IP Addressing

Introductory material.
An entire module devoted to IP addresses.

IP Addresses

Structure of an IP address Subnetting CIDR IP Version 6 addresses

IP Addresses
32 bits
version (4 bits) header length Type of Service/TOS (8 bits) flags (3 bits) Total Length (in bytes) (16 bits) Fragment Offset (13 bits) Header Checksum (16 bits)

Identification (16 bits) TTL Time-to-Live (8 bits) Protocol (8 bits)

Source IP address (32 bits) Destination IP address (32 bits)

Ethernet Header

IP Header

TCP Header

Application data

Ethernet Trailer

Ethernet frame

IP Addresses
32 bits
0x4 0x5 9d08 12810 0x06 128.143.137.144 128.143.71.21 0x00 0102 4410 00000000000002 8bff

Ethernet Header

IP Header

TCP Header

Application data

Ethernet Trailer

Ethernet frame

What is an IP Address?
An IP address is a unique global address for a network interface An IP address: - is a 32 bit long identifier - encodes a network number (network prefix) and a host number

Dotted Decimal Notation

IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal notation Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range [0..255]:

Example:
10000000 1st Byte = 128 10001111 2nd Byte = 143 10001001 3rd Byte = 137 10010000 4th Byte = 144

128.143.137.144

Network prefix and Host number

The network prefix identifies a network and the host number identifies a specific host (actually, interface on the network). network prefix host number

How do we know how long the network prefix is? The network prefix is implicitly defined (see class-based addressing) The network prefix is indicated by a netmask.

Example
Example: ellington.cs.virginia.edu 128.143 137.144

Network id is: Host number is: Network mask is:

Prefix notation:

128.143.0.0 137.144 255.255.0.0

or ffff0000

128.143.137.144/16

Network prefix is 16 bits long

Subnetting
Problem: Organizations have multiple networks which are independently managed
Solution 1: Allocate one or more addresses for each network Difficult to manage From the outside of the organization, each network must be addressable. Solution 2: Add another

University Network
Engineering School Library Medical School

level of hierarchy to the IP addressing structure

Subnetting

Basic Idea of Subnetting

Split the host number portion of an IP address into a subnet number and a (smaller) host number. Result is a 3-layer hierarchy network prefix host number

network prefix Then:

subnet number

host number

extended network prefix

Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization

Typical Addressing Plan for an Organization that uses subnetting

Each layer-2 network (Ethernet segment, FDDI segment) is allocated a subnet address.
128.143.71.0 / 24

128.143.0.0/16
128.143.7.0 / 24

128.143.16.0 / 24

128.143.8.0 / 24

128.143.17.0 / 24

128.143.22.0 / 24

128.143.136.0 / 24

Advantages of Subnetting
With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer hierarchy:
Network Subnet Host

Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming an entire address space for each physical network. Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do not know about subnetting, the complexity of routing tables at external routers is reduced. Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all subnetworks.

CIDR - Classless Interdomain Routing

Goals: Restructure IP address assignments to increase efficiency Hierarchical routing aggregation to minimize route table entries

Key Concept: The length of the network id (prefix) in the IP addresses is kept arbitrary
Consequence: Routers advertise the IP address and the length of the prefix

CIDR Example
CIDR notation of a network address: 192.0.2.0/18 "18" says that the first 18 bits are the network part of the address (and 14 bits are available for specific host addresses) The network part is called the prefix
Assume that a site requires a network address with 1000 addresses With CIDR, the network is assigned a continuous block of 1024 addresses with a 22-bit long prefix

CIDR: Prefix Size vs. Network Size

CIDR Block Prefix
/27 /26 /25 /24 /23 /22 /21 /20 /19 /18 /17 /16 /15 /14 /13

# of Host Addresses
32 hosts 64 hosts 128 hosts 256 hosts 512 hosts 1,024 hosts 2,048 hosts 4,096 hosts 8,192 hosts 16,384 hosts 32,768 hosts 65,536 hosts 131,072 hosts 262,144 hosts 524,288 hosts

CIDR and Address assignments

Backbone ISPs obtain large block of IP addresses space and then reallocate portions of their address blocks to their customers. Example:
Assume that an ISP owns the address block 206.0.64.0/18, which represents 16,384 (214) IP addresses Suppose a client requires 800 host addresses With classful addresses: need to assign a class B address (and waste ~64,700 addresses) or four individual Class Cs (and introducing 4 new routes into the global Internet routing tables)

With CIDR: Assign a /22 block, e.g., 206.0.68.0/22, and allocated a

block of 1,024 (210) IP addresses.

CIDR and Routing Information

Company X :

ISP X owns:
206.0.64.0/18 204.188.0.0/15 209.88.232.0/21

206.0.68.0/22

Internet Backbone

ISP y :
209.88.237.0/24

Organization z1 : 209.88.237.192/26

Organization z2 : 209.88.237.0/26

CIDR and Routing Information

Backbone routers do not know anything about Company X, ISP Y, or Organizations z1, z2. Company X : ISP X does not know about Organizations z1, z2.

Internet ISP X sends everything which Backbone matches the prefix:

206.0.68.0/22 to Company X, 209.88.237.0/24 to ISP y

206.0.68.0/22 ISP y sends everything which matches ISP X owns: the prefix: 206.0.64.0/18 209.88.237.192/26 to Organizations z1 204.188.0.0/15 209.88.237.0/26 to Organizations z2 209.88.232.0/21

ISP y :
209.88.237.0/24

Backbone sends everything which matches the prefixes 206.0.64.0/18, 204.188.0.0/15, 209.88.232.0/21 to ISP X.

Organization z1 : 209.88.237.192/26

Organization z2 : 209.88.237.0/26

Example
The IP Address:
207

You can find about ownership of IP addresses in North America via http://www.arin.net/whois/

207.2.88.170
2 88 170

11001111 00000010 01011000 10101010

Belongs to: City of Charlottesville, VA: 207.2.88.0 - 207.2.92.255

11001111 00000010 01011000 00000000

Belongs to: Cable & Wireless USA 207.0.0.0 - 207.3.255.255

11001111 00000000 00000000 00000000

CIDR and Routing

Aggregation of routing table entries: 128.143.0.0/16 and 128.142.0.0/16 are represented as 128.142.0.0/15 Longest prefix match: Routing table lookup finds the routing entry that matches the longest prefix
Prefix What is the outgoing interface for 128.143.137.0 ? 128.0.0.0/4 Interface interface #5

128.128.0.0/9

interface #2

128.143.128.0/17 interface #1

Routing table

IPv6 - IP Version 6
IP Version 6 Is the successor to the currently used IPv4 Specification completed in 1994 Makes improvements to IPv4 (no revolutionary changes)

One (not the only !) feature of IPv6 is a significant increase in size of the IP address to 128 bits (16 bytes) IPv6 will solve for the foreseeable future the problems with IP addressing

IPv6 Header
32 bits
v e rsion (4 bits) Traffic Class (8 bits) Payload Le ngth (16 bits) Flow Labe l (24 bits) Ne xt He ade r (8 bits) Hop Limits (8 bits)

Source IP addre ss (128 bits)

De stination IP addre ss (128 bits)

Ethernet Header

IPv6 Header

TCP Header

Application data

Ethernet Trailer

Ethernet frame

IPv6 vs. IPv4: Address Comparison

IPv4 has a maximum of 232 4 billion addresses IPv6 has a maximum of 2128 = (232)4 4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion addresses

Notation of IPv6 addresses

Convention: The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16bit integers (using hexadecimal digits for each integer) CEDF:BP76:3245:4464:FACE:2E50:3025:DF12 Short notation:
Abbreviations of leading zeroes:
CEDF:BP76:0000:0000:009E:0000:3025:DF12 CEDF:BP76:0:0:9E :0:3025:DF12

:0000:0000 can be written as ::

CEDF:BP76:0:0:FACE:0:3025:DF12 CEDF:BP76::FACE:0:3025:DF12

IPv6 addresses derived from IPv4 addresses have 96 leading zero bits. Convention allows to use IPv4 notation for the last 32 bits.
::80:8F:89:90 ::128.143.137.144

IPv6 Provider-Based Addresses

The first IPv6 addresses will be allocated to a provider-based plan
010 Registry Provider Subscriber Subnetwork Interface ID ID ID ID ID

Type: Set to 010 for provider-based addresses Registry: identifies the agency that registered the address
The following fields have a variable length (recommeded length in ())

Provider: Id of Internet access provider (16 bits) Subscriber: Id of the organization at provider (24 bits) Subnetwork: Id of subnet within organization (32 bits) Interface: identifies an interface at a node (48 bits)

More on IPv6 Addresses

The provider-based addresses have a similar flavor as CIDR addresses IPv6 provides address formats for: Unicast identifies a single interface Multicast identifies a group. Datagrams sent to a multicast address are sent to all members of the group Anycast identifies a group. Datagrams sent to an anycast address are sent to one of the members in the group.