PhysicsMCATFormulaMemorization

Periods Springforce/work o a.F=kx o b.W/P.E.=(.5)kx2 o c.T=2*sqrt(m/k) 1.Cuttingaspringinhalfdoublesitsspringconstant 2.Thus,(0.5)(k)=0.7T Surface(gravity)Waves:ShallowWater o a.Inshallowwater,velocityisdeterminedbythemediumandnotthe characteristicsofthewave(i.e.independentofwavelength) o b.V=sqrt(gh) Surface(gravity)Waves:DeepWater o a.Indeepwater,surfacewavevelocityisdeterminedbythe propertiesofthewave o b.V=sqrt(g/2) SimpleHarmonicMotionPeriod o a.V=(sqrt)(T/);T=tension;=massperunitlength Pendulums o a.Periodisindependentofmass b.Periodisindependentof c.T=2*sqrt(L/g) MagneticField:CircularMotionPeriod o a.T=2r/qB

EquationsinMotion Triangle

o Scalar o a.Physicalquantitywithmagnitudebutnodirection 1

Vector o a.Physicalquantitywithmagnitudeanddirection Speed o a.Distance/time Velocity o a.Displacement/time TranslationalMotion:ALLMUSTHAVECONSTANTACCELERATION o a.x=xo+vot+(.5)at2 o b.vf=vo+at o c.v2=vo2+2ax o d.vavg=(vo+v)/2 Velocity,Acceleration o a.Vavg=d/t o b.Aavg=v/t ProjectileMotion o a.Verticalvelocity,vy=vsin o b.Horizontalvelocity,vx=vcos o c.peakheight:vosin=sqrt(2gh) o d.Range=vtcos o e.Asincreasesfrom0to90,therangeincreasestoamaximumat 45andthendecreases Uniformcircularmotion: o a.Fc=mac=mv2/r o b.Centripetalforcepointstowardsthecenterofthecircle circumscribedbythemotionoftheobject o c.Ac=v2/r CrossProduct o a.Vproduct=V1V2sin o b.Thenewvectorwillpointperpendicularlytobothoftheoriginal twovectors,andthemagnitudeofthenewvectoristheproductofthe magnitudeoftheoriginalvectorstimesthesineoftheanglebetween them VectorComponents o a.Vx=vcos o b.Vy=vsin o c.v=sqrt(Vx2+Vy2) o d.tan=Vy/Vx ForcesandTorque NewtonsLawsofMotion o a.First:thelawofinertia;anobjectinastateofrestorinastateof motionwilltendtoremaininthatstateunlessitisacteduponbyanet force

o b.Second:Whenanobjectisacteduponbyanetforce,thechangein thatobjectsstateofmotionwillbeinverselyproportionaltothemass (m)anddirectlyproportionaltothenetforce(F)actingonit. o c.Third:Foreveractionthereisanequalandoppositereaction.The thirdlawforcesneveractonthesamesystem. TorqueForces o a.L1=F1xr1(CCW+VE) o b.L2=F2xr2(CWVE) o c.Equilibrium:fx,y=0 o d.Equilibrium:L=0 o e.FLforce=mgLweight o f.Torque=forcexleverarm Force o a.F=ma FourFundamentalForcesinNature o a.Strongnuclearforce o b.Weaknuclearforce o c.Gravitationalforce o d.Electromagneticforce 1.Chargedobject 2.Magneticobject FrictionalForce: o a.F=N o b.sk(always) Gravity o a.Force:FG=G(m1m2/r2) o b.Potentialenergy(local):U=mgh o c.Potentialenergy(general):U=(GMm/r);r=arbitrarydistance o d.Note:Thegravitationalforceeverywhereinsideauniformlydense sphereorring,duetothatsphereorring,iszero,butanyobject withinthatringcanstillfeelforcesfromotherrings InclinedPlanes: o a.F=mgsin(g+N) o b.F=mgcos(N) Springforce/work o a.F=kx o b.W/P.E.=(.5)kx2 o c.T=2*sqrt(m/k) Power(P) o a.P=W/t o b.InstantaneousP=Fvcos o c.Units:Watts(W) WorkandEnergy 3

Work(W) o a.W=Fdcos o b.W=fdcos = gmd=mgh=(.5)mv2=qv(nonPVwork) o c.W=K+U+E(noheat) o d.W=K+U(noheat,nofriction) o e.0=K+U(conservativeforcesonly;noheat) o f.E=q+w o g.Units=J Energyconservation o a.Ef=Ep+Ek o b.E=mc2(massdefect) o c.P.E.=mgh o d.K.E.=(.5)mv2 Thermodynamics o a.Q=MCt o b.Q=mL GibbsFreeEnergy o a.G=HTS o b.G=RTlnKeq(Standardstateconditions) Conservativeforce o a.Iftheworkdonebytheforceonanobjectmovingfromonepointto anotherdependsonlyontheinitialandfinalpositionsandis independentoftheparticularpathtaken o b.Thenetworkdonebytheforceonanobjectmovingaroundany closedpathiszero ConservativeForces o a.Gravitationalforce o b.Elasticspring o c.Electricforce NonconservativeForces o a.Frictionalforces o b.Airresistance o c.Tension o d.Normalforce o e.Propulsionofamotor Momentum Momentum(p) o a.p=mv o b.p=ft o c.StoppingforceMomentum(mv) o d.MotionchangeInertia(m) o e.Rotationalinertiamass

o g.Iftwoballshavethesamemassandradius,butoneishollowand oneissolid,thehollowonewillhavegreaterrotationalinertia. Impulse(J) o a.J=p=mv=Ft=Favgt ElasticCollisions o a.P.E.i=P.E.f o b.K.E.i=K.E.f o c.Bodiesdonotsticktogether o d.Momentumisconserved o e.V1,f=[(m1m2)/(m1+m2)]Vo o f.V2,f=[(2m1)/(m1+m2)]Vo o g.(m1v1a)+(m2v2a)=(m1v1b)+(m2v2b) InelasticCollisions o a.P.E.i=P.E.f o b.Kineticenergyisnotconservedduetothermalandsound dissipation o c.Bodiessticktogethertemporarily,orpermanentlyifcompletely inelastic o d.Momentumisconserved o e.Vf=(m1v1,i+m2v2,i)/(m1+m2) CenterofMass o a.Singlebody:X=mixi/mtotal o b.Twobodies:X=(m1x1+m2x2)/(m1+m2) Fluids AirResistance o a.Surfacearea:largersurfaceareaincreasesairresistancebecauseit allowsformorecollisionswithairmolecules;increaseforceofair resistance o b.Shape:Streamlinedobjectswithsmoothsurfacesexperienceless airresistancethanirregularlyshaped,roughobjects;increaseforce ofairresistance o c.Velocity:Increasedvelocity=increasedairresistance.Specialcase: becauseincreasedvelocityincreasesairresistance,shootingabullet intheairwillexperienceanincreaseintimeonthewayup(duetoair resistance)thatisgreaterthantheincreaseintimeonthewaydown (duetoairresistance);increaseforceofairresistance o d.Mass:Doesntchangetheforceofairresistance,butitdoeschange thepathoftheprojectileexperiencingtheairresistance;larger massesexperiencelessdecelerationduetoairresistancebecause theyarelessaffectedbythesameforceofairresistance;doesnot increaseforceofairresistance Continuityoffluids o a.Volumeflowrate(constant):Q=Av

6 1.V=velocity o b.Massflowrate(constant):I=Av 1.V=Velocity Idealfluids o a.Noviscosityafluidstemporalresistancetosurfacesnot perpendiculartoitssurface o b.Incompressible o c.Noturbulence;itexperienceslaminar,orsteady,flow.Thatis,all fluidflowingthroughanyfixedpointwillhavethesamevelocity o d.Irrotational:noobjectfloatinginthefluidwillrotateaboutitsaxis asitflows,butwillcontinuetopointinonedirectionregardlessof flow o e.Flowrateisconstant o f.Doesntnecessarilygofromhighlowpressure Density o a.=mass/volume o b.H2O=1g/cm3=103kg/m3 o c.10mH2O=1atm Pressure o a.P=Force/Area o b.P=gy(yisnotarbitrarybutratherthedistancebelowthe surfaceofafluid) o c.P=QR(Q=Av;R=resistancetoflow) o d.Gaugepressureisarbitrary(checkthisone) o e.Absolutepressure:addPatmtopressure SpecificGravity o a.SG=substance/H2O o b.SG=fractionofobjectthatissubmerged BuoyantForce o a.FB=Vg=mg o b.FB=weight,notvolume,ofdisplacedfluid o c.Thevolumeofthefluiddisplaced=thevolumeoftheobject o d.Apparentweight=Actualweightbuoyantforce o e.Apparentweightloss=buoyantforce o f.Apparentweightequation:(objectvobjectg)Actualweight (H2OvH2Og)buoyantforce o g.Strategy: 1.Theapparentweightlossisduetothebuoyantforce 2.Thebuoyantforceisequaltotheweightofthefluid displaced 3.Thevolumeofthefluiddisplacedisequaltothevolumeof theobject 4.(actualweight/buoyantforceakaapparentweightloss)x (SGoffluid)=SGofobject BernoullisPrinciple(Fluidinmotion) 6

o a.K=P+gh+(.5)v2(hisanarbitrarydistance) o b.Multiplybyvolume=unitsofenergy o c.Dividebyspecificweight=meters FluidinMotion o a.RandomTranslationalMotion:contributestofluidpressureatrest (thinkK.E.=3/2R.T.) o b.UniformTranslationalMotion:Sharedbyallmoleculesinagiven location,nottime,anddoesnotcontributetopressureanddoesnot contributetoK.E.via3/2R.T. PoiseuillesLaw o a.Q=r4/8L(=viscosity) o b.Usedforrealfluids,notidealfluids Solids LinearExpansion(Solids, t) o a.L=Lo(1+t) VolumeExpansion(Solids, t) o a.V=Vo(1+t) o b.=3 AreaExpansion(Solids, t) o a.X=Xo(1+t) Stress o a.Stress=Force/area Strain o a.Strain=dimension/originaldimension ModulusofElasticity o a.M.o.E.=Stress/strain o b.YoungsModulus(E)=(F/A)/(h/ho);tensileresistance o c.SheerModulus(G)=(F/A)/(x/ho);sheerresistance o d.BulkModulus(B)=(P)/(v/vo);compressionorexpansion WavesandPeriodicMotion Waves o a.Transferofmomentumandenergy o b.Electromagnetic,matterandmechanicalwaves,thelastofwhich requiresamediumtopropagate o c.Transverse:themediumisdisplacedperpendicularlytothe directionofwavepropagation(ex:waveonastring) o d.Longitudinal:themediumisdisplacedparalleltothedirectionof wavepropagation(ex:sound) ConstructiveInterference o a.Whentwotransversewavesoccupythesamespaceandthesumof theirdisplacementsresultsinagreaterdisplacement 7

8 DestructiveInterference o a.Whentwotransversewavesoccupythesamespaceandthesumof theirdisplacementsresultsinasmallerdisplacement Surface(gravity)Waves:ShallowWater o a.Inshallowwater,velocityisdeterminedbythemediumandnotthe characteristicsofthewave(i.e.independentofwavelength) o b.V=sqrt(gh) Surface(gravity)Waves:DeepWater o a.Indeepwater,surfacewavevelocityisdeterminedbythe propertiesofthewave o b.V=sqrt(g/2) Frequency o a.V= o b.T=1/(timefor1wave) o c.=numberofwaves/unittime;measuredinHertz(Hz); independentofamplitude o d.=lengthfromonecrest(ortrough)tothenextcrest(ortrough) o e.V=independentofintensityandamplitude(becausefrequencyis) WaveIntensity(I) o a.Intensity:transferofenergy o b.Increasesproportionallywithsquareofamplitudeandsquareof frequencyforallwaves o c.I=P/4r2 o d.Units:W/m2,butismeasuredindBbecauseitismoreclosely relatedwiththerangeofhumansoundperception VelocityofSoundWavesinGas o a.Thevelocityofsoundwavesingasincreasesproportionallywith temperature o b.Increasesinverselyproportionallywithdensity o c.Meansquarerootofgasmoleculesisalimitingfactorsinthespeed ofsoundwavesinagas VelocityisDictatedbytheMedium o 1.Mediumsresistancetochangeinshape(orelasticity);velocity increasesproportionallywithBulkModulus o 2.Mediumsresistancetochangeinmotion(orinertia);velocity inverselyproportionaltodensity o 3.V=(sqrt)(T/);T=tension;=massperunitlength o 4.Lengthofstring=directlyproportionaltovelocityandwavelength o 5.Lengthofstring=inverselyproportionaltofrequency o Ex:Althoughwaterismoredensethanair(slowsdownwaves),ithas amuchhigherBulkModulus(notcompressedaseasily)andthus propagateswavesfasterthanair VelocityisNOTdictatedby: o a.orinanondispersivemedium;Vremainsunchanged

9 o b.Thespeedofthesource,i.e.soundwavescomingfromamovingjet enginearethesamespeedasmyvoice WavesandChangingMediums o a.Whenawavetransfersfromonemediumtoanother,the wavelength, changesandthefrequency, staysthesame,meaning thevelocityofthewavecanincreaseordecrease o b.UprightReflection:wavehitsalightermediumandisreflectedback thesameway(abovetheline) o c.InverseReflection:wavehitsaheaviermediumandisreflected backthesamewaybutreverse(upsidedownorbelowtheline) o d.Refraction:changeinvelocity(speedanddirection?)duetoa transfertoanewmedium o e.Reflection:isachangeindirectionafterreboundingwithanew o medium TransferringtoDenserMedia o 1.Lightbendstowardsthenormal StandingWave(Nodes+Antinodes) o a.Nodes:Dontmovewhentwoequalwavestravelinginopposite directionscollide o b.Antinodes:Domovewhentwoequalwavestravelinginopposite directionscollides SimpleHarmonicMotion:Nodes o a.L=Nn/2,(N=1,2,3) o b.Forpipesopenatbothendsorclosedatbothends,orforstrings tiedatbothendsorlooseatbothends;whereeveryendisactingasa node o c.Thedifferencebetweenanytwoconsecutivefrequenciesmustbe equaltothefirstfrequency SimpleHarmonicMotion:Antinodes o a.L=Nn/4,(N=1,3,5) o b.Forpipesopenatonlyoneendorclosedatonlyoneend,orfor stringstiedatonlyoneendorlooseatonlyoneend;whereevery endisactingasanantinode o c.Thedifferencebetweenfrequencies:the2nd,4th,etcharmonics dontexist,soyoujustaddthefirstonetwice(seeproblem712) SimpleHarmonicMotion:Acceleration o a.Accelerationisdirectlyproportionaltothedisplacementofthe systembutoppositeinsign o b.Accelerationanddisplacementaredirectlyproportionaltothe squareofthefrequency o c.Acceleration:atanydistanceistheproductofthedisplacementand squareofthefrequency;Acceleration=x*2 o d.Acceleration,period,andfrequency(allrelated)areindependentof mass SimpleHarmonicMotion:Period

10 o a.Explanation(T=period;t=tension) 1.V= 2.=V/ 3.T=1/ 4.T=/V 5.V=sqrt*(t/) 6.=T;=T;t=T;t=T o b.AllperiodsofSHM=directlyproportionaltosquarerootofan inertialcomponent,e.g.massor o c.AllperiodsofSHM=inverselyproportionaltosquarerootofan elasticcomponent,e.g.k,springconstantort,tension Pendulums o a.Periodisindependentofmass b.Periodisindependentof c.T=2*sqrt(L/g) Pitch o a.Averageoftwofrequencies Beats o a.Twowavesofslightlydifferentfrequenciesaresuperimposed;at onetimeconstructiveinterference,atanothertimedestructive interference o b.Describesachangeinintensity o c.Period(T):thechangeintimebetweenmaximumintensities o d.Beats= Decibels o a.dB=10log10(I/Io) o b.DecibelsrepresentaratioanddonothaveSIunits o c.Factor10increaseinwaveintensityisdetectedbyhumanearas +10dBincrease,e.g.30W(10dB)300W(20dB)3000W(30dB) o d.Or,intensitycanbechangedbythesquareofradiusbecauseofI= P/4r2 o e.Thatis,ifradiusgoesupbyafactorof3,thenpowergoesdownbya factorof~10andthusdBdecreaseby~10 DopplerEffect:Sound o a. o=s(VVo)/(VVs) Distance:+VoandVs Distance:Voand+Vs o b.Independentofthewavelengthofthewave;thatis,longandshort wavelengthsareaffectedidentically o c.Usethisequationwhenfactoringinwind: DopplerEffect:Sound(simplified) o a.(/s)=(v/c);= os o b.(/s)=(v/c);=os o c.Note:c=velocityofwaveisprobably,butnotnecessarily: 1.Light:equaltothespeedoflight,3x108m/s 10

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2.Sound:equaltothespeedofsound,340m/s o d.cmustbemuchgreaterthanthevelocityoftheobserverand sourcefortheaboveequationstowork. o e.Effectonlight: Movingcloser=appearsblue Movingaway=appearsred o f.ThesourcemovingtowardstheobserveratvelocityVwillcreatea greaterincreasedfrequencyintheobservedsoundthantheobserver movingtowardsthesourceatvelocityV;seequestion750 DopplerEffect:Light o a.=(1u/c) 1.u=relativespeed 2.=observedfrequency o b./=1/[1(u/c)] DopplerEffect:Lightvs.Sound o a.Sound:requiresamedium o b.Light:doesnotrequireamedium o c.Sound:observermovingtowardsasourceexperiencesanincrease insound;observerexperiencesnochangeinsoundifsourcemoves towardhim o d.Light:Independentofthesourceandobserver ElectrostaticsandMagnetism ElectricField,E o a.Electrostaticforceperunitcharge o b.Units:N/CorV/m ElectricField:Lines o a.Linesofforcepointinthedirectionofthefield,originatingat positivesandterminatingonnegatives o b.Closelyspaced=strongfield o c.Linescanneverintersect o d.Equipotentialsurfacesrepresentthesamevoltage ElectricField:ElectricDipoles o a.Createdbytwooppositechargeswithequalmagnitudes o b.Pointsintheoppositedirectionoftheelectricfield o c.ElectricDipoleMoment:p=qd o d.Netforceinsideacapacitor=0 ElectricFields:DuetoaPointCharge;Itsgraduallydissipating,likethe heatfromacampfireinafield o (1:E)qataDistancer a.E=k(q/r2) b.Units:N/CorV/m c.Thecreatedelectricfieldisconservative(unlikemoving magneticfieldderivedelectricfields)

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12 d.Nearbycharge=lineswouldbediverging e.Distancecharge=linesnearlyparallel o (2:F)Force,(CoulombsLaw) a.F=k(q1q2/r2) b.Theattractionorrepulsionbetweentwoparticles c.Units=N o (3:V)PointCharge:ElectricPotential[forwork] a.V=k(q/r) b.Units=V o (4:U)PointCharge:ElectricalPotentialEnergy(U) a.U=k(q1q1/r)=work=(P.E)=K.E. b.Units=J InConstantElectricFields;Itsasetthingbetweentwopoints,likea heatingblanket o (1)SpecialCase:Ifachargeisshotupfromanelectricfieldand acceleratesbackdown a.V=sqrt(2Eqh/m) b.Downwardacceleration=Eq/m o (2:F)ForceOnaCharge a.F=qE b.Units:N o (3:V)ElectricPotential[Forwork] a.V=Edcos(PPC;d=distancebetweenplates) b.Units:V o (4:U)ElectricalPotentialEnergy a.U=qEd=work b.U=qV b.Units:J ElectricFields:DisturbanceinanElectromagneticField o a.d=vt(v=speedoflight) ElectricFields:PointChargeandMagnetism o a.Astationarypointchargedoesnotcreateamagneticfield o b.Astationarypointchargedoescreateaconservativeelectricfield Electricvs.Magnetic o a.Electricfieldsdonotexistwithinthematerialbutoriginateand terminateonitssurface o b.Magneticfieldsneverterminateandthuspermeate,andexistin,the material MagneticField o a.Changingamagneticfieldcreatesanonconservativeelectricfield o b.Constantmagneticfield=noelectricfield MagneticFields:CreatingElectricFieldsbyChanging: o a.Strengthofmagneticfield o b.Direction,ratherthanmagnitude,ofmagneticfield o c.Orientationofacoilinaconstantmagneticfield

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13 o d.Crosssectionalareaofthecoil MagneticField:Direction o a.Runsfrommagneticnorth(geographicsouth)tomagneticsouth (geographicnorth) MagneticField:RightHandRuleforMagneticForce o a.RightHandRule:Putrightsideofpalminthedirectionofcurrent, bendfingerstowardsmagneticfield,andkeepthumbstraightupfor force o b.

o c.DirectionofMagneticField: 1.Thedirectionourfingersarewrapped 2.Isawiderangeofangles 3.Unlikemagneticfieldaroundawire,whichhastobe perpendicular o d.DirectionofForce: 1.Thedirectionofourthumb,becauseforceisdirectly perpendiculartobothcurrentandmagneticfield 2.Anegativechargemovinginthesamedirectionwillhave force,butnothingelse,facetheoppositedirectionofour thumb 3.Achargedparticlemovingparalleltomagneticfieldlines experiencesnoforce;thus:noaccelerationandthevelocity isconstant 4.Noworkiseverdone,onlycentripetalforce MagneticField:RightHandRuleforMagneticField o a.RightHandRule:Grabwirewiththumbindirectionofcurrent,and fingerswrappedaroundthewire

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o b. o c.DirectionofMagneticField: 1.Thedirectionourfingersarewrapped 2.Isperpendicular 3.Unlikemagneticfieldinopenspace,whereitcanbea widerangeofangles o d.DirectionofForce: 1.Thedirectionofourpalm,becauseforceisdirectly perpendiculartobothvelocityandmagneticfield 2.Anegativechargemovinginthesamedirectionwillhave force,butnothingelse,facetheoppositedirectionofourpalm 3.Achargedparticlemovingparalleltomagneticfieldlines experiencesnoforce;thus:noaccelerationandthevelocity isconstant 4.Noworkiseverdone,onlycentripetalforce MagneticField:MagneticFlux=ForceOnaCharge(Terms) o 1.F=Force=directlyperpendiculartovelocityandmagneticfield; thus,itdoesnowork(W=Fdcos)andonlyactsascentripetalforce o 2.=Angle=anglebetweenthewireandthemagneticfield,not magneticforce o 3.q=Charge o 4.v=velocitynotvoltage o 5.B=magneticfield o 6.L=lengthofthewire MagneticField:MagneticFlux=ForceOnaCharge o a.F=qvB=m*v2/r=pathoftheparticle o b.F=qvBsin o c.F=iLBsin MagneticField:ZeroNetForceMovement o a.Aparticlecanmovethroughanelectricfieldandamagneticfield withzeronetforce. 14

15 o b.ForceduetoElectricField:F=qE o c.ForceduetoMagneticField:F=qvB o d.ZeroNetForceMovement:v=E/B MagneticField:CircularMotion o a.Centripetalforce:Fc=mv2/r o b.Setequaltomagneticfieldforce:mv2/r=qvB o c.Radiusofcircularorbit:r=mv/qB o d.Implicationsofradius: 1.Increasesdirectlyproportionallywith(1)velocityand(2) mass 2.Increasesinverselyproportionallywith(1)chargeofthe particleand(2)strengthofthemagneticfield MagneticField:CircularMotionPeriod o a.T=2r/qB MagneticField:AmperesLaw o a.Relatesthemagneticfieldalongaclosedpathtotheelectriccurrent enclosedbythepath o b.Calculated:BIIL=0Ienclosed 1.BII=Parallelmagneticfield 2.L=straightlinesegmentsofpath 3.0=permeabilityoffreespace MagneticFields:LongWires o a.Magneticfieldstrengthdecreasesinverselywiththedistancefrom thewireforlongwires o b.Ifcurrentdoubles,themagneticfielddoubles o c.Ifthedistancefromthewiredoubles,themagneticfieldhalves o d.B=0I/2r o e.Units:Tesla,T MagneticFields:ShortWires o b.Shortwires:magneticfieldstrengthdecreasesinverselywiththe squareofthedistancefromthewire MagneticField:ForceOnaCurrentCarryingWire o a.F=iLBsin MagneticField:ForceOnaCurrentCarryingWire[Derived] o a.Driftspeedofelectrons: 1.Velectron=L/t 2.t=L/v o b.Amountofchargethatflowsthroughthewireinthistime 1.q=It=IL/v o c.Thus: 1.F=qvBsin=(IL/v)vBsin 2.Cancelv MagneticField:ForcesBetweenCurrentCarryingWires o a.F=I2LB=I2L(0I1/2d) o b.F=(0I1I2/2d)L 15

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o c.Forceistowardstheotherwire o d.Wireswithparallelcurrentsattractoneanotherandviceversa MagneticField:MagneticFieldProducedbyaCircularLoopofRadiusR andofNTurns o a.B=N0I/2R o b.B=directlyproportionaltothecurrentintheloop o c.B=inverselyproportionaltotheradiusoftheloop o d.Attraction:loopswithidenticalcurrents o e.Repulsion:loopswithoppositecurrents MagneticField:TorqueExertedonaRectangularLoopofAreaA o a.=IABsin o b.=anglebetweentheplaneoftheloopandthemagneticforce,not magneticfield,exertedoneachsideoftheloop o c.=anglebetweenthenormalandthemagneticfield,notthe magneticforce o d.=maxwhenmagneticfieldisparallel,zerowhenperpendicular, toplaneoftheloop o e.Units:Joule=N*m MagneticField:TorqueExertedonaGeneralLoopofAreaAandN Turns o a.=NIABsin o b.Units:Joule=N*m MagneticField:MagneticMoment o a.Magneticmoment=NIA o b.Units:A*m2=proportionaltotheamountoftorqueagivenloopcan exert MagneticField:MagneticFieldofaSolenoid o a.B=0(N/L)I=0nI o b.n=N/L o c.B=independentofcrosssectionalarea o d.Unit:Tesla,T MagneticField:LenzsLaw o a.Thecurrentwillflowinaloopofwiretoopposethechangesin magneticfieldinsidetheloop(seeLecture7problem167). o b.Thatis,aninducedcurrentalwaysflowinadirectionthatopposes thechangethatcausedit o c.ThemagneticfluxequivalentofLeChateliersPrinciple MagneticField:LaplacesLaw o a.dvq(Bsin)=IdL(Bsin) o b.RHrule ElectronicCircuits TypesofStuff o 1.Circuit 16

17 a.Cyclicalpathwayformovingcharge 2.Conductor a.Allowelectronstomovefreely 3.Resistor a.Trytoholdelectronsinplace 4.Battery a.Addsenergytoacircuitbyincreasingthevoltagefromone pointtoanother 5.Capacitor a.Usedtotemporarilystoreenergyinacircuit 6.Symbols

o o o o o

a.

Circuit o a.Cyclicalpathwayformovingcharge o b.Conductscurrent o c.Becauseitmovescharge,itcreatesamagneticfield DriftVelocity o a.Whencurrentgoesthroughawire,allfreeelectronsdriftinthe oppositedirectionwithavelocityof~103cm/s o b.Inaconductor,electronmovementissimilartogasmoleculesin air. Battery o a.Addsenergytoacircuitbyincreasingthevoltagefromonepointto another o b.Realbatterieshaveinternalresistance(probablynotontheMCAT) o c.Toaccountforinternalresistance,drawabatteryandputaresistor ofequalresistancebehindorinfrontofit o d.Internalresistanceisproportionaltocurrent KirchhoffsFirstLaw o a.First:Theamountofchargeflowingintoanode(anintersectionof wires)mustbethesameamountthatisflowingout o b.i=0(atanode) KirchhoffsSecondLaw o a.Second:thevoltagearoundanypathinacircuitmustsumtozero o b.Thevoltagebetweentwopointsinacircuitisindependentofthe pathchosentomeasureit o c.V=0(inacircuit) Current:DirectCurrent(DC)Circuits o a.Electronsmovinginonedirection Current:RMSvoltageandcurrent(ACcircuits): 17

18 o a.Electronsoscillatingbackandforthinsimpleharmonicmotionand thushasasinewave. o a.Irms=Imax/sqrt(2)orImax=sqrt(2)*Irms o b.Vrms=Vmax/sqrt(2)orVmax=sqrt(2)*Vrms o c.Remember:rmsvoltageinUS=120volts=170voltmaximum Current o a.i=Q/t o b.Current=movingcharge(thuscreatesamagneticfield) o c.Causedbytheflowofelectronsandflowsinthedirectionofpositive charge(oppositeofelectrons) o d.Units:Amps(A)=C/s Conductor o a.Allowelectronstomovefreely o b.Ex:metals Resistor o a.Trytoholdelectronsinplace o b.Ex:networkedsolids,e.g.diamondandglass o c.Note:ascurrentgoesthrougharesistor,heatis generated/dissipated Resistivity( ) o a.Resistancetotheflowofcharge o b.=*m o c.Resistivityofawireincreasesproportionallywiththetemperature Resistance(R) o a.Quantitativemeasurementoftheresistivity()ofanobjectof particularsizeandshape. o b.Units:ohms, ResistanceofaWire o a.R=l/A Resistance:ElectricPower o a.P=iV o b.P=i2R o c.P=V2/R o d.P=QV/t Resistance:OhmsLaw o a.V=iR(currentxresistance) o b.Voltage,V=ElectromotiveForce(EMF) ResistorsinSeries o a.Req=R1+R2+R3

o b. o c.Componentslinedupinarowand/oranytwocomponentsnot separatedbyanode

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19 o d.Theresistorinserieswiththelowestresistancewillhavethe smallestpower o e.Usually,resistorsinserieswillgeneratelesspowerthanresistorsin parallel ResistorsinParallel o a.1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3

o b. o c.Singlecomponentsareseparatedbyanodeandtakealternatepaths connectingthemtothesamenode o d.Addingmoreresistorsinparalleldecreasesresistance;becauseofV =iR,andVisnotchanging,iwillincrease(andsowillpower) o e.Resistorsinparallelwillallexperiencethesamevoltagedrop (problem817) o f.Theresistorwiththelowestresistancewillhavethegreatest current,i.e.currentflowsinthepathofleastresistance,andthusthe greatestpower o g.Usually,resistorsinparallelwillgeneratemorepowerthan resistorsinseries Resistors:Parallelvs.Series o 1.VoltageDrop: a.Series=proportional b.Parallel=equal o 2.Current a.Series=equal b.Parallel=proportional Capacitor o a.Usedtotemporarilystoreenergyinacircuit o b.Itstoresitintheformofseparatedcharge o c.Currentonlyflowsthroughthecapacitorwhenitischargingor discharging Capacitance o a.Theabilitytostorechargeperunitvoltage,i.e.somethingwithhigh capacitycanstorealotofchargeatlowvoltage o b.C=Q/V o c.C=capacitance;V=voltage;Q=charge CapacitorsinSeries o a.1/Ceq=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3 CapacitorsinParallel o a.Ceq=C1+C2+C3 Capacitor:ElectricalEnergyStored o a.W/P.E.=(.5)QV o b.W/P.E.=(.5)CV2

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 o c.W/P.E.=(0.5)Q2/C Capacitor:GraphofChargingandDischargingaCapacitor

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1.Note:theabovegraphisimmediatelyaftertheswitchis openorclosedandrepresentsvoltagevs.time 2.Note:avoltagevs.chargeisalinearincrease o b.Ifitisinthedirectionofthecurrent,asvoltageacrossthecapacitor increases,voltageacrosstheresistordecreases,loweringthecurrent. ParallelPlateCapacitor:Voltage o a.V=Ed o b.Voltage=directlyproportionaltodistance ParallelPlateCapacitor:Capacitance o a.C=KAo/d(K=dielectricconstantCoulombsconstant) o b.Capacitance=inverselyproportionaltodistance o c.Capacitance=directlyproportionaltoarea ParallelPlateCapacitor:ElectricField o a.E=(1Q/Ao) ParallelPlateCapacitor:DielectricConstant,K o a.Referstothesubstancebetweentheplatesofacapacitor o b.Insulator=resistsflow=buildsupcharge=andthuscapacitance oneachplate o c.Resists(toadegree)=thecreationofanelectricfield o d.Resists(toadegree)=thecreationofvoltage Process o a.Current:Findeffectiveresistancedivideintovoltstotal currentbreakdownintoindividualresistorsforindividualcurrent mustbeconserved o b.Voltage:takeinitialvoltagebreakdownforeachresistor mustbezeroatfullloop

o a.

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 o c.

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InducedEMF:MagneticFlux o a.=BAcos o b.Max=B=perpendiculartosurface o c.zero=B=paralleltosurface o d.Unit:1Wb InducedEMF:FaradaysLawofInduction o a.=Nb/t=N(finalinitial)/(tfinaltinitial) o b.Negativesign=inducedemfopposedmagneticflux o c.Thatis,theinducedelectricfieldduetoamovingmagneticfieldis duetoflux o d.Inducedelectricfieldisdirectlyproportionaltotherateofchange offlux o e.Problem880:abarmovesatconstantvelocity,thustheareaofthe loopincreasesataconstantrate,andthusfluxincreasesataconstant rate,thuscurrentisconstantwithtime. InducedEMF:FaradaysLawofInduction:MagnitudeofInducedEMF o a.=N/t=N(finalinitial)/(tfinaltinitial) InducedEMF:MotionalEMFRodMovingAlongaCircuitThrougha MagneticField o CreatedEMF a.=N/t=Bvlt/t=Bvl b.Because:=BA=Bvlt o CreatedElectricField a.=Bv

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 b.Because:=Bvl c.Remember:V=El d.Setequaltoeachotherfor(a) o CreatedCurrent a.I=/R=Bvl/R o MagneticForce a.F=IlB=(BvL/R)(l)(B)=B2vl2/R o MechanicalPower a.Pmechanical=Fv=(B2vl2/R)v=B2v2l2/R o ElectricalPower a.Pelectrical=I2R=(Bvl/R)R=B2v2l2/R b.Identicaltomechanical InducedEMF:EMFProducedbyaRotatingCoil(AlternatingCurrent) o a.=NBAsint InducedEMF:DefinitionofInductance,L o a.L=N/I o b.Derivedfrom:=N/t=LI/t o c.Unit:1Henry,H InducedEMF:InductanceofaSolenoid o a.L=0(N2/l)A=0n2Al o b.Remember: 1.L=inductance 2.l=length 3.n=N/l o c.Doubleturns=quadrupleinductance o d.Inductanceproportionaltovolume,V=Al InducedEMF:CharacteristicTimeforanRLCircuit o a.=L/R InducedEMF:CurrentforanRLCircuit o a.I=(/R)(1etR/L) EnergyStoredinaMagneticField: o EMFRequiredtoIncreasetheCurrentinanInductor a.=L(I/t)=LI/T o AveragePower a.Pav=(.5)(I)=(.5)LI2/T o EnergyStoresinanInductor a.U=(0.5)(LI2) b.Unit:Joule,J c.Note:similaritytoenergystoredinacapacitor,U= (.5)(C)(V2) o MagneticEnergyPerVolume(Density) a.uB=Magneticenergy/volume=B2/20 Transformers:VoltageRelation o a.Vp/Vs=Np/Ns Transformers:CurrentandVoltageRelation

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 o a.Is/Ip=Vp/Vs=Np/Ns Transformers:Summary o a.IfatransformerincreasesvoltagebyX,itdecreasescurrentbyX

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ElectromagneticWaves ElectromagneticWaves:ElectricFieldStrengthConstant:o o a.o o b.8.9x1012C2*N/m2 ElectromagneticWaves:MagneticFieldStrengthConstant:0 o a.0=4x107T*m/A ElectromagneticWaves:ElectricFieldEnergyDensity o a.uE=(0.5)oE2 ElectromagneticWaves:MagneticFieldEnergyDensity o a.uB=(0.5)B2/0 ElectromagneticWaves:ElectromagneticWaveEnergyDensity o a.u=uB+uE=(0.5)oE2+(0.5)B2/0 ElectromagneticWaves:ElectromagneticWaveAverageEnergyDensity o a.uEav=(0.5)oE2RMS o b.uBav=B2RMS/20 o c.uav=uEav+uBav o d.Becausesinusoidallybehavingwaveshaveanaverageofzero,you havetouseRMSvelocities ElectromagneticWaves:RMSStuff o a.Erms=Emax/sqrt(2)orEmax=sqrt(2)*Erms o b.Brms=Bmax/sqrt(2)orBmax=sqrt(2)*Brms ElectromagneticWaves:Intensity o a.I=B2(c/20)+(0.5)coE2 o b.Iavg=coE2RMS o c.Iavg=cB2RMS/0 o c.Iavg=Poweravg/Area ElectromagneticWaves:Momentum o a.p=U/c o b.U=totalenergyabsorbed=(averageelectromagneticwave energy)(area)(speedoflight)(timeelapsed)=(uav)(A)(c)t) ElectromagneticWaves:RadiationPressure o a.Pressureavg=Iavg/c ElectromagneticWaves:TransmittedIntensityforaPolarizedBeam LawofMalus o a.I=Iocos2 o b.=0;intensityunchanged o c.=90;intensityiszero

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o d.Thetransmittedbeamoflightisnolongerpolarizedinitsoriginal direction;itisnowpolarizedinthedirectionofthepolarizer ElectromagneticWaves:TransmittedIntensityforaUnpolarizedBeam o a.I=(0.5)Io LightandGeometricalOptics Light o a.c= o b.=h/mv o c.c=1/sqrt(0o) o d.c=E/B Photon o a.Representsoneelectromagneticwave ElectromagneticWaveRadiation o a.Acceleratedchargesradiateelectromagneticwaves EnergyofonePhoton o a.E=h=joules o b.E=1240/(innanometers)=eV o c.TheenergyoflightisdependentonfrequencybecauseHisconstant o d.Inthecaseofaphoton,ifthefrequencyisincreasedbyafactorof two,theenergyisincreasedbyafactoroftwo,becauseofE=h IntensityofaSimpleHarmonicWave o a.I=(.5)2A2V o b.Inthecaseofasimpleharmonicwave,ifthefrequencyincreasesby afactoroftwo,theintensity(=energy)oflightincreasesbyafactorof four o c.Iftwowavesareahalfawavelength(180)outofphase, destructiveinterferencecauses=0Intensity o d.Iftwowavesareperfectlyinphase=constructiveinterference=4x Intensitybecausetheamplitudedoubles(seebulletA) o e.Problem932what? Color o a.Thecolorofanobjectisthecolor(wavelength)oflightitreflects DualNatureofLight o a.Actsasbothaparticleandwave WaveNatureCharacteristics o a.Diffraction o b.Dispersion o c.Interference o d.Refraction o e.Polarization ParticleNatureCharacteristics o a.Photonsdisplacingelectronsfrommetal(?) BothParticleandWave o a.Reflection 24

25 IsotropicLight o a.Lightemanatingfromapointsourceinalldirections PlanepolarizedLight o a.Onlyoneparticularelectromagneticfield o b.PPLlighthasonehalftheintensityofisotropiclight Refraction o a.Sin1/Sin2=V1/V2=N2/N1=1/2 Refraction:Wavelength o a.Lightwithlongerwavelengths(slowerfrequencies)movefaster andbendlessdramatically,withagreaterangle,atthenewmedia interface o b.Lightwithshorterwavelengths(fasterfrequencies)moveslower andbendmoredramatically,withasmallerangle,atthenewmedia interface o c.Problem934 IndexofRefraction o a.n=c/v o b.Thehighertheindexofrefractionisforanew(theonethewaveis entering)medium,afterrefractionthewavelengthbecomesshorter, andbecausethefrequencyremainsthesame,thespeedoflight decreases,andviceversa. o c.Lightbendstowardsthenormalinadensermedia SnellsLaw o a.N1Sin1=N2Sin2 o b.AngleofIncidence1:iswithrespecttotheperpendicularofthe surfacebetweenthetwomediaandisequaltotheangleof reflection o c.AngleofRefraction2:iswithrespecttotheperpendicularofthe surfacebetweenthetwomedia o d.LightwilltravelfrompointAtoBthefasted(intermsoftime)way possible TotalInternalReflection o a.SinC=N2/N1 o b.C=sin1(N2/N1) o c.CriticalAngleC:istheangleofincidencebeyondwhichtotal internalreflectionoccurs. o d.N1:Theindexofrefractionforthemediuminwhichtheincidentray istraveling o e.Totalinternalreflectionnormallyoccurswhentheinitialmedium hasanindexofrefractionmuchgreaterthanthesecondmedium Diffraction o a.Whenlightentersasmallhole(thesizeofthewavelengthor smaller),itbendsoutwards o b.Diffractingwavesthatundergoconstructiveinterferenceresultin brightbands

25

26 o c.Diffractingwavesthatundergodestructiveinterferenceresultin darkbands o d.Somediffractingwavesundergodispersionandcreatecolors Chromaticdispersion o a.Whitelightiscomposedofallcolorsinthevisiblespectrumandis splitbyaprismintosaidcolors Mnemonic o a.ThiCkerCenterConverges TheThinLensEquation o a.1/do+1/di=1/f o b.Thefocallengthofthelens,f: 1.Positive=converging(concavemirror/convexlens) 2.Negative=diverging(convexmirror/concavelens) o c.Theobjectdistancedo: 1.Positive=onsideoftheglassfromwhichlightiscoming, front,oppositeoftheeye,samesideaslightsourceforthe lens,front,samesideoftheeye,samesideaslightsourcefor themirror 2.Negative=oppositesidefromwhichthelightiscoming, behind,samesideoftheeye,oppositesideoflightsourcefor thelens,behind,oppositesideoftheeye,oppositesideofthe lightsourceforthemirror o d.Theimagedistancedi: 1.Positive=onsamesideoftheeye,behind,samesideofthe eye,oppositesideoflightsourceforthelens,front,sameside oftheeye,samesideoflightsource,forthemirror 2.Negative=oppositesideoftheeye,front,oppositesideof theeye,samesideofthelightsourceforthelens,behind, oppositesideoftheeye,oppositesideofthelightsourcefor themirror o e.Multiplelenssystem: 1.Reciprocalofthetotalfocallength=sumofthereciprocals ofthecomponentfocallengths LateralMagnification o a.Theratiooftheheightoftheimagetotheheightoftheobject= ratioofthedistanceoftheimage[fromthemirror/lens]tothe distanceoftheobject[fromthemirror/lens] o b.m=hi/ho=di/do o c.diandhichangeproportionally o d.Uprightimage,m=positive o e.Invertedimage,m=negative o f.M>1=imageenlarged o e.M<1=imagediminished LateralMagnificationofTwoLens o a.M=m1m2 PowerofaLens 26

27 o a.P=1/f(inverselyrelatedtofocallength) o b.P=2/r(inverselyrelatedtoradius) o c.P=r[N](proportionaltoindexofrefraction) o d.Measuredindiopters,m1 o e.Increaseinpower=decreaseinfocallength PowerofTwoLens o a.Peff=P1+P2 LensMakerEquation o a.1/=(nL/ns1)(1/r11/r2) o b.nL=indexofrefractionoflens o c.ns=indexofrefractionofsurroundings o d.r1=radiusofcurvatureofthesurfaceofthelensfacingtheobject o e.r2=radiusofcurvatureofthesurfaceofthelensfacingoppositethe object AngularMagnification o a.MO=i/np o b.NP=Nearpoint=closestandobjectcanbewhileinfocus FocalPoint o a.Wherelightfocuses o b.AffectedbytherefractionofindexofBOTH:thelensormirrorand themediumsurroundingthelensormirror FocalLength o a.Distancebetweenlensormirrorandthefocalpoint o b.Planemirror=infinitefocalpoint o c.Planemirror(rulesstillapply)= 1.virtualimagesonlybehind 2.Realimagesonlyinfront FocalLengthofaSphericalMirror o a.F=(0.5)(r) o b.Forasphericalmirror,thefocallengthishalfoftheradiusof curvature Lens o a.Concave(diverging) o b.Convex(converging) Mirror o a.Concave(converging) o b.Convex(diverging) PRays o a.Willalwaysgoparallel,striketheglass,thengothroughthefocal point.Justapplyaccordingly FRays o a.Willalwaysgothroughthefocalpoint,striketheglass,thengo parallel.Justapplyaccordingly. CRays o a.Hititandcomestraightback. 27

 o b.Likeyourmom. MRays o a.Gothroughthecenterofthelens/mirrorinastraightline Convexmirror Objectlocation Imageorientation Imagesize Imagetype Arbitrary Upright reduced virtual Concavemirror Objectlocation Imageorientation Imagesize Imagetype Beyond2f Inverted Reduced Real 2f Inverted Sameasobject Real Between2fandF Inverted Enlarged Real JustbeyondF Inverted Approaching Real infinity JustInsideF Upright Approaching Virtual infinity Betweenmirror Upright Enlarged Virtual andF ConcaveLens Objectlocation Imageorientation Imagesize Imagetype Arbitrary Upright reduced virtual Convexlens Objectlocation Imageorientation Imagesize Imagetype Beyondf Inverted Reducedor Real enlarged Justbeyondf Inverted Approaching Real infinity Justinsidef Upright Approaching Virtual infinity Betweenlensandf Upright Enlarged Virtual Convergence:ConcaveMirrors/ConvexLens

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o a.

o b.

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29 o c.Lightisreflectedbymirrorsandrefractedbylenstowardsthefocal point o d.Samesideofeye[Frontformirrors,behindforlens]:Images andfocalpointsonthesamesideoftheeyewillbepositive,realand inverted,EXCEPTwhentheobjectisinthefocaldistance;negative, virtualandupright o e.Oppositesideofeye[Behindformirrors,frontforlens]: imagesandfocalpointsontheoppositesideoftheeyewillbe negative,virtualandupright

o f.ConcaveMirrorRayDiagram

o e.ConvexLensRayDiagram o key:1photonstrikethemirrorsothatitspathcanbetracedback throughthefocalpoint;2photongoesthroughthefocalpointand reflectsoffthemirror;3hitsthecenterofthemirrorandreflectsoff Divergence:ConvexMirror/ConcaveLens

o a.

o b. o c.Lightreflectedbymirrorsandrefractedbylensoutwardfromthe focalpoint o d.Samesideofeye[Frontformirrors,behindforlens]:Images andfocalpointsonthesamesideoftheeyewillbenegative,virtual anduprightandaresmallerthantheobject.Theobjectmustbewithin onefocallengthofthelensforthistooccur.

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 o e.Oppositesideofeye[Behindformirrors,frontforlens]: imagesandfocalpointsontheoppositesideoftheeyewillbe positive,realandinverted

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o f.ConvexMirrorRayDiagram

o e.ConcaveMirrorRayDiagram o f.key:1photonstrikethemirrorsothatitspathcanbetracedback throughthefocalpoint;2photongoesthroughthefocalpointand reflectsoffthemirror;3hitsthecenterofthemirrorandreflectsoff RadioactiveDecay Alphaparticle o a.24or24He(2protonsand2neutrons,orheliumnucleus) Betaparticle o a.,1or1e0(electron) Positron o a.+,+1or+1e0(equalbutoppositetoelectron) Neutrino o a.(virtuallymassless;1/106massofanelectron) Gammaray o a.00(nomass,nocharge,justelectromagneticenergy) DecayRate o a.m/t Alphadecay o a.Lossof2protonsand2neutrons o b.Ex:92238U90234Th+24 Betadecay o a.1neutron1proton+1electron+1neutrino o b.Ex:90234Th91234Pa+1e0+ Positronemission o a.1proton1neutron+1positron 30

31 o b.Ex:1122Na1022Na++1e0 Electroncapture o a.1proton+1electron1neutron+1gammaray o b.Ex:80201Hg+1e079201Au+00 Gammarayannihilation(MatterAntimatterannihilation) o a.1electron+1positron2gammarays o b.Itistheannihilationofmattertocreatepureenergyintheformof light o c.Itdoesnotchangetheidentityoftheatomfromwhichitisgivenoff o b.Ex:+1e0+1e000+00 Fusion o a.2smallernuclei1largernuclei+energy;leadstoamorestable product Fission o a.1largernuclei2largernuclei+energy;leadstoamorestable product Chartofstability o a.BothwanttogotoFe56

Constants Speedoflight o a.3x108m/s o b.c= o c.c=1/sqrt(0o) o d.c=E/B PlancksConstant o a.H=6.626068x1034m2*kg/s=J*s GravitationConstant,G o a.G=6.67x1011N*m2/kg2 ElectricFieldStrengthConstant:o o a.o o b.8.9x1012C2*N/m2 PermeabilityofFreeSpace(MagneticFieldStrength) o a.0

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32 o b.0=4x107T*m/A CoulombsConstant,K o a.9x109N*m2/C2 o b.1C=amountofchargein6.25x1018protonsorelectrons EnergyofonePhoton o a.E=h=joules(supersmallnumber) o b.E=1240/(innanometers)=eV(probablywholenumber,could bedecimal) ChargeonOneElectron o a.1.6x1019C EnergyofOneElectron o a.Ev=1.6x1019J MassofOneElectron o a.9x1031kg AvogadrosNumber o a.6.022x1023 Farad o a.96,500C/mol MagneticFieldoftheSurfaceoftheEarth o a.5x105T Tesla o a.T=104gauss Gravitationacceleration o a.10m/s2 VelocityofSound o a.V=340m/s IndexofRefractionforAir o a.n=1 IndexofRefractionforWater o a.n=1.3 IndexofRefractionforGlass o a.n=1.5 VisibleLightSpectrum o a.[IR]ROYGBIV[UV] WavelengthofVioletLight o a.Lambda~400nm o b.Higherfrequency o c.ByE=h,moreenergy WavelengthofRedLight o a.Lambda~700nm o b.Lowerfrequency o c.ByE=h,lessenergy CosandSin:0 o a.Cos=1.0 o b.Sin=0

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33

CosandSin:30 o a.Cos=0.85 o b.Sin=0.5 CosandSin:45 o a.Cos=0.7 o b.Sin=0.7 CosandSin:60 o a.Cos=0.5 o b.Sin=0.85 CosandSin:90 o a.Cos=0 o b.Sin=1 CosandSin:180 o a.Cos=1.0 o b.Sin=0 CosandSin:270 o a.Cos=0 o b.Sin=1 Units BigNine o 1.C=VF o 2.C=As o 3.J=Nm o 4.J=Ws o 5.J=CV o 6.J=F o 7.N=TAm o 8.V=A o 9.W=VA Force o a.Newton o b.N=kg*m/s2 Viscosity o a. o b.=N*s/m2 Energy o a.Joule(J) o b.J=N*m=kg*m2/s2 Power o a.Watt(W) o b.W=J/s=kg*m2/s3 HorsePower o a.HP=756W

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 ElectricPotential/EMF o a.Volt o b.V=J/C Charge o a.Coulomb(C) o b.C=A*s Capacitance o a.Farad(F) o b.F=C/V Current o a.Ampere o b.A=C/s Resistance o a.Ohm o b.=V/A Work o a.Calorie(Cal) o b.1Cal=1000cal=4,184J Heat o a.Btu o b.3.97Btu=4,184J Luminosity o a.Candela(c) Magnetism o a.Tesla(T) o b.T=N/A*m=N*s/m*C Weber o a.Wb o b.1Wb=1T*m2 Henry o a.H o b.1H=1V*s/A Pressure o a.Atmosphere(Atm) o b.1Atm=760torr=760mmHg=101,300Pa(Pascals)=N/m2 ElectronVolt o a.1eV=1.6x1019J Giga o a.G/B=109 Mega o a.M=106 Kilo o a.k=103 Centi o a.c=102

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 Milli o a.m=103 Micro o a.u=106 Nano o a.n=109 Angstrom o a.A=1010 Pico o a.p=1012 Femto o a.f=1015

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