Edgar Degas

Edgar Degas
Edgar Degas

Self-portrait (Degas au porte-fusain), 1855 Birth name Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas Born 19 July 1834 Paris, France 27 September 1917 (aged83) Paris, France

Died

Nationality French Field Movement Works Painting, sculpture, drawing Impressionism The Bellelli Family (18581867) Woman with Chrysanthemums (1865) Chanteuse de Caf (c.1878) At the Milliner's (1882) Mary Cassatt, Jean-Louis Forain, Walter Sickert, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Influenced

Edgar Degas (French:[il m d d]; US /de/ or UK /de/); born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas; (19 July 1834 27 September 1917) was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is especially identified with the subject of dance; more than half of his works depict dancers. He is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist.[1] He was a superb draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his renditions of dancers, racecourse subjects and female nudes. His portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and for their portrayal of human isolation.[2] At the beginning of his career, he wanted to be a history painter, a calling for which he was well prepared by his rigorous academic training and close study of classic art. In his early thirties, he changed course, and by bringing the traditional methods of a history painter to bear on contemporary subject matter, he became a classical painter of modern life.[3]

Edgar Degas

Early life
Degas was born in Paris, France, into a moderately wealthy family. He was the eldest of five children of Clestine Musson De Gas, a Creole from New Orleans, and Augustin De Gas, a banker. Degas (he adopted this less grandiose spelling of his family name when he became an adult)[4] began his schooling at age eleven, enrolling in the Lyce Louis-le-Grand. His mother died when he was thirteen, and his father and grandfather became the main influences on him for the remainder of his youth. Degas began to paint early in life. By the time he graduated from the Lyce in 1853, at age 18, with a baccalaurat in literature, he had turned a room in his home into an artist's studio. Upon graduating, he Edgar Degas c. 1850s registered as a copyist in the Louvre Museum, but his father expected him to go to law school. Degas duly enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris, in November 1853, but applied little effort to his studies. In 1855, Degas met Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, whom he revered, and whose advice he never forgot: "Draw lines, young man, and still more lines, both from life and from memory, and you will become a good artist."[5] In April of that year, Degas was admitted to the cole des Beaux-Arts. He studied drawing there with Louis Lamothe, under whose guidance he flourished, following the style of Ingres.[6] In July 1856, Degas traveled to Italy, where he would remain for the next three years. In 1858, while staying with his aunt's family in Naples, he made the first studies for his early masterpiece, The Bellelli Family. He also drew and painted numerous copies of works by Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, and other Renaissance artists, butcontrary to conventional practicehe usually selected from an altarpiece a detail that had caught his attentiona secondary figure, or a head which he treated as a portrait.[7]

Artistic career
Upon his return to France in 1859, Degas moved into a Paris studio large enough to permit him to begin painting The Bellelli Familyan imposing canvas he intended for exhibition in the Salon, although it remained unfinished until 1867. He also began work on several history paintings: Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah in 185960; Smiramis Building Babylon in 1860; and Young Spartans around 1860.[8] In 1861, Degas visited his childhood friend Paul Valpinon in Normandy, and made the earliest of his many studies of horses. He exhibited at the Salon for the first time in 1865, when the jury accepted his painting Scene of War in the Middle Ages, which attracted little attention.[9] Although he exhibited annually in the Salon during the next five years, he submitted no more history paintings, and his SteeplechaseThe Fallen Jockey (Salon of 1866) signaled his growing commitment to contemporary subject matter. The change in his art was influenced primarily by the example of douard Manet, whom Degas had met in 1864 (while both were copying the same Velzquez portrait in the Louvre, according to a story that may be apocryphal).[10] Upon the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas enlisted in the National Guard, where his defense of Paris left him little time for painting. During rifle training his eyesight was found to be defective, and for the rest of his life his eye problems were a constant worry to him.[11]

Edgar Degas

After the war, in 1872, Degas began an extended stay in New Orleans, Louisiana, where his brother Ren and a number of other relatives lived. Staying at the home of his Creole uncle, Michel Musson, on Esplanade Avenue,[12] Degas produced a number of works, many depicting family members. One of Degas's New Orleans works, A Cotton Office in New Orleans, garnered favorable attention back in France, and was his only work purchased by a museum (the Pau) during his lifetime. Degas returned to Paris in 1873, and his father died the following year, A Cotton Office in New Orleans, 1873 whereupon Degas learned that his brother Ren had amassed enormous business debts. To preserve his family's reputation, Degas sold his house and an art collection he had inherited, and used the money to pay off his brother's debts. Dependent for the first time in his life on sales of his artwork for income, he produced much of his greatest work during the decade beginning in 1874.[13] Disenchanted by now with the Salon, he instead joined a group of young artists who were organizing an independent exhibiting society. The group soon became known as the Impressionists. Between 1874 and 1886, they mounted eight art shows, known as the Impressionist Exhibitions. Degas took a leading role in organizing the exhibitions, and showed his work in all but one of them, despite his persistent conflicts with others in the group. He had little in common with Monet and the other landscape painters in the group, whom he mocked for painting outdoors. Conservative in his social attitudes, he abhorred the scandal created by the exhibitions, as well as the publicity and advertising that his colleagues sought.[1] He also deeply disliked being associated with the term "Impressionist," which the press had coined and popularized, and insisted on including non-Impressionist artists such as Jean-Louis Forain and Jean-Franois Raffalli in the group's exhibitions. The resulting rancor within the group contributed to its disbanding in 1886.[14] As his financial situation improved through sales of his own work, he was able to indulge his passion for collecting works by artists he admired: old masters such as El Greco and such contemporaries as Manet, Pissarro, Czanne, Gauguin, and Van Gogh. Three artists he idolized, Ingres, Delacroix, and Daumier, were especially well represented in his collection.[15] In the late 1880s, Degas also developed a passion for photography.[16] He photographed many of his friends, often by lamplight, as in his double portrait of Renoir and Mallarm. Other photographs, depicting dancers and nudes, were used for reference in some of Degas's drawings and paintings.[17] As the years passed, Degas became isolated, due in part to his belief that a painter could have no personal life.[18] The Dreyfus Affair controversy brought his anti-Semitic leanings to the fore and he broke with all his Jewish friends.[19] His argumentative nature was deplored by Renoir, who said of him: "What a creature he was, that Degas! All his friends had to leave him; I was one of the last to go, but even I couldn't stay till the end."[20] Although he is known to have been working in pastel as late as the end of 1907, and is believed to have continued making sculpture as late as 1910, he apparently ceased working in 1912, when the impending demolition of his longtime residence on the rue Victor Mass forced him to move to quarters on the boulevard de Clichy.[21] He never married and spent the last years of his life, nearly blind, restlessly wandering the streets of Paris before dying in September 1917.[22]

Edgar Degas

Artistic style
Degas is often identified as an Impressionist, an understandable but insufficient description. Impressionism originated in the 1860s and 1870s and grew, in part, from the realism of such painters as Courbet and Corot. The Impressionists painted the realities of the world around them using bright, "dazzling" colors, concentrating primarily on the effects of light, and hoping to infuse their scenes with immediacy. Technically, Degas differs from the Impressionists in that he "never adopted the Impressionist color fleck",[23] and he continually belittled their practice of painting en plein air.[24] "He was often as anti-impressionist as the critics who reviewed the shows", according to art historian Carol Armstrong; as Degas himself explained, "no art was ever less spontaneous than mine. What I do is the result of reflection and of the study of the great masters; of inspiration, spontaneity, The Dance Class (La Classe de Danse),18731876, oil on canvas, by Edgar temperament, I know nothing."[25] Nonetheless, he is described more Degas accurately as an Impressionist than as a member of any other movement. His scenes of Parisian life, his off-center compositions, his experiments with color and form, and his friendship with several key Impressionist artistsmost notably Mary Cassatt and douard Manetall relate him intimately to the Impressionist movement.[26] Degas's style reflects his deep respect for the old masters (he was an enthusiastic copyist well into middle age)[27] and his great admiration for Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres and Eugne Delacroix. He was also a collector of Japanese prints, whose compositional principles influenced his work, as did the vigorous realism of popular illustrators such as Daumier and Gavarni. Although famous for horses and dancers, Degas began with conventional historical paintings such as The Daughter of Jephthah (c.185961) and The Young Spartans (c.186062), in which his gradual progress toward a less idealized treatment of the figure is already apparent. During his early career, Degas also painted portraits of individuals and groups; an example of the latter is The Bellelli Family (c.185867), a brilliantly composed and psychologically poignant portrayal of his aunt, her husband, and their children. In this painting, as in The Young Spartans and many later works, Degas was drawn to the tensions present between men and women. In his early paintings, Degas already evidenced the mature style that he would later develop more fully by cropping subjects awkwardly and by choosing unusual viewpoints.

Edgar Degas

5 By the late 1860s, Degas had shifted from his initial forays into history painting to an original observation of contemporary life. Racecourse scenes provided an opportunity to depict horses and their riders in a modern context. He began to paint women at work, milliners and laundresses. Mlle. Fiocre in the Ballet La Source, exhibited in the Salon of 1868, was his first major work to introduce a subject with which he would become especially identified, dancers.[28] In many subsequent paintings dancers were shown backstage or in rehearsal, emphasizing their status as professionals doing a job. From 1870 Degas increasingly painted ballet subjects, partly because they sold well and provided him with needed income after his brother's debts had left the family bankrupt.[29] Degas began to paint caf life as well, in works such as LAbsinthe and Singer with a Glove. His paintings often hinted at narrative content in a way that was highly ambiguous; for example, Interior (which has also been called The Rape) has presented a conundrum to art historians in search of a literary sourceThrse Raquin has been suggested[30]but it may be

L'Absinthe, 1876, oil on canvas, by Edgar Degas

a depiction of prostitution.[31] As his subject matter changed, so, too, did Degas's technique. The dark palette that bore the influence of Dutch painting gave way to the use of vivid colors and bold brushstrokes. Paintings such as Place de la Concorde read as "snapshots," freezing moments of time to portray them accurately, imparting a sense of movement. The lack of color in the 1874 Ballet Rehearsal on Stage and the 1876 The Ballet Instructor can be said to link with his interest in the new technique of photography. The changes to his palette, brushwork, and sense of composition all evidence the influence that both the Impressionist movement and modern photography, with its spontaneous images and off-kilter angles, had on his work.[26] Blurring the distinction between portraiture and genre pieces, he painted his bassoonist friend, Dsir Dihau, in The Orchestra of the Opera (186869) as one of fourteen musicians in an orchestra pit, viewed as though by a member of the audience. Above the musicians can be seen only the legs and tutus of the dancers onstage, their figures cropped by the edge of the painting. Art historian Charles Stuckey has compared the viewpoint to that of a distracted spectator at a ballet, and says that "it is Degas' fascination with the depiction of movement, including the movement of a spectator's eyes as during a random glance, that is properly speaking 'Impressionist'."[32]

Place de la Concorde, 1875, oil on canvas, by Edgar Degas, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

Edgar Degas

6 Degas's mature style is distinguished by conspicuously unfinished passages, even in otherwise tightly rendered paintings. He frequently blamed his eye troubles for his inability to finish, an explanation that met with some skepticism from colleagues and collectors who reasoned, as Stuckey explains, that "his pictures could hardly have been executed by anyone with inadequate vision".[33] The artist provided another clue when he described his predilection "to begin a hundred things and not finish one of them",[34] and was in any case notoriously reluctant to consider a painting complete.

His interest in portraiture led Degas to study carefully the ways in which a person's social stature or form of employment may be revealed by their physiognomy, posture, dress, and other attributes. In his 1879 Portraits, At the Stock Exchange, he portrayed a group of Jewish businessmen with a hint of anti-Semitism. In 1881 he exhibited two pastels, Criminal Physiognomies, that depicted juvenile gang members Musicians in the Orchestra, 1872, oil on canvas, recently convicted of murder in the "Abadie Affair". Degas had by Edgar Degas attended their trial with sketchbook in hand, and his numerous drawings of the defendants reveal his interest in the atavistic features thought by some 19th-century scientists to be evidence of innate criminality.[35][36] In his paintings of dancers and laundresses, he reveals their occupations not only by their dress and activities but also by their body type: his ballerinas exhibit an athletic physicality, while his laundresses are heavy and solid.[37] By the later 1870s Degas had mastered not only the traditional medium of oil on canvas, but pastel as well. The dry medium, which he applied in complex layers and textures, enabled him more easily to reconcile his facility for line with a growing interest in expressive color. In the mid-1870s he also returned to the medium of etching, which he had neglected for ten years. At first he was guided in this by his old friend Ludovic-Napolon Lepic, himself an innovator in its use, and began experimenting with lithography and monotype.[38] He was especially fascinated by the effects produced by monotype and At the Races, 18771880, oil on canvas, by Edgar frequently reworked the printed images with pastel.[38] By 1880, Degas, Muse d'Orsay, Paris sculpture had become one more strand to Degas's continuing endeavor to explore different media, although the artist displayed only one sculpture publicly during his lifetime.

Edgar Degas

7 These changes in media engendered the paintings that Degas would produce in later life. Degas began to draw and paint women drying themselves with towels, combing their hair, and bathing (see: After the Bath). The strokes that model the form are scribbled more freely than before; backgrounds are simplified. The meticulous naturalism of his youth gave way to an increasing abstraction of form. Except for his characteristically brilliant draftsmanship and obsession with the figure, the pictures created in this late period of his life bear little superficial resemblance to his early paintings. Ironically, it is these paintings, created late in his life, and after the heyday of the Impressionist movement, that most obviously use the coloristic techniques of Impressionism.[39]

For all the stylistic evolution, certain features of Degas's work remained the same throughout his life. He always painted indoors, preferring to work in his studio, either from memory, photographs, or [40] live models. The figure remained his primary subject; his few landscapes were produced from memory or imagination. It was not unusual for him to repeat a subject many times, varying the composition or treatment. He was a deliberative artist whose works, as Andrew Forge has written, "were prepared, calculated, practiced, developed in stages. They were made up of parts. The adjustment of each part to the whole, their linear arrangement, was the occasion for infinite reflection and experiment."[41] Degas himself explained, "In art, nothing should look like chance, not even movement".[29]

La Toilette (Woman Combing Her Hair), c. 18841886, pastel on paper, by Edgar Degas, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

Sculpture
External video
Courtauld students discussing Degas' sculptures of ballet dancers. [42]

Degas's only showing of sculpture during his life took place in 1881 when he exhibited The Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, only shown again in 1920; the rest of the sculptural works remained private until a posthumous exhibition in 1918. Degas scholars have agreed that the sculptures were not created as aids to painting, although the artist habitually explored ways of linking graphic art and oil painting, drawing and pastel, sculpture and photography. Degas assigned the same significance to sculpture as to drawing: "Drawing is a way of thinking, modelling another".[29] After Degas's death, his heirs found in his studio 150 wax sculptures, many in disrepair. They consulted foundry owner Adrien Hbrard, who concluded that 74 of the waxes could be cast in bronze. It is assumed that, except for the Little Dancer Aged Fourteen, all Degas bronzes worldwide are cast from surmoulages(fr) (i.e., cast from bronze masters). A surmoulage bronze is a bit smaller, and shows less surface detail, than its original bronze mold. The Hbrard Foundry cast the bronzes from 19191936, and closed down in 1937, shortly before Hbrard's death. In 2004, a little-known group of 73 plaster casts, more or less closely resembling Degass original wax sculptures, was presented as having been discovered among the materials bought by the Airaindor Foundry (now known as Airaindor-Valsuani) from Hbrards descendants. Bronzes cast from these plasters have been issued by Airaindor-Valsuani in editions inconsistently marked and thus of unknown size. There has been substantial controversy concerning the authenticity of these plasters as well as the circumstances and date of their creation as proposed by their promoters. While several museum and academic professionals accept them as presented, most of the recognized Degas scholars have declined to comment.[43]

Edgar Degas

Personality and politics

Degas, who believed that "the artist must live alone, and his private life must remain unknown",[44] lived an outwardly uneventful life. In company he was known for his wit, which could often be cruel. He was characterized as an "old curmudgeon" by the novelist George Moore,[44] and he deliberately cultivated his reputation as a misanthropic bachelor.[20] Profoundly conservative in his political opinions, he opposed all social reforms and found little to admire in such technological advances as the telephone.[44] He fired a model upon learning she was Protestant.[44] Although Degas painted a Self-portrait (photograph), c. 1895. number of Jewish subjects from 1865 to 1870, his anti-Semitism became apparent by the mid-1870s. His 1879 painting At The Bourse is widely regarded as strongly anti-Semitic, with the facial features of the banker taken directly from the anti-Semitic cartoons rampant in Paris at the time.[45] The Dreyfus Affair, which divided Paris from the 1890s to the early 1900s, further intensified his anti-Semitism. By the mid-1890s, he had broken off relations with all of his Jewish friends,[19] publicly disavowed his previous friendships with Jewish artists, and refused to use models who he believed might be Jewish. He remained an outspoken anti-Semite and member of the anti-Semitic "Anti-Dreyfusards" until his death.[46]

Reputation
During his life, public reception of Degas's work ranged from admiration to contempt. As a promising artist in the conventional mode, Degas had a number of paintings accepted in the Salon between 1865 and 1870. These works received praise from Pierre Puvis de Chavannes and the critic, Jules-Antoine Castagnary.[47] He soon joined forces with the Impressionists, however, and rejected the rigid rules, judgements, and elitism of the Salonjust as the Salon and general public initially rejected the experimentalism of the Impressionists. Degas's work was controversial, but was generally admired for its draftsmanship. His La Petite Danseuse de Quatorze Ans, or Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, which he displayed at the sixth Impressionist exhibition in 1881, was probably his most controversial piece; some critics decried what they thought its "appalling ugliness" while others saw in it a "blossoming".[48] In part Degas' originality consisted in disregarding the smooth, full surfaces and contours of classical sculpture... [and] in garnishing his little statue with real hair and clothing made to scale like the accoutrements for a doll. These relatively "real" additions heightened the illusion, but they also posed searching questions, such as what can be referred to as "real" when art is concerned.[49] The suite of pastels depicting nudes that Degas exhibited in the eighth Impressionist Exhibition in 1886 produced "the most concentrated body of critical writing on the artist during his lifetime ... The overall reaction was positive and laudatory".[50] Recognized as an important artist in his lifetime, Degas is now considered "one of the founders of Impressionism".[51] Though his work crossed many stylistic boundaries, his involvement with the other major figures of Impressionism and their exhibitions, his dynamic paintings and sketches of everyday life and activities, and his bold color experiments, served to finally tie him to the Impressionist movement as one of its greatest artists. His paintings, pastels, drawings, and sculptures are on prominent display in many museums. Although Degas had no formal pupils, he greatly influenced several important painters, most notably Jean-Louis Forain, Mary Cassatt, and Walter Sickert;[52] his greatest admirer may have been Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.[53]

Edgar Degas

Quotations
"Everyone has talent at twenty-five. The difficulty is to have it at fifty." (Auden & Kronenberger 1966) "In painting you must give the idea of the true by means of the false." (Auden & Kronenberger 1966)

Gallery

Achille De Gas in the Uniform of a Cadet, 1856/57, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Portrait of the Bellelli Family, 18581867, Muse d'Orsay, Paris

Young Spartans Exercising, c. 186062, National Gallery, London

The Amateur, 1866, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

douard Manet and Mme. Manet, 18681869, Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art, Japan

Dance Class, 1871, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Ballet Rehearsal, 1873, The Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Rehearsal on Stage, 1874, Muse d'Orsay, Paris

Portrait of Miss Cassatt, Seated, Holding Cards, 18761878

At the Caf-Concert: The Song of the Dog, 18751877

Fin d'Arabesque, with ballerina Rosita Mauri, 1877, Muse dOrsay.

The Singer with the Glove, 1878, The Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Edgar Degas

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Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando, 1879, The National Gallery, London

Dancer with a Bouquet of Flowers (Star of the Ballet) (with also ballerina Rosita Mauri), 1878

Stage Rehearsal, 18781879, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Woman in Street Clothes, Portrait of Ellen Andre, 1879, pastel on paper

Waiting, pastel on paper, 1880-82.

Before the Race, 188284, oil on panel, The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore

The Millinery Shop, 1885, The Art Institute of Chicago

Dancers at The Bar, 1888, The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC

Woman in the Bath, 1886, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut

The Tub, 1886, Muse d'Orsay, Paris, France

The Bath: Woman Supporting her Back, c. 1887, pastel on paper, Honolulu Museum of Art

Kneeling Woman, 1884, Pushkin Museum, Moscow

Edgar Degas

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Three Dancers in Yellow Skirts, circa 1891, oil on canvas, The Detroit Institute of Arts

After the Bath, Woman Drying her Nape, pastel on paper, 1898, Muse d'Orsay, Paris

The Spanish Dance, c. 1885 (bronze cast 1921), bronze, 46.3 x 14.3cm, Ackland Art Museum, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, cast in 1922 from a mixed-media sculpture modeled ca. 187980, Bronze, partly tinted, with cotton skirt and satin hair ribbon, on a wooden base, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

References
Notes
[1] [2] [3] [4] Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 31 Brown 1994, p. 11 Turner 2000, p. 139 The family's ancestral name was Degas. Jean Sutherland Boggs explains that De Gas was the spelling, "with some pretentions, used by the artist's father when he moved to Paris to establish a French branch of his father's Neopolitan bank." While Edgar Degas's brother Ren adopted the still more aristocratic de Gas, the artist reverted to the original spelling, Degas, by age thirty. Baumann, et al. 1994, p. 98. [5] Werner 1969, p. 14 [6] Canaday 1969, p. 930-931 [7] Dunlop 1979, p. 19 [8] Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 43 [9] Thomson 1988, p. 48 [10] Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 23 [11] Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p.29 [13] Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p.33 [14] Armstrong 1991, p. 25 [15] "In the final inventory of his collection, there were twenty paintings and eighty-eight drawings by Ingres, thirteen paintings and almost two hundred drawings by Delacroix. There were hundreds of lithographs by Daumier. His contemporaries were well representedwith the exception of Monet, by whom he had nothing." Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 37 [16] Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 26 [17] Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 34 [18] Canaday 1969, p. 929 [19] Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p. 56 [20] Bade and Degas 1992, p. 6 [21] Thomson 1988, p. 211 [22] Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 41 [23] Hartt 1976, p. 365 [24] Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 11 [25] Armstrong 1991, p. 22 [26] Roskill 1983, p.33 [27] Baumann, et al. 1994, p. 151 [28] Dumas 1988, p. 9. [29] Growe 1992

Edgar Degas
[30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [44] [45] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] Reff 1976, pp. 200204 Krmer 2007 Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p.28 Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p. 29 Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p.50 http:/ / discovermagazine. com/ photos/ 12-darwins-dystopias-ghastly-visions-inspired-by-the-theory-of-evolution Muehlig 1979, p. 6 Thomson 1988, p. 75 Mannering 1994, pp. 7077 Benedek "Style." Gordon and Forge 1988, p. 9 http:/ / www. moviespring. com/ courtauld/ students/ studentsDegas_VP6_768K. flv Werner 1969, p. 11 (http:/ / blogs. princeton. edu/ wri152-3/ f05/ eharwood/ insider_trading_degas_most_antisemitic_painting. html) Bowness 1965, pp. 4142 Muehlig 1979, p.7 Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p.46 Thomson 1988, p. 135 Mannering 1994, p. 6-7 J. Paul Getty Trust Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p. 48

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Sources
Armstrong, Carol (1991). Odd Man Out: Readings of the Work and Reputation of Edgar Degas. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-02695-7 Auden, W.H.; Kronenberger, Louis (1966), The Viking Book of Aphorisms, New York: Viking Press Bade, Patrick; Degas, Edgar (1992). Degas. London: Studio Editions. ISBN 1-85170-845-6 Baumann, Felix; Karabelnik, Marianne, et al. (1994). Degas Portraits. London: Merrell Holberton. ISBN 1-85894-014-1 Benedek, Nelly S. "Chronology of the Artist's Life." Degas. 2004. 21 May 2004 (http://www.metmuseum.org/ explore/Degas/html/indexl.html). Benedek, Nelly S. "Degas's Artistic Style." Degas. 2004. 21 March 2004 (http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/ Degas/html/index1.html). Bowness, Alan. ed. (1965) "Edgar Degas." The Book of Art Volume 7. New York: Grolier Incorporated :41. Brettell, Richard R.; McCullagh, Suzanne Folds (1984). Degas in The Art Institute of Chicago. New York: The Art Institute of Chicago and Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-86559-058-3 Brown, Marilyn (1994). Degas and the Business of Art: a Cotton Office in New Orleans. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-00944-6 Canaday, John (1969). The Lives of the Painters Volume 3. New York: W.W. Norton and Company Inc. Dorra, Henri. Art in Perspective New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.:208 Dumas, Ann (1988). Degas's Mlle. Fiocre in Context. Brooklyn: The Brooklyn Museum. ISBN 0-87273-116-2 Dunlop, Ian (1979). Degas. New York, N.Y: Harper & Row. OCLC 5583005 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/ 5583005) "Edgar Degas, 18341917." The Book of Art Volume III (1976). New York: Grolier Incorporated:4. Gordon, Robert; Forge, Andrew (1988). Degas. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1142-6 Growe, Bernd; Edgar Degas (1992). Edgar Degas, 18341917. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-0560-2 Guillaud, Jaqueline; Guillaud, Maurice (editors) (1985). Degas: Form and Space. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-5407-8 Hartt, Frederick (1976). "Degas" Art Volume 2. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.: 365. "Impressionism." Praeger Encyclopedia of Art Volume 3 (1967). New York: Praeger Publishers: 952.

Edgar Degas J. Paul Getty Trust "Walter Richard Sickert." 2003. 11 May 2004 (http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/ a3670-1.html). Kendall, Richard; Degas, Edgar; Druick, Douglas W.; Beale, Arthur (1998). Degas and The Little Dancer. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07497-2 Krmer, Felix (May 2007). "'Mon tableau de genre': Degas's 'Le Viol' and Gavarni's 'Lorette'". The Burlington Magazine 149 (1250). Mannering, Douglas (1994). The Life and Works of Degas. Great Britain: Parragon Book Service Limited. Muehlig, Linda D. (1979). Degas and the Dance, 527 April May 1979. Northampton, Mass.: Smith College Museum of Art. Peugeot, Catherine, Sellier, Marie (2001). A Trip to the Orsay Museum. Paris: ADAGP: 39. Reff, Theodore (1976). Degas: the artist's mind (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/ collection/p15324coll10/id/60673/rec/6). [New York]: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-87099-146-9 Roskill, Mark W. (1983). "Edgar Degas." Collier's Encyclopedia. Thomson, Richard (1988). Degas: The Nudes. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-23509-0 Tinterow, Gary (1988). Degas. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and National Gallery of Canada. Turner, J. (2000). From Monet to Czanne: late 19th-century French artists. Grove Art. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22971-2 Werner, Alfred (1969) Degas Pastels. New York: Watson-Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-1276-X Coverage of the Degas debate By Martin Bailey. News, Issue 236, June 2012 (http://www.theartnewspaper. com/articles/Degas-bronzes-controversy-leads-to-scholars-boycott/26580)

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Further reading
Capriati, Elio; I Segreti di Degas (2009). Milano: Mjm Editore. ISBN 978-88-95682-68-6 Valery, Paul; "Degas, Manet, Morisot" Princeton University Press, 1989.

External links
Edgar Degas at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut (http://www.hillstead.org/collection/ paint_degas.html) Edgar Degas at Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California (http://www.nortonsimon.org/collections/ browse_artist.php?name=Degas,+Edgar) Degas, Sickert & Toulouse Lautrec at Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/degas/) Edgar Degas Gallery at MuseumSyndicate (http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=117) Edgar Degas paintings & interactive timeline (http://www.mootnotes.com/art/degas) Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies. (http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=degas& role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500115194) ULAN Full Record Display for Edgar Degas. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California. Works and literature on Edgar Degas (http://www.pubhist.com/person/286/edgar-degas) The Complete Set of Edgar Degas Bronzes at the M.T. Abraham Foundation (http://www.mtabraham.com/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110&Itemid=78) Edgar Degas exhibition catalogs and letter from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (http://libmma. contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/field/title/searchterm/Degas)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Edgar Degas Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567381498 Contributors: 11.105, 3dnatureguy, 7turnjo, 83d40m, A.Ou, Ahoerstemeier, Alansohn, Aleenf1, Alexandria, All Hallow's Wraith, Alphachimp, Andonic, Angr, AnnaKucsma, Antandrus, Arman Cagle, Arnavchaudhary, Arpingstone, Ashot Gabrielyan, Astorknlam, Athaenara, Atif.t2, Austin Hair, B Strevens, B1atv, Bachrach44, Badseed, Bakilas, Bantosh, Bassbonerocks, Bbsrock, Beach000, Bearly541, BecauseImAwesomeThatsWhy, Benscripps, Bhadani, Bigblackballs, Bobo192, Bono24, Brigita.e, Bruce1ee, Bryan Derksen, Bsadowski1, CQJ, Cacophony, Caknuck, Calabe1992, Caltas, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CapnPrep, Caracaskid, Carl Logan, Caroline1981, Carpediem6655, Catgut, Ceoil, Ceskoslovensko, Chris the speller, Chrs levin, Cocoola, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Connormah, Conscious, Courcelles, Cratbro, Crohnie, Crusoe8181, Cst17, Cumulus Clouds, Cyde, Cyfal, Czrisher, D.c.camero, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DHowell, DSRH, DW, Dalexwats, Dalstadt, DanielCD, Deflective, Delldot, Deor, DerHexer, Dezidor, Dinocephalian, Discospinster, Djsasso, Doc Strange, DrShatty, Dreadstar, Dschwen, Dwight Burdette, Dysepsion, EBY3221, Eastfrisian, Echuck215, Ed Poor, Eeekster, Emx, EnSamulili, Epbr123, Eranb, Ericthebearjew, Erwin, Estudiarme, Etacar11, Ewulp, Excirial, Eyeswide, FF2010, FactCheck150, Fanyavizuri, Farosdaughter, Femto, Frankie0607, FruitMonkey, Fuzheado, Garzo, George Ho, George The Dragon, Gilliam, Gilo1969, Glane23, Gonzalo84, Good Olfactory, Grahamec, Grika, Grim Reaper2, Gulfwar2vet, Gzkn, Hadal, Hagerman, Hairchrm, Hajor, Hammer1980, HenryLarsen, Hephaestos, Herbee, Hiart, Hlg1011, Hraharu, Hut 8.5, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Iamjakek, Iceager, Ida Shaw, Ignignot, Immunize, Infrogmation, Invisifan, Inwind, Iridescent, Ishboyfay, Ixfd64, Izzy0belle, J.delanoy, JBurdine, JForget, JJay, JNW, JPWWP, Jabo, Jahsonic, Janderk, Jeccabreen, Jennifer c martin, JeremyA, Jhendin, Joefromrandb, John, Johnanth, Johnbod, Jojhutton, Jossi, Juliancolton, Jusdafax, Kakofonous, Kaldari, Kalki, Kate, Kernel Saunters, Kgrad, Khazar2, Killiondude, Kingpin13, Kjkolb, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koavf, Kowloonese, Kungfuadam, Kwamikagami, L Kensington, Lady Weaxzezz, Laimirie, Larry Yuma, Laura alba, Laura523, LeCon Vivek, Leftsaidfred, Lemonflash, Lestrade, Literacola, Liz6259, LizardJr8, Lockley, Lotje, Lucy Paquette, LukaKhizanishvili, Luna Santin, Lupo, MER-C, MPHalter, Magnus Manske, Majorly, Malerin, Mandarax, Maqs, Marjil.smith, MarmadukePercy, Massimo Macconi, Mathiasrex, Matthardingu, Mattissa, McGeddon, Melesse, Mentifisto, Merseysites, Missunique, Mksmith, Modeha, Modernist, Monegasque, Monkeysrock288, Mosca, Mr kc, Muenda, Mybihonteem, Mygerardromance, Myrtle2011, Mzilikazi1939, NawlinWiki, Ndenison, Nescio, NewEnglandYankee, Nibuod, Nihonjoe, Nono64, Noon, Ohconfucius, Olivier, Omnipaedista, Opelio, Oxymoron83, Ozolina, Palica, Palmcines, ParisianBlade, Paulannis, Pethan, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Pevarnj, Philafrenzy, Philip Trueman, Phreadd, Pidgeot, PietyaMyshkin, Plm209, Postoak, Prashanthns, Presidentman, Prolog, Protonk, Pruneau, Puchiko, QuantifiedElf, Quaziemotto96, Quintote, RadioFan, Radon210, RainbowOfLight, Rajah, Raul654, Rayuwish, Razorflame, Reach Out to the Truth, Rellis1067, Remember, Renamed user 1253, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, RogDel, Ronhjones, Rosiestep, Rothorpe, Rpeh, Rudiann, Sankalpdravid, Sarranduin, SaveThePoint, Scewing, SchreiberBike, Scientizzle, Scm83x, Scohoust, Scottd117, Seattlenow, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Seresin, Shadowjams, ShortJason, Sin-man, Skizzik, Skull33, Snowolf, Some jerk on the Internet, Sparkit, Spencer, Spicemix, Spitfire, Srikeit, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, StaticGull, Steffdabomb, Stepshep, Stroppolo, Studerby, Stumps, Suitgroup, Sumayya40071, Sundroid, Suomi Finland 2009, SuperJumbo, Supergee, Symustafa1996, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Taxman, Ted Wilkes, Tempodivalse, Temurah, The Thing That Should Not Be, The wub, Thehelpfulone, Thejson, Thine Antique Pen, Thingg, Tide rolls, Tim1357, Titoxd, Tom harrison, Tommy2010, Towel401, Trace13est, Traveler100, Tresiden, Treysheik, Tricolor Truce, Tyrenius, Ubiquity, UnfriendlyFire, Uriah923, User27091, VacuumCrew, Valpincon, Vanished user 39948282, Vegtables, Versus22, Voceditenore, Vojvodaen, Voxfax, Vv.Grecu, WRK, Waacstats, Waggers, Wayward, Webgallery01, Wetman, Wikidea, Wikipedia2000, Wikipelli, Will Beback, WilliamDigiCol, Wimt, Wizardman, Wknight94, Wmpearl, Woohookitty, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yanksox, Yekrats, Youssefsan, Z.E.R.O., Zisette, Zoe, 1062 anonymous edits

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File:Edgar Degas self portrait 1855.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_self_portrait_1855.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ecummenic, George Ho, Jan Arkesteijn, MarmadukePercy, Mattes, Santosga, Scewing, Shakko, Tancrde File:Edgar Degas (1834-1917).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_(1834-1917).jpg License: unknown Contributors: inconnu File:Cottonexchange1873-Degas.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cottonexchange1873-Degas.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SreeBot File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 021.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_021.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Conscious, Deadstar, Emijrp, Jenaesthetics, Judithcomm, Mandariine, Opponent, Shakko, Takabeg, Wolfmann, berraschungsbilder, 2 anonymous edits File:Edgar_Degas_-_In_a_Caf_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_-_In_a_Caf_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Artwork, INeverCry, Judithcomm, Paris 16 File:Edgar Degas Place de la Concorde.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_Place_de_la_Concorde.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ardfern, Bukk, EugeneZelenko, George Ho, Kaganer, Paris 16, Rajah, Rlbberlin, Shakko, Uusijani File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 010.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_010.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnRo0002, AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Boo-Boo Baroo, Bukk, Emijrp, Infrogmation, Judithcomm, Melkom, Origamiemensch, Oursana, Rlbberlin, Shakko File:Edgar Degas - At the Races.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_-_At_the_Races.jpg License: unknown Contributors: User:Melesse File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 029.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_029.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Den fjttrade ankan, FA2010, FischX, Frank C. Mller, Ham, Julmin, Lennert B, Marosaul, Mattes, Ranveig, Rlbberlin, Shakko, Skipjack, SunOfErat, 1 anonymous edits file:Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg License: unknown Contributors: Cathy Richards, Pierpao, Tkgd2007, Waldir, 1 anonymous edits File:Edgar Degas self portrait photograph.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_self_portrait_photograph.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors: George Ho, Judithcomm, MarmadukePercy, Scewing, Tony Wills File:Edgar Degas - Achille De Gas in the Uniform of a Cadet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_-_Achille_De_Gas_in_the_Uniform_of_a_Cadet.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 049.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_049.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Docu, Ecummenic, Johnnyrotten, Mattes, Ranveig, Wst, Xenophon, 2 anonymous edits File:Young Spartans National Gallery NG3860.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Young_Spartans_National_Gallery_NG3860.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Ardfern, DutchHoratius, George Ho, Ham, Jastrow, Kilom691, Krinkle, Luppus, Olpl, Pierpao, TwoWings, 3 anonymous edits File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 013.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_013.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ad Meskens, AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Boo-Boo Baroo, Dcoetzee, Ecummenic, Emijrp, Jastrow, Rlbberlin, Urban File:Degas - Das Ehepaar Manet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Degas_-_Das_Ehepaar_Manet.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo, George Ho, Mefusbren69, Modernist File:Edgar Degas - Dance Class.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_-_Dance_Class.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Carpediem6655 File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 004.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_004.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Butko, Daderot, Emijrp, Judithcomm, Razr, Rlbberlin, Shakko File:Edgar Degas - Rehearsal on Stage.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_-_Rehearsal_on_Stage.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Carpediem6655, Judithcomm, Pimbrils File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 051.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_051.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Bohme, Boo-Boo Baroo, Hailey C. Shannon, Wst File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 037.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_037.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Clusternote, Ixtzib, Jkelly, Jonkerz, Mu, Paris 16, Rlbberlin, Shakko File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 025.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_025.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amadalvarez, AndreasPraefcke, Deadstar, Emijrp, Judithcomm, Shakko, Wolfmann, 1 anonymous edits File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 019.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_019.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Daderot, Emijrp, Infrogmation, Jkelly, Jonkerz, Krschner, Oursana, Razr, Shakko, Wst, 2 anonymous edits File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 044.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_044.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ala z, AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Emijrp, Ham, Olivier2, Oursana, Rlbberlin, Shakko, 1 anonymous edits File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 069.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_069.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Hsarrazin, Ies, Jean-Frdric, Judithcomm, Mattes, Rlbberlin, Shakko, TwoWings, Wmpearl, Wst

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_009.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ad Meskens, AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Boo-Boo Baroo, Dcoetzee, Diomede, Editor at Large, Ganymead, Judithcomm, Rlbberlin, Shakko, Summ File:Degas - Frau mit Stadtkostm.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Degas_-_Frau_mit_Stadtkostm.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Bohme, Ecummenic, Hsarrazin, Mefusbren69, Rlbberlin File:Edgar Degas Waiting.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_Waiting.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo, Ceoil, Kilom691, Mel22, 1 anonymous edits File:Edgar Degas - Before the Race - Walters 37850.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_-_Before_the_Race_-_Walters_37850.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo, Jarekt, Jeccabreen, Johnbod, Tamba52, Zolo File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 011.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_011.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Emijrp, Mmcnealy, Rlbberlin, Wmpearl, Wst File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 072.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_072.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Boo-Boo Baroo, Bukk, Daderot, Deadstar, Judithcomm, Rlbberlin, Shakko, Wolfmann File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 032.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_032.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Ham, Jenaesthetics, Lennert B, Ranveig, Rlbberlin, Rttavi, Skipjack File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 031.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_031.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, FA2010, Infrogmation, Ixtzib, Lennert B, Littlejazzman, Mattes, Origamiemensch, Patrick.charpiat, Ranveig, Shakko, Skipjack, TwoWings, Wst, 1 anonymous edits File:Edgar Degas (1834-1917) - 'The Bath- Woman Supporting her Back', pastel on paper, c. 1887.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Degas_(1834-1917)_-_'The_Bath-_Woman_Supporting_her_Back',_pastel_on_paper,_c._1887.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amandajm, Ardfern, Bukk, Cirt, Ham, Hiart, Kramer Associates, Wmpearl, Zolo, 2 anonymous edits File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 042.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_042.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Boo-Boo Baroo, Emijrp, Ham, Infrogmation, Julmin, Rlbberlin, Shakko, Wst, Zolo File:Three Dancers in Yellow Skirts Edgar Degas.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Three_Dancers_in_Yellow_Skirts_Edgar_Degas.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Auntof6, Dwight Burdette, Kilom691, Sailko File:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 045.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_045.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Bohme, Infrogmation, Kilom691, Patrick.charpiat, Rlbberlin, Skipjack, TwoWings, Zolo, 1 anonymous edits File:SpanishDance c1884-DegasPC20080120-8849A.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SpanishDance_c1884-DegasPC20080120-8849A.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Cotinis, George Ho, Jarekt, Judithcomm, Kilom691 File:Degas-dancer.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Degas-dancer.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Auntof6, Deadstar, FlickrLickr, FlickreviewR, G.dallorto, George Ho, Hsarrazin, Jarekt, Modernist, Nilfanion, Sailko, Shakko, Talmoryair, Urban, Wolfmann

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