
The obligations of a consumer/agent under the Waterworks Ordinance are as follows:-

OBLIGATIONS
Consumer Agent
(i) proper maintenance of the inside services
within his/her premises.
(ii) safe custody of the water meter for his/her
premises. If the meter is stolen or damaged
(not as a result of fair wear and tear),
he/she must pay for its replacement or costs
of repairs.
(iii) payment of a deposit and all charges in
respect of the supply to the premises.

(i) proper maintenance of the communal
services within the premises.
(ii) safe custody of the water meter for the
communal services. If the meter is stolen
or damaged (not as a result of fair wear
and tear), the Agent must pay for its
replacement or costs of repairs.
(iii) payment of a deposit and all charges in
respect of the supply to the communal
service.

The liability of a consumer/agent in respect of a supply will continue, until another
consumer/agent is approved by the Water Authority in his/her place or an undertaking given
under Section 7 of Waterworks Ordinance is cancelled by the Water Authority.

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2.3 General Principles for I nstalling Plumbing Works

The followings are the general principles for installing plumbing works:-
(a) all water fittings and pipework shall comply with the relevant Waterworks Regulations;
(b) all plumbing works shall be carried out in accordance with the Hong Kong Waterworks
Requirements;
(c) all plumbing works shall be carried out by a licensed plumber.

As far as practicable, it is advised that the communal service should not be run through the
individual premises because access to the fire service and/or communal service for routine
inspection, maintenance and repair of the communal service may be restricted and obstructed
by individual premises.

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3. Submissions of Plumbing Proposals

3.1 General

Plumbing installation that receives water supply from the Waterworks has to comply with the
Waterworks requirements under the provision of the Waterworks Ordinance/Regulations,
Hong Kong Waterworks Standard Requirements for Plumbing Installation in Buildings
(HKWSR), and Water Supplies Department Circular Letters issued to Licensed Plumbers and
Authorized Persons. Approval from the Water Authority is required in order to construct,
install, alter or remove a plumbing installation.

Plumbing installation that is not to receive water supply from the Waterworks does not need
the approval of the Water Authority. However, it is advisable for the plumbing installation to
follow the Waterworks requirements such that when a supply from the Waterworks becomes
necessary, the modification of the plumbing installation to comply with the Waterworks
requirements will be minimized.

3.1.1 Minimum Residual Pressure

The Water Authority maintained a minimum residual pressure of 30-metre head in most
existing fresh water supply zones except at their extremities. To tie in with various national
standards and international practice, the Water Authority has decided to lower the minimum
residual pressure to 20-metre head, except at the extremities of supply zones for new
developments in new or existing supply zones or re-developments in existing supply zones,
for plumbing proposals first submitted to the Water Authority on or after 1 April 2008.

3.1.2 Application for Water Supply for two- storey Warehouse through One Stop Centre
(OSC)

Applicant may apply for water supply for 2-storey warehouse through the OSC operated
under the Efficiency Unit (EU) of Chief Secretary for Administrations Office with effect
from 1 December 2008. The OSC is an option in addition to the existing channels of
application. It aims to streamline the application process by setting a centralized office for
receiving submissions of building plans and related applications (including technical audit
for water supply connection works) and coordinating joint inspections for two-storey
warehouses. For applicants who would like to join the service, the scope of works must
satisfy the criteria specified by the EU. For details, please refer to the EUs website at
http://www.eu.gov.hk/english/osc/osc.html.

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3.1.3 Household-Scale Solar Water Heater System for Village House

The Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) provides general guidelines for
the intending purchasers, owners and installers of household-scale solar water heating system
to be installed at village houses. The guidelines helps the above people to understand the
installation requirements and application procedures associated with the installation,
operation and maintenance of the aforesaid solar water heating system. For details, please
refer to the EMSDs website at
http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pee/Guidance_Notes-solar_water_heating_system.pdf

3.2 Submissions

3.2.1 Plumbing Works

The applicant should obtain from the Water Authority such information as are relevant to the
design of the plumbing installation and submit the plumbing proposal to the Water Authority
for approval. The Water Authority will as far as practical provide the information to the
applicant such as location and size of connection points, water pressures, single or
double-end fed supply.

WSD pledges to vet submissions of plumbing proposals for new building developments in 20
clear working days. Sometimes it may take a longer time for the applicant to clarify on points
not clearly mentioned in the proposal. Therefore, it is advisable for the applicant to submit
the plumbing proposal to the Water Authority for approval early in order not to delay the
plumbing works. No plumbing work shall commence before the plumbing proposal has
been approved by the Water Authority. It is important for the applicant to bear in mind the
need to accommodate all the inside service and fire service, which include water storage
tanks, break pressure tanks, meter rooms etc. together with the associated access, in the
layout and structural design of the development.

3.2.2 Replumbing Works

Prior to carrying out replumbing works within private buildings, approval from the Water
Authority must be sought. Failing this is in contravention of Section 14 of the Waterworks
Ordinance and the offenders are liable to prosecution.
The Water Authority would like to replace the old meters of the buildings in conjunction
with the replumbing works. For better co-ordination of work, it is considered more
appropriate to have the meter replacement works to be carried out by the same licensed
March 13

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plumber engaged in the replumbing works. In our approval to the application for replumbing
works, the licensed plumber will be invited to carry out the meter replacement works and our
District staff will inform the licensed plumber of the detailed arrangement.

3.3 Plumbing Proposals

Applicants should submit Application Forms WWO 542 together with plumbing proposals.

The plumbing proposal shall include:-
(i) a list of the documents submitted to the Water Authority.
(ii) a block plan in a scale of 1:1000 showing the location and boundary of the
development. The locations should be marked with datum level.
(iii) a plan showing the alignment and size of the proposed connection pipes from the
main to the development.
(iv) a plan showing the proposed alignment and size of the internal underground water
pipes to be laid in the development.
(v) vertical plumbing line diagrams and water pipe alignment plans.
(vi) a schedule containing the following items:-
(a) number of flats/units in each block of the building.
(b) the address of each premises in the building that requires individually
metered water supply.
(c) number of draw-off points and sanitary fittings in each/unit.
(d) estimated daily consumption for all trade purposes.
(vii) a drawing showing the arrangements of water meters in meter rooms/boxes and the
fittings at the meter positions.
(viii) the relevant standards of the pipe materials to be used in the application.
(ix) capacities of the water storage tanks to be installed such as roof storage tanks and
the water consumption of domestic appliances such as water heaters. Catalogues of
such equipment and appliances etc. shall also be attached.
(x) any other information as may be required by the Water Authority.

3.4 Format

One set of the plumbing proposals is required. All drawings shall be:-
(a) identified by drawing numbers and drawing titles;
(b) folded to a plan size not exceeding the A4 size (i.e. 297 mm by 210 mm) and in
such a way to display the drawing numbers and drawing titles.

For revised drawings, details of all the amendments shall be listed as notes to the drawings
and the amendments shall also be highlighted or coloured in the drawings for easy
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identification. The submission, whether approved or not, will not be returned to the applicant.
Once approved, no details in the submission shall be altered without the written approval of
the Water Authority.
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4. Licensed Plumbers

4.1 General

4.1.1 Category of Grades

A licensed plumber (LP) is categorised into two grades:-
Grade I for the construction, installation, maintenance, alteration, repair or
removal of a fire service or inside service of any type
Grade II * for the maintenance and repair of a fire service or inside service; and for
the installation, maintenance, repair or removal of water appliances
* No new Grade II plumbers licence will be issued after 1 October 1993.

4.1.2 Application for New Water Supply - Response Time
The Water Authority has provided target response time for completing the key activities in
respect of the application for new water supply. To further step up the service to the public
and the practitioners, the Water Authority has, from time to time, reviewed the target
response time to look for improvements. (Please see
http://www.wsd.gov.hk/en/about_us/performance_pledge/index.htm for updated details)
In case an application is not processed within the target response time or the applicant wants
to discuss the way in which an application has been handled, the applicant can contact the
supervisory staff of WSDs Regional Office to which the application has been submitted.
The list of case officers and business facilitation officers can be obtained from webpage
http://www.wsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/share/pdf/list_case_officers.pdf

If the case still cannot be resolved, the applicant can bring up the matter to WSDs
headquarters (refer to the Preface of this handbook for address) in writing.

4.1.3 Excavation Permit Fee Under the Land Ordinance (Miscellaneous Provision)
(Amendment Ordinance 2003)

The Land (Miscellaneous Provision) (Amendment) Ordinance 2003 gazetted on 23 May
2003 was taken effect on 1 April 2004. Under the Ordinance, a fee is payable in respect of
all excavation permits applied on or after 1 April 2004 for excavation in unleased land which
is either a street maintained by the Highways Department or other than any street maintained
by the Highways Department.

To recover the cost, the Water Authority will issue an additional and separate demand note
on the estimated excavation permit fees to applicants irrespective of the approval dates of
their plumbing proposals if the excavation permit is applied on or after 1 April 2004 for any
part of their concerned water supply connection work. This demand note is subject to
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adjustment according to the actual final excavation permit fees incurred for the work.

4.1.4 Awareness of Anti-corruption Laws

Licensed Plumber should always be aware of the anti-corruption laws and avoid to
contravene them during their course of works. For details, please refer to the website of
Independent Commission Against Corruption at http://www.icac.org.hk/ .

4.2 Commencement of Work

Provided that all pipes and fittings intended to be installed are approved by the Water
Authority, the licensed plumber, who is employed by the applicant, should submit details of
the plumbing proposals on Parts I and II of WWO 46 - Notice/Application for Constructing,
Installing, Altering or Removing an Inside or Fire Service to notify the Water Authority of
the details and commencement date of plumbing works. For the application of water supply
for the food business (restaurant) premises, the Annex i.e. the material list may be submitted
at a later stage but at least 7 working days before the submission of Part IV of WWO 46
requesting WSD for inspection of the completed plumbing works.

If any of the pipes and fittings used/to be used have not yet been approved by the Water
Authority, prior approval must be obtained from the Water Authority before the
commencement of plumbing work.

4.3 I nterim I nspections and Final I nspections

No pipe or fitting forming part of a fire service or an inside service shall be used or covered
up until it has been inspected and approved by the Water Authority. Hence, it is advisable,
whenever practicable, to arrange for inspection by the Water Authority prior to concreting on
any pipework to be embedded in structural elements or concealing any pipework by
architectural features which cannot be easily removed for inspection and maintenance of the
pipework after their installation; and in any event all underground plumbing works must be
so inspected before it is backfilled or covered up. Moreover, the pipework arrangement
should be so designed to minimize concealed pipework as far as possible.

The concealed inside service and fire service (not including underground pipeworks) will be
inspected at random by the Water Authority. These random inspections will either be
initiated by the licensed plumber or by the Water Authority. In either case, 3 working days
advance notice should be given to the other party in order to arrange a suitable time for
conducting such random inspections.
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Provided that due regard have been given to ensure compliance with Waterworks
requirements and the approved plumbing details, the requirement of random inspection for
concealed pipework is exempted for government projects administered by full-time resident
government site staff.

4.4 Completion of Work

The licensed plumber should report completion of work on Part IV of WWO 46 within 7
working days after completion of the plumbing works to inform the Water Authority to
arrange for final inspection. Water supply will only be effected after the inside service / fire
service has been checked in order.

4.5 Works of a Minor Nature

No fire service or inside service shall be constructed, installed, maintained, altered, repaired
or removed by a person other than a licensed plumber or a public officer authorized by the
Water Authority, except for alteration or repairs to a fire service or inside service which are,
in the opinion of the Water Authority, of a
1
minor nature or the rewashering of a tap.

Minor alterations and repairs to inside services without dismantling and reinstallation of the
water meter within a domestic premises may be exempted as follows:-

(i) Replacement of defective piping, taps, stopcocks, gate valves, ball valves and
work of a similar nature.
(ii) Repairs to leaking pipes or fittings and minor alterations to pipework.
(iii) Extensions within the same premises to supply a single additional tap, fitting or
appliance, provided that the fitting or appliance does not require the installation of
a storage tank.

Minor alterations and repairs to inside services shall conform to waterworks requirement in
respect of quality of workmanship and material.

1
Works of a minor nature are works which can be completed without the involvement of specialised trade skill
and those which do not change the general arrangement of the plumbing installation already approved by the
Water Authority, or affect the flow conditions of the plumbing system thus causing possible supply problems.
14
However, as most alterations, addition and extension to the existing plumbing installation
can cause a change in the flow conditions in one way or another, it is in the interest of the
consumer/agent that in case of doubt to notify the Water Authority of their intention, who
will give an appropriate advice as necessary.
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5. Metering

5.1 General

Metering is required to measure water consumed for billing purposes. Meter position shall be
provided by the LP (employed by the applicant) for meter installation while water meters
will be provided by the Water Authority. Water meters may be installed either by the Water
Authority or the licensed plumber.

The size and location of the water meter will be determined by the Water Authority. For
domestic supply, a meter size of 15mm is usually recommended. For trade and industrial
supply, the meter size is determined based on the actual water consumption.

However, a check meter position and/or a waste detection chamber shall be provided at the
inlet pipe to the communal service for consumption check and waste detection purposes. The
check meter position and/or a waste detection chamber shall be close to the lot boundary or
close to the point of connection from the internal distribution mains whichever is applicable.

5.2 Meter Position

The meter position for a 15 mm diameter meter shall be constructed to include 20
mm x 15 mm bushes at both sides of the meter position with a 200 mm (clear effective length)
distance piece of 15 mm tube placed in between (refer to Fig 3). The tube shall be hollow
with conspicuous holes drilled through the body. A long screw connector shall be provided
immediately after the bush at the delivery side. The meter position for meter of all sizes shall
also be similarly provided with corresponding fittings of appropriate sizes. The length of the
distance piece should be as follows (refer to Fig 4):-

Meter Size (mm) 15 25 40 50 80 100 150
Clear Effective Length
of Distance Piece (mm)
200 311 346 310 413 483 500

If a section of copper pipe is used either before or after a water meter position, the section of
copper pipe between the water meter position and the first pipe clamp should be jointed by
screwed joints.

When the applicant submits the vertical plumbing line diagrams (VPLD), he/she will also be
required to submit the layout and elevation plans of the meter rooms/boxes with dimensions,
including the width and height of the entrances (door openings in case of meter boxes) for
the Water Authoritys approval. All water meters, including vacant meter positions and
check meter positions, shall be arranged in groups and housed in meter rooms or meter boxes.
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The meter rooms/boxes shall be used solely for housing water meters to protect them against
exposure to weather, falling objects and other undue external interferences. They shall not
be used as store rooms/boxes, etc. No other building services such as drainage systems, fire
hoses, E&M installations (equipment, cables and ducting, etc.) shall pass through or be
placed inside the meter rooms/boxes except lighting, ventilation and drainage, etc. solely to
facilitate meter reading and maintenance of water meters. Unless otherwise accepted by the
Water Authority, a typical meter room/box shall comply with the following requirements:

(a) for meter rooms, the minimum distance between the outward face of the meter
group and the wall/door opening directly opposite the meter group shall be
1000mm and there shall be no obstacles in between. Besides, if the door to the
meter room is to be opened at an inward position and it is at the opposite side of
the meter group, the minimum perpendicular distance between the outward face
of the meter group and the door (the point on the door that is nearest to the meter
group) when it is fully opened shall be 600mm;

(b) the clear width and height of the door entrance to the meter room shall not be less
than 800 mm and 2000 mm respectively. The arrangement of the meter
position(s) and the door opening of the meter box shall be arranged in such a
manner that staff of the Water Authority would not be required to lean inwards to
take meter readings or carry out maintenance works. For meter boxes, the clear
depth measured from the outside face shall not be more than 800mm;

(c) when the meter room is occupied for taking meter readings and/or maintenance of
water meters, the illumination shall not be less than 120 lux at meter positions and
the mechanical ventilation shall not be less than 6 air-changes per hour;

(d) an entrance located at communal area for safe, free, and uninterruped access to
the meter room/box shall be provided;

(e) provision of adequate drainage inside the meter room and the meter box
positioned at floor level shall be made;
(f) the door(s) to the meter room/box shall not be equipped with any self-closing
device. The lock of the door to the meter room shall be located at a level between
0.9m and 1.1m above the finished floor level. The door to the meter room shall be
equipped with handle to facilitate door opening. The door handle shall be either in
the form of long cylindrical or spherical shape to facilitate handling. Covered or
flat sectioned handles shall not be used;

(g) the outside of the door(s) to the meter room/box shall be clearly marked
,"Water Meters" in both Chinese and English of font size not less than 28 pt
for easy identification;
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(h) If there are more than one water meter room/box inside a building block,
master-key locks shall be used at all meter rooms/boxes and a duplicate master
key for the Water Authority or his/her staffs sole use shall be kept at the
management office. In case there are more than 300 water meters or 30 meter
rooms/boxes, two duplicate master keys shall be kept for the sole use of the Water
Authority.

(i) for high-rise building blocks, water meters shall be installed in meter rooms/boxes.
For low-rise buildings with fenced-off area, water meters shall be installed in
meter room(s)/box(es) located at the boundary and shall be accessible from the
public area;

(j) meter rooms/boxes inside market/commercial complex shall be positioned in
areas with clear access and with no risk of being obstructed by hawkers, etc.

Upon completion of the water meter installation inside a meter room/box, the LP shall install
a permanent display board at the wall/door inside the meter room/box showing the location
and elevation of the meter positions. The top of the board shall not be higher than 1500 mm
above the floor level and the bottom of the board shall not be lower than 500 mm for an
individual meter above the floor level. This display board shall be constructed of durable
plastic or corrosion-resistant plate engraved with words and diagrams in black on light colour
background. The wordings should be of font size not less than 18 pt. Details of this display
board shall be submitted by the applicant as part of the VPLD for the Water Authoritys
approval. This requirement can be waived for small meter boxes accommodating 3 meters or
less.

Within two weeks after completion of the water meter installation, the LP shall submit
as-built plans of the meter arrangements, the completed Meter Installation Table (MIT) and
Part IV of the Form WWO 46 where amongst others the LP undertakes the correctness of the
meter positions. The applicant/developer and the Authorised Person shall also countersign in
Part IV of the Form WWO 46 to indicate their satisfaction of the correctness of the meter
positions.

For meters arranged in groups, no meter position shall be lower than 300 mm nor higher than
1500 mm above the floor level. This requirement is also applicable for water meters installed
inside meter boxes. For Housing Department estates where corridor meter arrangement is
chosen and accepted, individual meter positions shall be at a suitable height not less than 750
mm but not more than 1500 mm above the floor level.

The meter position of a building supply to a construction site shall be provided within a
18
meter room or meter box located at the hoarding recess area so that reading and maintenance
of the meter can be carried out outside the construction site. Safe, free and uninterrupted
access to the meter room/box should be provided and maintained at all time. The door of the
meter room or meter box shall be made of chicken-wire or provided with see-through glass
panel. Details of the meter room or meter box are subject to the approval of the Water
Authority.

For a meter installed in a landscape area, it should be installed above ground level with a
clear working headroom not less then 2m. A safe pedestrian access to the meter position
should be provided.

When the meters are sited at roof level, fullway gate valves shall be fitted before meter
positions. For connections up to and including 40 mm diameter, a loose jumper type
stopcock shall be provided and placed with spindle in the vertical position at each meter
position on the inlet side of the meter where the meter is not sited at roof level and where the
pressure is considered adequate. For connections larger than 40 mm diameter, a fullway gate
valve shall be provided before the meter position and a non-return or check valve fitted on
the delivery side as close as possible to the meter position.

The following practice should be adopted in plumbing work design for meter positions:-
(a) the fittings at the meter position should facilitate easy installation and removal
of the water meter without the need to work on other pipes;
(b) the pipework at the meter position should be securely fixed to support the
weight of the water meter and to resist any torsion, bending and tension
during the installation and removal of the water meter.

5.3 Master Meter

The Water Authority had implemented the master metering policy after 31 December 2005.
The purpose of introducing master metering is to detect water leakage and unlawful taking of
water before meters. A master meter room to house the master meter and its by-pass
arrangement should be provided as close to and within the boundary lot as possible. The
details of implementation of the policy are as follows:

(a) (i) For all new developments, except single detached village type buildings and single
block buildings, plumbing designers shall be required to provide master meter room
with master meter position(s) in the plumbing, submit undertaking Form WWO 542
for the consumership(s) of master meter(s) and arrange licensed plumber to install
master meter(s). These requirements shall apply to all plumbing proposals first
submitted to the Water Authority after 31 December 2005.

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(ii) For development with more than 1 detached village type building, master meter
requirement shall be applied if the total length of underground and concealed pipes
exceeds 15m.

(iii) For developments not required to install master meters, fire service shall be
connected from the main outside the lot boundary. Also, check meter positions
shall be provided in fresh water and TMF inside service and fire service.

(b) The water supply connection arrangement for fresh water supply, fire service supply
and Temporary Mains-water for Flushing (TMF) supply will be as shown in the Fig.
27 and 28.

(c) The master meter will substitute current requirement of check meter positions in all
fresh water and TMF inside service and fire service. There will be 1 master meter
installed in each set of connection points at the lot or building boundary. Twin or
dual main connections are regarded as one set of connection points.

(d) Downstream of the master meter,
(i) for fresh water supply
all individual domestic premises, water usage points or group of water usage
points shall be metered with separate meters.

(ii) for fire service
there shall be no other meter.

(iii) for TMF supply
there shall be 1 communal TMF meter to each individual block of buildings.

(e) To ensure accuracy of master meter, the plumbing designer shall provide two
lengths of straight pipe, one upstream and one downstream of the master meter.
The length upstream and downstream should not be less than 10 times the nominal
diameter of the master meter and 5 times respectively.

(f) To facilitate replacement of master meter(s), a 100mm diameter by-pass
arrangement should be provided for future maintenance of water supply during
meter replacement. (refer to Fig. 28 and Fig. 30).

(g) To facilitate installation, inspection, reading, service, and replacement of master
meter(s), the plumbing designer shall house master meter(s) and associated
by-pass(es) in meter room(s) preferably with at-grade access where feasible.
Please refer to Fig. 29-33 which indicate the design considerations for the at-grade
master meter room.

(h) (i) If the watermain is to be laid underneath internal roads which is scheduled to be
handed over to government within 5 years after completion, master meters should
20
be installed for each separate connection group for the buildings/podia at their
respective boundaries.

(ii) If the handing over is scheduled longer than 5 years after completion, the said
master meter positions mentioned in (h)(i) are still required but temporarily bridged
over by short pieces. On top of this, master meters are also required at the estates
boundary (refer to Fig. 34)

(i) Fire service supply needs to be unaffected by potable supply interruption as far as
practicable. Also, the metering characteristics of both supplies are different.
Therefore, fire service needs to be separate from the potable supply right at the lot
boundary. A typical configuration of master meter is shown in the Figs. 27 and
28.

5.4 Check Meter

For check meter of 100 diameter or smaller, a straight length of pipe of 5 x D (where D is the
nominal bore of the meter) should be provided upstream of the check meter position and a
straight length of pipe of 2 x D at downstream. For check meter of diameter larger than
100mm, the straight lengths upstream and downstream are 10 x D and 5 x D respectively.

The designer should provide minimum horizontally perpendicular and longitudinal working
clearances at each check meter position. The table below stipulates the minimum horizontally
perpendicular working clearance, meaning the shortest distance between the longitudinal
centre line of the check meter position and a wall or any edge of a door when opened.

Meter Size (mm)
40 50 80 100
Minimum horizontally perpendicular working
clearance from the wall or any edge of a door
when opened where the check meter position
is clamped (Distance A (mm) as shown in
Fig.35)
310 310 380 400

The minimum longitudinal working clearance between both ends of meter flanges of the
check meter position and a wall or any obstruction should be 200 mm.

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6. Inside Service

6.1 Fresh Water Supply

The treated fresh water provided by the WSD complies fully with the drinking water
standard according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization. However, in order
to ensure that consumers can enjoy good quality of water at the taps, building owners have to
maintain their plumbing systems properly as well. To encourage the building owners to do
this, the WSD launched the Fresh Water Plumbing Quality Maintenance Recognition
Scheme in 2002. Since 1 January 2008, the Scheme has been renamed as Quality Water
Recognition Scheme for Buildings. Please contact WSDs Customer Telephone Enquiry
Centre at tel. no. 2824 5000 or visit the website at http://www.wsd.gov.hk for more details of
the Scheme.

6.1.1 Metering Requirement

All fresh water supplies to inside service shall be metered. All domestic supplies and
concessionary supplies shall be separately metered. For different usages of concessionary
supplies, please see Section 6.1.10.

6.1.2 Pipe Materials

Pipes and fittings shall conform to Part I of Schedule 2 of the Waterworks Regulations. The
Water Authority may approve other pipe materials for use in water supplies from time to
time.

The following table summaries the different pipe materials that are commonly used in water
supply systems:

Fresh Water
Inside Service
Fire Service Pipe Material
Cold
Water
Hot
Water
Salt Water
Inside Service
Fresh
Water
Salt
Water
Standards
cast iron - - - (with internal
cement lining)
- - BS 4622
copper - - - BS EN 1057
ductile iron - - - (with internal
cement lining)
- - BS EN 545
GI with PVC-C - - - - BS 1387 &
22
lining internal lining of
an approved type
GI with PVC-U/
PE lining
-

BS 1387 &
internal lining of
an approved type
polybutylene
(PB)
- - BS 7291
- BS 6572(below
ground)
polyethylene (PE)
- BS 6730(above
ground)
chlorinated
polyvinyl
chloride (PVC-C)
- - BS 7291
unplasticized
polyvinyl
chloride (PVC-U)
- - BS 3505 Class D
or above
crosslinked
polyethylene
(PE-X)
- - BS 7291
stainless steel - - - BS EN 10312
-: suitable for use when the relevant standards are complied with
: not suitable for use in general

The use of unlined GI pipes and fittings as fresh water inside service in new buildings and
upon renewal of the plumbing installations in existing buildings is prohibited. However, this
requirement does not apply to pipes and fittings installed prior to 23 December 1995 nor to
minor repairs to such plumbing works.

For PB and PE pipes, the applicants should refer to the relevant approval letters and/or
governing standards to determine the gradings of pipe to be installed.

The Water Authority may also accept pipes and fittings of other standards equivalent to the
British Standards.

6.1.3 Guidelines on Cleansing and Disinfection of Fresh Water Inside Service

Under the provision of Waterworks Regulation 7, a consumer or the agent shall be
March 13

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responsible for keeping an inside service clean. To this end, the consumer or agent
concerned shall clean and disinfect a newly installed fresh water inside service before it is
given a supply from the Water Supplies Department. Besides, after repair or maintenance
of fresh water inside service, if there is a possibility that extraneous materials can get into the
inside service, the inside service shall be cleaned and disinfected before water supply is
resumed. The guidelines below on how to clean and disinfect the fresh water inside service
are set out for general reference:-

(A) Newly Installed Fresh Water Inside Service

The newly installed fresh water inside service shall be cleaned and disinfected to the
satisfaction of the Water Authority in accordance with the following procedures.

(I) Newly Installed Underground Fresh Water Mains

(1) Remove all extraneous materials inside the water mains. Fill the fresh water
mains slowly with water and carry out the required water pressure testing. If the
result of the test is satisfactory, clean the fresh water mains internally and flush
them with potable water. For fresh water mains of sizes less than 600 mm in
diameter, swab to remove the dirt and materials inadvertently left in the water
mains and flush them with potable water.

(2) Fill the water mains completely with a homogeneous solution of chloride of lime
for disinfection. The concentration of the solution has to meet the requirement
that when the water mains are filled up with water, the free chlorine in the water
will be at least 30 ppm. Keep the water mains under disinfection for at least 24
hours. After disinfection, flush the water mains thoroughly with potable water.

(3) Arrange with the Water Authority to collect samples at representative sampling
point(s) as agreed by the Water Authority for bacteriological and chemical
analysis. The test parameters and the related acceptance criteria are listed in
Appendix A3.

Any contamination in underground mains may lead to pollution of the
government supply. To ensure quality control and minimize the risk of pollution
to the government supply, the Water Authority will carry out sampling and
analysis for this part of inside service.

The contact persons of the Water Authority for such arrangements are:-

24
Areas Contact Person Telephone No.
Hong Kong & Outlying Islands Waterworks
Chemist/Treatment (1)
2891 9276
Kowloon and New Territories East Waterworks
2691 7689
New Territories West Waterworks
2450 6121

The Water Authority will inform the Licensed Plumber concerned of the result of
analysis. If the results are satisfactory, the fresh water mains can be put into
operation. If not, the above disinfection and testing procedures shall be carried
out again.

(4) To avoid possible contamination, the fresh water mains concerned shall be put
into operation within 7 days from the successful disinfection. In this respect,
Licensed Plumbers are advised to allow sufficient time for the Waterworks
Chemists to carry out sampling and analysis and to avoid arranging disinfection
immediately before long public holidays.

(II) Newly Installed Fresh Water Inside Service other than Those covered in
(A)(I) above

(1) Flush the inside service concerned thoroughly with potable water.

(2) After flushing, follow one of the three procedures stated below to disinfect the
inside service concerned.

Methods Using Chlorine as a disinfectant

(i) Fill the inside service concerned with a homogeneous solution of chloride of
lime for disinfection. The concentration of the solution has to meet the
requirement that when the inside service is filled up with water, the free chlorine
in the water will be at least 30 ppm. After keeping the inside service under
disinfection for at least 24 hours, the inside service shall be immediately drained
and thoroughly flushed with potable water.

or

(ii) Fill the inside service concerned with chlorinated water at an initial
concentration of 50 ppm for a contact period of one hour. If the free residual
chlorine measured at the end of the contact period is less than 30 ppm, the
disinfection process shall be repeated. After successful disinfection, the inside
service shall be immediately drained and thoroughly flushed with potable water.

or

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Methods Using Disinfectants other than Chlorine

(iii) Fill the inside service concerned with the disinfectant solution other than
chlorine at the initial concentration and for the contact time specified by the
manufacturer of the disinfectant. If the residual of the disinfectant at the end of
the contact time is less than the manufacturers recommendation, the disinfection
procedure shall be repeated. After successful disinfection, the inside service
shall be immediately drained and thoroughly flushed with potable water.
Flushing shall continue in accordance with the disinfectant manufacturers
instructions/recommendations or until there is no evidence of the disinfectant
chemical being present, or it is at a level that is no higher than that present in the
potable water supplied.

[Note : The applicant is requested to submit to the Water Authority at least one
month before disinfection is carried out the type(s) and details of the proposed
non-chlorine based disinfectant. The Water Authority will advise the applicant
of any additional test parameters and related acceptance criteria for water samples
(i.e. other than those stated in Paragraph (3) below) within two weeks upon
receipt of the details.]

(3) After disinfection, arrange with either the Water Authority or an accredited
laboratory
2
to collect samples at representative sampling point(s) as agreed by the
Water Authority for bacteriological and chemical analysis. The test parameters
and the related acceptance criteria are listed in Appendix A3 (Note: See Note of
Paragraph (2)(iii) above also if non-chlorine based disinfectant is used).

If the results are satisfactory, the fresh water inside service can be put into
operation. If not, the above disinfection and testing procedures shall be carried
out again.

The contact persons of the Water Authority for such arrangements are:-

Areas Contact Person Telephone No.
Hong Kong & Outlying Islands Waterworks
2891 9276
Kowloon and New Territories East Waterworks
2691 7689
New Territories West Waterworks
2450 6121

If the sampling and analysis is carried out by the Water Authority, the Water
Authority will inform the Licensed Plumber concerned of the result of analysis.

2
The accredited laboratory shall be accredited for all the individual parameters listed in
Appendix A3.
26
If an accredited laboratory is arranged to carry out the sampling and analysis, the
result of analysis shall be submitted to the Water Authority.

(4) To avoid possible contamination, the fresh water inside service concerned shall be
put into operation within 7 days from the successful disinfection. In this respect,
Licensed Plumbers are advised to allow sufficient time for the Waterworks
Chemists or the accredited laboratory to carry out sampling and analysis and to
avoid arranging disinfection immediately before long public holidays.

(B) Repair or Maintenance of Fresh Water Inside Service

(I) Repair or Maintenance of Underground Fresh Water Mains

(1) Keep the excavation surfaces of trench clear from the pipe body and remove all
extraneous materials in the fresh water mains. If the trench is flooded, pump
water out of the trench.

(2) Clean the internal surface of the exposed pipe ends and the replacement pipe with
a solution of chloride of lime. The concentration of free chlorine in the solution
shall be at least 30 ppm.

(3) Fill the section of the water mains that has been shut down for repair or
maintenance with a homogeneous solution of chloride of lime for disinfection.
The concentration of the solution has to meet the requirement that when the water
mains are completely filled with water, the free chlorine in the water will be at
least 30 ppm. Fill the water mains with water and isolate them when filling is
completed. Keep the water mains under disinfection for at least 30 minutes.
After disinfection, flush the water mains thoroughly with potable water through a
fire hydrant, washout or, if no such facilities are available, through a submain
temporarily put out of service.

(II) Repair or Maintenance of Fresh Water Inside Service other than Those
covered in (B)(I) above

After completion of repair or maintenance works, fill the concerned inside service
that has been shut down for repair or maintenance with a homogeneous solution
of chloride of lime for disinfection. The concentration of the solution has to
meet the requirement that when the inside service is completely filled with water,
the free chlorine in the water will be at least 30 ppm. Isolate the inside service
when filling is completed and keep the inside service under disinfection for at
least 30 minutes. After disinfection, flush the inside service thoroughly with
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potable water.

(C) Proper Operation of Inside Service

Stagnant water provides a favourable breeding environment for bacteria. To
minimize the possibility of bacteria growth after putting an inside service into
operation, water outlets which are infrequently used or are connected to stagnant
water supply pipeworks shall be flushed at full flow for a minimum period of one
minute at least on a weekly basis and before use.

6.1.4 Application for Approval of Water Supply Pipes and Fittings

The acceptance letters or no-objection letters for pipes and fittings are issued against the
products irrespective of the supplier or suppliers' agents. For a change in the supplier or
supplier's agent for a product by the same manufacturer, it is not necessary to make a
re-submission.

6.1.4.1 Approval/No Objection Letter for Water Supply Pipes

All thermoplastic pipes for conveyance of potable water are required to be tested to BS 6920
on the suitability of their use in contact with water with regard to their effect on the quality of
water. The Water Authority will issue a no-objection letter for thermoplastic pipes in
compliance with BS 6920.

6.1.4.2 Approval/No Objection Letter for Water Fittings
Water fittings accepted by the Water Authority for installation in inside services should be
under one of the following categories:-
(a) Fittings marked in accordance with the appropriate British Standard and bearing the
registered certification trade mark of the British Standard Institution (the BS Kitemark);
(b) Fittings accepted and certified by the Water Research Centre of the United Kingdom for
compliance with the requirements of the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations /
Water Byelaws in the United Kingdom;
(c) Fittings approved by the Water Authority as suitable for use locally in conformity with
the Waterworks Ordinance and Regulations.

All fittings to be installed in the water supply plumbing system must fall within one of the
above categories in respect of their types and origin as approved by the Water Authority and
conform to the waterworks requirements.

28
To obtain approval of waterwork fittings from the Water Authority, the applicant is required
to produce certification from the British Standard Institution, the United Kingdom Water
Research Centre or testing agents approved by the Water Authority to the effect that the
fittings comply with the requirements of the Waterworks Regulations.

Under Category (c) of compliance of water supply fittings, the Water Authority issues
acceptance letters for draw-off taps, stop valves, gate valves, ball valves, mixing valves and
combination fittings. To apply for approval of water fittings, the applicant is required to
submit a test report (original or certified true copy) together with 6 copies of the catalogue of
the fittings under a covering letter to the Water Authority. No application form is required.
The list of approved testing agencies is available in the WSD's website at
http://www.wsd.gov.hk

6.15 Supply Modes

Water supply to premises can be effected in one of two ways:-

(i) direct supply system, where it is feasible to supply water by gravity from the
mains (refer to Fig 5).
(ii) indirect supply system, where it is necessary for the water supplied to the inside
service in highrise buildings be boosted in some ways like a sump and pump system
or a hydro pneumatic pump system which is usually provided to the topmost floors
after a roof storage tank. (refer to Fig 6).

6.1.6 Plumbing Arrangements

6.1.6.1 General
All plumbing works before meter positions shall be exposed or laid in a proper service duct
to facilitate inspection and repairs. Provision shall be made for checking leakage from any
plumbing work laid underground.

If the connection is not laid in an exposed manner at the lot boundary, then it shall be laid
underground with an adequate cover. For carriageway a minimum cover of 1000mm is
usually required. Watermains located in Industrial Area or beneath footpaths/verges/cycle
tracks whenever there is a possibility of vehicles parking or running on them should be laid
with the same cover as those under carriageways. All underground plumbing works will be
inspected by the Water Authority before it is backfilled or covered up.

6.1.6.2 Direct Supply System
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The meters shall be sited at convenient locations in communal area.

6.1.6.3 Indirect Supply System
The meters shall be sited at roof level or at other convenient locations.

6.1.7 Domestic Appliances

6.1.7.1 Use of Water Purifiers / Filters
Water purifiers / filters shall not be used without the permission in writing of the Water
Authority. As the treated municipal water supply to the whole territory of Hong Kong
conforms chemically and bacteriologically to the Guideline Standards for Drinking Water of
the World Health Organisation and is monitored closely by extensive sampling at treatment
works, distribution networks and consumers' taps. the Water Authority does not normally
approve nor recommend the installation of water filters in domestic premises because they
can give rise to health hazards if they are not properly maintained.

Domestic water purifiers / filters must not be connected directly to the mains supply because
of the possibility of contamination. They may be installed in an indirect supply system via
the storage tank where there is no possibility of contamination of the mains supply, or of the
supply to other premises, e.g. in a communal inside service a separate storage tank would be
necessary.

As contaminated water in the filter can backflow to communal water supply system or
upstream, the Water Authority does not recommend the installation of any water filter.
When there is installation of any domestic filter or water filter incorporated in water using
apparatuses (such as drinking fountain etc.), precautionary measures should be taken to
ensure proper backflow prevention incorporated or installed where appropriate. The Water
Authority does not require any test results of the filters before installation, i.e. "general
acceptance" is not required and will not be given.

Despite the above, customers should carry out proper maintenance of water tanks and pipes
in their buildings so as to maintain the water quality and to reduce the possibility of pollution
arising from the use of water filters. Regular maintenance of domestic water filters is also
equally important.

6.1.7.2 Use of Washing Machines / Dish-washing Machines
Where there is no possibility of back siphonage resulting in contamination of the water
supply, washing machines / dish-washing machines may be connected directly to the mains.
Washing machines / dish-washing machines with submerged inlets must not be connected
directly to the mains and should be supplied with water via a storage tank. A ventilation
30
valve and reflux preventer shall be installed at the supply inlet at a level above the top edge
of the washing machine / dish-washing machine.

6.1.8 Construction Supply

Provided that the construction site is within easy reach of the Waterworks distribution system,
metered supply may be given for construction purposes.

For individual construction sites, metered water supply may either be tapped directly from
the mains or from a fire hydrant. In cases of boring works for site investigation and location
of sites are not confined to one particular area or the limit of the works area makes it
technically impracticable for the installation of building supply meters, the applicant may
apply for a meter adaptor to draw a supply from any fire hydrant near to the works area.

6.1.9 Supply to Temporary Structures and Modified/Converted Structures

6.1.9.1 Temporary Structure
Application for water supply to temporary structures will be considered regardless of the
land status or the structural status of the premises concerned. Supply may be given provided
it is technically feasible and Waterworks requirements are met.

6.1.9.2 Modified/Converted Structure
These include converted garages, sub-divided dwelling units, and structures where the nature
of usage has changed(e.g. residential, commercial, industrial). Applications for metered
water supply can be considered and approved with a statement which dissociates the
approval from the legal status of the structure if it is technically feasible and Waterworks
requirements are met.

6.1.9.3 Legal Implication of Providing Metered Water Supply
In all cases, the provision of metered water supply by the Water Authority will not confer
any legal implication on the structural status of the premises nor carry any effect of
precluding action being taken in respect of the structure by another authority.

6.1.10 Supply for Cooling / Air-conditioning / Humidification Purposes

Water supply shall not be used for any heating, cooling or humidification purposes except
with the approval of the Water Authority. Uses of mains (fresh or salt) water may be given
for cooling / air-conditioning / humidification purposes to meet the following requirements:

(a) closed circuit cooling systems for any purpose where operational losses are negligible
and no water is rejected to waste;
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(b) cooling systems involving no loss through evaporation and where all the water is re-used
after cooling for an industrial process; (The normal trade requirement must not be less
than that required for air-conditioning/cooling purposes at peak load);
(c) evaporative cooling systems essential to an industrial process, whether this be for
cooling or for air-conditioning purposes and provided that system losses arise from
evaporative only;
(d) evaporative cooling/air-conditioning/humidification systems for essential purposes other
than industrial processes provided that system losses arise from evaporation only;
(e) humidification essential to an industrial process(e.g. the spraying of a fine mist in textile
weaving plants).

The use of mains water in evaporative type plants for essential purposes other than industrial
process is limited to those cases where the cooling / air-conditioning / humidification system
is absolutely necessary. An example of such case is the use of mains water for the
evaporative type air-conditioning system to serve those areas in hospitals, such as the
operating theatres, intensive care units, mortuary etc., where air-conditioning is essential for
operation requirement. Other examples are the provision of evaporative type cooling system
for cold storage purpose or laboratory testing; and air-conditioning / humidification system
for major computer facilities, art gallery or testing laboratory. The type of evaporative plant
used should be of an enclosed design from which wastage of water by splashing is prevented.

In order to promote the use of more energy efficient air-conditioning systems in Hong Kong,
a pilot scheme for the application to use fresh water for non-domestic air-conditioning in
selected areas (i.e. evaporative cooling tower in the air-conditioning system) was commenced
in June 2000. The pilot scheme is converted to the standing scheme on 1 June 2008. For
more updated information, please refer to EMSD's website http://www.emsd.gov.hk/

Please contact the staff of EMSD or the Water Authority for details about the exact locations
of the latest selected areas and the requirements for approving applications for water supply
to water-cooled air-conditioning systems under the scheme.

6.1.11 Concessionary Usage of Mains Water

Approval to use government water supply for the purposes listed below can normally be
given on concessionary basis when the territory is on full supply, subject to adequacy of the
local water supply and distribution system. Such approval will be withdrawn if in the opinion
of the Water Authority the supply situation requires it.

The concessionary usages are as follows:-
(i) initial filling of swimming pools and paddling pools and subsequent annual refilling
32
and make-up purposes, provided that the water is fully re-circulated.
(ii) initial filling of model boat pools and subsequently refilling once in every two
months in summer and once in every three months in winter.
(iii) initial filling of fountains and water features and subsequent make-up purposes,
provided that the water is fully re-circulated.
(iv) initial filling of artificial lakes in public recreation areas and subsequent make-up
purposes.
(v) watering flower-gardens at public housing estates, Home Ownership Schemes,
Private Sector Participation Schemes, schools, institutes, community service centres,
large private developments, amenity areas alongside highways, and gardens
maintained by government departments, including traffic islands and sitting out
areas, where the aggregate area of the flower beds is not less than 30 m
2
.
(a) point supply: the layout of the supply points should be such that each point will
serve an area within the sweep of a 20 m-long hose, and the number of supply
points shall be kept to a minimum.
(b) drip feed irrigation system: where the aggregate area of flower beds exceeds 30
m
2
, one connection point should normally be given. Additional connection point
may be given only when physical barrier exists preventing extension of the drip
feed irrigation system and the distance of two successive connection points
exceeds 40 m. This category of concessionary usage must be supplied off tank.
(vi) watering plant nurseries.
(vii) irrigating large landscaped areas in new towns. This category of concessionary
usage must be supplied off tank.
(viii) watering large area of grass in sports fields such as tennis courts, bowling greens,
cricket pitches and football pitches. Supply may be permitted only if there is no
practical alternative.
(ix) internal cleansing in buildings such as washing down floors and staircases, refuse
chutes and lifts in large blocks of flats and offices; for essential floor cleansing in
factories, hawker bazaars, markets, abattoirs and public latrines; and for washing
down buses, railway rolling stocks, aircraft, cargo containers and government refuse
vehicles, bins and handcarts; for car-washing in garages and car-parks. This
category of concessionary usage must be supplied off tank.
(x) operation of mechanical washing vehicles such as mechanical street-cleaners
belonging to government departments.
(xi) cleansing for the purpose of air pollution control in respect of smoke or gas emitted
from plants or equipment provided that water loss is due to evaporation only. This
category of concessionary usage must be supplied off tank.
(xii) dust suppression essential to an industrial process either from an operation
standpoint or on grounds of air pollution control. Recycling of water is required
March 13

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unless it is demonstrated to be impracticable. This category of concessionary usage
must be supplied off tank.

The purpose of having some of the concessionary supplies to be supplied off tank is to
prevent contamination of the supply source through back siphonage. Similar provisions
should also be considered for other categories. For concessionary supplies under
(v)(a),(vi),(vii) & (viii), where the installation takes the form of supply standpipe and that a
hose will only be connected to the draw-off point when water is drawn, an anti-vacuum valve
and a non-return valve may be installed at the draw-off point in lieu of a water storage tank
for preventing back siphonage because the potential hazard of water contamination is
relatively low. However, every draw-off tap that is freely accessible by the general public
should be kept under lock and key.

Installation of water points for internal cleansing of open yards and for other miscellaneous
domestic purposes in private houses of bungalow type or the like can be permitted as part of
the domestic supply. This will not be taken as a concessionary supply.
Wheel-washing for lorries in construction and reclamation sites is categorised as construction
supply. This use is permitted provided the water is fully re-circulated.

6.1.12 Hot Water Systems

6.1.12.1 Non-centralized Hot Water System
Type of Water Heater Requirement for Direct Connection
(without storage tank) to Supply Pipe
Non-pressure type heaters (Fig 7),
Cistern type water heaters (Fig 8),
Instantaneous water heaters (Fig 9)
the factory test pressure of the heater is in
excess of 1.5 times the maximum static
pressure at the water mains supply point
Unvented electric thermal storage water
Heaters (Fig 10)
HKWSR Clause 5.11 and with safety
devices complying with Electrical
Products (Safety) Regulation
Pressure type thermal storage heaters
Other than unvented heaters (Fig 11)
storage tank is required in all cases with
a vented pipe.

A loose jumper type valve shall be fitted on the inlet of the water heater if a non-return valve
is not incorporated in such water heater, but this requirement does not apply to an electric
water heater of the thermal storage type satisfying HKWSR Clause 5.11.

HKWSR Clause 5.11
Every system incorporating an unvented electric water heater of the thermal storage
34
type shall be provided with:-
(a) a supply pipe that branches off from the feed pipe at a point above the top of the
water heater, or some other device to prevent the water from draining down from the
water heater if there is a failure at the source of water supply;
(b) an anti-vacuum valve complying with BS 6282 or some other device to prevent
heated water from being syphoned back to the supply pipe; and
(c) a vessel to accommodate the expansion of heated water where that expansion is
constrained by a non-return valve or some other device, incorporated at the inlet of the
water heater.

Pressure type thermal storage heaters other than unvented electric thermal storage water
heaters shall be supplied from a separate mains water storage cistern, no matter what the
pressure at inlet point should be, except these are installed in flats supplied through the
indirect or sump and pump system. They shall be provided with a vent or an expansion pipe
taken from its highest point and discharge in the atmosphere above the storage cistern at
sufficient height to prevent a constant outflow of hot water therefrom.

When the factory test pressure of the heater is less than 1 times the maximum static water
pressure at the mains water supply point then, for premises on direct supply, a separate mains
water storage cistern of 45 litres capacity shall be provided for each flat to supply the hot
water apparatus.

For flats supplied from the roof storage cistern (of an indirect or sump and pump system), no
separate storage for hot water apparatus will be required but the supply to the apparatus shall
be by a separate down feed supplying the apparatus only unless the flats on the indirect
system are supplied through an oversized down feed pipe, for which case the pipe supplying
the hot water apparatus shall be branched from the down feed at a point above the top of the
apparatus.

Some heaters, such as gas geysers and instantaneous type electric water heaters, may require
a minimum pressure and flow for their proper functioning. When these heaters are to be
installed, their suitability shall be checked against the available pressure and flow, especially
for the uppermost floors served by the direct system or the indirect system.

If mixing valves, water blenders or combination fittings are to be used, the cold water supply
to these fixtures shall be drawn from the same source that supplies the hot water apparatus in
order to provide a balanced pressure and to obviate the risk of scalding should the supply at
the source fail or be restricted for any reason.

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35

The Electricity (Wiring) Regulations require that installation of unvented electric thermal
storage type water heaters shall be carried out by a Grade R registered electrical worker. The
safety devices of unvented storage type electric water heaters are under the control of the
Electric Products (Safety) Regulations administered by the Electrical and Mechanical
Services Department.

For the installation of unvented electric thermal storage type water heaters, the drain pipe
provided for the relief valves shall be installed in such a manner that the water released from
the valves shall be discharged to a safe and visible location.

The Water Authority may consider acceptance of plumbing installation and a supply to be
given without heaters installed on the following conditions:-

(a) If VPLD indicates that heaters will not be installed but plumbing details are shown
to provide supply points for heaters, a written undertaking must be obtained from
the architect/developer with full description of the type of heaters intended to be
installed in future so that VPLD should be checked and approved to comply with
Waterworks requirements for the installation of the particular heaters.
(b) If heaters are shown on VPLD but cannot be installed in place ready for final
inspection, an advance written undertaking should be obtained from the
architect/developer giving a prescribed date for the heaters to be installed.
(c) A warning plate should be secured in a proper and conspicuous place as near to the
heater position as possible and etched with the following instruction in both English
and Chinese:
Only [type of water heater] water heaters should be installed.
Prior approval must be obtained from the Water Authority.
[ ]

The Water Authority shall carry out re-inspections to the premises 6 months after the
installation of meters to check if the correct type of heaters have been installed.

6.1.12.2 Centralized Hot Water System
All centralised hot water systems utilising a boiler and cylinder (direct system) (Fig 12), or
calorifier (indirect system) (Fig 13), shall be provided with a vent or an expansion pipe taken
from the highest point of the cylinder or calorifier, or if a secondary circulation system, from
the highest point of such system. In either case the vent or expansion pipe shall discharge to
the atmosphere above the storage cistern at sufficient height to prevent a constant outflow of
hot water therefrom. Under no circumstances shall safety valves, air valves or relief valves
be used as a substitute or replacement for a vent or expansion pipe nor should any control
valve be installed on the vent or expansion pipe between the highest point of the cylinder or
36
calorifier, and the free end of such pipe.

When a centralised hot water system of the boiler/cylinder or calorifier type is installed, in
addition to the vent pipe as required above, a safety valve or pressure relief valve shall be
provided to the boiler or to the primary flow pipe as close to the boiler as possible. Such
valve shall be set to discharge when the pressure in the boiler exceeds 35 kPa above that of
the static pressure of the system.

The cold feed pipe to the boiler/cylinder or calorifer shall not be used for other purpose. If
mixing valves, water blenders or combination fittings are to be used, the cold water supply to
these fixtures shall be drawn by a separate down feed from the same water storage cistern
supplying the hot water system. This outlet shall be slightly lower than the feed to the hot
water system in order to provide a balanced pressure and obviate the risk of scalding should
the mains supply fail or be restricted.

A screwed plug with a removable key shall be provided at the lower part of the system for
the purpose of draining down or emptying the system. No stop valve shall be installed in the
primary flow or return pipes except when a vent pipe is connected to the boiler and such
installation shall only be made under skilled supervision.

No tap or other means of drawing off water (other than a screwed plug with a removable key
for emptying the system for cleansing and repair) shall be connected to any part of the hot
water system below the top of the hot water cylinder in such a way that the level of water in
the cylinder can be lowered. In a hot water system comprising more than one storage
cylinder at different levels, this requirement should apply to the lowest cylinder.

The hot water taps shall be fixed at a distance from a hot water apparatus or from a flow and
return system not greater than 12m for pipes up to and including 20 mm diameter, 8m for
pipes up to 25mm diameter, and 3m for pipes above 25 mm diameter.

To avoid waste of water when repairs are being effected, a stop valve shall be fitted on the
cold feed pipe at the outlet from the storage cistern. If the storage cylinder is installed at a
lower floor, and additional stop valve shall be fitted near the inlet to the cylinder. Such stop
valve as provided shall have loose keys or hand-wheels which shall be kept in a safe place to
prevent unauthorized interference.

6.2 Flushing Supply

Flushing supply may be obtained from the government supply system or from other sources.
March 13

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For inside service using government water supply for flushing, it should comply with the
Waterworks requirements. The inside service for flushing water supplied from privately
owned wells, nullah intakes, stream intakes or other water source need not comply with the
Waterworks requirements. If it is foreseen that flushing supply from government supply
system is likely to be required, the flushing system should comply with the Waterworks
requirements in order to minimise the modification work required at a later stage.

6.2.1 Metering Requirement

All flushing water supply systems shall be kept separate from water supply systems. A water
meter shall be installed at each flushing system receiving a temporary mains fresh water
(TMF) supply. TMF flushing supply is normally given to the entire building through a
communal meter. Individual units with independent flushing supply systems will involve a
very complicated plumbing arrangement which is both expensive and technically difficult
because of the need to comply with the off-tank supply requirement. Hence, application for
flushing supply should be submitted by a representative of the building and application for
individual units is not entertained.

Salt water flushing supply is also subject to the bulk application but it is not metered.
However, a meter position shall be provided for consumption check and waste detection
purposes. It shall be close to the lot boundary or close to the point of connection from the
internal distribution mains whichever is applicable.

6.2.2 Pipe Materials

Pipes and fittings shall conform to Schedule 2 of the Waterworks Regulations. The Water
Authority may approve other pipe materials for use in salt water inside service from time to
time.

Pipes on a salt water inside service shall be made of salt water resistant materials, e.g. ductile
iron, cast iron, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, vitreous earthware and gunmetal etc.

6.2.3 Plumbing Arrangements

6.2.3.1 General
A separate water storage tank shall be provided for flushing purpose. Every water closet,
latrine shall be provided with a flushing cistern which shall have an overflow terminating in
a conspicuous position.

For existing buildings for which permission is given to use government water supply in lieu
of private supply for flushing purpose, any existing unsuitable flushing apparatus shall be
38
replaced with proper apparatus within a reasonable period before a government supply is
given.

It is the requirement under Buildings Ordinance that all new buildings shall be provided with
a system of plumbing for the supply of water for flushing purposes and every part of such
system of plumbing (including the storage tank) shall be constructed of material that is
suitable for use with salt water.

6.2.3.2 Salt Water Supply
Salt water supply to premises can be effected in two different ways (Fig 14). These are:-

(i) Direct Supply to a Roof Storage Tank
This system is used when the mains supply pressure is adequate. The storage tank is used
to guard against contamination, accidental interruption of supply and to even out peak
demands.

(ii) Sump and Pump System
This system is used when the mains pressure is insufficient to effect a direct supply to the
roof tank. In this system, salt water is supplied from the mains to a sump tank from which
it is pumped to a high level storage tank whence it gravitates to the draw-off points.
Direct boosting from salt water mains is not permitted.

6.2.3.3 Temporary Mains Fresh Water for Flushing (TMF)
Mains fresh water may be given for flushing only in cases where the Water Authority is
satisfied that there is no suitable alternative. Such flushing supply should be given on a
temporary basis and shall revert to salt water supply when this becomes available.

The only exception to the above rule applies to premises on pre-1959 lease conditions which
have not been redeveloped since 1965. Such premises are under no obligation to accept a salt
water supply, even it is available, and mains fresh water for flushing may be given.

Premises on post-1959 lease conditions or those on pre-1959 lease conditions that have been
re-developed after 1965 are required to accept salt water for flushing if it is available. Such
premises will only be given mains fresh water if there is no suitable alternative. These
premises are also required to have plumbing systems installed suitable for use with salt
water.

When salt water becomes available in areas containing premises using fresh water as a
temporary alternative, the Water Authority will inform the consumers that permission to use
fresh water will be withdrawn in 3 months' time and salt water will be provided in lieu.
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39

Consumers will also be informed of the estimated cost of the salt water connection.

In the case of a TMF supply to be provided as the alternative source to augment an existing
non-government supply, the water storage tank shall be constructed in accordance with Fig
15 (Drawing No W1543/5B).

6.2.3.4 Flushing Devices
Flushing devices can be classified broadly into 2 main types viz. the valveless syphonic type
and the valve type. The current Waterworks Regulations require that flushing cisterns shall
be of the valveless syphonic type capable of giving a flush between 7.5 and 15 litres. The
practice of accepting only valveless syphonic type cisterns is mainly to prevent leakage of
water into the toilet bowl, as in the past, the water-tightness of most valve type flushing
devices was often a problem. However, a disadvantage of valveless syphonic type cisterns is
that they require a comparatively larger volume of water to generate the necessary flushing
effect and a cistern volume of 7.5 litres is seen as the practically minimum requirement. With
the improvement in design and material, valve type flushing devices have become more
reliable in their performance. A major advantage of valve type flushing devices is that they
can give instantaneous flushing even with a relatively smaller volume of flushing water. This
helps reduce water required for flushing. Valve type flushing mechanism also permits the
design of "dual-flush" cisterns in which the volume of water to be discharged from the
cistern can be selected by choosing either a "full-flush" or a "half-flush" depending on need.
This allows further reduction in flushing water requirement.

Therefore, by means of the WSD Circular Letter No. 4/2000 of 31 October 2000, the Water
Authority relaxes the waterworks requirements in respect of the flushing mechanism and
minimum flushing volume, as follows:-

(a) the use of valve type flushing devices (mechanical or sensor type with single flush or
dual flush) in addition to valveless syphonic type flushing apparatuses; and

(b) the use of flushing devices which are capable to give a single flushing volume of less
than 7.5 litres.

An essential requirement on the relaxation on the use of valve type flushing devices is that
the design flushing volume should be compatible with the bowl to ensure effective clearance
of waste by a single flush. For the use of flushing valves, a good management system
ensuring frequent inspection and cleaning of filters is required. Normally, only public toilet
with good management will be considered for the use. In case the flushing valve with a
built-in strainer in place of a filter is adopted, the designer must ensure that the strainer can
be readily inspected and cleaned. Otherwise, the installation of a filter readily accessible
40
for inspection and cleaning is suggested.

The Water Authority will proceed to amend the Waterworks Regulations for the above
changes. The proposed amendments to the Waterworks Regulations shall not apply to
existing flushing apparatuses (including valve type flushing cisterns without the approval of
the Water Authority) installed before the commencement of the new Regulations. No person
shall be required to alter or renew any such flushing apparatuses by virtue of the amendments
unless such flushing apparatuses are in the opinion of the Water Authority so defective or in
such condition as to cause waste. In case the existing flushing apparatuses are found
defective or leaking, consumers are allowed to either repair the defective flushing
apparatuses or replace them by the approved type flushing apparatuses.

6.2.3.5 Identification of Internal Fresh and Salt Water Mains within Large Developments
To avoid connecting the internal fresh water pipe to salt water pipe by mistakes, the
following guidelines shall be closely observed:-

(a) when designing the plumbing proposals of large developments with internal fresh and
flushing water mains to be laid at the same location, different pipe materials and/or
different sizing for the fresh and flushing water mains should be used so that each of the
two pipes systems can be easily identified and distinguished from the other on site.

(b) before connecting newly completed pipes to internal fresh or flushing watermains under
supply, utmost care should be exercised in identifying and distinguishing each of the two
pipe systems. The identification can be done by following step by step a planned
operation procedure and test methods such as chemical tests. It is also important that any
newly laid pipework should not be put into use before it has been inspected and
approved by the Water Authority.

These good practices should also be applied to other similar types of multi-system pipeworks
such as those with a private sea water cooling system.
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7. Fire Service
The Director of Fire Services is responsible for approving proposals for installations of or
alterations to fire services. The fire service in a building such as the choice of the
fire-fighting system and its capacity must satisfy the requirements of the Fire Services
Department (FSD). Only the plumbing system of the fire service is subject to the
requirements of the Water Authority.

For installations which are to be connected to government mains, the method of supply and
the materials used must be subject to the approval of the Water Authority and their
installation should comply with the Waterworks requirements. The fire service should be
designed to guard against contamination, waste and misuse.

7.1 Metering Requirement

As no charge is imposed on the consumption of water used for fire fighting and hence no
chargeable meter will be installed for the fire service. However, check meter positions shall
be provided for consumption check and waste detection purposes. It is also to remind that use
of water from fire service for purposes other than fire fighting is prohibited.

The check meter position shall be close to the lot boundary or close to the point of
connection from the internal distribution mains whichever is applicable. A fullway gate valve
and a non-return valve have to be installed on the fire service as close as possible to the
government water supply connection.

7.2 Pipe Materials

Pipes and fittings shall conform to Schedule 2 of the Waterworks Regulations. The Water
Authority may approve other pipe materials for use in fire service from time to time.

Pipes on a fresh water fire service shall be made of cast iron, ductile iron, galvanized
wrought iron, galvanized steel or copper of approved standards. Consideration can be given
for the use of wrought iron pipe and black steel pipe without being galvanized, upon
application, for a fresh water fire service after a positive air break (i.e. fire service tank or
sump tank). Pipes and fittings on a salt water fire service shall be cast iron, ductile iron and
fittings capable of withstanding the corrosive effect of salt water.

42

7.3 Supply Types and Arrangements

7.3.1 General
Fire service supply may be from a fresh water or salt water source and it must be from an
independent connection. The fire service must be entirely independent of other water supply
arrangements within the building or development concerned. A salt water installation may be
primed with fresh water to inhibit corrosion etc. Such priming arrangements must be
approved by the Water Authority prior to installation.

All pipeworks before check meter positions shall be exposed or laid in a proper service duct
to facilitate inspection and repairs. Provision shall be made for checking leakage from any
pipeworks laid underground. If the connection is not laid in an exposed manner at the lot
boundary, then it shall be laid underground with an adequate cover. For carriageway a
minimum cover of 1000mm is usually required. Watermains beneath footpaths/verges/cycle
tracks should be laid with the same cover as those under carriageways.

The followings are some commonly used types of fire service systems:-

7.3.2 Sprinkler / Drencher System
Sprinkler system (Fig 16) is an automatic system which comes into operation at a
predetermined temperature. It is designed to:
(i) detect a fire;
(ii) give an alarm;
(iii) attack and contain an outbreak of fire until the arrival of the Fire Services.

Drencher system is a system of pipes designed to operate either automatically or manually
and provide a curtain of water over buildings which constitute a particular dangerous fire
hazard e.g. tanks containing highly imflammable liquids.

A dual connection from the Government unrestricted supply ring main shall be provided for
a fire service sprinkler / drencher system situated in the recognised Waterworks unrestricted
industrial supply zone. Twin connections, one from an unrestricted supply main and one
from a distribution main, will be provided for a fire service sprinkler / drencher system
situated outside the recognised unrestricted industrial supply zone, where practicable.

Where it is not practical to connect the fire service sprinkler / drencher system to an
unrestricted supply main, FSD may require the provision of fire service tank to serve as
secondary source for the fire service installation. Dependent uponFSDs requirements, a
single or dual connection can be given to serve the fire service tank of secondary source.
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No part of any fire service sprinkler / drencher system supplied from the Government mains
shall be used for supplying any other services including other fire services including other
fire service installations, e.g. hose reels, except that a common suction tank can be used for
both sprinkler and hose reel systems. Any exemption from this requirement should have the
endorsement of the Director of Fire Services.

Where direct connections to a sprinkler / drencher system are to be from the government
mains, an additional butterfly valve, without stop screw and lock nut on handle and strapped
in open position, shall be installed at a point on the supply pipe before the fire service inlet
and as close as possible to the control valves of the connections.

Application for improvised sprinkler systems (Fig. 17) should be first submitted to the FSD
for endorsement before it is submitted to the Water Authority for processing.

7.3.3 Hydrant/Hose Reel System (Fig. 18)

This system ensures that an immediate supply of water is available to any floor of a
multi-storey building. Supply must not be fed directly from the government mains and the
outlet should be housed in a glass-fronted cabinet secured under lock and key. The glass
panel shall be of a frangible type and shall not exceed 1.5 mm in thickness, and that it shall
be of such size and design so as not to cause any undue obstruction to the free use of the hose
reel. Furthermore, a metal or plastic striker shall be provided in the vicinity of the cabinet for
the purpose of breaking the glass panel in case of emergency.

Common tank arrangements for fire-fighting and flushing or other purposes are not
acceptable when a government supply is involved. Where a building is to be provided with a
non-government flushing supply and where it is proposed to feed the fire service from that
supply, the applicant is advised to install an independent fire service system if it is envisaged
that the fire service system may require to be connected to the government main at a later
stage.

7.3.4 Street Fire Hydrant System (Fig. 19 & Fig. 20)

A street fire hydrant system serves as the secondary water supply for firemen during fire
fighting operation. The system consists of standard pedestal type street fire hydrants installed
along emergency vehicular access to a building.

7.3.5 Fire Service Ring Mains
Where in large industrial complexes a fire service ring main is required this should be
connected to an unrestricted supply main, if practical. In cases where this is not practical a
44
dual connection from the government ring main should be provided.

Fire service ring mains shall not be connected to or used for supplying any other service,
except with the approval of the Water Authority.

7.3.6 Fire Service Installations for the New Territories Exempted Houses (NTEH)

FSD Circular letter No. 4/2006 has provided three sets of guidelines on specifications,
installation and maintenance of fire service installations and equipment for the new fire
safety requirements for NTEH applications. For details, please refer to the FSDs website
at http://www.hkfsd.gov.hk/home/eng/source/circular/2006_04.pdf.

7.3.7 Installation of Sprinkler System for Specified Commercial Buildings (SCB) /
Prescribed Commercial Premises (PCP) under the Fire Safety (Commercial Premises)
Ordinance Cap. 502 and Composite Buildings under the Fire Safety (Buildings)
Ordinance Cap. 572

In line with the FSD's requirement to improve the fire service system of SCB, PCP and
non-domestic portion of composite building with total floor areas exceeding 230m
2
, the
following three options are acceptable to the FSD:

(a) addition of a new sprinkler system with water supplies in accordance with the
requirements stipulated in para. 5.24 and para. 5.28 of the FSDs Code of Practice for
Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment (revision 1994);
(b) addition of an improvised sprinkler system with its supply drawing from an existing
FH/HR tank;
(c) addition of an improvised sprinkler system with direct connection to government mains.

For applications to install the improvised sprinkler systems stated in (b) & (c) above, the
endorsement and referral from the FSD are required before any input is made by WSDs
District staff to process such applications. The FSD in thus the first stop in processing such
applications.

For SCB, PCP and non-domestic portion of composite building with total floor areas
exceeding 230m
2
, the provision of an automatic sprinkler system has been included as one of
the requirements under the Fire Safety (Commercial Premises) Ordinance and Fire Safety
(Buildings) Ordinance. For those existing buildings/premises without such a provision, the
3 options above are acceptable for the provision of a sprinkler system. Installation of an
improvised sprinkler system is often required due to structural and spatial constraints of the
March 13

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existing buildings.
46
8. Storage Cisterns ,Water Pumps and other Miscellaneous

8.1 Storage Cisterns (or Water Tanks)

Storage cisterns may be made of fibre glass, reinforced concrete or other materials approved
by the Water Authority. Reinforced concrete is the most common material used. Prior
approval by the Water Authority must be sought when fibre glass tank is to be used.
Fibreglass storage cistern for potable water shall be of an approved type or certified to
contain no toxic materials and suitable for storage of potable water.

A water storage cistern shall be fitted with a ball valve and a fullway gate valve at the inlet in
the case of a gravity supply. In the case of a pumped supply to a single cistern, the cistern
shall be fitted with an automatic control switch and without any stop valve. In the case of a
pumped supply to twin cisterns, each cistern shall be fitted with an automatic control switch
and a stop valve for temporary isolation purpose. The ball valve or control switch shall shut
off the supply when the water level is 25 mm below the invert of the overflow pipe or the
warning pipe if there exists one. The invert of the inlet pipe or the face of the outlet nose of
the ball valve shall be not less than 25 mm above the top of the overflow pipe. All overflow
and warning pipes of potable water storage cisterns shall be constructed of non-metallic pipe
materials. The invert of an outlet pipe from a water storage cistern with capacity less than
5,000 litres shall be at least 30 mm above the bottom of the cistern; this distance shall be
increased to 100 mm if the capacity is 5,000 litres or more. The outlet pipe of every water
storage cistern shall be provided with fullway gate valve. Provision shall be made for a
drain-off pipe to enable the cistern to be emptied. The drain-off pipe shall be properly
plugged or adequate means shall be provided to prevent any unauthorized operation of the
control valve at drain-off pipe.

An overflow pipe shall be provided which shall discharge overflow water to a conspicuous
position in a communal area easily visible and accessible by the occupants. The overflow
pipe shall be at least one commercial size larger than the inlet pipe and shall in no case be
less than 25 mm in diameter. No part of the overflow pipe shall be submerged inside the
storage cistern. A grating and a self-closing non-return flap shall be provided at the overflow
pipe outside the storage cistern. A warning pipe may be installed in addition to an overflow
pipe. Except that a warning pipe can be of any size not less than 25 mm in diameter, it shall
comply with all other requirements of an overflow pipe. The warning pipe shall be installed
at a level below the overflow pipe and shall be extended to outside of the building periphery
for roof cistern or outside the pump room for sump cistern.

Double sealed covers with locking devices so constructed as to prevent the ingress of surface
water shall be provided for all storage cisterns other than cisterns for flushing and
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fire-fighting purposes. Storage cisterns shall be so positioned that they are free from
obstruction and readily accessible via safe access for cleansing and to facilitate repairs. It
shall be located so as to minimise the risk of contamination of the stored water.

When the storage cistern for potable water is to be placed adjoining to a storage cistern for
non-potable water, a physical break shall be provided between the two cisterns, i.e. walls and
slabs of the two cisterns must be separated while tie beams linking the cisterns for structural
requirements are acceptable. The tie beams shall be constructed in such a manner that cross
contamination of two cisterns via the tie beams is not possible.

All outlet pipes from the storage cistern should, whenever possible, be positioned at the
opposite side to the inlet supply pipe to prevent stagnation of water.

Structural design of the cistern and its supports should be subject to the requirements of the
Building Authority.

8.1.1 Cleaning of Storage Cisterns

Potable water storage cisterns should be cleaned regularly at least once every three months,
or more frequently if necessary, in order to prevent the accumulation of dirt and rust which
may lead to discoloured water and chokage of water meter. To facilitate cleaning of water
storage cisterns, all internal surface of floors, walls (to full height) and soffits (except the
cistern openings) of potable water storage cisterns should be lined with a white non-toxic
smooth finish such as ceramic tiles. A notice plate/board should be provided to record the
dates of cleaning of the water cisterns. The notice plate/board together with the cleaning
dates records should be securely fixed at a conspicuous location easily accessible and visible
by the residents and the building management staff.

The following steps outline the general procedures for cleaning of the potable water storage
cisterns in buildings:
Preparation Stage
i) the management office shall notify the affected occupants the date and time of
cleaning, duration of supply interruption and expected supply resumption time at
conspicuous location easily visible by the occupants.
Cleaning Stage
i) close the outlet valve of the cistern.
ii) empty the cistern through the washout pipe.
iii) thoroughly scrub and clean the cistern with fresh water.
iv) drain away the water.
v) scrub out the cistern thoroughly with a solution of chloride of lime or bleaching
48
power containing not less than 50 parts of chlorine in one million parts of water.
vi) rinse the cistern thoroughly with fresh water.
vii) refill the cistern with fresh water.
viii) the cistern is ready for use after the outlet valve is open.

8.1.2 Size of Storage Cisterns

The storage capacities of water tanks must be approved by the Water Authority. The
proportion of capacity of sump tank to roof tank shall be in the order of 1:3 or as advised by
the Water Authority.
In general the storage capacities are recommended as follows:-
(i) Flushing Supply

Salt Water minimum 1/2 day consumption
TMF 45 litres per flushing apparatus,
minimum 250 litres

(ii) Domestic Water Supply
Sump and pump system
Up to 10 flats 135 litres/flat
Total storage including sump tank
> 10 flats 90 litres for each additional flat

(iii) Trade/Commercial Water Supply
For industrial buildings, the entire internal service shall be supplied from storage tanks
with separated outlets/downpipes feeding independent systems to serve separately the
industrial and processing purposes and the other general and ablution appliances. These
independent systems shall not be interconnected. The recommended capacity of storage
tanks for industrial use is one-day demand.

For office buildings, theatres and other places of entertainment the provision of storage
tanks will not be obligatory, and if storage is to be provided, this shall not exceed the
capacity determined by the Water Authority.

8.2 Water Pumps

Where a sump-and-pump system is used, it shall be provided with a duplicate pumpset. The
pumping capacity of the pumps shall not be less than the designed out-flow rate of the
storage tank being supplied.
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All pipework connections to and from pumps should be adequately supported and anchored
against thrust to avoid stress on pump casings and to ensure proper alignment. Consideration
should be given to minimise noise nuisance to adjacent consumers when choosing a pump
system.

8.3 Valves and Taps

Valve materials should conform to Part II of Schedule 2 of the Waterworks Regulations.
Individual stop valves shall be provided at all draw-off points or at a series of draw-off points
if situated close together.

8.3.1 Use of Pressure Reducing Valves (Fig. 21)

No part in the internal pipeworks shall be subject to excessive high pressure. In case of
excessive high pressure, the provision of break pressure tanks at a suitable level of the
internal supply system would be a positive and reliable means to reduce the water pressure.
Alternately, pressure reducing valves may be provided in lieu of break pressure tank.
Application for the installation of pressure reducing valve should be submitted to the Water
Authority for approval on the basis of the merits of each individual case.

Whenever a pressure reducing valve is installed, a bypass arrangement shall be incorporated
with the provision of a second pressure reducing valve, except for fire service installations, to
enable isolation of any defective pressure reducing valve for repair and replacement when
necessary. A pressure indicator shall be provided for pressure monitoring and the associated
pipes and fittings shall be able to withstand the maximum pressure that may arise upon the
failure of the pressure reducing valve.

8.3.2 Tee-branch Valve

A tee-branch valve refers to an isolation valve at a branch pipe and which is located close to
the main pipe. To facilitate maintenance and repair, tee-branch valves shall be provided:
(i) for all underground water pipes.
(ii) if the main pipe is a communal inside service.
(iii) in a flushing system if the main pipe serves more than one domestic unit or
commercial floor.

8.3.3 Hot Water Mixing Valves

Installation of hot water mixing valves may be approved provided that both the cold and hot
water are drawn from the same source, i.e. both hot and cold water supplied from a common
storage cistern, or under direct mains pressure.
50

8.3.4 Taps

When infra-red sensor operated automatic taps are used as inside services, a stop cock or gate
valve must be installed at the upstream of each fitting for manual isolation of water supply.

Self-closing taps, of non-concussive type and of approved pattern, shall be used for the
public or communal lavatory basins except for those in private clubs in which the use of
screw-down tap is permissible.

8.4 Earthing

The metal work of an inside service shall not be used as an earth electrode. The use of
non-metallic pipes or fittings should not have had any effect on the earthing arrangement of
the building. However, for some old buildings metallic water pipes might have been used to
form part of the earthing arrangement. Under such circumstances, whenever an electrical
insulation is to be introduced in the inside service, the applicant or his/her licensed plumber
is advised to consult the registered electrician to confirm that the earthing arrangement in the
premises/building is acceptable. If the earthing arrangement becomes substandard, then
actions should be taken to comply with the Electricity (Wiring) Regulations.

8.5 Separate Metering in Existing Premises

The inside service shall be constructed from each flat to the existing common meter positions.
The existing sump-and-pump system, if any, shall be provided with a standby pumpset unless
this proves to be impracticable.

In an occupied building, a temporary by-pass arrangement as close to the delivery side of the
meter as possible shall be provided to maintain water supply to various units of
accommodation when plumbing work is being carried out on separate meter conversion. The
temporary arrangement shall be such that the consumption is still measured by the bulk meter.
This by-pass arrangement must be removed immediately after the new separate meters are
fixed. The bulk meter shall also be removed if no longer required.

8.6 Authorizing Private Developers/Authorized Persons to Undertake Water Supply
Connection Works

Developers and Authorized Persons are encouraged to employ approved contractors to carry
out all or any of the following works:-
(a) connection to the public drainage;
(b) provision of water supply connection;
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(c) construction of run-in and repair of damaged footpaths.

This will improve developer's control of their development programmes. As reflected from a
survey with Authorized Persons, the issue of Occupation Permits under this arrangement
could be advanced by up to three months.

The unified form HBP1 "Application for Technical Audit of Run-in or Damaged
Footways/Drainage/Water Supply Connection Works Carried Out by a Member of the
Public" and the Practitioner's Guidelines on the scheme can be downloaded from the website
http://www.devb-wb.gov.hk/.

52
9. Maintenance
The common problems in the internal water supply systems are water quality complaints,
weak supply pressure and seepage / leakage of water. The main causes of these problems are
usually due to corroded pipes and/or uncleaned storage cisterns, choked pipes and/or
unauthorized alternation of inside service, and leaking pipe or pipe burst respectively. In this
respect, the management office or the agent is recommended to :-

(i) thoroughly clean every fresh water storage cistern and scrub with a solution of chloride of
lime or bleaching powder at least once every three months;

(ii) to conduct regular checks to the plumbing system to ensure that it conforms to the
approved conditions;

(iii) to rectify any corroded pipes and irregularities immediately.

No system can be guaranteed forever but its service life can be greatly improved by proper
maintenance and identifying initial signs of defects before they have a chance of further
propagation.

Regular maintenance of the internal water supply system will not only help ensure that the
plumbing system performs as it is intended but also minimize the cost of repair work
required to rectify the damage to the plumbing system. A typical maintenance schedule is
shown below for reference:-

Component Action
Meters Take meter reading and check water consumption for early signs of
leakage
Check the meter in correct working order
meter and valve
chamber rooms
Ensure ease of opening to access doors/covers
Clean out as necessary
Pipework Check supports and inspect for loose-fittings
Check for soundness of pipework
Inspect for signs of corrosion and leakage
Disconnect any unused pipes and fittings connected to the service
installations
Pumps Check operation of pumps in order and ensure noise levels to be
minimal
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Pressure reducing
valves
Check the pressure at the upstream and downstream of valve within
acceptable limits
Storage cisterns Clean the potable water storage cisterns under a proper cleaning
procedure once every three months, or more frequently if necessary
ensure no cross connection between water storage tanks of different
natures
look for signs of leakage or overflow
check for stagnant water, e.g. dust on surface of water
check conditions of cistern supports
confirm operation of overflow and warning pipes
ensure the cover is of double sealed type, under lock and effective in
preventing ingress of water
54
Appendix A1: Checklist for Vetting Plumbing Proposals
Points to Consider Criteria
A Potable & Flushing Supplies
A1 Government Supply Mains :
(i) available water pressure - Pressure being adequate with regard to
the elevation of the premises.

(ii) capacity of supply system - Capacity of the system being adequate.

(iii) location - Suitable Government supply main
nearest to the premises.

(iv) size - Adequate to supply the premises.

A2 Connection Pipe :
(i) location - Nearest to the suitable Government
supply main.

(ii) size - Adequate to supply all proposed
plumbing installations.
- Minimum size of 40 mm dia. for flushing
supply.
- (HKWSR 8.8 & 8.15)

(iii) alignment - All pipework before meter positions
shall be exposed or laid in a proper
service duct.
(HKWSR 1.2, 7.3 & 8.8)

A3 Water Meter/Check Meter Position :
(i) location - The siting of a meter shall be determined
by the Water Authority.
- Meters shall be arranged in groups and
sited at convenient locations in
communal area and housed in meter
rooms/boxes.
- Meters on indirect supply systems shall
be sited at roof level or at other
convenient locations and housed in meter
rooms/boxes.
- Check meter positions will be required at
the connections to the common inside
service and to the sump tank.
- Salt water supply will not be metered,
but a meter position shall be provided.
- Proper drainage, lighting and flood
prevention facilities should be provided
at the meter room.
(WWReg 27, HKWSR 1.4, 1.5, 1.11,
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1.12, 1.16, 7.7, 7.10, 8.9 & 8.16)

(ii) size - Size of water meter should be adequate
to meet the estimated consumption.

(iii) no. required - All domestic units shall be separately
metered.
(HKWSR 1.1)

(iv) type of metered supply - Water supplies are classified into
domestic, construction, shipping and
trade purposes.
- (WWReg 2)

(v) arrangement - A standard meter position should be
provided with bushes or reducers at both
sides of the meter position and with a
distance piece of hollow tube with
conspicuous holes drilled through the
body placed in between. A longscrew
(connector) shall be provided
immediately after the bush or reducer at
the delivery side.
- Meters shall be arranged in groups and
sited at convenient locations in
communal area and housed in meter
rooms/boxes.
(HKWSR 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.12, & 7.7)

(vi) fittings - PVC-U fittings shall be used at meter
position if PVC-U materials are used as
inside service.
- Brass fittings shall be used at meter
position if copper, lined galvanized steel
or thermal plastic materials are used
inside service.
(HKWSR 10.3)

A4 Water Storage Cisterns :
(i) location - Every cistern shall be located so as to
minimize the risk of contamination of the
stored water.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt III Para 4 & 9,
HKWSR 4.6, 4.7 & 4.10)

(ii) storage capacity - For domestic buildings, the total volume
of the roof storage tank and sump tank
shall be on the basis of 135 litres for
each of the first 10 flats and 90 litres
thereafter for each additional flat. The
56
proportion of capacity of sump tank to
roof tank shall be in the order of 1:3 or
as advised by the Water Authority.
- For industrial use, the permissible
capacity of storage tank is one day
demand.
- For temporary mains fresh water
flushing, the capacity of the water
storage tank shall be limited to 45 litres
per flushing apparatus with a minimum
of 250 litres.
- For salt water flushing supply, there is
no limit to the storage capacity but a
storage of no less than half a days
consumption is recommended.
(HKWSR 1.17, 3.12, 7.1, 8.13 & 8.18)

(iii) material - Every cistern shall be constructed of
concrete, galvanized steel or other
approved material.
- Fibeglass storage cisterns for potable
water shall be of an approved type.
- All flushing water tanks must be of salt
water resistant materials.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt III Para 2 & 3,
HKWSR 4.11 & 8.19)

(iv) associated fittings - Cisterns shall be fitted with a ball valve
controlled inlet in the case of a gravity
supply or with an automatic control
switch in the case of a pumped supply.
- An overflow pipe of one commercial size
larger than the inlet pipe, and in no case
less than 25 mm diameter, shall be fitted
to each cistern and shall be extended to
terminate in a conspicuous position in a
communal area easily visible and
accessible by the occupants.
- A stop valve shall be provided on the
outlet of every cistern and provision
shall be made for a drain off pipe to
enable the cistern to be emptied.
- Safe access shall be provided to all
cisterns by means of a secure permanent
ladder or readily available portable
ladder.
- A grating and a self-closing non-return
flap shall be provided at the overflow
pipe outside the storage cistern.
- Double sealed covers with locking
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devices shall be provided for all storage
cisterns other than cisterns for flushing
and fire-fighting purposes.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt III Para. 5, 6, 7 & 10,
HKWSR 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 &
4.8)

A5 Water Pumps :
(i) pumping capacity - Not less than the designed outflow rate
of the storage cistern being supplied.

(ii) provision of standby pump - A standby pumpset shall be provided.
(HKWSR 3.3)

A6 Pipings :
(i) material - Pipes on a fresh water inside service
shall be made of cast iron, ductile iron,
PVC-U, polybutylene, steel or copper or
any approved material.
- Pipes on a salt water inside service shall
be made of cast iron, PVC-U, vitreous
earthenware, gunmetal, or any other
approved materials.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt I Para 1(3), 1(4), 5, 9,
12, 13 & 16, HKWSR 1.8, 2.8, 3.10,
7.14, 8.19 & 10.2)

(ii) size - Depends on the no. and types of fittings
served.
- No pipe shall be less than 20 mm
diameter, except that a branch pipe may
be 15 mm diameter if the pipe run is
short and the pipe supplies only one
draw-off point.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt I Para 2)

(iii) routing/alignment - All pipework before meter positions
shall be exposed or laid in proper service
duct.
(HKWSR 1.2, 2.2, 3.1, 7.3 & 8.8)
- The pipings which solely serve a
particular flat/unit should not run
through other flats/units as far as
practicable.

A7 Control Valves :
(i) size - Depends on the size of the pipings.

(ii) type - A loose jumper type stopcock shall be
provided and placed with spindle in the
58
vertical position before the meter
position.
- Fullway gate valves shall be fitted before
meter positions when the meters are sited
at roof level.
- Cisterns shall be fitted with a ball valve
and a fullway gate valve at the inlet in
the case of a gravity supply or with an
automatic control switch and without any
stop valve in the case of a pumped
supply. Fullway gate valve should be
provided on the outlets of every cistern.
- Spring taps, of non-concussive type and
of approved pattern, shall be used for
public or communal lavatory basins.
- For connections larger than 40 mm
diameter, a gate valve shall be provided
before the meter position and a
non-return or check valve fitted on the
delivery side as close as possible to the
meter.
(HKWSR 1.10, 1.14, 1.15, 2.4, 3.4, 4.1,
4.2, 7.5, 7.8, 7.9, 7.11, 8.11, 8.12 & 8.17)

(iii) location - Individual stop valves shall be provided
at all draw-off points or at a series of
draw-off points if situated close together.
(HKWSR 1.7 & 7.13)
- Boundary valves shall be provided at the
connection points as close to the lot
boundary as possible.
(HKWSR 1.11, 1.16, 3.7, 7.10, 8.16 &
9.5)
- A tee-branch valve refers to an isolation
valve at a branch pipe and which is
located close to the main pipe. To
facilitate maintenance and repair,
tee-branch valves shall be provided :
for all underground water pipes;
if the main pipe is a communal
inside service;
in a flushing system if the main
pipe serves more than one domestic
unit or commercial floor.
(HKWSR 1.9, 2.10, 3.13, 5.13, 6.15,
7.16 & 8.7)

A8 Hot Water System :
(i) type of water heater - The following types of water heaters
may, with the written permission of the
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Water Authority, be connected direct to a
main :
non-pressure type water heaters where
no restriction of flow can be effected
beyond the inlet control valve;
cistern type water heaters;
instantaneous water heaters where the
guaranteed test pressure of the water
heater is at least 1 times the static head
available at the water heater;
electric water heaters of the thermal
storage type;
having a storage capacity not
exceeding 200 litres;
having a guaranteed test pressure at
least 1 times the static head
available at the water heater; and
not being provided with an
individual expansion pipe but
complying with WWReg Sch 2 Pt
IV Para 11
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt IV Para
1(2)(a)(b)(c) & (d))

(ii) compliance with WWReg/
HKWSR
- Should refer to WWReg Sch 2 Pt IV &
HKWSR Chapter 5 & 6 for details.

A9 Cooling/Air-Conditioning System :

(i) purpose - Approvals for the use of mains water
(fresh or salt) may be given to meet the
following requirements :
closed circuit cooling systems for
any purpose where operational
losses are negligible and no water is
rejected to waste;
cooling systems involving no loss
through evaporation and where all
the water is re-used after cooling
for an industrial process;
evaporative cooling systems
essential to an industrial process,
whether this be for cooling or for
air-conditioning purposes and
provided that system losses arise
from evaporation only;
evaporative cooling/air
conditioning/humidification system
for essential purposes other than
industrial processes provided that
60
system losses arise from evaporation
only;
humidification essential to an
industrial process.

(ii) type - use of mains water for
cooling/air-conditioning and
humidification purposes within the first 2
categories above.
- use of mains water for
cooling/air-conditioning and
humidification purposes within the last 3
categories above; the applicant must
demonstrate that the type of evaporate
plant proposed is of an enclosed design
from which wastage of water by
splashing is prevented.

(iii) estimated consumption - Demand can be met by the Distribution
Supply System.

(iv) any alternative private source - The applicant must prove that the
demand cannot be effectively met by
alternative means (e.g. air cooling,
private source or a sea water supply is
impractical)

A10 Typical Schematic Plumbing Diagram
for food business (restaurant)/kitchen
- kitchen equipment connected to the
potable supply are divided into the
following categories:

(i) provision of off-tank Cat 1 direct supply by tapping over
without connecting to water pipe (except
water heater)

(ii) kitchen equipment to be submitted
for approval
Cat 2(a) off-tank supply with
submerged inlet and for drinking
purpose.

Cat 2(b) off-tank supply with
submerged inlet but NOT for drinking
purpose

Cat 3 off-tank supply to hydro-vent
system

- Separate water tanks are used for
different categories of kitchen equipment
to avoid backward and cross
contamination of water
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- refer to the typical schematic plumbing
diagram at Fig. 36 for further details and
kitchen equipment required to be
submitted to WSD for approval

B Fire Service Supply
B1 Government Supply Mains :

(i) available water pressure - Pressure being adequate with regard to
the elevation of the premises.

(ii) location - Suitable Government supply main
nearest to the premises.
(iii) size - Not less than the size of the connection
required.

(iv) unrestricted/restricted supply - information may be given to the
applicant upon request.

(v) single end/double ends feed - information may be given to the
applicant upon request.

B2 Connection Pipes :

(i) location - Nearest to the suitable Government
supply main.

(ii) size - Size required by applicant not greater
than that of the available Government
supply main.

(iii) alignment - The fire service connection should be
located close to the lot boundary or close
to the point of connection from internal
distribution main whichever is
applicable. All pipe work before the
check meter position shall be exposed or
laid in a proper service duct.
(HKWSR 9.5)

B3 Check Meter Position :
(i) location - A check meter position should be located
so as to free from flood and obstruction
and should be located close to the lot
boundary and connection to Waterworks
main or close to the point of connection
from internal distribution main
whichever is applicable.
(HKWSR 9.5)
62
(ii) size - Depends on size of piping.

B4 Water Storage Cisterns :
(i) location - Storage cisterns shall be so positioned
that they are free from obstruction and
readily accessible via safe access.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt III Para 4(a) & 9,
HKWSR 4.6)

(ii) material - Every cistern shall be constructed of
concrete, galvanized steel or other
approved material.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt III Para 2 & 3)
(iii) associated fittings - Cisterns shall be fitted with a ball valve
controlled inlet in case of a gravity
supply or with an automatic control
switch in the case of a pumped supply.
- An overflow pipe of one commercial size
larger than the inlet pipe, and in no case
less than 25 mm diameter, shall be fitted
to each cistern and shall be extended to
terminate in a conspicuous position in a
communal area easily visible and
accessible by the occupants. A grating
and a self-closing non-return flap shall
be provided at the overflow pipe outside
the storage cistern.
- A stop valve shall be provided on the
outlet of every cistern and provision
shall be made for a drain-pipe to enable
the cistern to be emptied.
- Safe access shall be provided to all
cisterns by means of a secure permanent
ladder or readily available portable
ladder.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt III Para 5, 6, 7 & 10,
HKWSR 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 &
4.8)

(i) materials - Piping on a fresh water fire service shall
be made of cast iron, wrought iron, steel,
copper, ductile iron.
- Cast iron, ductile iron and fittings
capable of withstanding the corrosive
effect of salt water must be used in a salt
water fire service.
(WWReg Sch 2 Pt I Para 1(1), HKWSR
9.3 & 9.4)

(ii) routing/alignment - An independent connection shall be
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63

provided from the Government water
main for the fire service installation.
- All pipe work before the check meter
position shall be exposed or laid in a
proper service duct to facilitate
inspection and/or repairs.
(HKWSR 9.5)

B6 Control Valves :
(i) type - Cisterns shall be fitted with a ball valve
and a fullway gate valve at the inlet in
the case of a gravity supply or with an
automatic control switch and without any
stop valve in the case of a pumped
supply.
- Fullway gate valves shall be provided on
all the outlets of every cistern and
provision shall be made for a drain-off
pipe to enable the cistern to be emptied.
- A fullway gate valve and a non-return
valve have to be installed on the fire
service as close to the Government water
supply connection as possible.
- Where direct connections to
sprinkler/drencher system are to be from
Government mains, an additional
butterfly valve, shall be installed at a
point on the supply pipe before the fire
service inlet and as close as possible to
the control valves of the connections.
(HKWSR 4.1, 4.2, 9.6 & 9.10)

(ii) size - Depends on size of piping.

(iii) location - As close to the Government water supply
connection as possible. When direct
connections to sprinkler/drencher system
are to be from Government mains, an
additional butterfly valve, shall be
installed at a point on the supply pipe
before the fire service inlet and as close
as possible to the control valves of the
connections.
- Tee-branch valves shall be provided for
all underground water pipes.
(HKWSR 9.6, 9.7 & 9.10)
64
B7 Compliance
(i) arrangement - Independent of other water supply
arrangements. A salt water installation
may be primed with fresh water.
- Fire service ring mains.
(HKWSR 9.1, 9.2, 9.11, 9.12, 9.15 &
9.16)

(ii) type - Sprinkler/Drencher System.
- Hydrant/hose Reel System.
(HKWSR 9.8 - 9.14)
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Appendix A2: Common Mistakes by Practitioners

Plumbing systems shall be designed, constructed, operated and maintained to prevent
contamination, wastage and misuse of mains water. Plumbing arrangement shall be so
designed as to minimize concealed piping as far as possible, and all pipes and fittings shall be
properly supported.

The followings are some common mistakes found in the plumbing submissions.

A) Common Mistakes for Meter/Check Meter Positions (Fig 22)
WSD
Requirement
C The check meter positions are not located close to the lot
boundary and connection to the Government mains.
HKWSR 1.11
& 1.16

C Size of potable and flushing supply connections is not indicated.

C A loose jumper type valve in lieu of a fullway gate valve is fixed
at the inlet side of the salt water flushing supply check meter
position. A non-return valve has not been fitted on the delivery
side as close as possible to the check meter position.
HKWSR 8.17

C Detailed drawing with dimensions showing the arrangement of
meter position in meter box/cabinet and the fitting at the meter
position is not given, e.g. a clear side distance from the centre of
meter position on the delivery side to the internal wall of the
meter cabinet/room should be indicated and the vertical distance
space between each meter position should be indicated.

C The meters are housed in a multi-function room used for other
purpose, e.g. fire service.
HKWSR 1.4

No proper floor drain is provided in the meter room. HKWSR 1.4

C The meter positions in the meter room are arranged in groups
with front-row and back-row making meter reading and
maintenance difficult.

Meter sizes are not indicated. The premises that the meters are
serving to are not specified.

B) Common Mistakes for Inside Service (Fig 23)
C Types of water heaters to be used are not indicated. Catalogues of
water heaters are not submitted.

66
C Sizes of supply pipes are not specified.

C Stop valve is not provided to the supply pipe serving the series of
draw-off points.
HKWSR 1.7

C The hot-water draw-off point is not at the left hand side according
to the conventional practice.

C A receptacle, e.g. a sink is not indicated at the draw-off point.

C) Common Mistakes for Sump and Pump System (Fig 24)
C Details of the storage tank, e.g. storage capacity, materials of the
tank and the silencer pipe in the storage tank are not specified.

C A fullway gate valve is not provided on the drain-off pipe. HKWSR 4.2

C Details of overflow pipe, e.g. size, alignment are not indicated. HKWSR 4.3

C The overflow pipe was submerged inside the storage cistern and
sited above the inlet.
HKWSR 4.3

C Fullway gate valves have not been provided to the outlet of the
storage cistern. The outlet was not positioned at the opposite side
to the inlet supply pipe. Size of outlet pipe was not shown.
HKWSR 4.2
& 4.8

Pump rate and head are not specified.

C Cistern is not fitted with a ball valve and a fullway gate valve at
the inlet in the case of a gravity supply or with an automatic
control switch and without any stop valve in the case of a pumped
supply. Size of inlet pipe was not shown.
HKWSR 4.1
D) Common Mistakes for Watering Flower Beds Plumbing System (Fig 25)
C Detailed dimensions showing the arrangement of the water meter
in a meter box and the fittings at the meter position are not
shown.

C No check meter position is provided. The check meter position is
not located close to the lot boundary and connection to the
Government mains.
HKWSR 1.11

C Tee-branch valves are not provided at the branch pipe serving a
series of supply points.
HKWSR 1.9

C A stop valve is not installed on each vertical supply standpipe. HKWSR 1.7

C The total aggregate planting area and the estimated daily
consumption are not given. The flower beds are not highlighted
on the layout plan for easy identification.

March 13

67

The orientation of the site is not indicated.

C Meter position is not indicated on the layout plan.

Sizes of supply pipes is not specified.

The layout plan is not drawn to scale.

E) Common Mistakes for Fire Service (Fig 26)
C A fullway gate valve and a non-return valve are not installed on
the fire service close to the government water supply connection.
HKWSR 9.6

C Size of check meter is not indicated. Detailed drawing showing
the arrangement of check meter position is not given.

C No additional butterfly valve is provided for the direct fed
sprinkler system.
HKWSR 9.10

C The check meter is housed inside a pump room, not in a
designated meter room.

C The overflow pipe is not discharged to a conspicuous position
outside the pump room.
HKWSR 4.3

A tee-branch valve is not provided to the underground water
pipes to facilitate maintenance and repair.
HKWSR 1.9

C Individual stop valve is not provided for the street fire hydrant.

No typical installation details for the street fire hydrant is given.

No fullway gate valve is provided to the supply pipe of each hose
reel.

1 The fire hose reel outlets is not housed in glass-fronted cabinets
secured under lock and key.
HKWSR 9.14

68
Appendix A3: Test Parameters and Acceptance Criteria

The test parameters shall include but not limited to the following:-

Test parameter Acceptance Criteria
Turbidity (NTU) 3.0
Colour (HU) 5
pH at 25
o
C 6.5-9.2
Free residual Chlorine (mg/L)
0 and 1.5
Conductivity at 25
o
C (S/cm) 300
Total coliforms (cfu/100mL) 0
E.coli (cfu/100mL) 0
Heterotrophic Plate Count (cfu/mL) 20

Additional parameters may be tested if there is any sign of suspected contamination.

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