The document discusses the translation hierarchy that converts a C program into an executable machine language program. It involves multiple steps:
1. A compiler translates the C program into an assembly language program.
2. An assembler then converts the assembly language program into an object file containing machine instructions and data.
3. A linker merges multiple object files along with library routines into a single executable file by resolving references between them.
4. Finally, a loader loads the executable file into memory and prepares it for execution.
The document discusses the translation hierarchy that converts a C program into an executable machine language program. It involves multiple steps:
1. A compiler translates the C program into an assembly language program.
2. An assembler then converts the assembly language program into an object file containing machine instructions and data.
3. A linker merges multiple object files along with library routines into a single executable file by resolving references between them.
4. Finally, a loader loads the executable file into memory and prepares it for execution.
Original Description:
Assembler, Linker and Loader for IGNOU BCA 2nd Semester Students Uploaded by Syed Shiyas.
The document discusses the translation hierarchy that converts a C program into an executable machine language program. It involves multiple steps:
1. A compiler translates the C program into an assembly language program.
2. An assembler then converts the assembly language program into an object file containing machine instructions and data.
3. A linker merges multiple object files along with library routines into a single executable file by resolving references between them.
4. Finally, a loader loads the executable file into memory and prepares it for execution.
The document discusses the translation hierarchy that converts a C program into an executable machine language program. It involves multiple steps:
1. A compiler translates the C program into an assembly language program.
2. An assembler then converts the assembly language program into an object file containing machine instructions and data.
3. A linker merges multiple object files along with library routines into a single executable file by resolving references between them.
4. Finally, a loader loads the executable file into memory and prepares it for execution.
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Assemblers, Linkers & Loaders
C program
Translation Hierarchy Assembly language program
Compiler
Assembler
Object: Machine language module
Object: Library routine (machine language)
Linker
Executable: Machine language program
Loader
Memory
Translation Hierarchy Compiler Translates high-level language program into assembly language (CS 440)
Assembler Converts assembly language programs into object files Object files contain a combination of machine instructions, data, and information needed to place instructions properly in memory
Assemblers Assemblers need to translate assembly instructions and pseudo-instructions into machine instructions Convert decimal numbers, etc. specified by programmer into binary
Typically, assemblers make two passes over the assembly file
First pass: reads each line and records labels in a symbol table Second pass: use info in symbol table to produce actual machine code for each line
Object file format
Object file header Text segment Data segment Relocation information Symbol table Debugging information
Object file header describes the size and position of the other pieces of the file Text segment contains the machine instructions Data segment contains binary representation of data in assembly file Relocation info identifies instructions and data that depend on absolute addresses Symbol table associates addresses with external labels and lists unresolved references Debugging info
Executable file main: jal printf jal sub printf: sub:
Linker
Relocation records
C library print:
Linker Tool that merges the object files produced by separate compilation or assembly and creates an executable file Three tasks Searches the program to find library routines used by program, e.g. printf(), math routines, Determines the memory locations that code from each module will occupy and relocates its instructions by adjusting absolute references Resolves references among files
Loader Part of the OS that brings an executable file residing on disk into memory and starts it running Steps Read executable file s header to determine the size of text and data segments Create a new address space for the program Copies instructions and data into address space Copies arguments passed to the program on the stack Initializes the machine registers including the stack ptr Jumps to a startup routine that copies the program s arguments from the stack to registers and calls the program s main routine
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