Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Sulaimani University
College of Science
Physics Department

Numerical Analysis Programs

Using Q-basic

(2009)

Prepared by
Dr. Omed Gh. Abdullah
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to solve the equation below, by using bi-
section method:
f ( x) = x 2 + 0.9 x − 0.1 , [0,1] , e = 0.0001
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
DEF fnf (x) = x * x + .9 * x - .1
READ a, b, e
DATA 0,1,0.0001
5 c = (a + b) / 2
PRINT c
f1 = fnf(a): f2 = fnf(b): f3 = fnf(c)
IF f1 * f3 = 0 THEN 25
IF f2 * f3 = 0 THEN 25
IF f1 * f3 < 0 THEN 10
a=c
GOTO 15
10 b = c
15 IF ABS(a - b) < e THEN 25
GOTO 5
25 PRINT "The root is:", c
END
Problem:
Write the program in Q-basic to find the root of the function below by
using false position method:
f ( x) = x log( x) − 1 , [1,2] , e = 0.0001
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
DEF fnf (x) = x * LOG(x) - 1
READ a, b, e
DATA 1,2,0.0001
c0 = b
f1 = fnf(a): f2 = fnf(b)
5 c = (a * f2 - b * f1) / (f2 - f1)
PRINT c
f3 = fnf(c)
IF f1 * f3 = 0 THEN 25
IF f2 * f3 = 0 THEN 25
IF f1 * f3 < 0 THEN 15
a = c: f1 = f3
GOTO 20
15 b = c: f2 = f3
20 IF ABS(c - c0) < e THEN 25
c0 = c
GOTO 5
25 PRINT "The root is:", c
END
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic by using secand method to find the root of:
f ( x) = x 3 − 3x + 2 , [−2.4,−2.6] , e = 0.005
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
DEF fnf (x) = x ^ 3 - 3 * x + 2
READ a, b, e
DATA -2.4,-2.6,0.005
f1 = fnf(a)
10 f2 = fnf(b)
c = (a * f2 - b * f1) / (f2 - f1)
PRINT c
f3 = fnf(c)
IF ABS(a - b) < e THEN 25
a = b: b = c: f1 = f2
GOTO 10
25 PRINT "The root is:", c
END
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to find the root of the function below, by
using Newton-Raphson method:
f ( x) = x 2 − 4 sin( x) , xο = 3 , e = 0.005
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
READ x0, e
DATA 1,0.0001
DEF fnf (x) = x ^ 2 - 4 * SIN(x)
DEF fng (x) = 2 * x - 4 * COS(x)
5 x1 = x0 - (fnf(x0) / fng(x0))
PRINT x1
IF ABS(x1 - x0) < e THEN 25
x0 = x1: GOTO 5
25 PRINT "The root is:", c
END
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to find the root of the function below, by using
iteration method:
f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x − 3 , xο = 4 , e = 0.001
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
READ x0, e
DATA 4,.001
DEF fnf (x) = SQR(2 * x + 3)
5 x1 = fnf(x0)
PRINT x1
IF ABS(x1 - x0) < e THEN 25
x0 = x1: GOTO 5
25 PRINT "The root is:", x1
END
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to find the root of the following system, by
using iterative method:
f ( x) = x 2 − xy − 7 , (xο , yο ) = (3,4) , e = 0.001
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 y − x
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
READ x0, y0, e
DATA 3,4,.001
DEF fnf (x, y) = SQR(x * y + 7)
DEF fng (x, y) = SQR(2 * y + x)
10 x1 = fnf(x0, y0)
20 y1 = fng(x0, y0)
PRINT x1, y1
IF ABS(x1 - x0) < e AND ABS(y1 - y0) < e THEN 25
x0 = x1
y0 = y1: GOTO 10
25 PRINT "x1="; x1
PRINT "y1="; y1
END
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to find the root of the function below, by using
itiken method:
f ( x) = x 2 − x − 2 , xο = 3 , e = 0.001
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
READ x0, e
DATA 3,.001
DEF fnf (x) = 1 + 2 / x
10 x1 = fnf(x0)
x2 = fnf(x1)
x3 = fnf(x2)
PRINT x0, x1, x2
xx = x2 - ((x2 - x1) ^ 2 / (x2 - 2 * x1 + x0))
PRINT xx
IF ABS(xx - x0) < e THEN 25
x0 = xx: GOTO 10
25 PRINT "The root is:"; xx
END
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to solve the system, by using Gauss
elimination:
4 x1 − 9 x2 + 2 x3 = 5
2 x1 − 4 x2 + 6 x3 = 3
x1 − x2 + 3x3 = 4
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
n = 3: m = n + 1
DIM a(n, m), x(n)
FOR i = 1 TO n
FOR j = 1 TO m
READ a(i, j)
DATA 4,-9,2,5,2,-4,6,3,1,-1,3,4
NEXT j
NEXT i
FOR k = 1 TO n - 1
FOR i = k + 1 TO n
b = a(i, k) / a(k, k)
FOR j = 1 TO m
a(i, j) = a(i, j) - a(k, j) * b
NEXT j
NEXT i
NEXT k
x(n) = a(n, m) / a(n, n)
FOR i = n - 1 TO 1 STEP -1
s=0
FOR j = n TO i + 1 STEP -1
s = s + a(i, j) * x(j)
NEXT j
x(j) = (a(i, m) - s) / a(i, i)
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i)
NEXT i
END
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to solve the system, by using Gauss Jorden
method:
x1 + x3 = 1
x1 + x 2 = 1
x 2 + x3 = 1
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
n = 3: m = n + 1
DIM a(n, m), x(n)
FOR i = 1 TO n
FOR j = 1 TO m
READ a(i, j)
DATA 1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1
NEXT j
NEXT i
FOR k = 1 TO n - 1
FOR i = k + 1 TO n
b = a(i, k) / a(k, k)
FOR j = 1 TO m
a(i, j) = a(i, j) - a(k, j) * b
NEXT j
NEXT i
NEXT k
FOR k = n TO n - 1 STEP -1
FOR i = k - 1 TO 1 STEP -1
b = a(i, k) / a(k, k)
FOR j = m TO 1 STEP -1
a(i, j) = a(i, j) - a(k, j) * b
NEXT j
NEXT i
NEXT k
FOR i = 1 TO n
x(i) = a(i, m) / a(i, i)
PRINT x(i)
NEXT i
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to solve the system, by using Jaccobi method:
10 x1 + x2 + x3 = 12
x1 + 10 x2 + x3 = 12
x1 + x2 + 10 x3 = 12
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
CLS
READ n, e
DATA 3,0.00001
DIM a(n, n), b(n), x(n), y(n)
FOR i = 1 TO n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ a(i, j)
DATA 10,1,1,1,10,1,1,1,10
NEXT j
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO n
READ b(i)
DATA 12,12,12
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO n
y(i) = 0
NEXT i
5 FOR i = 1 TO n
s = 0: d = 0
FOR j = 1 TO n
IF i = j THEN 7
s = s + a(i, j) * y(j)
7 NEXT j
x(i) = (b(i) - s) / a(i, i)
PRINT x(i)
d = d + ABS(x(i) - y(i))
NEXT i
IF d < e THEN 2
FOR i = 1 TO n
y(i) = x(i)
NEXT i
GOTO 5
2 PRINT
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i)
NEXT i
END
Problem:
Write a program in Q-basic to solve the system, by using Gauss Seidel
method:
10 x1 + x2 + x3 = 12
x1 + 10 x2 + x3 = 12
x1 + x2 + 10 x3 = 12
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLS
READ n, e
DATA 3,0.00001
DIM a(n, n), b(n), x(n), y(n)
FOR i = 1 TO n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ a(i, j)
DATA 10,1,1,1,10,1,1,1,10
NEXT j
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO n
READ b(i)
DATA 12,12,12
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO n
y(i) = 0
NEXT i
5 FOR i = 1 TO n
s1 = 0: s2 = 0
FOR j = 1 TO n
IF i = j THEN 2
IF i < j THEN s1 = s1 + a(i, j) * y(j)
IF i > j THEN s2 = s2 + a(i, j) * x(j)
2 NEXT j
s = s1 + s2
x(i) = (b(i) - s) / a(i, i)
NEXT i
d=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
d = d + ABS(x(i) - y(i))
NEXT i
IF d < e THEN 3
FOR i = 1 TO n
y(i) = x(i)
NEXT i
GOTO 5
3 PRINT
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i)
NEXT i
END
Problem:
Write a program to find the interpolated value for x = 3 , using Lagrangian
Polynomial, from the following data.

X 3.2 2.7 1 4.8

F(x) 22 17.8 14.2 38.3

REM "Lagrange Interpolation"

CLS
DIM x(100), y(100)
INPUT "No. of pairs"; n
INPUT "x="; x
FOR k = 0 TO n - 1
READ x(k), y(k)
NEXT k
DATA 3.2,22,2.7,17.8,1,14.2,4.8,38.3
sum = 0
FOR i = 0 TO n - 1
prod = 1
FOR k = 0 TO n - 1
IF i = k THEN 5
prod = prod * (x - x(k)) / (x(i) - x(k))
5 NEXT k
sum = sum + prod * y(i)
NEXT i
PRINT "x="; x; "y="; sum
END
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

No. of Pairs? 4
X=? 3
X=3 y=20.21196
Problem: Write a program to find the Lagrangian Polynomial.

REM "Lagrange Polynomial"

CLS
DIM x(10), y(10)
INPUT "No. of pairs"; n
FOR k = 1 TO n
READ x(k), y(k)
NEXT k
DATA 3,9,5,35,8,119,10,205
DIM a(10), b(10), c(10), xx(10, 10), s(10)
FOR i = 1 TO n
prod = 1
FOR k = 1 TO n
IF i = k THEN 5
prod = prod * 1 / (x(i) - x(k))
5 NEXT k
s(i) = prod * y(i)
PRINT "------------------"
PRINT s(i)
NEXT i
FOR k = 1 TO n
FOR m = 1 TO n
IF k = m THEN 4
xx(k, m) = x(m)
GOTO 2
4 xx(k, m) = 0
2 NEXT m
NEXT k
FOR i = 1 TO n
a=0
FOR j = 1 TO n
a = a + xx(i, j)
6 NEXT j
a(i) = -1 * a
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO n
b=0
FOR j = 1 TO n - 1
FOR k = j + 1 TO n
b = b + xx(i, j) * xx(i, k)
NEXT k
NEXT j
b(i) = b
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO n
c=0
FOR j = 1 TO n
FOR k = j + 1 TO n
FOR l = k + 1 TO n
c = c + xx(i, j) * xx(i, k) * xx(i, l)
NEXT l
NEXT k
NEXT j
c(i) = -1 * c
NEXT i
PRINT "------------------"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT a(i), b(i), c(i)
NEXT i
a1 = 0: a2 = 0: a3 = 0: a4 = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
a1 = a1 + s(i)
a2 = a2 + s(i) * a(i)
a3 = a3 + s(i) * b(i)
a4 = a4 + s(i) * c(i)
NEXT i
PRINT : PRINT
PRINT "Lagrange Polynomial is:"
PRINT "--------------------------------": PRINT
IF n = 2 THEN PRINT "P(x)=("; a1; "x)+("; a2; ")"
IF n = 3 THEN PRINT "P(x)=("; a1; "x^2)+("; a2; "x)+("; a3; ")"
IF n = 4 THEN PRINT "P(x)=("; a1; "x^3)+("; a2; "x^2)+("; a3; "x)+("; a4;
")"
PRINT
END

20 FOR i = 1 TO n
INPUT "x="; t
p = a1 * t ^ 3 + a2 * t ^ 2 + a3 * t + a4
PRINT "p(x)="; p
NEXT i
END
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Problem:
Write a program to compute the divided difference table, from the
tabulated data.

X 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 0 1 4 6 10

REM "divided differences"

DIM x(10), y(10)
CLS
INPUT "No. of data=", n
FOR i = 1 TO n
READ x(i), y(i)
NEXT i
DATA 1,0,2,1,3,4,4,6,5,10
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
PRINT
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
PRINT SPC(5 * i);
FOR j = 1 TO n - i
y(j) = (y(j + 1) - y(j)) / (x(j + i) - x(j))
PRINT y(j); SPC(10);
NEXT j
PRINT
NEXT i
END
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Problem:
Write a program to find the interpolated value for x = 1.5 , using divided
difference form, for these tabulated data.

X 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 0 1 4 6 10

REM "Newton Interpolation Divided Differences"

DIM x(10), y(10), d(10, 10)
CLS
INPUT "No. of data=", n
INPUT "x="; x
FOR i = 1 TO n
READ x(i), y(i)
NEXT i
DATA 1,0,2,1,3,4,4,6,5,10
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
s = y(1)
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
PRINT SPC(5 * i);
FOR j = 1 TO n - i
y(j) = (y(j + 1) - y(j)) / (x(j + i) - x(j))
d(i, j) = y(j)
PRINT y(j); SPC(10);
NEXT j
PRINT
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO n
p=1
FOR j = 1 TO i
p = p * (x - x(j))
NEXT j
PRINT p, d(i, 1)
s = s + d(i, 1) * p
NEXT i
PRINT "x="; x, "y="; s
END
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Y=-.171875
Problem:
Write a program to find the interpolated value for x = 3.4 , using Newton
forward method, for these tabulated data.

X 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 13 15 12 9 13

REM "Newton Forward Interpolation"

DIM x(10), y(10), d(10, 10)
CLS
INPUT "No. of data=", n
INPUT "x="; x
FOR i = 1 TO n
READ x(i), y(i)
NEXT i
DATA 1,13,2,15,3,12,4,9,5,13
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
s = y(1)
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
PRINT SPC(6 * i);
FOR j = 1 TO n - i
y(j) = (y(j + 1) - y(j))
d(i, j) = y(j)
PRINT y(j); SPC(10);
NEXT j
PRINT
NEXT i
k = (x - x(1)) / (x(2) - x(1))
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
p=1
FOR j = 0 TO i - 1
p = p * (k - j)
NEXT j
f=1
FOR j = 1 TO i: f = f * j: NEXT j
s = s + d(i, 1) * p / f
NEXT i
PRINT : PRINT "x="; x, "y="; s
END
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Y= 10.4528
Problem:
Write a program to find the interpolated value for x = 3.6 , using Newton
backward method, for these tabulated data.

X 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 10 -9 -36 -41 30

REM "Newton Backward Interpolation"

DIM x(10), y(10), d(10, 10)
CLS
INPUT "No. of data=", n
INPUT "x="; x
FOR i = 1 TO n
READ x(i), y(i)
NEXT i
DATA 1,10,2,-9,3,-36,4,-41,5,30
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
s = y(n)
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
PRINT SPC(6 * i);
FOR j = 1 TO n - i
y(j) = (y(j + 1) - y(j))
d(i, j) = y(j)
PRINT y(j); SPC(10);
NEXT j
PRINT
NEXT i
k = (x - x(n)) / (x(2) - x(1))
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
p=1
FOR j = 0 TO i - 1
p = p * (k + j)
NEXT j
f=1
FOR j = 1 TO i: f = f * j: NEXT j
s = s + d(i, n - i) * p / f
PRINT p, d(i, n - i)
NEXT i
PRINT : PRINT "x="; x, "y="; s
END
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Y=-44.5584
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters a1 & a 2 so that
f ( x ) = a1 + a 2 x , fits the following data in least squares sense.

X 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1

y 1 2.7 4.3 6 7.5 9 10.6 12

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA 0,1,.3,2.7,.6,4.3,.9,6,1.2,7.5,1.5,9,1.8,10.6,2.1,12
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + x(i)
sy = sy + y(i)
sxx = sxx + x(i) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + x(i) * y(i)
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
PRINT "a1="; a1
PRINT "a2="; a2
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = a1 + a2 * x(i)
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

sx=8.4
sxx=12.6
sy=53.1
sxy=75.57

a1=1.133333
a2=5.242064

Standard deviation = 6.726178 E -02

Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters A & B so that
f ( x) = A ln( x) + B , fits the following data in least squares sense.

X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

y 0.27 0.72 1.48 2.66 4.48 7.26 11.43 17.64 26.78

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA
.1,.27,.2,.72,.3,1.48,.4,2.66,.5,4.48,.6,7.26,.7,11.43,.8,17.64,.9,26.78
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + LOG(x(i))
sy = sy + y(i)
sxx = sxx + LOG(x(i)) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + LOG(x(i)) * y(i)
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
a = a2
b = a1
PRINT "A="; a
PRINT "B="; b
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = a * LOG(x(i)) + b
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A=9.74113
B=16.66255

S=260.5141
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters A & C so that
f ( x ) = C e A x , fits the following data in least squares sense.

X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

y 0.27 0.72 1.48 2.66 4.48 7.26 11.43 17.64 26.78

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA
.1,.27,.2,.72,.3,1.48,.4,2.66,.5,4.48,.6,7.26,.7,11.43,.8,17.64,.9,26.78
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + x(i)
sy = sy + LOG(y(i))
sxx = sxx + x(i) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + x(i) * LOG(y(i))
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
a = a2
c = EXP(a1)
PRINT "A="; a
PRINT "C="; c
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = c * EXP(a * x(i))
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A= 5.512738
C= .2359106

S=52.53117
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters A & C so that
f ( x ) = C x A , fits the following data in least squares sense.

X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

y 0.27 0.72 1.48 2.66 4.48 7.26 11.43 17.64 26.78

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA
.1,.27,.2,.72,.3,1.48,.4,2.66,.5,4.48,.6,7.26,.7,11.43,.8,17.64,.9,26.78
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + LOG(x(i))
sy = sy + LOG(y(i))
sxx = sxx + LOG(x(i)) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + LOG(x(i)) * LOG(y(i))
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
a = a2
c = EXP(a1)
PRINT "A="; a
PRINT "C="; c
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = c * x(i) ^ a
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A= 2.092605
C= 23.42711

S= 75.07242
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters C & D so that
f ( x ) = C x e , fits the following data in least squares sense.
Dx

X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

y 0.27 0.72 1.48 2.66 4.48 7.26 11.4 17.6 26.7
3 4 8

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA
.1,.27,.2,.72,.3,1.48,.4,2.66,.5,4.48,.6,7.26,.7,11.43,.8,17.64,.9,26.78
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + x(i)
sy = sy + LOG(y(i) / x(i))
sxx = sxx + x(i) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + x(i) * LOG(y(i) / x(i))
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
d = a2
c = EXP(a1)
PRINT "C="; c
PRINT "D="; d
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = c * x(i) * EXP(d * x(i))
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

C= 1.993407
D= 3.004763

S= 1.117279 E-03
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters A & B so that
A
f ( x ) = + B , fits the following data in least squares sense.
x

X 0.5 2 3.5 4.1 5 6.2 7.5 9.2

y 3.3 2 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.64 0.5

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA .5,3.3,2,2,3.5,1.4,4.1,1.2,5,1,6.2,.8,7.5,.64,9.2,.5
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + 1 / x(i)
sy = sy + y(i)
sxx = sxx + (1 / x(i)) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + (1 / x(i)) * y(i)
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
a = a2
b = a1
PRINT "A="; a
PRINT "B="; b
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = (a / x(i)) + b
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A= 1.353131
B= .7405201

S=.7070401
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters D & C so that
D
f ( x) = , fits the following data in least squares sense.
x+C

X 0.5 2 3.5 4.1 5 6.2 7.5 9.2

y 3.3 2 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.64 0.5

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA .5,3.3,2,2,3.5,1.4,4.1,1.2,5,1,6.2,.8,7.5,.64,9.2,.5
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + x(i) * y(i)
sy = sy + y(i)
sxx = sxx + (x(i) * y(i)) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + (x(i) * y(i)) * y(i)
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
c = -1 / a2
d = a1 * c
PRINT "C="; c
PRINT "D="; d
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = d / (x(i) + c)
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

C= 1.369226
D= 6.209051

S=5.723841 E-02
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters A & B so that
1
f ( x) = , fits the following data in least squares sense.
A x+B

X 0.5 2 3.5 4.1 5 6.2 7.5 9.2

y 3.3 2 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.64 0.5

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA .5,3.3,2,2,3.5,1.4,4.1,1.2,5,1,6.2,.8,7.5,.64,9.2,.5
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + x(i)
sy = sy + 1 / y(i)
sxx = sxx + x(i) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + x(i) * 1 / y(i)
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
a = a2
b = a1
PRINT "A="; a
PRINT "B="; b
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = 1 / (a * x(i) + b)
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A= .1953442
B= 9.250808 E-02

S= 3.864387
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters A & B so that
x
f ( x) = , fits the following data in least squares sense.
A x+B

X 0.5 2 3.5 4.1 5 6.2 7.5 9.2

y 3.3 2 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.64 0.5

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA .5,3.3,2,2,3.5,1.4,4.1,1.2,5,1,6.2,.8,7.5,.64,9.2,.5
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + 1 / x(i)
sy = sy + 1 / y(i)
sxx = sxx + (1 / x(i)) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + 1 / (x(i) * y(i))
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
a = a1
b = a2
PRINT "A="; a
PRINT "B="; b
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = x(i) / (a * x(i) + b)
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A= 1.279117
B= -.5697291

S= 16.41069
Problem:
Write a program to determine the parameters A & B so that
1
f ( x) =
( A x+B )
2 , fits the following data in least squares sense.

X 0.5 2 3.5 4.1 5 6.2 7.5 9.2

y 3.3 2 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.64 0.5

REM "List Square Fitting"

CLS
DIM x(15), y(15)
INPUT "No. of Data=", n
FOR j = 1 TO n
READ x(j), y(j)
NEXT j
DATA .5,3.3,2,2,3.5,1.4,4.1,1.2,5,1,6.2,.8,7.5,.64,9.2,.5
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
sx = 0: sxx = 0: sy = 0: sxy = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
sx = sx + x(i)
sy = sy + (y(i)) ^ (-.5)
sxx = sxx + x(i) ^ 2
sxy = sxy + x(i) * (y(i)) ^ (-.5)
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "sx="; sx
PRINT "sxx"; sxx
PRINT "sy="; sy
PRINT "sxy="; sxy
d = n * sxx - sx ^ 2
a1 = (sxx * sy - sx * sxy) / d
a2 = (n * sxy - sx * sy) / d
a = a2
b = a1
PRINT "A="; a
PRINT "B="; b
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n
f(i) = 1 / (a * x(i) + b) ^ 2
s = s + (y(i) - f(i)) ^ 2
NEXT i
PRINT "Standard Deviation=", s
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A= 9.919496 E-02
B= .5035566

S= 2.27583 E-03
Problem:
Write a quick-basic program to find first, second, third, and fourth
derivation of the function f ( x) = ln( x 3 ) at x = 1 and h = 0.01

REM "Derivation using Different Formula"

CLS
DEF fnf (x) = LOG(x ^ 3)
INPUT "x=", x
INPUT "h=", h
PRINT "---------------------------------------"
REM "df: Forward, db: Backward, dc: Central"
df = (fnf(x + h) - fnf(x)) / h
db = (fnf(x) - fnf(x - h)) / h
dc = (fnf(x + h) - fnf(x - h)) / (2 * h)
PRINT "Forward Derivation is", df
PRINT "Backward Derivation is", db
PRINT "Central Derivation is", dc
PRINT "---------------------------------------"
REM "d3p: Three Point, d5p: Five Point"
d3p = (fnf(x + h) - fnf(x - h)) / (2 * h)
d5p = (-1 * fnf(x + 2 * h) + 8 * fnf(x + h) - 8 * fnf(x - h) + fnf(x - 2 * h)) / (12
* h)
PRINT "Three Point Derivation is", d3p
PRINT "Five Point Derivation is", d5p
PRINT "---------------------------------------"
REM "d2: Second derivation, d3: Third Derivation, d4: Fourth Derivation"
d2 = (fnf(x + h) - 2 * fnf(x) + fnf(x - h)) / h ^ 2
d3 = (fnf(x + 2 * h) - 2 * fnf(x + h) + 2 * fnf(x - h) - fnf(x - 2 * h)) / (2 * h ^ 3)
d4 = (fnf(x + 2 * h) - 4 * fnf(x + h) + 6 * fnf(x) - 4 * fnf(x - h) + fnf(x - 2 * h))
/h^4
PRINT "Second Derivation is", d2
PRINT "Third Derivation is ", d3
PRINT "Fourth Derivation is ", d4
END

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
x=1
h=.01
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Forward Derivation is 2.985096
Backward Derivation is 3.015098
Central Derivation is 3.000097
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Three Point Derivation is 3.000097
Five Point Derivation is 2.999997
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Second Derivation is -3.000144
Third Derivation is 6.003306
Fourth Derivation is -17.8814
Problem:
Write a quick-basic program to find first derivation from the following data
at x = 0.1 using derivation of Lagrange polynomial.

x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

y 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.16

REM "Derivation using Lagrange Formula"

CLS
INPUT "No. of Data"; n
INPUT "x="; x
DIM x(n), y(n)
FOR i = 1 TO n
READ x(i), y(i)
NEXT i
DATA .1,.01,.2,.04,.3,.09,.4,.16
sum = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
s=0
FOR j = 1 TO n
IF j = i THEN GOTO 10
p=1
FOR k = 1 TO n
IF k = j OR k = i THEN GOTO 20
p = p * (x - x(k)) / (x(i) - x(k))
20 NEXT k
s = s + p / (x(i) - x(j))
10 NEXT j
sum = sum + s * y(i)
NEXT i
PRINT "The First Derivation=", sum
END

The First Derivation= 0.2000000

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Problem:
Write a quick-basic program to find first derivation from the following data
using derivation of Newton Forward polynomial.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y = x3 − 2 x2 + 2 x − 5
y -4 -1 10 35 80 151 254

REM "Derivative from Newton Forward"

DIM x(10), y(10), d(10, 10)
CLS
INPUT "No. of data=", n
FOR i = 1 TO n
READ x(i), y(i)
NEXT i
DATA 1,-4,2,-1,3,10,4,35,5,80,6,151,7,254
PRINT "x:"
FOR i = 1 TO n
PRINT x(i),
NEXT i
PRINT
PRINT "y:"
FOR j = 1 TO n
PRINT y(j),
NEXT j
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
PRINT SPC(6 * i);
FOR j = 1 TO n - i
y(j) = (y(j + 1) - y(j))
d(i, j) = y(j)
PRINT y(j); SPC(10);
NEXT j
PRINT
NEXT i
s=0
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
s = s + (1 / i) * d(i, 1) * (-1) ^ (i + 1)
NEXT i
d = s / (x(2) - x(1))
PRINT "First Derivation="; d
END

The First Derivation= 1

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Problem:
Write a quick-basic program to find the value of the integral
dt
∫0 (t 2 + 1) (3t 2 + 4) using Trapezoidal rule with n = 6
1

REM "Trapezoidal rule"

CLS
DEF fnf (t) = 1 / (SQR((t ^ 2 + 1) * (3 * t ^ 2 + 4)))
INPUT "low level of integral"; a
INPUT "high level of integral"; b
INPUT "No. of sub-integral"; n
h = (b - a) / n
s=0
x=a
FOR i = 1 TO n - 1
x=x+h
s = s + fnf(x)
NEXT i

t = h * (fnf(a) / 2 + s + fnf(b) / 2)
PRINT " Integration by Trapezoidal rule="; t
END

Integration by Trapezoidal rule = .4016085

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Problem:
Write a quick-basic program to find the value of the integral
dt
∫0 (t 2 + 1) (3t 2 + 4) using Simpson’s 1/3 rule with n = 6
1

REM "Simpson's 1/3 rule"

CLS
DEF fnf (t) = 1 / (SQR((t ^ 2 + 1) * (3 * t ^ 2 + 4)))
INPUT "low level of integral"; a
INPUT "high level of integral"; b
INPUT "No. of sub-integral"; n
h = (b - a) / n
s1 = 0: s2 = 0
x=a
FOR i = 2 TO n STEP 2
x = a + h * (i - 1)
s1 = s1 + fnf(x)
NEXT i
FOR i = 3 TO n STEP 2
x = a + h * (i - 1)
s2 = s2 + fnf(x)
NEXT i
PRINT
s = (h / 3) * (fnf(a) + 4 * s1 + 2 * s2 + fnf(b))
PRINT " Integration by Simpson's 1/3 rule="; s
END

Integration by Simpson's 1/3 rule=.4021834

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Problem:
Write a quick-basic program to find the value of the integral
1 dt
∫0 (t 2 + 1) (3t 2 + 4) using Simpson’s 3/8 rule with n = 6

REM "Simpson's 3/8 rule"

CLS
DEF fnf (t) = 1 / (SQR((t ^ 2 + 1) * (3 * t ^ 2 + 4)))
INPUT "low level of integral"; a
INPUT "high level of integral"; b
INPUT "No. of sub-integral"; n
DIM y(n)
h = (b - a) / n
s=0
x=a
FOR i = 0 TO n
x = a + h * (i)
y(i) = fnf(x)
NEXT i
FOR i = 1 TO (n / 2 - 1)
s = s + y(3 * i - 3) + 3 * (y(3 * i - 2) + y(3 * i - 1)) + y(3 * i)
NEXT i
PRINT
sim = (3 * h / 8) * s
PRINT "Integration by Simpson's 3/8 rule="; sim
END

Integration by Simpson’s 3/8 rule= 0.4021832

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Problem:
Write a program in quick-basic to solve the differential equation
y′ = e −2 x − 2 y using Euler method over [0,2] , with y(0) = 0.1 , let h = 0.1
(i.e. n = 20 ).

REM "Euler's Method"

CLS
INPUT "initial value"; a
INPUT "final value"; b
INPUT "No. of steps"; n
DIM x(n), y(n)
INPUT "y(0)=", y(0)
x(0) = a
h = (b - a) / n
DEF fnf (x, y) = EXP(-2 * x) - 2 * y
FOR i = 0 TO n - 1
x(i + 1) = x(i) + h
y(i + 1) = y(i) + h * fnf(x(i), y(i))
NEXT i
FOR i = 0 TO n
PRINT x(i), y(i)
NEXT i
END
initial value? 0
final value? 2
No. of steps? 20
y(0)=? 0.1

0 0.1
0.1 0.18
0.2 0.2258731
0.3 0.2477305
0.4 0.2530656
0.5 0.2473853
0.6 0.2346962
0.7 0.2178764
0.8 0.1989608
0.9 0.1793583
1 0.1600165
1.1 0.1415467
1.2 0.1243177
1.3 0.108526
1.4 9.424812E-02
1.5 0.0814795
1.6 0.0701623
1.7 6.020606E-02
1.8 5.150218E-02
1.9 4.393411E-02
2 3.738436E-02

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Exact solution for y′ = e
−2 x
− 2 y is:

1 −2
y= e x
− x e −2 x
⇒ y(2) = 0.03846284
10

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Problem:
Write a program in quick-basic to solve the differential equation
y′ = e −2 x − 2 y using Runge-Kutta method over [0,2] , with y(0) = 0.1 , let
h = 0.1 (i.e. n = 20 ).

REM "Runge-Kutta Method"

CLS
INPUT "initial value"; a
INPUT "final value"; b
INPUT "No. of steps"; n
DIM x(n), y(n)
INPUT "y(0)=", y(0)
x(0) = a
h = (b - a) / n
DEF fnf (x, y) = EXP(-2 * x) - 2 * y
FOR i = 0 TO n - 1
x(i) = a + h * i
k1 = h * fnf(x(i), y(i))
k2 = h * fnf(x(i) + h / 2, y(i) + k1 / 2)
k3 = h * fnf(x(i) + h / 2, y(i) + k2 / 2)
k4 = h * fnf(x(i) + h, y(i) + k3)

y(i + 1) = y(i) + 1 / 6 * (k1 + 2 * k2 + 2 * k3 + k4)

NEXT i
FOR i = 0 TO n
PRINT x(i), y(i)
NEXT i
END
initial value? 0
final value? 2
No. of steps? 20
y(0)=? 0.1

0 0.1
0.1 0.163744
0.2 0.2010928
0.3 0.2195209
0.4 0.2246607
0.5 0.2207241
0.6 0.2108327
0.7 0.1972747
0.8 0.1817045
0.9 0.1652969
1 0.1488672
1.1 0.1329626
1.2 0.11797324
1.3 0.1039823
1.4 9.121463E-02
1.5 7.965902E-02
1.6 0.0692956
1.7 6.007185E-02
1.8 5.191512E-02
1.9 4.474165E-02
2 3.846299E-02

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Exact solution for y′ = e −2 x − 2 y is:

1 −2 x
y= e − x e −2 x ⇒ y(2) = 0.03846284
10
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^