Linux Basics

WeeSan Lee <[email protected]>

http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~weesan/cs183/

Roadmap

What is Unix? What is Linux? Which Linux Distribution is better? Fish vs. Fishing Basic Commands Vi and Emacs Q&A References
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What is Unix?

A multi-task and multi-user Operating System Developed in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Labs by

Ken Thompson (Unix) Dennis Ritchie (C) Douglas Mcllroy (Pipes - Do one thing, do it well)

Some other variants: System V, Solaris, SCO Unix, SunOS, 4.4BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, BSDI

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What is Linux?

A clone of Unix Developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish graduate student Inspired by and replacement of Minix Linus' Minix became Linux Consist of

Linux Kernel GNU (GNU is Not Unix) Software Software Package management Others
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http://www.linuxdevices.com/files/misc/ibm-watchpad.jpg

What is Linux?

Originally developed for 32-bit x86-based PC Ported to other architectures, eg.

Alpha, VAX, PowerPC, IBM S/390, MIPS, IA-64 PS2, TiVo, cellphones, watches, Nokia N810, NDS, routers, NAS, GPS,

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* See references at the end for the corresponding websites.

Which Linux Distribution is better?

> 300 Linux Distributions

Slackware (one of the oldest, simple and stable distro.) Redhat

RHEL (commercially support) Fedora (free)

CentOS (free RHEL, based in England) SuSe ( based in German) Gentoo (Source code based) Debian (one of the few called GNU/Linux) Ubuntu (based in South Africa) Knoppix (first LiveCD distro.)
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Which Linux Distribution is better?

Knoppix

Slackware

Gentoo

CentOS
Redhat

Source: http://futurist.se/gldt/

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Which Linux Distribution is better?

Ask yourself these questions (from LAH)

Is it going to be around in 5 yrs? Is it giong to stay on top of the latest security patches? Is it going to release updated software promptly? If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?

Personally, I use Slackware But, we will use CentOS (possibly along with Slackware :)
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Fish vs. Fishing

Manpage

$ man ls $ man 2 mkdir $ man man $ man -k mkdir

4 Device drivers and network protocols

/dev/tty
/etc/hosts /usr/games/fortune man 7 locale /sbin/reboot

5 Standard file formats

Manpage sections (LAH Table 1.2 @ page 12)

6 Games and demos

1 User-level cmds and apps

7 Misc. files and docs

/bin/mkdir int mkdir(const char *, ); int printf(const char *, );

2 System calls

8 System admin. Cmds

3 Library calls

$ manpath $ env | grep MANPATH /etc/man.config

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Fish vs. Fishing (cont)

Google

linux package management -rpm linux package management -rpm linux OR windows rpm site:redhat.com linux faq filetype:pdf
Text-base, menu-based help from GNU ?, h, u, t, ^N, ^P, Enter $ info info
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Info

Basic Commands

ls

which

$ ls -l $ ls -a $ ls -la $ ls -l --sort=time $ ls -l --sort=size -r

$ which ls $ whereis ls $ locate stdio.h $ locate iostream $ rpm -q bash $ rpm -qa $ rpm -qa | sort | less

whereis

locate

cd

$ cd /usr/bin
$ pwd $ cd ~ $ cd ~weesan

rpm

pwd

find

~user

$ find / | grep stdio.h $ find /usr/include | grep stdio.h

What will cd ~/weesan do?

Basic Commands (cont)

echo

rm

$ echo Hello World $ echo -n Hello World $ cat /etc/motd $ cat /proc/cpuinfo $ cp foo bar $ cp -a foo bar

cat

$ rm foo $ rm -rf foo $ rm -i foo $ rm -- -foo

chgrp

cp

chsh

mv

chfn

$ mv foo bar

mkdir

chown

$ mkdir foo

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Basic Commands (cont)

tar

Pipe

$ tar cvfp lab1.tar lab1 $ gzip -9 lab1.tar $ gzip -cd lab1.tar.gz | tar xvf $ tar xvfz lab1.tar.gz

gzip

untar & ungzip

$ cal > foo $ cat /dev/zero > foo $ cat < /etc/passwd $ who | cut -d -f1 | sort | uniq | wc l $ echo The date is `date` $ echo `seq 1 10` ln vmlinuz-2.6.24.4 vmlinuz ln -s firefox-2.0.0.3 firefox

backtick

touch

$ touch foo $ cat /dev/null > foo

Hard, soft (symbolic) link

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Basic Commands (cont)

Disk usage

$ df -h /
$ du -sxh ~/

File space usage

Advance stuff

$ ssh eon who $ ssh eon cd .html ; tar cvfp - cs183 | gzip -9c | tar xvfpz $ ssh kilo-1 tar cvfp - /extra/weesan | tar xvfp - -C /

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Vi

2 modes Input mode

Delete

ESC to back to cmd mode Cursor movement

Command mode

dd (delete a line) d10d (delete 10 lines) d$ (delete till end of line) dG (delete till end of file) x (current char.) p (paste after) P (paste before) u / :w (write) :q (quit) :wq (write and quit) :q! (give up changes)

h (left), j (down), k (up), l (right) ^f (page down) ^b (page up) ^ (first char.) $ (last char.) G (bottom page) :1 (goto first line)

Paste

Undo

Search

Swtch to input mode

Save/Quit

a (append) i (insert) o (insert line after O (insert line before)

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Emacs

$ emacs Cursor movement

Paste

^y (yank) ^/ ^x^f ^g ^x^c (quit w/out saving) ^x^s (save) ^x^w (write to a new file)

^f (forward one char.) ^b (backward one char.) ^a (begin of line) ^e (end of line) ^n (next line) ^p (prev. line) ^v (page up) alt-v (page down)

Undo

Load file

Cancel

Save/Quit

Deletion

^d (delete one char) alt-d (delete one word) ^k (delete line)

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Q&A

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References

LAH

Ch 1: Where to Start
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Unix_ history-simple.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds http://www.kernel.org/
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Unix history

Linus Torvalds

Linux Kernel

References

GNU (Gnus Not Unix)

http://www.gnu.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions http://arrakis.ncsa.uiuc.edu/ps2/cluster.php http://linuxdevices.com/articles/AT4936596231.html http://dynamic.tivo.com/linux/linux.asp

Linux Distribution

PS2: Computational Cluster

Linux Gadgets

TiVo

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References

Nintendo DS Lite http://www.nintendo.com/ds/ Nokia N810 http://www.nokia.com/ http://www.engadget.com/2007/10/17/nokia-n810-gets-official/ Linux Distribution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution GNU/Linux Distro Timeline: http://futurist.se/gldt/ http://www.distrowatch.com/ http://www.linux.org/dist/ Google Advance Search http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/refinesearch.html

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