Chapter 10

THE LINUX SHELL BASH SCRIPT

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Objectives

Identify different Linux shell environments Understand the redirection of input and output Understand and utilize command substitution Write and configure BASH script using variables, flow controls interactive input, functions, arithmetic and arrays

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The Linux Shell

Shell is a interface between OS and user. It provides : A facility for launching and managing commands and programs An operating environment

A programming language

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The Linux Shell

Type of shell : Bourne shell (sh), Bourne Again shell (bash), Korn shell (ksh), C shell (csh, tcsh), Programs start from command line have separate environments : parameters, variables, functions, aliases

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Shell Environment Customize

Type of variables: local (shell variable), global (environment variable)

List all local variables : use set command

List all global variables : use env command Default environment variables : PS1, PS2,

HOME, LOGNAME, SHELL, PATH, PAGER,

LPDEST, PWD, DISPLAY, MAIL,...

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Shell Environment Customize

bash configuration files :

/etc/profile
~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, ~/.profile set : define a new variable

unset : undefine a variable

export : make a local variable becomes a global variable

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Using the bash shell

Alt+Fn : switch between virtual consoles gpm : mouse server daemon, use it to copy and paste even between different consoles Auto complete : use TAB key Up and down arrow keys : get history commands (store in ~/.bash_history)

Ctrl+Z, Ctrl+C, Ctrl+D, *, ?

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Redirecting Input and Output

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Redirecting Input and Output

Redirect input : use (<) or (<0) # mail [email protected] < content Redirect output : use (>) or (1>) # ls l > list_file ( Use set o noclobber : prevent file overwriting ) Append : use (>>) Redirect error : use (2>)

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Pipe and Back ticks (` ,`)

Pipe (|): command1 | command2
Output of command1 becomes input of command2 # ls l |grep samba

Back ticks (``) or $()

1. # which passwd /usr/bin/passwd

2. # ls l /usr/bin/passwd
3. # ls l `which passwd`
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Background jobs
Job ( process) :

# ls l | grep *.jpg
Run job in the background : Append with & : # sleep 1000 & [1] 1234 If a job is running in foreground, suspend it by Ctrl+Z then run the following command to switch to background : # bg %job_id
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Shell Script
Shell script : is a text file contains shell commands, functions, aliases, flow control structures, loops, comments All comments begin with # but #! is used to identify a commands interpreter $ more example_script #!/bin/bash /usr/bin/smbd -D /usr/bin/nmbd -D
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Variables
Naming : not begin with a digit, usually in upper case letters

Assigning : not SPACES around =

VAR=value : assign value string to VAR VAR=`cmd` : the same VAR=$(cmd) ,assign output of cmd to VAR # VAR1=`ls /var/log | wc l` # echo $VAR1

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Variables

Quotes (single, double) : # VAR=Hello World

# echo $VAR
Hello World # echo $VAR

$VAR

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Variable Notation
Expand variables : use ${VAR}

# VAR1=This is a String ; echo $VAR1

This is a String # VAR2=$VAR1xyz ; echo $VAR2 Nothing #default # VAR3=${VAR1}xyz ; echo $VAR3 This is a Stringxyz # VAR4=${VAR1}xyz ; echo $VAR4 ${VAR1}xyz
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Passing Information to Sript

On the command line, information can be passed to script through pre-set positional parameters
$0 The name of the script $1-$9 Parameters are being passed to script $* A string contains ALL parameters passed to script, separated by the first character defined in IFS (Internal File Separator) variable $@ A list of ALL parameters as separate string

$# Number of parameters included on the command line

The shift command will shift the positional parameters one or more position from left to right
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Flow control

Loop : do something more than one time

Loop commands : for ,while ,until

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The for Loop

Syntax : for <var> in <list of value>

do
# list of commands to do done

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The for Loop Example

This script will rename all file .txt in current directory to .html

#!/bin/bash
for file in $(ls *.txt) do

newname=$(basename $file .txt).html;

mv $file $newname; done
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The while and until Loop

Syntax : while <condition> do # list of commands to do done -------------------------------------------------------until <condition> do # list of commands to do done
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The while Loop Example

count=0

while [ $count lt 4 ]
do echo $count count=$(($count +1)) done Output : 0

1
2 3
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The until Loop Example

count=0

until [ $count ge 4 ]
do echo $count count=$(($count +1)) done Output : 0

1
2 3
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Return codes/Exit status

The variable $? contains the return code of the previous executed command or application.

0 Success
0 Failure The exit n command will cause the script to quit and assign the value of n to $? variable

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Tests and Conditions

Test : use [ ] around expression
If-then-else structure: if [ <exp1> ] # include SPACEs

then
#commands to do if the exp1 is true else

#commands to do if the exp1 is NOT true

fi
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case Structure
case expression in

pattern1 )
action ;; pattern2 ) action ;; esac
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case Test Example

while [ $1 ] do

echo n $1 hits the case $1 in a?c | ab? ) echo first case. ;; abcde ) echo second case. ;; abc123 ) echo third case. ;; *) echo third case. ;; esac done
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Input Interactive

We can input information into script when executing the script

Commands :

read
select

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read Command

Allow to read values into variables Syntax :

read VAR1 VAR2

If there is more input than you are looking for, all the extras are put in the last variable.

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read Command Example

#!/bin/bash

echo Enter 2 number, I will add them

read VAR1 VAR2 echo $VAR1 + $VAR2 = $(($VAR1+$VAR2))

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select Command

It is great for creating menu Syntax : select <VAR> in <list> do # commands done

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Case Command example

#!/bin/bash VAR=$(ls) select i in $VAR do echo $i; exit; done

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Functions
Syntax : function function_name () { #commands } Or function_name () { #commands }
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Functions

Functions can be called in main script by functions name. It inherits ALL parameters in the main script We can change the return code of the function by using return n command

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Summary

Step 1 : create script file (cat, vi, mc, ),enter script codes.
Step 2 : add execute permission mode to file ( chmod u+x file )

Step 3 : run it (add script directory to PATH environment or use absolute path)

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