EX

LIBRIS

JOHANNIS FLETCHER
PER DUO ET VIGINTI ANNOS LINGUAE LATINAE IN COLLEGIO
UNIVERSITATIS PROFESSORIS: QUI MENSE JULIO A.D. MDCCCCXVII MORTUUS EST: LI BROS QUOS ILLE PENITUS AMAVERAT UXOR ET FILII EJUS COLLEGIO AMATO

DONAVERUNT.
DULCES EXUVIAE DUM FATA DEUS-QUE SINEBANT.
Virg:

An:

IV.

dlartnton

fnss

RUDIMENTA LATINA

HENRY FROWDE,

M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH

NEW YORK

LaL.Gr

ass.Sem.

RUDIMENTA LATINA
COMPRISING

ACCIDENCE, AND

EXERCISES OF

VERY ELEMENTARY CHARACTER

FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS

BY

JOHN BARROW ALLEN,

LATE SCHOLAR OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD AUTHOR OF 'AN ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR' A FIRST LATIN EXERCISE BOOK
' '

M.A.

'A SECOND LATIN EXERCISE BOOK,' ETC.

*...:-'

L
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
M DCCCC
I

y
-..
.

OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

PREFACE.
THIS rudimentary volume of Accidence and Exercises has
been written at the request of a considerable number of
Masters of large Schools, to
Exercise
rather

whom

even the

First Latin

Book*

did not

seem

sufficiently elementary,

or

did

not supply a

sufficient

quantity of the very

elementary examples required to keep children employed

during the
first

year or so of their Latin training.

Personally, I

should have preferred to exclude from an

all

Exercise

Book

examples not containing a Verb.

am
is

aware, however, that

an author writing a book by request

under an obligation rather to comply with the wishes of his

friends,

than to

air his
if

own

particular fancies

and

I shall be

very glad, therefore,

Exercises 1-16 are found of use.

JOHN BARROW ALLEN.

CHELTENHAM
:

March, 1885.

CONTENTS.
PART
Alphabet and Parts of Speech
Substantives
I.

GRAMMAR.
PACK
i

a
2
.
.

The First Declension The Second Declension The Third Declension The Fourth Declension The Fifth Declension
Further Rules of Gender
Prepositions Adjectives

4
7 7

..........
.

9 10
13 14 16 18 22 28

Comparison of Adjectives
Pronouns

The Verb The Verb Sum The First Conjugation The Second Conjugation The Third Conjugation The Fourth Conjugation

Deponent Verbs Conjugation of Possum Notes on some Cases of the Third Declension

.... .40 ....

.

34

46 47 48

PART
Declensions of
Prepositions Adjectives

II.

EXERCISES.
49
57 61

Nouns

Pronouns

Second Conjugation Third Conjugation Fourth Conjugation Deponent Verbs Reported Speech Ablative Absolute
Latin-English Vocabulary English-Latin Vocabulary

The The The The The

Verb Sum
First Conjugation
.

65 69
.
. .
. . .

.81
101

73

89 97
105 105

........
.

109

.115

By
and Enlarged.

the

same Author
Edition, Revised

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is.

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Rome.
Republic, Part Republic, Part
I.

Roman Roman

II.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
PART
I.

GRAMMAR.
same

ALPHABET AND PABTS OP SPEECH.

1.

Alphabet.

The

Latin Alphabet

is

the

as the

English, without
2.

W.
There are eight Parts of Speech,

Parts of Speech.

namely, the

Noun-Adjective, Pro-noun, Verb, Ad-verb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. The Noun- Substantive is the name of any person or
thing, as, magister,

Noun-Substantive,

a master, mensa, a

table.

The Noun- Adjective expresses a quality, as, bonus, good. The Pro-noun is used instead of a Substantive or Adjective, as,

The Verb

ille, he; meus, my. expresses an action,

as,

amo,

love ; or

condition, as,

amor, / am

loved.

The Ad-verb

is

added

to

a Verb or Adjective, and shows

how, when, or where, a.s,vald.Q bonus, very good; scripsit heri, he wrote yesterday ; hue veni, come hither.

The

Preposition is put before Nouns, to show that they are to be joined to Verbs, or sometimes to Nouns, as,
venit

ad urbem, he comes a wolf among sheep,

to the city

; lupus inter oves,

The Conjunction The

Interjection

joins together words or sentences, as,

Romulus et Remus, Romulus and Remus.

is

an exclamation,
B

as,

heu, alas I

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.
3.

t3or the war.

The

Article.

There

is

no

Article, a, an, or the, in

Latin.

Thus bellum may mean war, a war,

SUBSTANTIVES.
4.
five

The

five Declensions.

Of

Substantives there are

Declensions, which are known by the endings of their Genitive Case Singular. The ist Declension has Gen. Sing,
in

-ae

the

2nd

in -i

the 3rd in -is

the 4th in -us

the

5th in -ei.

5. Number, Gender, Case. Substantives have two Numbers, the Singular and the Plural; three Genders, the Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter ; and six Cases, the Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative,

and Ablative.

6-

THE FIRST DECLENSION.

The Nominative Case ends
;

Nominative.
Gender.

in -a.
as,

Feminine

except a few names of men,

Pub-

licola, Publicola,

or designations of men, as, poeta, a poet, which are masculine.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
Mens-ae, Mens-ae, Mens-as,
table.

Nom. Mensa, a
Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat.

table.

tables.

table. Mens-a, ens-am, a table. Mens-ae, of a table. Mens-ae, to or for a

tables.

tables.

Mens-Arum, of tables.
from

M ens-is, to or for tables.

tables.

AbL

Mens-a,
table.

by, 'with, or

Mens-is, by, with, orfrom

-7-]

SUBSTANTIVES.
7.

THE SECOND DECLENSION.

The Nominative ends
in -iis, -er,

Nominative.
Gender,

and

-lira.

-us and -er generally Masculine, -urn Neuter.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
Mur-i, walls. Mur-i, O walls.

Nom. Murus, a
Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat.
Abl.

wall.

Mur-e,

wall.

Mur-um, a wall.
Mur-i, of a wall. Mur-o, to or for a wall.

Mur-os, walls. Mur-Orum, of walls.

Mur-is, to or for walls. Mur-is, by, with, or from
walls.

Mur-o,
wall.

by, with, or

from a

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
Magistr-i, masters. Magistr-i, O masters.

Nom.
Voc. Ace. Gen.
Dat. Abl.

Magister, a master. Magister, O master.

Magistr-um, a master. Magistr-i, a master's, or of a

master.
Magistr-o, to or for a master. Magistr-o, by, with, or from a

Magistr-os, masters.

Magistr-Orum, of masters.
\ters.

Magistr-is, to or for masMagistr-is, by, with, or

master^.

from masters
in -er preserve the
it,

Some Nouns

the cases, instead of dropping

as, puer,

e before -r through a boy.

all

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
Puer-i, boys.
Puer-i,

Nom.
Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat.
Abl.

Puer, a boy.
Puer,

boy.

boys.

Puer-um, a boy. Puer-i, a boy^s, or cf a boy. Puer-o, to or for a boy. Puer-o 2 by, with, or from a
,

Puer-os, boys.

Puer-Orum, of boys.
Puer-is, to or for boys.

Puer-is 2, by, with, or from

boys.

boy.
1

The Ablative of Nouns denoting a living thing, as, magister, puer, judex, &c., usually requires a Preposition, as a (ab), by, from, cum, with, etc. a Preposition must generally be used with the Latin word, (See

preceding footnote.)

B 2

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
Like 'puer*
1

[7fero,

are

declined,

gener, socer, vesper, Liber,

carry,

and compounds of gero, I

armiger
.

and

bear,

as,

SINGULAR. N.V.A. Bellum, war, or O war. Gen. Bell-i, of war. Dat. Bell-o, to or for war.
Abl.
Bell-o,
by,

PLURAL.
Bell -a, wars, or

wars.

Bell-Orum, of wars. Bell-is, to or for wars.

Bell-is, by, with, or from

wifh,

or

from

war.

wars.

Note on Neuter Nouns.

Vocative Cases of
all

The Nominative, Accusative, and Neuter Nouns are the same in each
in -a.

number, and in the Plural they always end

Note on
-ius,
the Genitive

of

the

Second Declension.

Nouns

in

-ium
Gen.

often contract
filii,

-ii into -i in

the Genitive, as, films,

son,

or

fili ;

ingenium,

ability,

Gen.

ingenii, or

ingeni.

Note on

the Vocative

of the Second Declension.

Filius,

a son,
;

and names of men ending in -ins, make -i in the Vocative son ; Virgilius, Virgil, Voc. Virgili, as, filius, Voc. fili,
Virgil.

Deus, God, has Voc. Deus (not Dee),

God.

8.

THE THIRD DECLENSION.

The Nominative ends
(See
variously.
is

Nominative and Gender.

The Gender
Divisions.

also various.

n,

d,

page

8.)

Nouns of this Declension have two divisions, Nouns which have -um in the Genitive Plural ; namely, (i) which have -ium in the Genitive Plural. Nouns (2)
itive

increasing (i. e. having more Syllables in the Genthan in the Nominative) make -urn in the Gen. PI.; Nouns not increasing make -ium. (For exceptions see 47,*.)

Nouns

Son-in-law^father-in-law, evening, Bacchus, armour-bearer.

-8.]

SUBSTANTIVES.

Nouns
i.

in -um.

Masculine or Feminine.

SINGULAR. N.V. Judex, a judge, or O judge. Ace. Judlc-em, a judge. Gen. Judic-is, of a judge. Dat. Judic-i, to or for a judge.
Abl. Judic-e
1
,

PLURAL.
Judic-es, judges, or
Judic-es, judges.

O judges.

by, with, or from

JudiC-um, ofjudges. Judic-ibus, to or for judges. Judic-ibus, by, with, or from

judges.

a judge.

SINGULAR.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
PLURAL.
Shore.

8-

Song.

Head.
Capit-a.

Journey.
Itiner-a.

N.V.A.
G.

Litor-a.
,

Carmm-a.
-um.
-Ibus.

-um.
-Ibus.

-um.
-Ibus.

-um.
-Ibus.

D. Ab.

Nouns
I.

in -ium.

Masculine or Feminine.

SINGULAR.
Vallis, a valley, or O Ace. Vail- em, a valley. Gen. Vail -is, of a valley.

PLURAL.
valley.

N. V.

Vall-es, valleys, or Vall-es, or

-is,

valleys.

valleys.

Vail -Ium, of valleys. Vail -Ibus, to or for valleys. Vail -Ibus, by, with, or from
valleys.

Dat. Vall-i, to or for a valley. Abl. Vail e, by, -with, or from a

valley.

SINGULAR.
K.V. Nubes, a cloud, or O cloud. Ace. Nub-em, a cloud. Gen. Nub-Is, of a cloud. Dat. Nub-i, to or for a cloud. Abl. Nub-, by, with, or from a
cloud.

PLURAL.
Nub-es, clouds, or O clouds. Nub-es, or -is, clouds. Nub-Ium, of clouds. Nub-Ibiis, to or for clouds. Nub-Ibus, by, with, or from
clouds.

2.

Neuter.

SINGULAR.
N.A.V. Mare", the sea, or O Gen. Mar-Is, of the sea.
Dat.
sea.

PLURAL.
Mar-ia, seas, or

seas.

Mar-Ium, of seas.
Mar-Ibus,
Mar-Ibus,
seas.

AbL

Mar-i, to or for the sea. Mar-i, by, with, or from the sea.

to or for seas.
by, with, or from

Note. For lists of exceptional terminations to certain Cases of the Third Declension, see 47, page 48.

-JO.]

SUBSTANTIVES.

9.

THE FOURTH DECLENSION.

The Nominative ends
in -iis

Nominative.
Gender,

and -TL

-us generally Masculine, -u Neuter.

SINGULAR.
N.V. Gradus, a
step, or

PLURAL.

O step.

Ace. Grad-um, a step. steps. Gen. Grad-us, of a step. Grad-Uum, of steps. Dat. Grad-ui, or -u,/0or/0r #.$/<?/. Grad-ibus, to or for steps. Abl. Grad-u, by, with, or from a Grad-ibus, by, with, or from
step.

Grad-us, Grad-us,

steps, or

steps.

steps.

SINGULAR.
N.A. Voc. Gen. D.A.
Germ, a knee. Genu, O knee. Gen-us, of a knee. Gen-u, to, for, by, with, or from a knee.

PLURAL.
Gen-ua, knees. knees. Gen-ua, Gen-Uum, of knees. Gen-ibus, to, for, by, with, or

from

knees.

Note.

The

Dat. and Abl. PI. of the Fourth Declension are

as,

sometimes written -iibus instead of -ibus,

genubus.

10.

THE FIFTH DECLENSION.

The Nominative ends
in -es.
is

Nominative.
Gender.

in the Singular,

Feminine, except dies, a day, which Masculine in the Plural.

Common

SINGULAR.
N.V. Dies, a day, or O day. Ace. Di-em, a day. Gen. Di-ei, of a day. Dat. Di-ei, to or for a day. Abl. Di-e, by, witherfrom a day.

PLURAL.
Di-es, days, or Di-es, days.
days.

Di-Erum, of days.
Di-ebus, to or for days. Di-ebus, by, etc. t days.

R UDIMENTA LA TINA
11.

1-

FURTHER RULES OP GENDER.

:

(a)

Males, Mountains, Months, the "Winds, the Stream, And People Masculine we deem Isles are Feminine ; to these Add Females, Cities, Countries, Trees : Indeclinables we call Neuter Gender, one and all.
i.

(b)

Common
Artifex,

are to either sex

opifex,

2.

and

3.

Convlva, vates, advena,

Parens, sacerdos, custos, vindex, Adolescens, infans, index, Judex, heres, comes, dux,
Princeps, municeps, conjux,

4. Testis, civis, incola,

5.

6.
7. 8. 9.

Obses, ales, interpres, Auctor, exul ; and with these 11. Bos, dama, talpa, tigris, grus, 12. Canis and anguis, serpens, sus.
10.
(c)

The

rules of

Gender

for Declensions
6, 7, 9, 10.

I, 2, 4,

and

5,

have

been given above

(d}

in

The Gender
usually be

of

Nouns known by
:

of the Third

Declension

the terminations of the

may Nom-

inative Case, viz.

(1) Masculine terminations Masculines -er, -or, and -o, -os, and -es increasing, show. (2)

Feminine terminations
Feminines -do,
is, -as,

-io, -go,

-es, if

-aus, and -x, will show, no increase is needed,

-s

by Consonant preceded.

(3) Neuter terminations

Neuters end in
-ar, -ur, -us,
-1,

-a, -c, -e,

-n,

and

-t.

-13.]

PREPOSITIONS.

PREPOSITIONS.
12.

The

following Prepositions govern an Accusative

Case

ante, apud, ad, adversus,

circum, circa, citra,

cis,

contra, erga, extra, infra,

inter, intra, juxta, ob, penes, pone, post, and praeter, prope, propter, per, seeundxun,

And
13.

supra, versus, ultra, trans. unto these, if motion be intended, Let in, sub, super, subter, be appended 1.

The

following

Prepositions

govern

an Ablative

Case

a (ab), absque, coram, de, palam, clam, cum, ex or e, sine, tenus, pro, and prae.

And

unto these,

if

rest at

be intended,

Let in, sub, super, subter be appended*.

1

The meanings

are:

ante, before; apud, at, near,

and

when used

of an author
Plato, etc.;
circa,

in, as, apud Homerum, in Homer, apud Platonem, in ad, to or at; adversus (or adversum), against; circum,

round, aboiit ; citra, cis, on this side of; contra, against ; erga, towards ; extra, outside of; infra, beneath ; inter, between, among; intra, within; juxta, near, next to; ob, on account of, and when used of place before ; penes, in the power of; pone, behind ; post, behind, after, since; praeter, beside, except, beyond, contrary to; prope, near; propter, beside, on account of; per, through, by means of, during; secundum, next after, according to; supra, above; versus, towards
(placed after its case); ultra, beyond; trans, across ; in, to, into, upon, against (always with a notion of motion to}, for (of time), in or after (of manner, as, in hunc modum, 'after this manner'), towards; sub, under, up to, and when used of time -just after, just before, about ; when used of number besides ; subter, under. super, over, above, and
a, 0)0, from, by, on the side of; absque, without seldom used] coram, in the presence of; de, down from, from, of, concerning; palam, in view of; clam, without the knowledge of; cum, with ; ex, e, out of, from ; sine, without ; tenus, as far
2

The meanings

are:

^this preposition is

as (placed after its case) ; pro, before (of place), in behalf of, for, according to; prae, before, owing to, compared with; in, in, amidst, among ; sub, under ; super, over ; subter, under [only used with Ablative in poetry].

10
14.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

14-

ADJECTIVES.
divided
into

Adjectives are

two

classes,

the First Class

having endings
sions,

like those

of the First and Second Declenlike

and

the

Second Class

those

of

the

Third

Declension, of
15.

Nouns

Substantive.

First Class have three terminations to

Adjectives of the First Class. Adjectives of the each Case, denoting

the Masculine, Feminine,

and Neuter Gender,

as,

bonus, bona,

bonum, good ; niger, nigra, nigrum, black. The Masculine and Neuter endings are like those of the Second Declension
of Substantives, the Feminine like those of the First.

SINGULAR.
if.

-16.]
Like
dexter 1 .
'

ADJECTIVES.
tener
'

II
miser ; com-

are declined

lacer, liber, asper,

pounds of gero and

fero, as corniger, frugifer;

and sometimes

the

16. Adjectives of the Second Class. Adjectives of Second Class are called Adjectives of Two Terminations,
like those of the 3rd Decl. of Substantives;

and have endings

as, tristis,

gloomy ; melior, better; felix, happy ; ingens, vast.

SINGULAR.
M.
F.

PLURAL.
N.
triste.
triste.

M. F.
Trist-es,

N.
trist-ia.

N.V.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.

Tristis,

Ace. Trist-em,
Trist-is.
Trist-i.
Trist-i.

Trist-Ium.
Trist-ibus.

N.V. Melior,

melius.
Melior-es,
melior-a.

Ace. Melior-era, melius. Gen. Melior-is. Dat. Melior-i.

Abl.
Melior-e.
Felix.
felix.

MelioB-um.
Melior-Ibus.

N.V.

Ace. Felic-em, Gen. Felic-is. Dat. Felic-i.

Abl.

Felic-es,

felic-ia.

Felic-Ium.
Felic-Ibus.

Felic-i (rarely -e).

N.V.

Ingens.
Ingent-es,

Ace. Ingent-em, ingens. Gen. Ingent-is. Dat. Ingent-i.

Abl.

ingent-ia.

Ingent-Ium.
Ingent-ibus.

Ingent-e (or 4).

Some
1

Feminine form

Adjectives in -er belong to this class, but have a in the Nominative Singular, as, acer, keen.
;

Torn, free, rough, miserable

horn-bearing, fruit -bear ing ; on the

right hand.

12

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
SINGULAR.
M.
F.

PLURAL.
N.
acr-e.
-e.

M. F.

N.
-ia. -ia.

N.V. Acer, acr-is, Ace. Acr-em, Acr-is. Gen. D.A. Acr-i.

Acr-es, Acr-es,

Acr-Ium.
Acr-ibus.
alacer, celeber, equester,

Like 'acer' are declined,

ster, volucer, saluber, celer
l
.

pedeCeler keeps the e throughout,

as, Sing.

N.V.

Celer, celeris, celere.

17.

Unus, and Quasi-Numeral Adjectives.

These

are alms, another, and,

Unus,

solus, totus, ullus,

.

2 Uter, alter, neuter, nullus

They make

-ius in Gen. Sing., and

-i in

Dative.

SINGULAR.
M.
F.
-a,

PLURAL.
N.
-urn.

M,

F.

N.
-a. -a.

Nom. Unus, Ace. Un-um,

Gen.
Dat.
Abl.

Un-i,

-ae,
-as,

-um. -am, Un-ius (of all Genders). Un-i (of all Genders).
Un-o,
Uter,
-a,
-o.

Un-os,

Un-Orum,
Un-is

-Arum,

-Drum.

(of all Genders).

Nom.
Ace. Dat.
Abl.
.,.

utr-a,

utr-um.

Utr-i,

-ae,
-as,

-a.
-a.

Utr-um,
Utr-i (of v
TT4
.

-am,
all

-um.
) [
)

Utr-os,

Gen. Utr-ius (of all Genders).

Genders).
-o.

Utr-Orum,
T.

-Arum,
Genders).

-Orum.

Utr-o,

Utr-is (of

all

-a,

Alter keeps the e throughout, as, Sing. N. Alter, altera,

alterum.
Alii, etc.
1

Alius

makes N.

Alius,

alia,

aliud,

G. Allus, D.

Brisk, celebrated, equestrian, pedestrian, -winged, healthful, swift. 2 One, alone or the only, the -whole, any at all ; which of two, the other or one oft-woy neither, none.

-21.]
18.

ADJECTIVES.

13

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives have three degrees of Comparison, the Positive, Comparative, and Superlative.
19.
parative

Rule for Comparison of Adjectives.

is

The Com-i

formed from the Positive by changing

or -is of
it

the Genitive into -ior; the Superlative

by changing

into

-issimus,
Positive.

as,

Comparative.
durior, harder,
brevior, shorter,

Superlative.

Durus, hard, G. duri,

J*>rev\s,short,

durissimus, hardest, or very hard.

brevissimus, shortest, or very short.
or very bold.

G. brevis,

Audax,

bold,

G. audacis, audacior, bolder, audacissimus, boldest,

20. Irregular Comparison.

w
Positive.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
22.

**-

PRONOUNS.
(i) Personal, (2) Reflexive, (3) Possessive,

Pronouns are
and

(4) Demonstrative, (5) Definitive, (6) Relative, (7) Interrogative,

(8) Indefinite.

23.

ego,

/,

Personal Pronouns. The Personal Pronouns are and tu, thou, which are thus declined SINGULAR. PLURAL.
:

Nom. Ego,
Ace. Gen. Dat.
Abl.

7.

Me, me.
Mei, of me. Mihi, to or /0r me. Me, y, wz//j, or from

Nos, we. Nos, us.

me 1

Nostrum or Nostri, of us. Nobis, to or for us. 1 Nobis, by, with, or from us

N.V. Tu, thou or you.

Ace. Gen. Dat.
Abl.

Te, thee or you. Tui, of thee or yott. Tibi, to or for thee or you.

Te,

fry,

with, or from thee

1
.

Vos, ye or you. Vos, you. Vestrum 0rVestri, ofyou. Vobis, to or for you. Vobis, by, with, orfrom you*.
ea, id, are often used as
he, she,
it.

oryott
Note.

Ille, ilia, illud,

and

is,

Personal Pronouns, and translated

24. Reflexive
se, himself^ herself,

Pronoun.
itself,

The

Reflexive

Pronoun

is

or themselves.

Nom.
Ace. Gen. Dat.
Abl.

(wanting).

Se or
Sui,

sese, himself, herself, itself, or themselves.

herself, itself, themselves. Sibi, to or for himself, herself, itself, themselves.

of himself,

Se or

sese, by, with, or from himself, etc.

*.

25. Possessive
are

Pronouns.
thy,

The

Possessive Pronouns

suus, his own, her own, its own, or their own, and cujus, whose, which are declined like bonus noster, our, and vester,>'0#r, which are declined like pulcher.

meus, my, tuus,

Note.

Meus

has

mi

in the

Vocative Singular Masculine.

Tuus and suus

1

have no Vocative.
(See p.
3,

Preposition must be used with the Latin word.

note I.)

- 27

.]

PRONOUNS.
Demonstrative Pronouns.

26.

The Demonstrative

Pronouns are hie,

this, is, that, ille, that, iste,

SINGULAR.
M.
F.

PLURAL.
N. hoc.

M.
Hi,

F.

N.

Nom.

Hie,

haec,

hae,
has,

haec.

hoc. Ace. Hunc, hanc, Gen. Hujus (of all Genders). Dat. Huic (of all Genders). Abl. Hoc, hoc. hac,

Hos,

haec.

Horum,
His

harum,

horum.

(of all Genders).

Nom.

Is,

ea,

id.

li,

eae

ea. ea.

Ace. Eum, id. earn, Gen. Ejus (of all Genders). Dat. Ei (of all Genders). Abl. Eo, eo. ea,

Eos,

Eorum,
lis

earum,
all

eorum.

or eis (of

Genders).

Nom.
Ace. Gen. Dat.

Ille,

ilia,

illud.

Illi,

illae,
illas,
ilia.

illud. Ilium, illam, Illms (of all Genders).

Illi

Illos,

Illorum,
Illis

illarum,

illorum.

(of all Genders).

ilia,

AbL

Illo,

illo.

(of all Genders).

ille.

Iste
Note.

is

declined like

Hie means

this

near me, or this of mine, iste, that

near you, or that ofyours, and ille, that yonder or thai other.

27. Definitive
are

Pronouns.
and ipse,
self.

The

Definitive

Pronouns

idem,

the same,

SINGULAR.
M.
F.

PLURAL.
N.

M.

F.

N.

eadem, Mem. A. Eundem, eandem, idem.

N. Idem,
G. Ejusdem (of all Genders). D. Eldem (of all Genders). A. Eodem, eadem, eodem.

Ildem,

eadem. eaedem, eadem. easdem, Eosdem, Eorundem, earundem, eorundem.

lisdem (of all Genders).
it

Ipse

is

declined like ille, except that

makes ipsum

in

the Neuter

Nom. and Ace.

RUD1MENTA LATINA.
28. Relative

3 8-

Pronoun.

The

Relative

Pronoun

is

qui,

who

or which.

SINGULAR.
M.
F.

PLURAL.
N.

M.
Qui,

F.

N.

quod. Ace. Quem, quam, quod. Gen. Cujus (of all Genders). Dat. Cui (of all Genders). ALT f Quo, Qua, quo. ~
quae,
Abl.
i
.

Nom.

Qui,

quae,
quas,

quae.

Quos,

quae.

Quorum,

quarum,

quorum.
all

Qui,

Quibus or queis or quis (of Genders).

qui,

qui.

29. Interrogative

noun
like

Pronoun. The Interrogative ProNom. quis, quid, who ? declined in other Cases qui, except Neut. quid instead of quod.
is

30. Indefinite

Pronoun.

The

Indefinite

Pronoun

is

quis, (qua), quid, any, declined in other Cases like qui, except Neut. Sing, quid for quod, and Neut. Plur. qua or

quae.

THE VERB.
31.

Voice.

Verbs have two Voices, the Active,

as,

amo, / love ;

the Passive, as, amor,

/ am

loved.

32. Transitive

and Intransitive Verbs.

Transitive

which the action passes on directly to some person or thing, which is called the Object, as, amo te, I love ihee. Intransitive or Neuter Verbs are those in which Verbs are those
in

the action does not pass

on

directly to

an Object,

as, sto,

/
in

stand.

Intransitive
is

Verbs have no Passive Voice, except

Impersonal Passive Construction,
is

what

called the

as,

statur, it is stood,

or a stand

made.

-38.]
33.

THE VERB.
Moods.

17

There are four Moods, the Indicative, The first three conSubjunctive, Imperative, and Infinitive. stitute the Verb Finite, the last one the Verb Infinite.
34. Tenses.

There are seven Tenses, four Primary,

namely, the Present, Future Simple, Perfect, Future Perfect ; and three Historic, namely, the Imperfect, Aorist, and Pluperfect.

35.

Number and

Person.

There are

in each

Tense

two Numbers, Singular and

three Persons, First, Second,

Plural,

and

in

each

Number

and Third.
different kinds of

36. Conjugation.

Verbs have four

Flexion, which are called the Four Conjugations.

The

First takes -are in the Infin.

Mood,

as,

amare,
as,

to love. to

The Second
advise.

takes -ere in the Infin.

Mood,

monere,

The Third

takes -ere in the Infin.

-ire in the Infin.

Mood,
Mood,

as, regere, to rule.

as, audlre, to hear.

The Fourth takes

The parts of the 37. Principal Parts of the Verb. Verb from which all the other Tenses may be formed are the These, together with Present, Perfect, and Supine in -um.
the Infinitive

Mood

(which shows the Conjugation), are to be

named when
1st

the principal parts of a

Pres. Indie.
Infinitive.

Verb

are required, e.g.:

Supine.

Perfect Indie.

Conj.

Amo,
Moneo,
Rego, Audio,

2nd Conj.
3rd Conj. 4th Conj.

amAre, monEre,
regEre,
audlre,

amavi,

monui,
rexi,

amatum. monitum.
rectum.

audlvi,

audltum.

38.

The Verb Sum.

it

Before other Verbs are con-

jugated

is

necessary to learn the Auxiliary

Verb Bum,

esse, fui,

to be.

i8

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
39.

[39-

THE VERB

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRIMARY TENSES.
PRESENT TENSE.
S.
ist Pers.

sum,
gs, est,

I am.
art.
she, it is.

2nd

Thou
He,

yd
P.
ist

sumus,
estis,
s-unt,

We are.
are.

2nd

Ye or you They are.

S.

ist Pers.

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE. gro, I shall be.

eris,
erit,

2nd
P.
ist

Thou wilt
He,

be.

she, it will be.

erfmus,
erftis,

We shall be.

2nd

yd
S.
ist Pers.

erunt,

Ye or you will be. They will be.

PERFECT TENSE.
fui,

I have
He,

been.

2nd

fuisti,
fuit,

Thou hast
she, it

been,

yd
P.
ist

has been.

fuftnus,
fuistis,

2nd

We have been. Ye or you have

been,

yd
S.

fuerunt or fuere, They have been.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. ist Pers. fugro, I shall have been.

2nd
fueris,
fuerit,

Thou wilt have

He,
she, it will

been,

yd
P.
\st

have

been.

fuerimus,
fuerftis,

We shall have been.

2nd

yd

fuerint,

Ye will have been, They will have been.

39-]

THE VERB 'SUM?

19

INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
5".

ist Pers.

gram, Twos.
eras,
erat,

2nd

,,

Thou
He,

wast,

yd
P.
ist

,,

she, it

was.

eramus,
eratis,

We were.

2nd

Ye or you were.
They were.

yd

erant,

AORIST TENSE.
S.
ist Pers.
fui,

I was.
Thou wast.
she, it

2nd

,,

fuisti,
fuit,

yd
P.
ist

He,

was.

furnius,
fuistis,

We were.
Ye oiyou were,

2nd

yd

fuerunt 0rfuere, They were.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
S.
ist Pers.

fugram,
fueras,
fuerat,

2nd

yd
P.
ist
,,

I had been. Thou hadst been, He, she, it had been.

fueramus,
fueratis,

We had been.

2nd

,,

Ye we you had been,

They had been.
to translate the

yd
Note.

fuerant,

The Pronoun you may be used

if

Person Singular also,

the reference

is

to

Second one person only.

c 2

20

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

39~

SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.

PRESENT TENSE.
S.
1st Pers.

sim,
sis,

2nd

yd
P.
ist

,,

sit,

I may be, or may I be. Thou mayst be, or mayst thou be. He, she, it may be, or let him be.

slums,
sitis,

We may be,

or let us

be.

2nd

yd

sint,

Ye may be, or may ye be. They may be, or let them

be.

(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)

S.

1st Pers.

2nd

yd
P.
ist

2nd

yd

PERFECT TENSE. / may have been. fueris, Thou mayst have been, fuerit, He, she, it may have been. fuerimus, We may have been. fueritis, Ye may have been, fuerint, They may have been.
fuerim,

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

HISTORIC TENSES.
S.
ist Pers.

IMPERFECT TENSE. essem 1 I should be.

,

2nd

esses,
esset,

yd
P.
ist

Thou wouldst be. He, she, it would be.

essemus,
essetis,

We should be.

2nd

yd

essent,

Ye would be. They would be.

(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S.

ist Pers.

2nd

yd
P.
ist
,,

PLUPERFECT TENSE. fuissem, / should have been. fuisses, Thou wouldst have been, fuisset, He, she, it would have been.
fiiissemus,
fuissetis,

2nd

yd
1

fuissent,

We should have been. Ye would have been, They would have been.

(But often translated as a Pluperfect Indicative.)

Oi forem,
fores, foret, foremus, foretis, forent.

-4-]

THE VERB 'SUM.'

21

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S.

^nd Pers.

es, be thou,

esto,

thou must
he must

be.

yd
P.

esto,
este, be ye,

be.

2nd

est5te,

yd

sunto, they

ye must be. must be.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
PRESENT and IMPERFECT, esse, to be. PERFECT and PLUPERFECT, fuisse, to have been. FUTURE, fore or futurus esse, to be about to be.

FUTURE

PARTICIPLE, futurus, about

to be.

40. Compounds of Sum.

Like sum are declined

its

com-

pounds

absum, / am absent. adsum, I am present. desum, I am wanting.

possum, I am
praesum,

able.

/ am in. / am present. obsum, I am in the 'way.

insum,
intersum,
as,

I am set over. prosum, I am of use. subsum, / am under. supersum, / am surviving.

Present, ab-sum, ab-es, ab-est, ab-sumus, ab-estis, ab-sunt.

Perfect, de-fui, de-fuisti, de-fuit, de-fuimus, etc.

from

Insum and subsum want it. Prosum inserts d

able is fully

the Perfect,

and tenses derived

before

e,

as Ind. Pres. prosum,

proves, protest, prosumus, pro^/estis, prosunt.

Possum

(for

pods-sum) I am

Conjugated below, p. 47.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
.41.

[.41

FIRST CONJUGATION.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.

41.]

FIRST CONJUGATION.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

/ was

loving^

loved*.

I 'was being loved) I was loved*.

S. am-abar,
-abaris or -abare,

S. am-abam,
-abas,
-abat,

-abatur,

P.

-abamus,
-abatis,

P.

-abamur,

-abammi,
-abantur.

-abant.

AORIST TENSE.

AORIST TENSE.

loved) did love.

/ ivas

loved.

S. amav-i.
-isti,
-it,

S. am-atus

sum 8,
es,
est,

P.

-ftnus,
-istis,

P. am-ati sumus,
estis,

-erunt or -ere.

sunt.

PLUPERFECT TENSE. / had loved.

S. amav-eram,
-eras,
-erat,

PLUPERFECT TENSE. I had been loved.

S. am-atus eram
eras,
erat,
*,

P.

-eramus,
-eratis,

P. am-ati eramus,
eratis,

-erant.

erant.

Amabam may
Or / used to
or
fui, etc.

also

mean / used to

love, or

7 began
etc.

to love.

be loved, or

/ began
*

to be loved.

or fueram,

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

[41

SUBJUNCTIVE

or

CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

PRESENT TENSE.
7 may
love,

PRESENT TENSE.
7 may, may
7,

may 7 love.

be loved.

(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)

S.

(But often translated as Present Indicative )

S. am-er,
-eris <?r-ere,

am-em,
-es,
-et,

-etur,

P.

-emus,
-etis,

P.

-emur,

-emmi,
-entur.

-ent.

PERFECT TENSE.

PERFECT TENSE.

7 may have

loved.

7 may have

been loved.

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. amav-erim,
eris,
-erit,

S. amatus sim 0rfuerim,

sis
sit

or fueris, or fuerit,

P.

-enmus,
-entis,
-erint.

P. amati simus or fuerimus, sitis or fueritis,

sint or fuerint.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

SUBJUNCTIVE

or

CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.

HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice. IMPERFECT TENSE.
Passive Voice.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

/ should love.
(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

/ should be

loved.

(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. am-arer,
-areris

S.

am-arem,
-ares,
-aret,

or -arere,

-aretur,

P.

-aremus,
-aretis,

P.

-aremur,
-aremini, -arentur.

-arent.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I should have
loved.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

/ should have

been loved.

(But often translated as a Pluperfect Indicative.)

S. amav-issem,
-isses,
-isset,

(But often translated as a Pluperfect Indicative.)

S.

amatus essem or fuissem,

esses or fuisses, esset or fuisset,

P.

-issemus,
-issetis,

P. amati essemus 0^fuissemus,

essetis 0rfuissetis, essent or fuissent.

-issent.

26

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

[4^

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Active Voice.

(continued).

Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple in this Mood is formed by combining the Future Participle with sim or essem, as amaturus sim or essem. The form with sim belongs to the Primary Tenses, the form with essem to the Historic.

The Aorist Subjunctive and amavissem. amarem, amaverim, by

Aorisi Tense.

is

rendered variously

Passive Voice.
Future Simple Tense. Wanting. Aorist Tense. Rendered variously by amalus sim, amarer,

and am a/us

essem.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
S.

2nd Pers. am-a,

love thou, am-ato, thou mitst love.

yd
P. ind

am-ate, love ye,

am-ato, he must love. am-atote, ye must love.

yd

am-anto, they must love.

Passive Voice.
S.

2nd Pers. am-are,

be thou loved, am-ator, thou

must

be loved.

yd
P.

am-ator, he must be loved.

ind

am-amlni, be ye loved.
am-antor, they must be loved.

yd

54I-]

FIRST CONJUGATION.

VERB INFINITE.
Active Voice.

fPRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
Infinitive

Mood.

< PERFECT

AND

PLUPERFECT,

[FUTURE,
GENITIVE,

{ACCUSATIVE, DAT., ABL.,

Supines.

28
42.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

[42.

SECOND CONJUGATION.
Passive Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.

Active Voice.

PRESENT TENSE.
7 advise, am advising do advise.
',

PRESENT TENSE.

7 am advised, am being advised.

S. mon-eor,
-eris,

S. mon-eo,
-es,
-et,

or

-ere,

-etur,

P.

-emus,
-etis,

P.

-emur,
-emini, -entur.

-ent.

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.

7 shall advise.
S. mon-ebo,
-ebis,
-ebit,

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.

7 shall be
S. mon-ebor,
-eberis, -ebltur,

advised.

or -ebere,

P.

-ebimus,
-ebitis,

P.

-ebimur,

-eblmmi,
-ebuntur.

-ebunt.

PERFECT TENSE.
7 have
advised.
S. monu-i,
-isti,
-it,

PERFECT TENSE.
7 have
been advised.
S. monitus

sum 1
es,
est,

P.

-mius,
-istis,

P. moniti sumus,
estis,

-erunt,

or

ere.

sunt.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

7
shall have advised.
S. monu-ero,
-eris,
-erit,

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

7 shall have
been advised.
2
,

S. monitus ero

eris,
erit,

P.

-erimus,
-eritis,

P. moniti erimus,
eritis,

-erint.
1

erunt.
a

or

fui, etc.

or fuero,

etc.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

29

INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

I was
S.

advising^

I advised^.

/ -was being advised^ I was

advised
S. mon-ebar,
-ebaris,
11

mon-ebam,
-ebas,
-ebat,

or -ebare,

-ebatur,

P.

-ebamus,
-ebatis,

P.

-ebamur,

-ebammi,
-ebantur.

-ebant.

AORIST TENSE.

AORIST TENSE.

advised, did advise.

/ was
S. monitus

advised.

S. monu-i,
-isti,
-it,

sum 3
es,
est,

P.

-Imus,
-istis,

P. moniti sumus,
estis,

-erunt,

or ere.

sunt.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ had advised.
S. menu-gram,
-eras,
-erat,

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

I had been
S. monitus

advised.
,

eram 4
eras,
erat,

P.

-eramus,
-eratis,

P. moniti eramus,
eratis,

-erant.
1

erant.

2
3

Monebam may
Or / used
of
fui, etc.

also

to be advised,

mean I used to advise, or I began or / began to be advised.

*

to advise.

or fueram,

etc.

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.

[42.

SUBJUNCTIVE

or

CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

PRESENT TENSE.

PRESENT TENSE.

/ may

advise,

may I advise.

/ may, may

/, be

advised.

(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)

S.

(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)

S. mgn-ear,
-earis,

mon-eam,
-eas,
-eat,

or -eare,

-eatur,

P.

-eamus,
-eatis,

P.

-eamur,
-eamlni, -eantur.

-eant.

PERFECT TENSE.

PERFECT TENSE.
I may have
been advised.

/ may have

advised.

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. monitus sim or fuerim,
sis
sit

S, rnonu-Srim,
-eris,
-erit,

or fueris, or fuerit,

P.

-enmus,
-ends,
-erint.

P. moniti simus or fuerimus, sitis or fueritis,

sint

or fuerint.

42.]

SECOND CONJUGATION.

SUBJUNCTIVE

or

CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.

HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

should advise.

should be advised.

(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. mon-erer,
-ereris,

S. mon-erem,
-eres,
-eret,

or -erere,

-eretur,

P.

-eremus,
-eretis,

P.

-eremur,
-eremini, -erentur.

-erent.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

/ should have

advised.

/ should have

been advised.

(But often translated as a Pluperfect Indicative.)

S. monu-issem,
-isses,
-isset,

(But often translated as a

Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. monitus essem or fuissem, esses or fuisses,
esset or fuisset,

P.

-issemus,
-issetis,

P. monitiessemustfrfuissemus, essetis or fuissetis,

essent or fuissent.

-issent.

32

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

42.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Active Voice.

(continued).

Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple in this Mood is formed by combining the Future Participle with sim or essem, as moniturus sim or essem. The form with sim belongs to the

Primary Tenses, the form with essem to the Historic.

The Aorist Subjunctive is rendered variAorist Tense. ously by monuerim, monerem, and monuissem.
Passive Voice.
Future Simple Tense.
Aorist Tense.

Wanting. Rendered variously by monitus

stm, monerer,

and monitus

essem.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
S.

2nd

Pers. mon-e, advise thou, mon-eto, thou

must

advise.

yd
P. 2nd

yd

mon-eto, he must advise. mon-ete, advise ye, mon-etote, ye must advise. mon-ento, they must advise.

Passive Voice.
6".

2nd Pers. mon-ere,

be thou advised, mon-etor, thou

must bead-

vised.

yd
P. 2nd

mon-etor, he must be advised.

mon-emmi,

be ye advised.

yd

mon-entor, they must be

advised.

42.]

SECOND CONJUGATION.

33

VERB IKTINITE.
Active Voice.

PRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
Infinitive

mon-ere, to advise (or advising^ in the sense of 'the act of

advising ').

Mood.

PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT, FUTURE,
i

monu-isse, to have advised.

monit-urus esse, to be about to

advise.

Gerunds.

<
(

ACCUSATIVE, GENITIVE,
DAT., ABL.,
in -um, in -u,

mon-endum, advising.
mon-endi, of advising. mon-endo,y0r or by advising.

Supines.
(

monft-um, in order to advise.

monit-u, in advising.
like

PRESENT,

mon-ens, advising (declined

ingens).

Participles.

FUTURE,

(wanting.) monit-urus, about to advise.

Passive Voice.

PRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
Infinitive

mon-eri, to be advised.

PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT, FUTURE,
'

Mood,

monitus esse or fuisse,

to

have been odvised.

monit-um

iri,

to be about to be

advised.

PRESENT,

(wanting).

The meaning
'

'

whilst

Participles.

being advised may be rendered by dum with Present Indicative, as, dum monetur.

PERFECT,

monit-us, advised, being advised, or having been advised.

(wanting).

FUTURE, GERUNDIVE,

non-endus, that must be advised.

34
43.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

[43-

THIRD CONJUGATION.
Passive Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.

Active Voice.

PRESENT TENSE.
/ rule, am
ruling, do rule. S. reg-o,
-is,
-it,

PRESENT TENSE.

/ am

ruled,

am

being ruled.
-Sre,

S. reg-or,
-Sris
-Itur,

or

P.

-tarns, -Ids,
-tint.

P.

-Imur,
-imtai, -untur.

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE. I shall rule.

S. reg-am,
-es,
-et,

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE. I shall be ruled.

S. reg-ar,
-eris

or

-ere,

-etur,

P.

-emus,
-etis,

P.

-emur,
-emini,
-entur.

-ent.

PERFECT TENSE.

PERFECT TENSE.

/ have
S. rex-i,
-isti,
-it,

ruled.

/ have

been ruled.

S. rectus

sum *,
es,
est,

P.

-tains,
-istis,

P.

recti

sumus,
estis,

-erunt or -ere.

sunt.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

/ shall have
S. rex-ero,
-eris,
-erit,

ruled.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. I shall have been ruled.

S. rectus Sro
2
,

eris,
erit,

P.

-erimus,
-eritis,

P.

recti erfaius,
eritis,

-erint.
1

erunt.
2

or

fui, etc.

or fuero,

etc.

43-]

THIRD CONJUGATION.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
1
.

/ was

ruling,

I ruled

I was being ruled) I was ruled"1

S. reg-ebar, -ebaris or -ebare,
-ebatur,

S. reg-ebam,
-ebas,
-ebat,

P.

-ebarnus,
-ebatis,

P.

-ebamur,
-ebamini, -ebantur.

ebant.

AORIST TENSE.

AORIST TENSE.

ruled, did rule.

/ was ruled.
S. rectus

S. rex-i,
-isti,
-it,

sum s,
es,
est,

P.

-forms,
-istis,

P. recti sumus,
estis,

-erunt or -ere.

sunt.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

I had ruled.
S. rex-eram,
-eras,
-erat,

/ had been
S. rectus

ruled.

eram 4 ,
eras,
erat,

P.

-eramus,
-eratis,

P. recti eramus,
eratis,

-erant.
1

erant.

8
8

Regebam may also mean 7 used to rule, or 7 began Or 7 used to be ruled, or 7 began to be ruled.
or
fui, etc.
*

to rule.

or fueram,

etc.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

[43-

SUBJUNCTIVE

or

CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

PRESENT TENSE.

PRESENT TENSE.
I may be
ruled^

/ may

rule>

may I rule.

may I be

ruled.

(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)

S. reg-am,
-as,
-at,

(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)

S. reg-ar,
-aris

or

-are,

-atur,

P.

-amus,
-atis,

P.

-amur,
-amlni, -antur.

-ant.

PERFECT TENSE.

PERFECT TENSE.

/ may have

ruled.

/ may have

been ruled.

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. rex-grim,
-ens,
-erit,

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. rectus sim or fuerim,

sis
sit

or or

fueris,
fuerit,

P.

-erimus,
-eritis,

P.

recti

-erint.

simus or fuerimus, or fueritis, sitis sint or fuennt.

43-1

THIRD CONJUGATION.

37

SUBJUNCTIVE

or

CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.

HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

I should

rule.

/ should be

ruled.

(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. reg-erem,
-eres,
-eret,

(But often translated as an Iraperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. reg-erer,
-ereris or -erere,

-eretur,

P.

-eremus,
-eretis,

P.

-eremur,

-eremmi,
-erentur.

-erent.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
7 should have
been ruled.

I should have

ruled.

(But often translated as a

Pluperfect Indicative.)

(But often translated as a

Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. rectus

S. rex-issem,
-isses,
-isset,

essem or fuissem,
esses
esset

or fuisses, or fuisset,

P.

-issemus,
-issetis,

P. recti essemus or fuissemus, or fuissetis, essetis

essent

-issent.

or fuissent.

38

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

43.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Active Voice.

(continued).

Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple in this Mood is formed by combining the Future Participle with sim or essem, as recturus sim or essem. The form with sim belongs to the

Primary Tenses, the form with essem

Aorist Tense.

to the Historic.
is

The

Aorist Subjunctive

rendered variously

by rexerim, regerem, and rexissem.

Passive Voice.
Future Simple Tense. Wanting. Aorist Tense. Rendered variously by rectus sim>

regerer,

and

rectus essem.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
S.

ind Pers.

reg-e, rule thou, reg-Ito, thou

reg-ito,
reg-ite, rule ye,

must

rule.

yd
P. -2nd

he must rule.

reg-Itote, ye

yd

reg-unto, they

must rule. must rule.

Passive Voice.
S.

2nd Pers.

reg-gre, be thou ruledy reg-Ttor, thou

reg-itor,
reg-fenlni, be ye ruled>

must

be ruled.

yd
P. 7.nd

he must be ruled.

yd

reg-untor, they must be ruled.

43.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.

39

VERB INFINITE.
Active Voice.
r

Infinitive

Mood.

PRESENT AND ^PERFECT, PERFE CT AND

reg-ere, to rule (or ruling, in the sense of ' the act of ruling ').
rex-isse, to

have ruled.

PLUPERFECT, ^ FUTURE,
ACCUSATIVE, GENITIVE,
DAT., ABL.,
in

rect-urus esse, to be about to rule.

Gerunds.

reg-endum, ruling. reg-endi, of ruling. reg-endo,/0r or by ruling.

rect-um, in order to rule.
rect-u, in ruling.

Supines.

-um,

in -u,

r PRESENT,

reg-ens,

ruling (declined

like

Participle
I

ingens).

(wanting),

FUTURE,

rect-urus, about to rule.

Passive Voice.

.PRESENT AND
Infinitive

I*wr.
<

^ toberuled
rect-us

Mood.

PERFECT AND

esse or

to

have been
ruled.

PLUPERFECT, ^ FUTURE,
PRESENT,

fuisse,

rect-um iri, to be about to be mled.

(wanting).

The meaning 'whilst

being ruled* may be rendered by dum with Present Indicative, as,

Participles. \

dum
PERFECT,
rect-us,

regitur.

ruled,

being ruled, or
ruled.

having been

FUTURE, .GERUNDIVE,

(wanting).

reg-endus, that must be ruled.

RUD1MENTA LATINA.
44.

[44-

FOURTH CONJUGATION.
Passive Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.

Active Voice.

PRESENT TENSE.
7 hear, am
hearing, do hear.
-is,
-it,

PRESENT TENSE.
7 am
heard,

am

being heard.

S. aud-io,

S. aud-ior,
-Iris

or

-Ire,

-Itur,

P.

-Imus,
-Itis,

P.

-Imur,
-Imlni, -iuntur.

-hint.

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE. / shall hear.

S. aud-iam,
-ies,
-iet,

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.

7 shall be
S. aud-iar,
-ieris

heard.

or

-iere,

-ietur,

P.

-iemus,
-ietis,

P.

-iemur,
-iemlni,
-ientur.

-ient.

PERFECT TENSE. / have heard.

S. audlv-i,
-isti,
-it,

PERFECT TENSE. 7 have been heard. S. audltus sum \

es,

est,

P.

-Imus,
-istis,

P. auditi sumus,
estis,

-erunt or -ere.

sunt.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. / shall have heard.

S.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

7 shall have
been heard.
2
,

audlv-erp,
-eris,
-erit,

S. audltus ero

eris,
erit,

P.

-erimus, -ends,
-erint.

P. auditi erimus,
erltis,

erunt.
9

or

fui, etc.

or fuero, etc.

44-]

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.

[44-

SUBJUNCTIVE

or

CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

PRESENT TENSE.
/ may
hear,

PRESENT TENSE.
I may, may 7,
be heard.

may I hear.

(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)

S. aud-iam,
-ias,
-iat,

(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)

S. aud-iar,
-iaris

or

-iare,

-iatur,

P.

-iamus,
-iatis,

P.

-iamur,
-iamlni,
-iantur.

-iant.

PERFECT TENSE.

PERFECT TENSE.

7 may have

heard.

I may have

been heard.

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)

S. auditus sim or fuerim,
sis
sit

S. audiv-Srim,
-eris,
-erit,

or fueris, or fuerit,

P.

-erimus,
-erftis,

P. auditi simus or fuerimus, sitis or fueritis,

sint

-erint.

or fuerint

44-]

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

43

SUBJUNCTIVE

or

CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.

HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

I should hear.
(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

/ should be

heard.

(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)

5. aud-Irer,
-ireris

S. aud-irem,
-ires,
-iret,

or

-Irere,

-Iretur,

P.

-iremus,
-iretis,

P.

-iremur,
-iremini,
-irentur,

-irent.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I should have
been heard.

/ should have heard.

(But often translated as a Pluperfect Indicative.)
.S.

(But often translated as a

Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. audltus

audiv-issem,
-isses,
-isset,

essem or fuissem,
esses 0rfuisses, esset 0rfuisset,

P.

-issemus,
-issetis,

-issent.

P. auditi essemus or fuissemus, essetis or fuissetis, essent or fuissent.

44

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

44.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Active Voice.

(continued).

Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple in this Mood is formed by combining the Future Participle with sim or essem, as audilurus sim or essem. The form with sim belongs to the Primary Tenses, the form with essem to the Historic.

The Aorist Subjunctive and audivissem. audirem, audiverim, by

Aorist Tense.

is

rendered variously

Passive Voice.
Future Simple Tense. Wanting. Rendered variously by auditus sim, audirer, Aorist Tense.

and auditus

essem.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
S.

2nd

Pers. aud-i, hear thou, aud-ito, thou

aud-ito, he
aud-ite,

yd
P. "2nd

hear ye,

yd

must hear. must hear. aud-itote, ye must hear. and-mnto, they must hear.

Passive Voice.
S.

2nd Pers.

aud-Ire, be thou heard, aud-itor, thou

yd
P. 2nd
aud-imlni, be ye heard,

aud-itor, he

must be heard. must be heard.

yd

aud-iuntor, they must be heard.

44-]

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

45

VERB INFINITE.
Active Voice.

PRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
Infinitive

aud-Ire, to

hear (or hearing, in the sense of 'the act of hearing').

PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT,

Mood.

audiv-isse, to

have heard.

FUTURE,
/

audit-urus esse, to be about to

hear.

Gerunds.

] '

ACCUSATIVE, GENITIVE,
DAT., ABL.,
in -um, in -u,

aud-iendum, hearing. aud-iendi, of hearing. aud-iendo,/0r or by hearing. aud-itum, in order to hear.

aud-itu, in hearing.

Supines.

aud-iens, hearing (declined like

ingens).

PERFECT,

(wanting),
audit-urus, about to hear.

{PRESENT, FUTURE,

Passive Voice.

PRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
Infinitive

l^.^,
)

to be heard.

PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT, FUTURE,
fPRESENT,
J
)

audltusesse
J

Mood.

toha -veteenheard,
to be about to be

<?rfuisse,

audit-um
heard.

iri,

(wanting).

The meaning 'whilst

being heard* may be rendered by dum with Present Indicative, as,

Participles.

dum
PERFECT,

auditur.

audltus, heard, being heard, or having been heard.

FUTURE, ^GERUNDIVE,

(wanting). aud-iendus, that must be heard.

4,6

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.

[45-

45.

DEPONENT VERBS.

Passive in
venor,

Certain Verbs in Latin are called Deponents. They are form but Active in meaning. Thus the Verb

/ hunt,

is

the Passive of amo, and

tive

Passive in form, being conjugated like amor, makes Perfect venatus sum, Infinietc.,

Present venari,

but the meaning,

/ hunt,

is,

of course,

Active.

There are four Conjugations of Deponent Verbs,

(i) venor, Inf. venari, to

as,
;

hunt] (2) vereor,

Inf. vereri, to fear

(3) utor, Inf. uti, to use

and

(4) partior, Inf. partiri, to divide.

The endings
and
finitive

are the

same

as those of amor, moneor, regor,

audior, respectively;

and a Present and Future

but they also have a Future InParticiple of Active Form,

together with
Infinitive

Gerunds and Supines.

:

Thus,

utor,

use,

has

and Participles as under

r PRESENT

AND

Infinitive

IMPERFECT,

Mood.

PERFECT AND

use (or using, in the sense of ' the act of using '). usus esse or ) i
uti, to
.

PLUPERFECT, I FUTURE,
i

to

nave used.

fuisse,

usurus esse, to be about to use.

Gerunds.
j
(

ACCUSATIVE, GENITIVE,
DAT., ABL.,
in -urn, in -u,

utendum, using.
utendi, of using. utendo,yr or by using.

Supines.
(

usum, in order
usu, in using.

to use.

PRESENT,
Participles. <J PERFECT,

utens, using (declined like in-

gens).
usus,

having

used.

FUTURE, -GERUNDIVE,
Note.

usurus, about to use. utendus, that must be used.

is

The Gerundive

of Deponents

used Passively.

-46.]

THE VERB 'POSSUM.*

47

46.

Conjugation of the Verb

[potis-sum],
to be able.

Possum

Indicative Mood.

PRESENT,
FUT. SIMP.

possum, pot-es, pot-est, pos-siimus,

sunt.

pot-estis, pos-

pot-Sro, -eris, -erit, -erlmus, -erftis, -erunt.

PERFECT, potu-i, -isti, -it, -mius, -istis, -erunt or -ere. FUT. PERF. potu-Sro, -eris, -erit, -enmus, -eritis, -erint. IMPERFECT, pot-eram, -eras, -erat, -eramus, -eratis, -erant.
SIMP. PAST.

Same

in

form as Perfect.
-erat,

PLUPERF.

potu-Sram, -eras,

-eramus, -eratis, -erant.

Subjunctive Mood.

PRESENT, PERFECT. IMPERFECT, PLUPERF.

pos-sim,

-sis, -sit,

-slmus,

-sitis, -sint.

potu-grim,

-eris, -erit,

-erTmus,

-eritis, -erint.

pos-sem,

-ses, -set,

-semus,
-isset,

-setis, -sent.
-issetis, -issent,

potu-issem, -isses,

-issemus,

Infinitive

Mood.
posse.
potu-isse.

PRES. PERF.

AND IMPERF. AND PLUPERF.

'

PRESENT PARTICIPLE,
Note.
'

potens.

Possum has no Imperative Mood.

48
47.
(a)

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.

[47-

Notes on some Cases of the Third Declension.

in Accusative,

Nouns having -im

I.

and

-i in

Ablative.

Vis, ravis, pelvis,

sitis, tussis,

a. Sinapis,
3.

cucumis, amussis,

Praesepis, cannabis, securis,

4. Charybdis, tigris, atque buris,

5.

Et Propria Nomina
or

6.
(3)
1. 2.

in -IS, 1 #Syrtis, Tibris, Tamesis .

Nouns having -em

-im

in Ace.,

and -e or
vel

-i in

Abl.

Restis, puppis, turris, navis,

Strigilis, sementis, clavis,

3. Messis, febris, et aqualis, 4.

-em

-im
-i.

dant,

utrum malis 9

(f)

Nouns having Ace.

1.

in

-em but

Abl. in -e or
3.

Amnis, anguis,

avis, bilis,

Neptis, orbis, patruelis,

2.

Civis, ignis, imber, finis,

4. Postis,

unguis, -i si velis*.

(d) Neuters in -e, -al, -ar, make -i in Abl. Sing., -ia in N. V. A, (e} Bules for the Genitive Plural.

PL

(A)

Nouns not increasing make -ium,

I.

except,

Vates, proles, pater, panis,

3.

Frater, mater, volucris,

With accipiter and canis, 4. Apis, senex, juvenis *. (B) Nouns increasing make -um, except, I. Monosyllabic Nouns of which the stem ends in two Consonants,
a. as, dens, tooth, dent-, a*

Gen. PI. dent-ium.

lis,

(i) Glis, mas, mus,

(2)

Compes, palus* #*/ penates,

(3) Nix, strix, faux, vis, (4) Servitus*,

3.

a</ optimates 5

Neuters in -al and

-ar, as, animal,

animal, calcar, spur.

4.

Nouns in

-as,

Gen.

-atis, as civitas, state,

and many Nouns and

Participles in -ns, as parens, a parent, sapiens, -wise, have both -ium and -um in Gen. PL
5.

(i)

Sans Plural Genitives we

class

(2) Cor, cos, andvas,, sal, sol,

1

a</vas e

force, hoarseness, basin, thirst, cough ; 2. mustard, cucumber, carpenter's rule i 3. enclosure, hemp, axe ; 4. Charybdis, tiger, plough-tail; 5. and Proper Names in -is ; 6. as Syrtis, Tiber, Thames.
i.

Line

2 Line x. rope, stern, tower, ship; z. flesh-scraper, seed-sowing, key; 3. harvest, fever, washing-basin ; 4. give -em or -im, whichever you prefer. 3 Line i. river, snake, bird, bile; 2. citizen, fire, shower, end; 3. granddaughter, circle, cousin ; 4. door-post, nail, -i if you like. 4 Line i. prophet, offspring, father, bread; 2. hawk, dog ; 3. brother, mother, bird; 4. bee, old man, young man, [Mensis, month, makes -um, rarely -ium.] * Line i. dormouse, male, -mouse, lawsuit; z. fetter, marsh, household gods ; Those marked * have 3. snow, screech-owl, throat, force ; 4. slavery, aristocrats. both -ium and -um. 6 Line 2. heart, whetstone, country, salt, sun, surety. Sans means without.

EXERCISES.

49

PART

II.

EXERCISES.
I.

VOCABULARY

First Declension.
*** The Genders of Nouns are not indicated unless they are exceptions to the General Rules given in 6, 7, 9, 10, u.
Cotta, Cotta [a man's name],
puella,

girl.

a daughter (see Note). hasta, a spear. insania, madness.

filia,

Roma, Rome.
rosa,

rose.

sapientia,

wisdom.

insula,

an

island.

terra, land, earth.

nauta, a sailor. poeta, a poet.

turba,
via,

a crowd. a way, road, path.

Note.

Filia

makes

filiabus in the

Dative and Ablative PluraL

II.

VOCABULARY

Second Declension.
ager,

a field.

bellum, war.

murus, a wall. puer, a boy.

oculus, an eye. -que, and.

campus, a plain. and. filius, a son. fluvius, a river. gener, a son-in-law. gladius, a sword.
et,

Quintus, Quintus. scutum, a shield.

Servius, Servius.
socer, a father-in-law. telum, a weapon.

minister,

an

attendant.

venenum, poison.

VOCABULARY
Third Declension.
arbor,

III.

Nouns

in -um.

cap-ut,

a tree. a head. corp-us, -oris, a body. cru-s, -ris, a leg. du-x, -cis, a leader, general.
-is, f.,

leo, -nis,

lion.

-itis,

mil-es,

-itis,
-is,

soldier.

mulier,

woman.

Hector,

-is,

Hector.

hirund-o, -mis, a swallow.

a burden. a mouth. pastor, -is, a shepherd. pect-us, -oris, a breast.

on-us, -eris,
o-s, -ris, n.,

hom-o, -mis, a man.

honor,
-is,

pe-s, -dis, afoot.

honour.

sacerdo-s,

-tis,

a priest.

50

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE
1 Translate into English : 2 Insaniae. Filia. (a) Viae
.

I.

First Declension.
Filia.

Rosis.

Rosarum.
Filia-

Sapientia poetae.
(b)

Filiae.

Poetarum sapientia. Hastarum. Rosam. Via.

Turbis.
Hastis.

bus.
(c)

Turbae Sapientia. Insania poetae. Hastae turbarum. Poetarum filiabus.

Fili-

Insularum. Insulis. (d) Insularum viae. Insania puellae. Hasta Cottae. Cotta. Nautarum. Terrae. Puellis.

arum.

Roma.

Roma.

(e)

Viarum
filia.

terrae.

Filia

nautae.

Nautarum

filiabus.

Nautae

Cottae filiarum.

Insaniam Cottae.

Turbae

puellarum.
Translate into Latin
:

(f) Of a

spear.

To

or for a sailor.

Of paths. with, or from madness. for the daughters. sailor.

To

daughters. By, or for a girl. To or

the
girls.

To the lands. (g) From Rome. of Cotta. Of the paths of the island.

Of

roses

To

or for the daughters of the sailors.

daughter of Cotta. By, with, or from a

spear.
(/i)

By

the

Cotta's daughter. The poet's rose. The poet's roses. madness of the girls. For the roses of the daughter.

sailor's daughter. For the sailor's daughters. daughter. Of the poet's wisdom. By the roads of the islands. (*') The crowd's daughters of the poet. poet's daughter. wisdom. By the crowd's madness. Of sailors. For an island. earth. (/) By, with, or from the paths of the earth. Of the spear of Cotta. Of Cotta's spears. To or lands. for Rome. By the roses of Cotta. For the wisdom of the girls. sailor's

For the

Do not assign a Plural to Nouns which from their meaning have no Plural, such as names of qualities, as insania, madness. 3 In translating be careful to give all the possible meanings of the
1

Thus, viae may be (i) Genitive Singular, (2) Dative Singular, (3) Nominative Plural, (4) Vocative Plural, and its meanings vary accordingly insaniae could only be Genitive Singular or Dative Singular, as the word has no Plural.
:

Latin word.

EXERCISES.

51

EXERCISE

II.

Second Declension.
Translate into English
(a) Agri. Socero.
:
Filii.

Venena.

Fill

1
.

Servii.

Quinti.

Send.

() Genero Servii. Agro Quinti. Gladio

(c)

Tela
ministri.

soceri.

Scuta generorum. Ministrorum gladiis.

pueri.
oculis.

Oculo Muris et fluviis. Murorum fluviorumque. Bellorum et gladiorum et scutorum. Generis so-

et ministris. Telorum pueri. Quinti Serviique Quinti gladius et scutum. Scuto gladioque soceri. (d) Scuta gladiique ministrorum. Fluvii et campi. Tela et venena Quinti. Quinti Serviique Generi socerique oculis. Scuta Servii. Oculorum generi.

cerisque

pueri.

Translate info Latin

(e)

Of rivers and plains. poisons. or for the sons of Quintus and The weapons of the father-in-law. For the sons Servius. of the attendant. By, with, or from rivers and plains.
Of an
eye.

Of

Quintus and Servius.

To

(f) O son. O Servius. By, with, or from wars. Of wars and weapons. O son-in-law of Servius. O father-inlaw of the attendant. To or for plains and wars and poisons. By the poisons of the boys.
and
for

sons and sons-in-law of Quintus. (g) shield. The boys' eyes. Of the boy's

The

weapon.
son.

boy's sword To or

the boys' weapons. The attendant's attendants' sons. son of the attendant.

Of

the

and rivers and For the son-inlaw's field. O swords of Quintus. O wall and plain. Of weapons and poisons. For Quintus' son. For the sons'
(h)

By, with, or from the walls and

fields

plains.

By

the

father-in-law's

weapons.

attendants.
1

See note on the Vocative of the 2nd Declension, 2

p. 4,

52

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE
Third Declension.
.

III.

Nouns
.
.

in -um.
. . .

Translate et

et,

-que

et,

by both
is

and.

Thus,

et

pastores et milites, or pastores^<r et milites, and soldiers/

translated 'both shepherds

Translate into English

(a) Arbori.
tori.

Capitis.

Corpora.

Cruribus.

Ducum.
Mulier.

Hec-

Hirundmes.
Honore. Onera.

Hominum.
Militibus.
Militi.

(d)

Leones.
Oris.

MumiHtis.

heres.
(c)

Capita Hectoris.

Sacerdotis pedum.

Onera

Caput pectusque hommis. Et sacerdotes et duces.

Leonis crura.

Oneri pastoris.

Oneribusque et honoribus mi(d) Pastoris os pectusque. Hirundmum pectoribus. Arborumque et corporum. litum.

Corpora

et

ora pastorum.

Mulieribus et sacerdotibus.

Mu-

lierum sacerdotumque pedes.

Translate into Latin
(<?)

Hommis

honori.

To

women.

or for a mouth. Of soldiers. By Hector. From To or for a burden. Of shepherds. mouths.

By

feet.

(f] Leaders of men.

bodies.
priest.

Bodies and

legs.

For heads and

Hector's trees. The feet of the

Of

Hector's trees.

breast of the

shepherd.

The burdens

of the

women.

The honours both of (g) From the priest's burden. Hector and the general. O feet and legs of the lions. From the breasts of men and women. The mouths both of soldiers and priests. For the burdens of the women and soldiers. Both for swallows and trees. For the man and woman. (h) For men's bodies. By leaders of men. To a leader both of men and women. For the priest's honour. For the O honours and burdens of men. priests' heads and legs. O bodies of Hector and the soldier. The mouths and feet
of the lions.

EXERCISES.
VOCABULARY IV.
Third Declension.
aur-is,
-is,

53

Nouns in -ium.
-is,

an
a

ear.

host-is,

caed-es,
clad-es,

-is, -is,

slaughter.
defeat.

class-is, -is,

a fleet. a
hill.

an enemy (see Note). a cloud. ovil-e, -is, a sheep/old. ov-is, -is, a sheep.
nub-es,
-is,

coil-is, -is, m.,

pell-is, -is,

a skin, hide.
net.

cubll-e,

-is, -is,

bed.

ret-e, -is,

fam-es,

hunger.
cat.

vall-is, -is,

valley.

fel-es, -is,

vest -is,

-is,

a garment.

Note.

The

Plural host-es, -ium,

is

often used for the enemy.

VOCABULARY V.
Third Declension.
can-is,
-is,

Exceptions
o-s, -ssis, n.,

(see p. 48).

a
a

dog.
citizen.

a bone.

civ-is, -is,

par-s, -tis,
pat-er, -ris,

a part. a father.

den-s,

-tis,

m.,

tooth.

frat-er, -ris,

brother.

sen-ex,

-is,

an
-is,

old

man.
Thames.

ign-is,

-is,

m.,Jire.

Thames-is,
turr-is, -is,

the

juven-is,

-is,

m., a youth.

a tower.
a nail. a prophet.
pi. vir-es, -ium,

mat-er,
mess-is,
nav-is,

-ris,

a mother. a harvest.

ungu-is,
vat-es,

-is,

-is,

-is,

-is,

a ship.

vis, force, violence',

nee or neque, nor,

Note.

and
.

. . .

not.
.

strength.
.
.

Neque

neque, or nee

nee, are translated neither

. . .

nor, as, nee Brutus nee Cassius, neither

Brutus nor Cassius.

VOCABULARY VI.
Fourth and Fifth Declensions.
an
us, -us,

an old woman.
a song. a chance, accident.

met-us, -us, fear.

mot-vis, -us, motion.
re-s,
-i,

cant-us, -us,
cas-iis, -us,

equitat-iis, -us, cavalry.

fid-es, -ei,

ris-us, -us,

a thing, affair. a laugh, laughter.

a senate. a sound. a show, appearance.

faith.

senat-iis, -us,

fruct-us, -us, fruit.

sonit-us, -us,
speci-es, -ei,
spe-s,
-i,

magistrat-us, -us, a magistrate.

man-us, -us,/, a hand, band.

hope.

vict-vis, ~\)&,food.

54

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.

EXERCISE IV.
Third Declension.
Note.

Nouns
or,' as,

in -ium.

Aut and

vel both mean

Brutus aut Cassius, Brutus

vel Cassius, 'Brutus or Cassius.' Aut . . . aut, vel ... vel, are translated either . . . or, as, aut Brutus aut Cassius, vel Brutus vel Cassius, * either Brutus or Cassius.'

Translate into English

(a)

Fame.
Oves et Aure

Felibus.

Hostium.

Nubibus.

Vesti.

Pelle.

Colles.
(3)

Vallis.
ovilia.

Retis.

Cubilibus.

Classium.

Cladibus.

Caedi.
(c)

vel pelle.

Fell vel ovi.

Collibus vallibusque. Et aurium et pellium. Ovili. Aut nubes aut classes. Vel fame vel caede. Nubibusque et classibus. Pellibus ovium.

Aut vestium aut retium. Hostium (d) Fame vel clade. feliumque aures. Ovium vel felium pellibus. Cladi hostium. Caede ovium. Hostium oviumque caedi. Aut ovi aut ovili.
Translate into Latin
(e)
:

ears.

By

enemies. Of garments. For a fleet a bed. Nets. Defeats. For cats.

To

or for

(/) Either valleys or hills. For the skins. The garments of the enemy. By the hunger of cats. The beds of cats or From either hills or sheep. slaughter of the enemy. Both beds and sheepfolds. valleys.

To or for (g) By the slaughter either of sheep or cats. the defeat of the enemy. skins of sheep. Either by fleets or beds. By garments or nets. Both sheepfolds and sheep. Either valleys or clouds. For a defeat or slaughter.

of the

the enemies of cats and sheep. ears and skin Either of clouds or fleets. By the beds or sheepfolds of the sheep. For a garment and an ear. By the
(Ji)

By

cat.

hunger of enemies and sheep.

cats' ears.

skins or garments.

By

EXERCISES.

55

EXERCISE V.
Third Declension.
Translate into English
(a)
:

Exceptions
Ossa.

(see p. 48).

Turri.

Navim.

Unguibus.

Vatum.

Patris.

Messium.

Igni.

() Vi juvenum.
patris.
(<:)

Osse senis. Fratrum crinibus. Virium Civium dentes. Parti turris. Thamesi. Pars civium.

dentes nee ossa canum. Nee ungues nee vires Ignium juvenumque vi. Mater fratresque patris. Et senis et juvenis vires. Nee senum nee Partes navium. juvenum ungues. Aut ignium aut fratrum vi.

Nee

civium.

(d) Partes

ossium

et

unguium.

Vel dentium

vel

canum.
Fratcivis.

Vel Thamesi

rum

vel ungui. viribus et vatum.

Patribus matribusque civium.

Messium vatumque.
Osse

Ossibus dentiet

busque canum.

Vi turrium naviumque.
ignium
vis.

ungui

Dentiumque

et

Translate into Latin

(e)

By

a harvest.

To

prophets.
brothers.

Of

strength.

By

or for a fire. old men.

From a fire. Of Young men and

Thames.

(/) The nails. The

mother's teeth and the strength of For the citizen's dogs. The teeth and bones of towers. the father and mother. By parts either of ships or towers.
violence of the fathers.
brother's

The

dogs and

ships.

By

For

the

young man's

nail.

father and mother of the prophet. Neither by the (g) nails nor the violence of the old men. Either for harvests or
fires.

The bones both

violence of the

dogs.

of citizens and young men. By the Part of the bones. teeth of the For the teeth of the citizens.

Thames.

Neither for the fathers (^) The prophet's teeth and nails. nor the mothers of the young men. Neither from a tower nor a ship. Of old men and dogs and fires. From a tower

and a ship and a harvest. Of teeth and nails and bones. By the strength and the nails and the teeth of citizens. By a
brother's tooth.

56*

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE VI.
Fourth and Fifth Declensions.

Translate into

English

Casu. (a) Spe. Senatus. Senatus.

Fructibus.

Equitatui.

Manuum.

Fide.

Risus anuum. Specie! victus. (3) Risus metu. tratuum victus. Sonitus cantus. Sonitus cantuum. fructuum. Casu rerum.

MagisSpecie

Motu rerum. Fidei et spei. (c) Casibus equitatus. equitatus vel senatus. Neque equitatus neque senatus.

Vel

Anus

manu
rerum.

et victu.

Species motus et metus.

Motibus casibusque

(d) Vel magistratuum vel anuum cantu. fructui. Risibus magistratuum et cantibus.

Et

victui

et

Motibus manuum. Specie rerum et fidei. Species rerum et fides. Senatus equitatusque metus. Fructu casuum et rerum.
Translate into Latin
(e)
:

By

chance.

woman.
sounds.

Of

hope.

Of hands. Of a song. By an appearance.

To
For

or for an old
things.

Of

By the sound of laughter. O (_/") O sounds and fruits. hopes and fears. Of hope and fear and chance. Of the hands of the old woman. By the laughter and songs of the magistrates. By the chances of things. From fear of
accident.
(g)

woman.
hope.

From By

fear

of the Senate. laughter of the old the accidents of the magistrates. faith and

For hands and

fruits

and laughter.

Of the fear of the fear. songs of the cavalry. The fear both of sounds and accidents. The hopes (ti) either of senates or of magistrates. By fruit and faith and motion. Neither of cavalry nor of the senate. Of an appearance of things. O fruits of faith. For senates and things.
ance of

With an appearThe food and magistrates.

By

the affairs

and accidents of the old women.

EXERCISES.

57

VOCABULARY VII.
Prepositions with Accusative.
ad,
to, at.

adversus, against.

erS a> towards. extra, outside.

infra, beneath.
inter, between,
of.

amor,

-is, love.

ante, before.

among.

apud, near, at the house

intra, -within.

circum or
about.
cis

circa,

round, around,

or

citra,

on

this side.

juxta, near, next to. ob, on account of. port-a, -ae, a gate.
soror,
-is,

contra, against.

sister.

urb-s,

-is,

city.

Note.

Ad

is

only used to translate 'to'

when motion

to is

meant.

VOCABULARY VIII.
The same
a Gaul. mon-s, -tis, m., a mountain.
Gall-us,
-i,

(continued'}.
scel-us, -eris, wickedness, crime.

in, into, to,

against. penes, in the power of.

per, throtigh, by

secundum, according stell-a, -ae, a star.

to.

means

of.

pone, behind.
post, after, since. praeter, except, beyond, contrary
to.

sub, up to, under, just about. subter, under. super, over, above.

supra, above.
trans, across.
ultra, beyond.

prope, near. propter, on account

of.

versus,

Roman-us,

-i,

a Roman.

vot-um,

towards (placed after its case). -i, a wish, vow.

VOCABULARY IX.
Prepositions with Ablative.
a,

zb,from, by.

popul-us,

-i,

a people.
to.

(absque, without.') clam, without the knowledge of. coram, in the presence of. cum, with, in company with.
de,

prae, before, owing to. pro, for, on behalfof, in proportion regin-a, -ae, a queen. re-x, -gis, a king.
sine,

down from,
out
of,

of,

concerning.

without*

from. in, in, on, among. multitud-o, -mis, a multitude. oppid-um, -i, a town. palam, in view of.
e, ex,

sub, under.
subter, under. super, over.
tenus, as far as.
virtu-s, -utis, /., virtue, valour.

Note. only used for by with living persons. Absque is (or ab) Subter is only used scarcely ever used, and clam, coram, palam, rarely. with Ablative in poetry. Tenus is put after its case.
is

58

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

EXERCISE VII.
Prepositions with Accusative.
Translate into English
(a) Cis fluvium.
:

oculos.

Apud

Adversus hostem. Ante Circa muros. Ad vallem. Circum insulas. Ad Servium.

fluvium.
(b) fratres.

Ob

honorem.

Infra collem.

Juxta Thamesim. Intra muros. Inter Extra viam. Erga patrem. Contra

pastores.
(c)

Ante

milites

Hectoris.

fratres Quinti. Nee citra

Ad

Adversus agros generorum. nee extra campos. Circum

Contra ducem equitatus. capita mulierum. Inter filios filiasque Servii. soceros.
(ct)

Erga poetas

et

Vel

intra vel extra portas urbis.

Ob

sapientiam nautae,

insaniamque poetae. Amor fratrum et sororum erga patrem matremque. Circum turres et muros et portas urbium.

Translate into Latin

(e)

account of Cotta. Near the rivers. Among the Against the weapons. Round a city. On this side the Thames. Towards the father-in-law. Before the war.
sailors.

On

(/) Amongst dogs and

city.

Beneath the towers of Rome.

Servius.
rivers.

Near the Thames and the Against Quintus and Before the crowd of youths. To the plains and Around the islands. At the walls.
sheep.

(g) Between the father of the girls.

mother and the daughter. Towards the At the sheepfolds. On account of the

Either against the senate or love of fathers and daughters. the magistrates. Against hope and faith. Against neither
the city nor the island.

EXERCISES.

59

EXERCISE VIII.
The same
Translate into English
(a)
:

(continued).

Secundum

vota.

classem.

Praeter cives.

Per ignem. Propter pueros. Prope Post cladem. Penes senem. Pone

ducem.
hostium.

Supra nubes et Stellas. Praeter spem In agros camposque. Propter vota sacerdotum. Sub muros urbis. Super colles. Subter terram.
(o)

Montes versus.

(c) Penes Hectorem. et casus. Prope turres

Pone nautas puerosque.

Post bella

sapientiam et Secundum senatus fidem.

navesque hostium. Propter ducis honorem. Per ignes, per agros, per fluvios.

Supra hominum

capita.

(d) Ultra agros et civium et hostium.

Neque
et

in turbae

neque juvenum tela. Sub turres et Romanorum Super montes collesque et valles et campos.

Gallorum.

Translate into Latin

Into the river. the enemy. On account of (<?) Against crime. According to hope. Above the mountains. Across the path. Beyond the plains. Through the valley.

(/) Except the Romans and Gauls.

After the slaughter

of the sheep. Behind the trees and the roses. In the power of the senate and magistrates. On account of the crimes and madness of Servius. Into the city of the Gauls. Up to the towers of the enemy. Under the cloud.
(g) In the power of either the citizen After the songs of the brother and sister.

or the general. Contrary to the hope of the Romans. Near the feet and bodies of the lions. On account of the burdens of the women and the violence of the soldiers. Through the crowd of attendants. Beyond the gates and walls of the city. On account of the love of brothers and sisters.

60

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

EXERCISE IX.
Prepositions with Ablative.
Translate into English
(a)
:

Ab

insula.

Ab

Hectore.

montibus.
sororibus.
(&)

De

rege.

Palam Romanis.

Coram multitudine. De Clam regina. Cum

cubili.

Cum

equitatu.

Ex

urbe.

Ore

tenus.

Pro regibus.

Prae sapientia. In oppidis

et fide populi.

Sine oneribus. In agris.

(c)

Sub arboribus

rosisque.

et urbibus.

Pro virtute Quinti. Sine scelere et vi.

populoque
(J) filiabus

honore

Prae Turribus tenus.

Ex

oppidis viisque insulae.

Cum

senatu

et vatibus.

De

pastorum. A muris oppidi turribusque urbis. Hectore Hectorisque filiis.

sapientia

virtutibusque

filiorum.

fratribus

et

Pro

Translate into Latin

(e)

In clouds.

Under
Without

the
fear.

fire.

On

Up

to the eyes.

Out of

the land.

behalf of the king. With the

Gauls.

Concerning hope.
the islands

(f) From

and

hills.

By

the king of the Gauls.

Under

and sisters. Owing to the Without virtues and faith. Out of multitude of the enemy. With attendants and a multitude of the rivers and plains. young men. Down from the hills of the Romans.
the roses of the brothers

On behalf of the magistrates Neither with valour nor without wickedness. In the towns and cities of the Romans. Owing to the In the presence of the senate valour of Romans and Gauls. and people. Concerning virtue and crime and madness and Owing to the vows and fear both of kings and slaughter.
(g)

From

parts of the plain.

and people.

queens.

EXERCISES.

61

VOCABULARY X.
Adjectives of Three Terminations.
alt-us, -a, -urn, high.

bon-us, -a, -um, good.

miser, -a, -urn, miserable, wretched. mult-us, -a, -um, much. PI. many.
nig-er, -ra, -rum, black. not-us, -a, -um, known, well-known.

a leaf. a forehead, brow. long-us, -a, -um, long. magn-us, -a, -um, great. mal-us, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked,
fron-s, -dis, fron-s, -tis,

pulch-er, -ra, -rum, beautiful, fair. parv-us, -a, -um, small, little. tener, -a, -um, tender.

Note.

Adjectives agree with their Substantives in Gender,

Number,

and Case.

VOCABULARY XI.
Adjectives of two Terminations.
brev-is, -e, short.

moll-is, -e, soft.

corn-u, -us,

a horn.

omn-is,
op-us,

-e, all,

every.

dulc-is, -e, sweet.

facil-is, -e, easy.

-eris,

a work.

tal-is, -e,

such.
[Indeclinable.]

fort -is, -e, brave.

tarn, so, such.

tot, so

grav-is, -e, heavy, severe, serious. illustr-is, -e, illustrious, famous.

many.

trist-is, -e,

gloomy, sad.

mar-e,

lev-is, -e, light. -is, the sea.

turp-is, -e, base, disgraceful.

util-is, -e, useful.

vuln-us, -eris, a

wound.

used Adjectivally to render ' such? e. g. ' such a tarn is used for such when the latter word stands instead of friend ' the Adverb so, e. g. such faithful friends.'
Note.
;

Talis

is

'

'

'

VOCABULARY XII.
The same
ac-er, -ris, -re, sharp, keen, fierce,

(continued).

amic-us,

-i,

a friend.
help.
PI.

infelix,

audax, bold.
auxili-um,
-i,

more famous. unhappy, tinfortunate. ingens, vast, huge, immense.

illustrior,

insons, innocent.

copi-a, -ae, plenty. -arum, forces.

copi-ae,

libens, willing. major, greater.

demens, mad.
equest-er,
-ris,

-re,

equestrian,

melior, better. minor, smaller,

pedest-er,
-ris,

less.

cavalry.
felix,

-re,

pedestrian,

happy, fortunate.

fantry.
pejor, worse.

ferax, fertile.
fortior, braver.

gravior, heavier.

sons, guilty. velox, swift.

62

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE X.
Adjectives of Three Terminations.
Translate into English
(a)
:

Tenera

frons.

Tenera

fronde.
vallis.

Tenerae
Pulchra

frondi.
vallis.

Pulchrae corporum. Pulchrae valles. Pulchrae valli.

Nigrorum
(Z>)

Boni

militis.

Bone
Hector.

fili.

Alti
civis.

collis.

Longarum
civis.

hastarum.
cives.
(c)

Magne

Mali

Malus

Mali

Miseris senibus.

oves.
dentis.

Pulchra frons.

Nigrae ovi. Nigrae ovis. Nigrae Pulchra fronte. Parvi dentes. Parvi arborum.

(d) Pulchrae frondes

rum.

De magnis

ministrorurn

oneribus.

Frondibus altarum arboCum rege nee

magno nee bono.

Translate into Latin
:

a small fire. great (e) wretched poet. black hand. Beautiful foreheads. small tree.
fire.

Of

Of black
great

ships.

Of a

bodies.

By

From a beautiful shield. The body of great Hector. The affairs of great kings and miserable slaughter. In a multitude of wicked men. The heads of generals. many sheep. Long hopes and miserable fears. The burden of many crimes.
(_/)

By

of the king. Through long Small burdens for small men. Black daughters of black mothers. Parts of the long rivers. Round the high towers of the Romans. By the tender leaves of many trees. By the appearance of good virtues and wicked crimes.

(g)

The wicked enemies

and high
clouds.

valleys

On account of the (h] Without the bodies of black sheep. valour and wisdom of the good king. The beautiful forehead of the good woman. Amongst the magistrates and multitude of the towns and
cities.

EXERCISES.

63

EXERCISE XI.
Adjectives of
Translate into English
:

Two

Terminations.

Breve cornu. Brevi cornu. Gravium (a) Tristia maria. scutorum. Dulces rosae. Dulcis rosae. Dulcis rosa. Dulci
rosa.
(3) Facili

opere.

Breves cantus.

Brevis cantus.

Brevis
facilis

cantus.
rei.

Tarn gravi vulnere. Tarn facili re.

In
tali

Omnium

rerum.

Tarn

(c)

urbe.

Post tot casus.

In re tarn

turpi.

Cum
Per

omnibus

Gallis.

De

forti

milite.

Sine tot fratribus.

molles frondes.
(d)
utilis.
utili.

Tot hominum

multitudini.

Poetae nee illustres nee utiles. Poetae nee illustris nee Poetae nee illustri nee utili. Poeta nee illustri nee

Translate into Latin

(e)

paths.

With a sad appearance. Of gloomy fear. By easy To a soft bed. For a short body. With serious Of severe wounds. By heavy weapons. brow.

(f)

By

so

many

circumstances.

Under a

soft skin.

For

a useful cat. By so sweet a sound. Of such sweet laughter. For such an illustrious leader. For such a king and queen. Across so many seas.
bodies of illustrious (g) The sad songs of the priests. soldiers and sailors. shepherds sad with hunger and fear. By the base wishes of such a son. In behalf of the brave

leader of the Gauls. By the appearance of so many acciIn the soft garments of women and priests. dents. On account of the heavy burdens of such an old woman.
.

Neither (h) Through towns and cities by an easy road. with wounds nor with a serious accident. Through all the In every war and before all the paths of famous islands. cities of the enemy.

64

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XII. The same (continued).

(a)

Translate info English : Feraces agri. Insonti

filio.

Sontium

Pejoris puellae. Audaci ministro.

(3)

Dementium poetarum.
Fortiora pectora.

mulierum. Minoribus oculis,

Velocis

Acri puero. Acres pueri. pueri. Cum pedestri milite. Equestribus copiis. graviorem cladem. Majus graviusque onus.
fluvii.

Acris

Propter

(c)

Cum

libente populo.

De

felici

rege et

Ad

infelici regina.

ingentem oppidi murum. Adversus tarn ingentes hostium Auxilio meliorum pastorum. copias. Pejoribus in agris. Pejorum hominum in agros. Per tot partes feracium cam-

porum.
Pe(d) Propter sorores hominum sontium et insontium. destrium et equestrium copiarum specie. Cum veloci nave et ingente juvenum multitudine. Infelicia sontium hominum
pectora.

Translate into Latin:

Of a better friend. For a bold people. Swift rivers. a willing boy. For mad fathers-in-law. bold proOf a bold son-in-law. Of smaller boys. phets.
(e)

To

For worse daughters. (f) By greater works. account of a guilty old woman. With greater forces.

On
By

the help of willing friends. The forces of a braver enemy. By the wickedness of a fierce people. Owing to the valour

of the keen youths.

the hand of so fortunate a queen. The faith of so innocent citizens. Without the strength of braver leaders. Amongst the citizens of such an unfortunate town. T ith a vast load of fruits and skins. By the help of cavalry and infantry forces. Out of the cities of braver and more famous kings. Beneath the feet of mad and guilty priests.
(g)

By

many

Against the forces of a people neither innocent nor In behalf of the honour of an unfortunate Roman. By the violence both of mad sailors and bold shepherds. Owing to the hunger and madness and fear of the un(h)

bold.

fortunate queen.

EXERCISES.
VOCABULARY XIII.
Unxis,

65

and Quasi-Numerals.
null-us, -a,

ali-us, -5, -ud, other, another.

-um, none, no, not any.

-um, the other [of two]. animal, -is, an animal.

alter, -a,

sal-us, -utis,/., safety.

sol-us, -a,
tot-us, -a,
ull-us, -a,

equ-us,

-i,

a horse.

exercit-us, -us,

an army.

gen-us, -eris, a kind, class, race. neut-er, -ra, -rum, neither.

un-us, -a,
ut-er, -ra,

-um, alone, the only, -um, the -whole. -um, any. -um, one, the only. -rum, which [of two].

Plurals of unus, uter, alter, and neuter, are only used under special circumstances, and may here be omitted.

Note.

The

VOCABULARY XIV.
Comparison of Adjectives.
avid-us, -a, -um, eager, greedy. car-us, -a, -um, dear.
crudel-is, -e, cruel.

inhonest-us, -a, -um, dishonourable.

injucund-us,

-a,

-um, unpleasant.

jucund-us,
laet-us, -a,

-a, --urn, pleasant, -welcome.

doct-us, -a, -um, learned.

-um, glad, joyful.

-\&t foolish.

honest-us,

-a,

indoct-us, -a,

-um, honourable. -um, unlearned.

sapiens, wise.
stult-us, -a,

valid-us, -a, -um, strong.

VOCABULARY XV.
Personal, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns.
domin-us,
ego, /. hei, alas /
-i,

a master.

se or sese, himself, themselves.

serv-us,
-i,

herself,

itself,

slave.
its

-um, mine, my. nost-er, -ra, -rum, our, ours.

me-us,
-a,

su-us, -a,

-um, his own, her own, own, their own.

you. -um, thine, your.

patri-a, -ae, country. potius, rather.

tu, thou,

lu-us, -a,

quam, than.
Note
i.

uxor,
vest-er, -ra, -rum,

-is,

a wife.
nobis, vobis,
it is

your, yours.
te, se,

When cum

is

used with me,

written

after them, as,

mecum, nobiscum.

Note 2. Ego is called the Pronoun of the First Person, tu the Pronoun of the Second Person. The Latins always put the First Person' * before the Second you and I would be in Latin ego et tu,' yours ' arid mine/ meus et tuus.'
'
'

'

66

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XIII.

Unus and Quasi-Numerals.

Translate into English
:

Nulli milites. AKus ignis. Alms ignis. (a) Nulli militi. Unius casus. Unus casus. Nulla fame. Nulla retia.
(3) Alii
filiae.

Aliae

filiae.

Manu aliomm amicorum.

ulla salutis spe.

Alii generi. Alii genero. Totius exercitus auxilio. Sine

Neutrius equi corpus.

fratre.

Utri fratrum. De altero (c) Sola poetae vestis. Propter alteram sororem. Propter aliam sororem.

Solus

ex

tot militibus.

De

toto genere animalium.

Nee

fide

nee

ulla alia virtute.

In neutra oppidi parte. (d) In neutram urbis partem. Ovibus canibusque aliisque animalibus. Nee hastae nee
ullius
teli.

Translate into Latin:

(e)

Of

neither kind.

Of

another rose.

To one work. For the other tree.

eye.

By By

the other horn.

the only path.

Other eyes.

For the other

(f) By the whole forehead.

No

race of men.

The

other

In other parts of Rome. From one class part of the body. of poets. By the wickedness of one shepherd. Through
the heads of the whole multitude.
trees.

Without the leaves of any

army.

rivers of one land. By the defeat of neither In the other island and the other town. Into other islands and other towns. By the help of Cotta and the whole army. On behalf of friends of neither kind. Neither No works of any through valleys nor through any plains.

(g)

The

kind.
(h]

By

the love of

"other general. other generals.

no mothers. Near the horse of the Concerning the safety of Quintus and the

By

the faith of neither son.

EXERCISES.

67

EXERCISE XIV.
Comparison of Adjectives.
Compare
(a)
utilis.
:

Altus,

acer,

crudelis,

felix,

demens,

miser,

bonus,

Translate into English : Pulchrioris filiae. Pulchriores filiae. (3) Pulchriori filiae. Doctissimi homines. Indoctioribus Hominis doctissimi.
nautis.
(c) fide.

Jucundior spes. Jucundiores spes. Per injucundissimos dies. Honestiorum hominum

Avidissime
Indoctioris
Servi.
ministri.

poetae.

Doctissimi Carioribus amicis. Indoctiori ministro. Indoc-

tiores ministri.

(d)

Sub

altioribus

leonum.

Stultissimae

oppidorum muris. Metu crudeliorum vatum spes. Adversus validiorem

juvenum manum.
Translate into Latin:
(e)

Pleasanter.

More
foolish.

dishonourable.

Dearest.
Cruellest.

Most
Very

learned.
wise.

Very

More

joyful.

a very learned old man. burdens. By more honourable wounds. On account of the greediest lions. Of a very cruel multitude. The brow of a more learned
friend.

(f) Of a welcome
a swifter
river.

To

By

More unpleasant

poet.
(g)

By

dear

sister.

hope|
fairest

hand of a wiser son-in-law. Without a very Concerning a more honourable affair. The of most dishonourable brothers. By the eyes of the
the

women. Amongst the weapons Amongst a multitude of happier citizens.

best youths.

of a fiercer enemy. The safety of the

the wishes of a wiser people. From an appearance (ti] By of more joyful soldiers. Against the forces of a most cruel leader. On account of the very heavy burdens of the unlearned multitude.

P 2

68

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

EXERCISE XV.
Personal, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns.
Translate info English
:

Nobis et vobis. Nee mihi nee vobis. (a) Mihi tibique. Aut mecum aut tecum. Et nobiscum et vobiscum. Tibi et uxori tuae. Nee sibi nee domino suo. Ego et rex meus.

() In tuo
liorem

exercitu.

De

illustri

meo

fratre.

Propter mevobis.

canem quam meum.

et

Nobis potius quam

Et

tecum
vestro

cum sorore tua. Fortiori juveni quam tibi. In Nee vobiscum nee potius quam in nostro exercitu.

cum

servis vestris.

et genero tuo, Servi. De se suisque rebus. (c) Mihique Adversus pejorem hominem quam te, Quinte. Propter te, Hei mihi ovibusque meis ministros tuos. fili, potius quam Prae multitudine copiarum nostrarum. Onus gravius quam pro viribus tuis. Cum nullis sororibus praeter tuas.
!

Translate into Latin:

I. Yours and mine. Either with you or For himself and Quintus. On account of himself. To me and to our enemies. You and your wife, O Servius. You and your slaves, O kings.

(d)

You and

with me.

(e)

You

rather than your father.

Hopes sweet
to thee, Cotta,

to

rather than to me.

dog joyful on account of our safety. thy wife. For of our sons. boy more greedy than you. rather than thine. By the bones of our men.

Safety

welcome

you and to
love
Jiands

The

my

(/) The

virtues of

my

master and our sons.

Without the

Towards the mountains and hills help of your young men. wife more honourable than your son. of our country. On account of the Without the help of our soldiers. ConAlas for me and my father violence of my sons. cerning himself and his friends.

EXERCISES. VOCABULARY XVI.

Demonstrative and Definitive Pronouns.
eorum, earum,
)
\
)

69

their (see Note}.

-ud, that (see Note). : . . .... , ; ,_ ilhus, his, her, its (see Note).
ill-e, -a,
.

ejus, his, her, its (see Note).

ips-e, -a,
is,

-nm,

-self.

hie, haec, hoc, this (see Note).

ea, id, /^0/ (see Note).

Idem, eadem, idem, Afo .rami.

illorum,
illarum,
)

ist-e, -a,

-ud, that (of yours).

[
)

their (see Note).

vult-us, -us,

a countenance.
and

Note.

The

various Genders, Cases, and

Numbers of
ejus,

hie, is,
it,

ille

are often used to translate the Personal Pronouns he, she,

they,

him, her,
besides

them.

Hence the Genitives

etc.,

hujus,

eorum,

etc.,

meaning of this, of that, her, its, and their.

may

stand for the Possessive Pronouns his,

VOCABULARY XVII.
The Verb Sum.
autem, but (see Note).

Adverbs,

etc.

quidem, indeed.
saepe, often.
sed, but.

enim,for (see Note). . nam, )

[for.

namque,
Note Note

profecto, certainly
i. 2.

semper, always. tamen, yet, nevertheless.

Autem and enim are never first word in a sentence. The Verb Sum takes the same Case after it as before

it.

An

by the Verb Sum to a Substantive must agree with that Substantive in Gender, Number, and Case. Note 3. The Verb agrees with the Nominative of its Subject in
adjective coupled

Number and

Person,

VOCABULARY XVIII.
The same
non, not.
Note.
(continued).
ne, not [in
sit

Commands],

Sentences like Quintus

or,

Quintus be happy,' may be happy.'

'May

should be translated, ' Let Quintus be happy,' rather than 'Quintus

felix

70

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XVI.
Demonstrative and Definitive Pronouns.
Translate info English
(a)
:

Haec
Illo

via.

Hac

via.

Ejus rosae.
Isti gladii.

Ejus rosa.
Isti gladio.

Illorum

operum.
(3)

Illorum opera.
vultu.
Illius

vultu.

Ipse

Servius.
Illi vati.

Ego

ipse.

Mei

ipsius.

Ipso vate.

Ipsius vatis.

(c)

dem

Ipsi ministro. Ipsius ministri. Ejus ministro. Ejusvultus. Illorum vultus. Eadem species. Eadem specie.

Eidem

oculo.

RoIsti poetae, servisque ejus. (d) Earundem frontium. manis, et eorum filiabus. Propter Quintum, sororemque Horum amicorum auxilio. Contra ingentem hunc ejus. exercitum, ducemque ejus. In patriam illorum militum. In
patria istius generl

Translate into Latin

(e)

Of

this

body.

For

his father-in-law.

For this poet. For that father-in-law. For their fathers-in-law. For those
fruits.

fathers-in-law.

Of

these

Of

those seas.

(/) By her
teeth of yours.

help.

To

that friend of yours.

By

those

and its fruit. same daughters.

(g)

With hope itself. From the harvest itself The same rose. Of the same rose. Of the

To

the multitude itself

and

its virtues.

The

appear-

ance of the same stars. The horns of the same animals. By their wisdom. Concerning their illustrious poet. Against the sheep themselves and their shepherd. Without the king

and
legs.

his wife.

(ti)

By

the

Through fear of the same defeat. same kind of food. Without those

feet

and

Before Hector himself and his brothers. By the help of that black slave. Owing to the same Romans and their armies. Against his mouth and breast. The appearance of this earth and those stars. By the slaughter of his sheep and
dogs.

EXERCISES.

71

EXERCISE XVII.
Indicative

Mood

of

Sum.

Adverbs,

etc.

Translate into English : (0) Felix sum. Fortis est.

Felices erimus. Fortes fuerunt.

via

Roma
(l>)

illustris

est.

Haec

longa

est.

Sed

illae

viae

longiores sunt.
Filiae
fuerat.

Namque

feliciores fuimus.
1
.

Illustriores eritis, milites

Multitude saepe indocta

est.

eorum

crudeles sunt.

Tota autem arbor nigerrima

Pulcherrimae semper
tristissima erit.

campi tamen
(c)

Ea

fuistis, filiae. Species hujus Nulla profecto res inhonesta est.

bella in agris nostris erant.

Poetarum quidem cantus longiores erunt. Miserrimus enim eras, optime vates. Uxores nostrae aut tristes aut

Namque poeta ipse avidissimus erat. quam mali. Patria enim nostra carissima est. Sed aliud genus hominum in urbibus Juvenes enim acriores sunt quam senes.
laetae fuerint.
tui stulti

Servi

sunt potius

nobis
fuerit.

Translate into Latin

(if)

Thou

art

dearer.

We

O O

a poet. are happy.

Ye
fair,

will

be sad.

They are

unlearned.

They will not be You are fair,

daughter. son.
(e)

You

are

daughters.

You

are good,

very brave.

in a famous city. The soldiers indeed are Yet we are braver. His teeth certainly were black. But his forehead was beautiful. For the burdens of the slaves will have been very heavy. Nevertheless the hope will be sweet. Yet his hands were strong.

He was

more

Sheep indeed are These dogs are certainly wiser than those sheep. His daughters certainly were not learned. Their spears indeed were very long. My mother is a woman of much wisdom. But my father is very famous amongst the Romans. Nevertheless we shall have been more unfortunate than Quintus and his brothers.
foolish.

(/) For sheep are often very

foolish than other animals.

The Vocative Case

is

always separated by commas from the

rest of

the sentence.

72

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XVIII.
All parts of Sum.
Translate into English
:

(a) Sit fuissent.

terra ferax.

Laeti

sint.

Laeti

essent.

Laeti

Reges sint boni. Bella essent gravia. Hostes quidem non honesti fuissent. Gives ne sint miseri.
(3) Este boni, Quinte et Servi. Romani Gallique dementes fuissent. Os puellae pulcherrimum esset. jucundum
est.

Hoc

jucundius

esset.

Hoc Hoc jucundissimum

fuisset.

Sed species horum camporum tristissima esset Vos profecto, Romani, inhonesti non eritis. Nos autem crudeles non fuissemus. Senes saepe avi(c)
dissimi sunt.

Nee

docti fuerunt nee insontes.

Nee

indocti

nee crudeles simus.

multitudo potius quam Nulli quidem reges indocti fuissent. Vultus autem avida. Vultus eorum tristes sunt. ejus ne sit tristis.
sit

Valida

Translate into Latin

(d)

Let us be

joyful.

Let them be more

joyful.

Be

Be joyful, O daughters. Let not our honourable, O son. hopes be dishonourable. You would be foolish, O sister.

You would be
been more

dear,

friends.

No

queens would have

willing.

Yet the whole city had been wretched. For no forces (e) were in the city. And the queen was not sad. That burden would certainly have been heavier. His songs were always The other ship was swifter and stronger. sweeter than ours. But another defeat would have been more disgraceful. The infantry forces have often been very useful.

We should (/) This would be easier and pleasanter. not always have been very happy. Let us not be always We should certainly have been wiser. very miserable. Nevertheless Certainly these are crimes of the worst kind. The only sister of let not any sailor be very greedy. Quintus is very learned. But unlearned men are often very
cruel.

EXERCISES.

73

VOCABULARY XIX.
First Conjugation.
&m-are, to love.
ar-are, to plough.

monstr-are, to show.
oner-are, to load.

Brut-us,
Cassius,

-i,
-i,

Brutus,
Cassius.

orn-are, to adorn.
par-are, to prepare.
port-are, to carry.
serv-are, to keep, preserve.

laud-are, to praise.
liber-are, to set free.

Tulli-a, -ae, Tullia.

VOCABULARY XX.
The same
agricol-a, -ae,

(continued}.
fug-are, to put to flight*
interea,

a farmer.
silver,

argent-um,

-i,

money.

meanwhile.
to attack.

aur-um,

-i,

gold.

oppugn-are,

caen-a, -ae, supper.

templ-um,

-i,

a temple.

VOCABULARY
The same
Cicero, -onis, Cicero,

XXL

(continued).

nunquam, never.
pecc-are, to sin.

clam-are, to shout.
Corneli-a, -ae, Cornelia.
festin-are, to hasten.

perraro, very seldom.

plerumque, generally.
raro, seldom.
vigil-are, to
is

labor-are, to labour.

nonnunquam, sometimes.
Note
Verbs
i.

watch.

The Accusative Case

32,

used as the Object of Transitive

Cassius

(see

page

16).

It is usually written before the

Brutum

laudo,

praise Brutus,

Brutum

laudat,

Verb, as, Cassius

praises Brutus. Note 2. After Passive

Verbs the word by is translated by the Ablative alone, unless the Noun be the name of a living thing, when the Preposition a or ab with Ablative must be used, as, casu liberamur, ' we are set free by an accident,' a Bruto liberamur, ' we are set free by
Brutus.'

74

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

EXERCISE XIX.
First Conjugation.

Active and Passive.

Present and Future Simple Indicative.

Translate info English
(a)
:

Aro.

Portabitur.

Laudas.

Onerabere.

Monstrabo.

Ornaris.
(b)

Servatur.

Ornabit.

Portat.

Parabis.

Laudabimini.

Oneror.

Libera-

mur.

Arabunt.

Monstramus.

Monstrabitis.

Paratis. Onerabuntur. Amamini. (c) Liberabor. vabimur. Laudantur. Arant. Ornabimus.

Ser-

(a*}

Brutus
arant.

arabit.

laudatur

Tullia.

Laudaris,

Cassias quidem servabitur. Namque Brutus Cassiusque Tullia.

laudabit.

saepe
Cassi.

Rex non

Servabimini,

Brute et

Quintus autem ornat.

Translate into Latin

(e)

He

is

ploughing.

I shall

Thou

art preserved. I shall set free. Ye are

We

be praised. Ye will adorn. are carried. They will be loaded.

shown.

praise.

Thou prepares!. It will be ploughed. We shall They are preserved. I carry. You will be loaded. He will set free. You are being shown.
(/")
(g)

They

are preparing.
will

We

shall
is

plough.
preserve.

He

We

be praised. shall be carried.

He

be loved. Ye will adorned. Thou wilt

are loading.

They

We

You are preparing, sailor. (K) Brutus will be loved. Tullia and her daughters will be adorned. shall praise. You
are

But Brutus and Cassius are preserved.

praised.

adorned,

always adorned,

The queen is often You are queen.

queens.

EXERCISES.

75

EXERCISE XX.
The same
(continued).

Perfect and Future Perfect Indicative.

Translate into English
:

Parati erunt. Liberata es, Tullia. (a) Monstravi. raverimus. Oppidum oppugnatum erit. Ornati estis. Scuta ornata erunt. datus ero.

OneLau-

()

Aravisti.

Amavimus.
fuit.

Puer oneratus
erit.

erit.

Liberatae
est.

estis, filiae.

Paravero.

Tullia servata

Uxor amata
erit.

Scutum servatum
(c)

araverit.

Tullia laudata est. Liberati sumus.

filia.

Templum ornatum
filiae.

Agricola
est.

Interea caena parata

One-

raveris, sunt.

Oneraveritis,

Auro

et

argento ornati

(d) erunt.

Pedestres

Viae monstratae copiae fugatae sunt. Laudaveritis, Brute et Cassi. Laudaveris, Tullia.
;

Translate into Latin

have set free. He will have been set free. It has (e) been shown. She has been adorned. Thou wilt have loaded. They will have been carried. They have praised. I shall have ploughed.

Ye

The men have been praised. The women will have (_/") been praised. Meanwhile the temple has been shown. You have adorned, O sailor. You have been adorned with gold, O sailors. The silver will have been carried. They have set free. Supper will not have been prepared.
(g)

gold.
silver.

The father of the farmer will have been loaded with The mother of the girls will have been adorned with Thou hast loved, O illustrious son of Quintus. Thou

The towns hast been loved, learned queen of the Gauls. have been attacked. The forces of the enemy will have been These troops have often been put to flight. I put to flight.
have been
set free.

76

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XXI.
The same
(continued).

Primary Tenses of the Indicative.

Translate into English
:

Rex reginam amat. Regina a rege (a) Romam amo. amatur. Roma a me amabitur. Frater meus perraro caenam
Caena a fratre meo non parata erit. Caena parat. ministris plerumque paratur. Pueri in urbem festinavere.
a

A me laudaris, filia mea. Cicero (3) Te, fill mi, amo. Tulliam servabit. Cicero a Tullia nonnunquam laudatus est. Tullia a Cicerone ornata erit. Inter ovilia vigilabo. Per totam vallem clamavimus. Hae filiae perraro peccaverunt.
(c) Agricolae in hoc agro nunquam laborabunt. Templum a nobis tibi monstratum est. Copiae nostrae raro fugantur. Urbes vestrae a me oppugnabuntur. Ab illustri rege laudabor. Muros talium urbium oppugnabimus. Sed indoctos

homines non liberabo.

Translate into Latin
(d)
:

Auro argentoque onerabere,

fili.

by slaves. He ploughs the fields. ploughed by him. Cotta will be praised by his We have attacked famous cities. The enemy slaves. We shall often labour in will have been put to flight by us. His faith is praised by you. other lands.
are carried

We

The own

field is

an accident. They have (e) They have been preserved by been preserved by Cornelia. The citizens will have watched We are very seldom praised by you. These at the gates. Famous towns slaves have shouted rather than laboured. have generally been adorned with gold. We shall never We have put you to flight. attack Rome.

(f) Meanwhile the path

is

-shown to

us.

Burdens are

The attendants will have pregenerally carried by slaves. pared food for us. The multitude will often sin. No land
is

temple.

ploughed by these old men. Very many leaves adorn our Other temples will be adorned with gold. Those young men have set free the slave.

EXERCISES.

77

VOCABULARY XXII.
First Conjugation (continued}.
cael-um,
-i,

sky, heaven.

nunti-us,

-i,

a messenger.

damn-are,

to

condemn.
a judge.
'

persaepe, very often.

postul-are, to demand. spect-are, to behold. vast-are, to lay waste.

don-um,
jud-ex,

-i,

gift, present.

-Tcis,

latro, -nis,

robber.

vulner-are, to -wound.

VOCABULARY XXIII.
The same
accus-are, to accuse.
ut, that,

(contimted}.
culp-are, to blame.

in order that.

Note

i.

Sentences like 'Crassus amet' should be translated 'Let

'

Crassus love

or

.'

May

Crassus love

'

rather than

'

Crassus

may

love.'

But when ut,

that, or in order that, precedes, the

Grammar

translation

may

be followed, as, ut Crassus amet, that Crassus may love. Translate the Imperfect Subjunctive by should or would. 2. But when ut precedes, might is generally to be used, as, ut Crassus

Note

amaret, that Crassus might love.

Note

3.

Sentences.

The Perfect Subjunctive is of somewhat limited use in Simple The translation often presents difficulties, and examples of

the Tense are therefore omitted from these Exercises.

VOCABULARY XXIV.
The same
destin-are, to intend.

(continued}.

expugn-are,
hue, hither.

to

storm, take by storm,

pugn-are, to fight. super-are, to overcome.

vill-a, -ae,

a country house.

Note. To translate into Latin a string of Nouns or other words having and prefixed to the last, either use et with each or leave it out altogether. Thus for 'Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus,' write Caesar, Pompeius, Crassus,
or Caesar et

Pompeius

et Crassus.

78

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.

EXERCISE XXII.
The same
(continued).

Historic Tenses of the Indicative.

Translate into English
:

Damnati eratis. (a) Festinabam. bar. Latrones Agricolae araverant. Ornabare. Vigilabatis, latrones.
(3)

Laudabas.

Vulnera-

nunquam
mulieres.

clamaverunt.

Portabamini.

Ornatae

estis,

Spectaveravestra spec-

mus. Agri hostium

et Servi.

vastati sunt.

Semper clamabatis, Quinte

Haec urbs a me

servata est.

Dona

taverant.

Nuntius noster a judice damnatus est. a populo postulata erant. Dona In urbem veloci pede (c) festinavit. Victum potius quam argentum postulavere.

verant.

Latronum manus fugata erat. Caelum laetis oculis spectaEae terrae perraro vastatae erant. Nuntii equos et
tela postulabant.

Campos

nostros equitatu copiisque pedes-

tribus vastaverant.

Translate into Latin

(d) They were sinning. They were carried. We had watched. I often shouted. He was very often praised. The son and daughter did not labour. Thou hadst been set free, O Servius. Thou hadst not been set free, O Tullia.
(e)

They

often praised themselves.

preserved.

You were condemned,

The boy had been father. You were

adorned, O mother. Cicero and his wife used to watch. The horses of the enemy had been wounded. You did not

wound
boys.

the robber,

Cotta.

You had been

preserved,

money.

(f) Meanwhile we were loading the messengers with The towns of the enemy were laid waste. He demanded neither gifts nor food. Good judges do not very

The whole multitude was beholding the often praise you. The leader of the forces was wounded. One robber sky. had been condemned by the famous judge. Cassius alone
out of
all

that multitude

was not condemned by any judge.

EXERCISES.

79

EXERCISE XXIII.
The same
Translate into English
(a)

(continued}.

Subjunctive Mood.
:

Festinent.

Culparemur.

Postulavisses.

AccusareVigi-

mini.
lent.

Laudentur.

Clamavissetis. Vulnerati

essetis.

Ut servaremur. Aravissem. Liberareris. Ut portemus. (<5) Culpata esset. Accusaret. Damnati essemus. Peccares. Dux oppidum oppugnaret. damnentur. (c) Latrones Argentum postulatum esset. Ut hostium copias fugemus. Ut templum frondibus
patrem accusaret.
ornaretur. Agros aravissetis. Puellae ne culpentur. (d) Nos profecto a Romanis saepe culpati essemus. Mater tua filiam amici mei me non accusarent.

Puer

Sed

suam

persaepe culpavisset.
Translate into Latin
(e)

Milites in

omni parte oppidi

vigilent.

Let them not be condemned. They would attack. You would have been praised. I should watch. We should be adorned. They would not have

Let us shout.

sinned.

would have been blamed, O son. You would have been set You would have been adorned, O sisters. free, O brothers. Let the enemies of our country be condemned. I should That Cassius and his friends never have accused Cicero. might blame either you or me. The temple would be preserved without any soldiers. (g) Nevertheless let them not accuse our daughters. They would labour in the plains rather than in the valleys. Let our leaders demand horses and weapons. Let us demand Tullia indeed was forces, that we may attack the city. hastening to the king that she might accuse her father. Gold and silver would not be carried by the messenger. But the garments of other wives would have been shown. Let the crimes of the other sailor be blamed.

That we may watch. (/) You would have been accused,

mother.

You

8O

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

EXERCISE XXIV.
The same
Imperative
(continued}.

Mood and Verb

Infinite.

Translate into English : Clamate. Laboravisse. Accusare. Damnatus. Oppugn aturus. Ornari. nerando.
(a) Festina.
(<5)

Vul-

Araturus esse.
Vigilate,
filiae.

Servatum

iri.

Peccandi.

Vigila, re-

gina.
tinat.

Amicos

servare

Rex in villam suam festinare desbonum est. Dux urbem oppugnare

parat.
(c) Vigilando, pugnando, vulnerando hostem superabimus. Judex latrones damnaturus est. Auro, argento, rosis ornari jucundum est. Oppidum oppugnantes superati sunt. Hue

festina, frater, ut sorores tuas

mecum

insulas

oppugnare

destinaverat.

sese servavit.

Hunc hominem
:

serves. Urbes, oppida, Cicero a populo accusatus vigilando superavere.

Translate into Latin

(d)

Adorn

thou.
to

Labour
priests,

ye.

praised,

citizens,

and

Be adorned, O priest. Be Having been acpoets.

have wounded.

cused.

About

watch.

To

To

have

been wounded.
(e)

free

It is very foolish to set It is pleasant to be praised. \vas intending to load the same slaves, lion.

mad

He

Hasten hither, O friends, that we may Let us prepare to put to flight the band of But It is better to be loved than to be praised. robbers. you will overcome this army by fighting. For it is very sweet to be loved by brothers, sisters, and friends.
boys,

and

attendants.

behold Rome.

(f) Quintus having been accused hastened out of the Brutus and Cassius being accused prepared to lay waste the fields. He intended to behold the island and its We very seldom love to behold wretched old men. cities. He fought with much valour that he might overcome the It is base to accuse good men. Put the enemy to robbers. He praised flight, O soldiers, that you may be praised.
city.

Tullia that he might be loaded with

gifts

by

her.

EXERCISES.

81

VOCABULARY XXV.
Pirst Conjugation (continued},
Athen-ae, -arum,
pi.,

Athens.

no-x, -ctis, night.

pictur-a, -ae,
statu-a, -ae,

Dav-us,

-i,

Davus.

a painting, picture.
statue.

a day. epistol-a, -ae, a letter. mandare, to entrust.

di-es, -ei,

Tit-us,

-i,

Titus.
-i,

Vespasian-us,
to another

Vespasian.

Note.

One Noun added

Noun

to explain

some
It
as,

part of

its

meaning is said to be in Apposition to the first Noun. in Case with the Noun to which it is in Apposition, Darius the king, Darii regis, of Darius the king.

must agree
Darius
rex,

VOCABULARY XXVI.
Second Conjugation.
Note.

Very few Verbs

in this

Conjugation have Perfects and Supines

In this and the following Vocabularies, therefore, exactly like moneo. the Present, Perfect, and Supine of each Verb are given,
del-eo, -evi, -etum, destroy.
diu, long, for

man-eo,

-si,

-sum, remain.

a long time.

mon-eo,
ri-deo,

-ui, -itum, advise.

doc-eo, -ui, -turn, teach.

moveo, movi, motum, move*

-si,
-i,

impl-eo, -evi, -etum,yf//.

ju-beo,
-ssi,

-sum, laugh.
the wind.

-ssum, order,

command,

vent-us,

VOCABULARY XXVII.
The same
coerc-eo, -ui, -Ttum, restrain.
foveo, fovi, fotum, cherish.
hie, here.

(continued'}.

Questions.

invidi-a, -ae, envy.

ir-a, -ae,

anger.

tant-us, -a, -um, so great.

Note.

some word
love?

Questions are usually expressed in Latin by adding -ne to in the sentence, generally the first word, as, amone, do I

Question

Crassusne monet, is Crassus advising? The word not in a is nonne, as, nonne Crassus monet, is not Crassus advising?

82

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XXV.

Summary
(a)
tur.

of First Conjugation.
:

Apposition.
Per noctem

Translate into English

Romam
Hae

Athenasque spectemus.

vigilare

injucundum

Statuae, picturae, aurum nobis monstranBruto, Tito, Vespapicturae mandentur vobis.

est.

siano mandatae erunt epistolae. Quinto filioque ejus servabimur. Interea nocte dieque vigilant. Sed filiae eorum nee culpabuntur nee laudabuntur.
(t>)

Copiae hostium fugarentur.

Copias hostium fuga-

vissent.

Dona ducum

servantur.

Dona

vulnerabunt.

ducis servabunt. Servi Servi filius vulnerabitur.

Dona duces servabant ducem amant. Servi filium

Davus, filio, (c) Tito, Vespasiani copias mandabant. servus noster, agricolas culpavisset. Cottae, Romanorum duci, dona parantur. Dona a Davo, servo nostro, postulantur.
Translate into Latin
:

Overcome (d) Overcome them by watching, O Cotta. him by labouring, O brothers. It is sweeter to set free than We have demanded plenty of gold. By labourto wound. They are about to watch ing often we shall overcome. through the whole night. Many animals will be wounded by weapons. So many lions had been wounded by Titus.
will never be set free. It is not (e) Unfortunate queens easy to put to flight any Romans. The slave of Cornelia, a very beautiful woman, would not praise us. Let Quintus, a very cruel leader, be condemned. Cotta, a man of great valour, has been condemned. They have set free Titus, a man of very great wisdom. The horse of the other general has been wounded. They have wounded the horse of another general.

No woman

(/) Let them lay waste the fields of the king himself. would have accused such a citizen. Priests watch by night and by day. We had been loaded with gifts

by you, the Roman leader. Praise men of the greatest wisdom. Let us accuse him. Let him be accused by us.

statue

is

entrusted to Quintus, our attendant.

EXERCISES.

83

EXERCISE XXVI.
Second Conjugation.
Translate into English
(a) Deles.
vistis.

Primary Tenses of Indicative.

:

Moti

sunt.

Doceris. Monebimur. Jusserit. Risero. Impletus eris.

Imple-

(3)

Salus nobis
et Cassi.

manet

Filiae

doctae erunt.

Jubemini,

Brute

Epistola'm deleverint.

pletus es.
(c)

Insula

non movebitur.

Vos monebo. ImIn alto monte mansimus.

Multitude risu impletur.

Illae arbores

motae sunt vento.

Hae

Multitudinem docebimus. portae motae sunt a

nobis.
istis.

Muros istos deleverimus. Infelices agricolas monuAnus senesque perraro ridebunt. Illae copiae hoc in

oppido diu manserunt.

Translate into Latin

(d) I
filled.

being

have been taught. He has ordered. You will be will move. You will have destroyed. We are She will have been ordered. Thou art advised.

They

laughing.
(e)

I shall have

destroyed by Titus.

been destroyed by fire. They have been They will have filled me with fear.
city,

You

have been moved into the

the statues

statues.

We

have

moved

and paintings out of the temple. You will be destroyed by the weapons of the enemy, O Servius. You will be destroyed by robbers, O young men.
(/") Cicero and Tullia have taught the young men to labour. I have been ordered to load the ships with silver.

You
will

will have filled the crowd with sweet hope. This bed have been moved by accident. We are remaining within the walls. You will have been advised by us. They are destroyed by the wickedness of one man. I shall order the innocent old men to be set free.

G 2

84

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

EXERCISE XXVII.
Second Conjugation
(continued).

Historic Tenses of the Indicative.

Translate into English
(a)
:

Questions.

Docebamus.

Coercebamini.
(<5)

Jussus eras. Impleveram. Motus Deleverunt. Monebam. Fotus erat.

est.

Riseratis.

Mansisti, puer.

Deletae sunt urbes. vobis docebamur. Servos jubebatis. Ira moti erant. Iram
estis.

coercueram.

Impleti

(c) Docebarne ? Iramne fovebas ? Nonne invidiam odiumque coercuere ? Puellamne monebat ? Tantamne iram foverant? Nonne juvenes hie manHie juvenes mansere.

serunt

Translate into Latin

(d)

had remained.

We

Thou wast cherishing. We had been restrained. He You were moved. They were being filled. He was ordering. They had advised. laughed.

Were we taught ? You were (e) Had ye been ordered ? being destroyed. You cherished envy and hatred, O woman. They were not restraining their anger. Had we been taught to blame bad men ? You had ordered us to plough so many Was I not advised by Davus, the slave fields, O Servius. of Vespasianus ?

Was he advising ? Did Quintus, our general, advise ? the town being destroyed ? Did not Cotta teach us to Had they not Were they moving their hands? labour? Had not the king redestroyed the fleet, our only safety ? Was not the violence strained the violence of the soldiers ? of the soldiers restrained by the king ?
(/)

Was

EXERCISES.

85

VOCABULARY XXVIII.
Second Conjugation
terr-eo, -ui, -itum, frighten.

(continued}.

tim-eo, -ui, no Sup., fear, be afraid,

VOCABULARY XXIX.
The same
aqu-a, -ae, water. audeo, ausus sum, dare (see Note),
cur,

(continued}.

pocul-um,
Note}.

-i,

a cup.

sol-eo, -itus

sum, be accustomed (see

see.

why?
-ui,

misc-eo,

mixtum, mix.

video, vidi, visum,

nunc, now.

videor, visus sum, seem (see Note).

-i,

vin-um,

wine.

Note i. Audeo, soleo, are called Semi-Deponent Verbs, the Perfect and Tenses derived from the Perfect being of Passive form. Videor is
properly the Passive of video but
seen.
is

scarcely ever to be translated

I am

Note

2.

The

omitted in Latin, when it Pronoun is meant. Thus,

his son
'

Possessive Pronouns meus, tuns, etc., may often be is clear from the sense of the words which
' pater filium amat means the father loves the father loves my son or your son/ the Pronouns '
'

;'

meum

or

if it meant tuum would have

to be supplied.

VOCABULARY XXX.
Recapitulatory.
obs-ideo, -edi, -essum, besiege.
turbare, disturb.

Note

Commands

in the

Second Person are usually expressed by ne

tu,
etc.,

with Perfect Subjunctive, as, * Do not advise,' ne monueris. Note 2. The Nominatives of the Personal Pronouns, ego,
are rarely expressed in Latin, except tended to be laid upon them. Thus,

when some

/ am

particular stress is inlaughing, may, in nine cases

out of ten, be translated by rideo alone. But if the meaning is ' / am laughing, whilst you (or other people) are doing something else,' the

Pronoun ego should be supplied.

86

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XXVIII.
Second Conjugation (continued). Subjunctive Mood.
Translate info English
:

Territus esses. Deleres. (a) Doceant. Juberem. muissent Moveamur. Ut timeat. Ut foveantur.
(3)

Ti-

Coerciti essetis.

Coercitusne esses?

Riderem.

Ri-

deremusne. Terreretur. Mansissemus. mansissent ? Impleantur.

(c)

Nonne

in templo

Nonne bellum
docuisses
?

timeretur?

Puellaene

docerentur

Puellasne
bella,

leones,

Filios nostros

Ut amicos suos foveret. Namque caedem timuisset. Romanosne terruissetis ? doceamus, moneamus, fovearaus. Alios servos

coercerent.

Translate into Latin

(d)

should not be frightened. Let have been restrained, O soldier. You would not have been cherished, O wicked wives. Let them be destroyed by fire. Would they fear us ? Would he not have terrified the multitude ?
fear.

They would

We

him

order.

You would

No prophets would (e) He would be afraid to shout. have feared to accuse him. Should we teach them to prepare supper ? Let us not laugh very often. Meanwhile the roads would have been filled. Let the robbers be ordered to remain. Either shields or spears would be moved. Would not the Gauls have been terrified ?
(/) Would the judges have feared to condemn these men ? Let the walls of all cities be destroyed. Should I have feared such misfortunes ? They would either fear or terrify these magistrates. Would they not have taught the other youths by labouring ? Let us restrain the madness of the lions. Would you not have feared Titus, the leader of the Romans ? They would neither move nor be moved.

EXERCISES.

87

EXERCISE XXIX.
Second Conjugation (continued]. Imperative Mood and Verb Infinite.
Translate into English
(a) Imple.
:

Ridete.

Risurus.

Motus.
iri.

Mansurus

esse.

Territus esse.

Timens.

Deletum

Timere videntur. Nunc (6) Hanc multitudinem videte. Nee vino nee aqua pocula implere pocula vino implete. Cur ridere times? audent. Cur tantas caenas parare solemus ? Aquam vino miscere non ausi sunt. Tot pocula
implere solitus erat.
Titus dementem ilium (c) Victu vinoque impleri amat. sacerdotem terruisse videtur. Cur inhonestos amicos fovere soletis ? Audebitne tarn illustrem ducem coercere ? Coercendo, terrendo, delendo hostium copias superabimus. Ridere non injucundum est. Dominos ipsos servi docuisse
videntur.

Sed reginam monere non auderent.

:

Translate into Latin

(d)

About

to mix.

be about to be moved.

To be To

cherished.

See,

have mixed.

my son. To To have dared.

Of

filling.

Be

cherished,

wives.

restrain

my friends. I should fear to my father. Would you dare to advise your master, O slave ? Now are we about to see the paintings and statues. Remain here, my friends, that you may see this famous land.
(e)

Remain

within the walls,

It will

be easy to frighten that foolish old man. We have never dared to mix poison with wine. Have you not been

accustomed

your father and mother ? (/") You seem to be praising our daughter and your But Brutus is accustomed to terrify neither his son sister. nor my father. Has Tullia been commanded to mix poison with our wine ? No shepherds would have dared to frighten so many sheep. Cotta is about to laugh. My daughter is about to remain. Mix the wine with water, dear son. Do
to cherish

not mix poison with the wine, dear sons.

88

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.
EXERCISE

XXX.

Summary
(a) Fovesne. timueris, puer. moveris, miles.
verit miles
?

of Second Conjugation.
:

Translate into English

Nonne ridebunt. Ne timeant pueri. Ne Pedem ne moveat miles. Pedem ne Pedemne moveris, miles? Pedemne moLaborando
superatis

superate, milites. (3) Laborando milites. Ego laboro, sed tu rides.

Dum

vos victum paratis,

vina ego misceo. Haec res nee utilis tibi nee jucunda est. Cur tantas turres, urbes, classes delere audes? Nonne puellas docere facilius est quam pueros ? Interea milites nostri aut festinabunt aut manebunt.
(c)

Urbemne
sitis.

obsidere ausi essetis?

ausi

Cur tam diu mansere?

implebunt.
turbes.

totam vastare

Retia servata esse visi sunt ? Festina, dux, ut hostium manum Diu vigilare videbantur, ut regem vulnerarent.
:

Urbem oppugnare ne Nunc majora pocula videntur. Nonne ignes urbem

Translate into Latin

(d)

About to

besiege.

disturbed.
stroyed.
(e)

To

To have disturbed. To have been be about to be besieged. Having been deOf laughing.
Restrained.

Mixing.

Shout, dear father.

Laugh, sweet daughter.

Carry

Let the hither the cups, that \ve may fill them with wine. violence of the soldiers be restrained. Do not laugh, Brutus.

Do not fear us, dear citizens. me ? I am besieging, you are

(/) Whilst they teach
advise those foolish youths. remained within the gates.

Would you

dare to disturb

preserving, the city.

Do not the boys, I accuse Titus. The king, frightened by the defeat,

The queen, being frightened by Let us destroy the walls of that city. Cassius, remained here. son and your father are are shepherds, you are poets. This affair is most serious for you, but most very learned.

We

My

pleasant for us.

EXERCISES.
VOCABULARY XXXI.
Third Conjugation.
*** The figure after a Verb denotes
castr-a, -orum, pi.,
its

89

conjugation.

a camp.
3,

loc-us,

-i,

a place, ground.
3,

clau-do,

-si,

-sum,

shut.
tell.

mitto, misi, uiissum,

send.

di-co, -xi, -ctum, 3, say,

nem-o, -mis, nobody, no one.

po-no,
-sui, -situm, 3, place, pitch.
-i,

disce-do,

-ssi,

-ssum,
i,

3,

depart.

do, dedi, datum,

give. du-co, -xi, -ctum, 3, lead.

praemi-um,
break,

a reward.

frango, fregi, fractum, shatter.

hibern-a,

3,

prim-us, -a, -um, first. prom-itto, -isi, -issum, ^promise.

quart-us, -a, -um, fourth. secund-us, -a, -um, second.
stat-uo, -ui, -utum, 3, resolve, deter-

-orum,

pi.,

winter-

quarters.
legio, -nis,

legion.
terti-us, -a,

mine. -um, third.

to is

Note.
translated

Remember

that

to,

when motion

meant,

is

not to be
'

by the Dative but by ad with Accusative. Thus, he sends gifts to the boys' would be 'dona ad pueros mittit;' but 'he gives gifts to the boys would be dona pueris daL'
' '

VOCABULARY XXXII.
The same
co-go, -egi, -actum, 3, compel. forsan or forsitan, perhaps.
intrare, i, enter.

(continued).

occi-do, -di, -sum,

3, kill.

octav-us, -a, -um, eighth.

quint-us, -a, -nxm, fifth.

ne,

lest,

that

not.

septim-us, -a, -um, seventh.

sext-us, -a, -um, sixth.

a Subjunctive, as, laborat ne blamed or that he may not be blamed ; laborabat ne culparetur, he was labouring, that he might not be blamed,

Note.TSe,

lest

or that

not, takes

culpetur, he labours, lest he be

or lest he should be blamed.

VOCABULARY XXXIII.
The same
intell-igo, -exi, -ectum, 3, perceive,

(continued],
scri-bo, -psi, -ptum, 3, write.
stultiti-a, -ae, folly.

understand.
lego, legi, lectum, 3, choose, read, lib-er, -ri, a book.

tango, tetigi, tactum, 3, touch. te-go, -xi, -ctum, 3, cover.

vinco, vici, victum,
3,

redd-o, -idi, -itum,

3, restore.

conquer.

vi-vo, -xi, -ctum, 3, live.

90

RUD1MENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XXXI.
Third Conjugation.

Primary Tenses of the Indicative.

Translate into English
(a) Mittitur.
ris.

Statuetis. Positi

Duceris.
Dicitis.

Fregit.

sumus. Ducti erunt.

Promiserint.

Duce-

()
sunt.
(c)

Discesseris.

Claudemus. Claudimus. Dicetis. Do. Nemo missus erit.

Clausi

Brutus filiique ejus missi sunt. Brutus cum filio suo Castra in alto loco ponuntur. Legiones Romanae in hiberna ducentur. Fractae estis, statuae. Praemia multa militibus quartae legionis dedero. Legio prima ducem laudare statuit. Legiones prima secunda tertia in urbem ductae
discessit.

erunt.

Translate into Latin

(d)

are sent. You will give. I have been placed. have determined. They are departing. He will have been led. You have said. We shall have been placed.

They

He

will

I shall depart from this (e) Thou art sent, O sailor. camp. These gates have been shut. Those robbers will have determined to remain here. He leads the second and third legions out of winter quarters. The camp will be Brutus and I have pitched here, O leaders of the legions. These rewards will have been given this reward to you.

sent to

you by many

friends.

(/) Nobody is sent into the camp. No camp has been Titus and his attendant will depart with pitched by us. rewards. Will you have resolved to fight, dear brothers? are giving money to this boy. The statues will be placed in the temple. Hast thou broken thy brother's spear ? I shall have been sent into the camp of the fourth legion with a very heavy weight of gold by the father-in-law of that prophet.

We

EXERCISES.

91

EXERCISE XXXII.
Third Conjugation
Translate into English
(a)
:

(continued).

frangentur.

Nulla pocula epistolam misit. Iram coercere statuunt. Occideris. His rebus vigilare coguntur. Plurimi latrones occisi sunt.

Pugnare cogar.

Hanc

Occideris.

Epistolam servo mandare statuit. Epistolam ad BruExercitum malo duci mandare cogimur. Exercitum ad fluvium ducere cogimur. Cur latrones tarn males non occidunt ? Praemiumne tibi promisero ? Nonne
(3)

tum

mittere statuit.

pocula vini nobis data sunt

Uni servo dona promisimus.

Legio octava ad(c) Vos profecto ab urbe discesseritis. versus hostem mittetur. Legiones quinta, sexta, septima sub muros ducentur. Gives laudabimus, ut dona nobis ab iis dentur. Portas claudit, ne hostis urbem intret. Ipse in aliam

Athenarum partem
nere cogitur.

discessit.

Hos

In alia Athenarum parte malatrones occiderunt, ne ipsi vulnerentur.

Translate into Latin

(d)

We

have compelled.
I

We have
will

placing.

am

placed.

You
will

She

will

have

sent.

She

been compelled. I am be killed. You will kill. have been sent.

The statues will (e) The statues are broken by violence. be broken by the Romans. We lead you into the temple. We have been sent out of the temple. Give us hope, that we may restrain our anger. He departs that he may not be wounded. They will lead us to his country-house. Why has not the camp been pitched ?

We

(/)

have resolved to

fight.

You

are compelled to laugh.

shall

wound and perhaps

kill

you.

Has

Titus departed

Will not the priests give

by the wind? Brutus, a wicked general.

shattered

A camp

you food? Will our trees be My spear had been broken by

is

often pitched here.

9a

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.

EXERCISE XXXIII.
Third Conjugation
(continued).

Historic Tenses of the Indicative.

Translate into English
(a) Tangebatur. eramus. Legebant.
(3) Intellexerat.
:

Vixistis.

Vicistis.
es.

Tactus

Tegebatur. Scripseramus.
Libri lecti erant.

Victi

Lecti sumus.

Red-

debas.

Tetigi.

Tangebamini.

Legeratis.

Tacta

est.

Librum ilium legebamus. (c) Pellibus tecti eratis, vates. Copiae hostium a nobis victae sunt. Diu in ista villa vixeratis. Aurum vobis redditum est. Aurum a vobis redditum
est.

Oves a

latronibus patri

meo

redditae erant.

Parvum

filium scuto tegebat.

Translate into Latin

(d)

conquered.

You were being touched. We lived. He had been Ye were perceiving. I was touched. They

had read.
(e)

We

were being covered.

He

understood.

enemies. For I was Nevertheless the letters had been written. For you had covered the body with leaves, my sister. The gifts indeed were being restored to the Gauls. Did you often read those books, Servius ? I had lived for a long time without friends. They were generally reading or writing.

But ye had been conquered,

letter.

reading a

(/) Your body was covered with the skins of animals. Meanwhile we had restored all that gold and part of the silver to your messengers. I perceived his folly and madness. They had very often been conquered by the valour and weapons of that vast crowd. We were touched by the hand of another queen. He had written a long letter with his own hand. A pleasant letter was written by Cassius.

EXERCISES.
VOCABULARY XXXIV.
Third Conjugation
eras,

93

(continued).

to-morrow.
-i,

hodie, to-day.

for-um,
place.

the

forum, market-

omnino, altogether.
sic, so,

thus.
-a,

ten, yesterday.

snmm-us,
tandem, at length.

-um, topmost, utmost.

VOCABULARY
The same
cogn-osco, -ovi, -ftum,
perceive, learn.
col-o, -ui, cultum, 3, cultivate. consul-o, -ui, -turn, 3, consult.
3,

XXXV.
-ssi, -sstim, 3,

(continued}.

ascertain,

proce-do,

advance,

rel-inquo, -iqui, -ictum, 3, leave.

sum-o,

-psi,

tollo, sustuli,

-ptum, 3, take. sublatum, 3, lift, take

descen-do, -di, -sum,

3,

descend.
3,

oppr-imo,
Note.

-essi,

-essum,

crush,

away. nnquam,

ever.

vix, scarcely.

Dico, duco,

make

die, due, in

2nd Pers. Sing, of Imperative.

VOCABULARY XXXVI.
The same
acc-ipio, -epi, -eptnm, 3, receive, sustain.
conj-icio, -eci, -ectum, 3, throw.

(continued}.
facio, feci, factum, 3,

make,

do.

fugio, fugi, fugitum, ?>,flee. impet-us, -us, an attack.

corr-ipio, -ipui, -eptum, 3, seize.

pauc-us, -a, -um,few.

subito, suddenly.
susc-ipio, -epi, -eptum, 3, undertake.

cup-io, -ivi or
desire.

-ii,

-itum,

3,

wish,

Verbs of the Third Conjugation ending in -io in the First Person Present Indicative drop the i before i, final e, and short er, as, Pres. Indie, fug-z'-o, fug-is, fug-it, fug-imus, fug-itis, fug-z'-unt, Fut. Simp,
Note
i.

fug-z'-am, etc., Imperative fug-e, Imperfect Subj. fug-erem,

Pres. Inf.

fug-ere.

Facio makes fac in 2nd Pers. Sing. Imperative. Adjectives always belong to some Substantive. But -if the Substantive be man or men, it is often omitted, and the Adjective stands alone in the Masculine Gender, as, bonos amamus, we love good men or the good ; if the Substantive be thing or things, it is likewise often omitted, and the Adjective stands alone in the Neuter, as, multa

Note Note

2.

3.

diximus,

we

said

many

things.

94

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

EXERCISE XXXIV.
Third Conjugation
(continued).

Subjunctive Mood.
Translate into English
(a) Discedat.
:

Coacti essemus.

Tegeremini. Scribamus.
in

Legisset.

Mittantur.

Viveres.

Tangerer.
foro posuisset.

() Majorem statuam

Docti judices

semper legantur. Portas nullius templi clauderemus. Arbor magna vi ventorum fracta esset. Cras in aliam insulae partern discedamus. Latronem forsan heri occidissemus. Epistolam hodie legissent.
Sic,
fili,

vivamus.

pugnabant ne omnino vincerentur. (c) Aut vincat aut occidatur. Brutus haec retia heri reddidisset. Tota nautarum manus hodie vigilare cogeretur. Agricolae arando viverent. Praemium audaci servo promittamus. Ex Sunima virforo tandem discedere statuit ne occideretur.
viribus
tute

Summis

pugnare statuisset
:

Translate into Latin

(d) Let

them send. Let them be sent. He would be He would lead. You would have touched. You would led. have been touched. That I may shut. That I might depart.
Let them read a Let a braver leader be chosen. You would have been sent hither, O boy. You would have been conquered yesterday, O soldiers. The That I hill would have been altogether covered with trees. may speak with joyful mouth. We should at length be understood by you. Fight, lest we be conquered, O youths.
(e)

pleasanter book.

(f) They would have

river.

pitched their

camp beyond

the

Let us not be compelled to enter

his country-house.

By

shouting, watching, and labouring we should perhaps Bad citizens would not restore the conquer their forces. money. Money will not be restored by robbers. Let them The ship would be depart to-morrow without any reward.
shattered

by the violence of the wind.

He

was moved with

the utmost fear lest he should be killed.

EXERCISES.

95

EXERCISE

XXXV.
(continued).

Third Conjugation

Imperative and Verb Infinite.

Translate into English
(a) Die. Sustulisse.
:

Procedite.

Ducimini.

Due.
esse.

Intellexisse.

Descensurus.

Sumpturus
iri.

(b) Opprimens. Procedere cogar.

Relictum

Colendi.

Consuluisse.

Rem

descendisse dicitur.

cognoscere statuit. De montibus Tertia legio oppressa esse dicitur.

Cur hos agros (c) Cornelia patrem suum consultura est. colere timemus ? Virtutem colere bonum est. Urbs ea relicta esse videtur. Brutus oppressisse copias hostium dicitur.
Gladios, hastas, scuta sumere statuimus.
tollere solebat.

Aurum

e templis
?

Cur ex
:

his collibus

descendere timuistis

Translate into Latin

(d)

away.

Advance, O son. Descend, O priests. To have taken To have been taken away. To be crushed. Having been crushed. Consulted. To be about to be cultivated.

We

(e)

such heavy burdens. They seemed to have ascertained the wishes of the priests. The soldiers of the eighth legion were compelled to leave
lift

Of leaving. About to take. fear to leave you. fear to

We
It

Take away

this

cup.

those
judges.

winter-quarters.

is

easy

to

consult

the

wisest

(f)

We We

scarcely

ever dare

to

advance beyond these

mountains.

Scarcely any poets were compelled to write letters. feared to descend without help from such a place. It is dishonourable to take away silver from a temple. love to descend into the forum. Do you dare to leave us thus, were Servius, most dishonourable of men ? ordered to consult the learned judges. The bravest leaders scarcely ever dared to advance into that valley.

We

We

96

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XXXVI.
Third Conjugation
(continued).

Verbs in
Translate into English
(a)
perint.
:

-io.

Acciperem.

Faciebant.

Fugtte.

Cupiistis.

Susce-

Conjicerentur.

Corripi.

Fac.

Majora faciamus. Honestos (3) Bonos amare solemus. laudare cupiunt. Avidos stultosque corripuere. Haec ego mmquam suscipiam. Cur ea fecistis ? Multos occidit. Indoctis praemia non dabuntur.
(c)

Multa promisit sed pauca

fecit.

Ignem

in turrim subito

conjecit. Nullam cladem unquam acceperant. Cur in locum tarn tristem fugere cuperes ? Ignem conjicite, gladios corriPlurima virtutis pite, in muros impetum facite, milites.

praemia

accipiet.

Inhonesta facere paucis jucundum

suscipiet.

est.

Opus grave nee omnino jucundum

Translate into Latin:

They would be received. You (d) He would receive. were fleeing. Desire, O son. Desire, O youths. Be seized, wicked leader. Be seized, O lions. Do these things, dear
boy.

will

Many things were seized by the old men. The enemy make an attack on (in) our men. They would have seized many men between the winter-quarters and the river.
(e)

He wished to receive a letter I should flee into other lands. rather than presents. Scarcely ever had so great a defeat been To few men is it easy to undertake these things. sustained.
Other

men would

perhaps seize you suddenly.

(f) Do you desire to do these things ? I desire to underDo not fear to seize take neither these nor any other things. and condemn the bad. Do not desire such things. Do not undertake any work. Make nets, old man. Make a garment, Receive not any gifts, the rewards of crime. daughter.

EXERCISES. VOCABULARY XXXVII.

Fourth Conjugation.
aper-io, -ui, -turn, 4, open.

97

mun-io,

eaten- a, -ae,

a chain.

-Ivi, -Itum, ^fortify. nud-ns, -a, -urn, naked.

custod-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, guard.

nutr-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, nourish.

dorm-io,

-Ivi,

-Itum, 4, sleep.

palli-um,
pun-io,

-i,

cloak.

foss-a, -ae,

a ditch, moat.

-Ivi,
-i,

-Itum, 4, punish.

hor-a, -ae,

an hour.

vall-um,

a rampart.

iuaped-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, hinder.

vest-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, clothe.

vinc-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, bind.

Note.

With
as,

all

Verbs that make -ivi

in the Perfect the

v may

be

dropped,

impedivi or impedii, impediveram or impedieram.

VOCABULARY XXXVIII.
The same
aud-io,
-Ivi,

(continued).
quoties,
reper-io,

-Itum, 4, hear.

how
-i,

often ?

conv-enio, -eni, -entum, 4, assemble,

-turn, \,find.

ferio,percussi,percussum,
fin-io, -Ivi,

4, strike,

saev-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, rage, rave.

sen-tio,
-si,

-Itum, ^finish, end.

-sum,

4, feel, perceive.

insan-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, be

mad.
'

venio, veni, ventum, 4, come.

'

Note.

The word

at after
as,

in with Accusative,

is generally translated by ad or ad portam conveniunt, they assemble at the gate.

assemble

VOCABULARY XXXIX.
The same
auctor,
-is,

(continued).
libenter, willingly.

an author.
a prison.

bene, well.
career,
-is.

male,

ill,

badly.

pan-is,
quis,
satis,

-is,

m. bread.
t

car-o, -nis,/!, meat, flesh.

who?
enough, sufficiently, tolerably.

dur-us, -a, -um, hard.

labor,
-is,

labour.

seditio, -nis,

sedition.

lac, -tis, milk.

singular-is, -e, extraordinary.

viator,

-is,

a traveller.

Note.

The Gerunds and Gerundives of Verbs of the 4th Conjugation,

in -io of the 3rd,

and of Verbs

sometimes have

for e, as feriendi,

or feriundi, corripiendus or corripiundus.

98

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XXXVII.
Fourth Conjugation. Indicative Mood.
Translate into English : Custodiebat. Vincti
erunt.

(a)

Muniunt.

Portam clausam aperuerat.

Alia

Multa

custodierit.

Nutriemur Dormiebamus.
punimus.

eum

(ft)

impediunt. Castra vallo

vestient.

fossaque
suis

muniunt.
servis
suis

Malos

Nudos
puellae

Domini a

vincientur.

Hae
muris

matribus

nutriebantur.

Urbs

ilia

A nullo amico impedietur. operibusque munita est Malos vinciemus. catenis Multa latrones impediere: (c) Sacerdotes pulchris palliis vestiti Oculos eorum aperiam. sunt. Muros custodiam, ne hostis eos expugnet. Sub quartam horam dormiebam. Multorum
pallio

scelera punierant.

Longo

plerumque

vestiti

sunt

Translate into Latin

(d)
walls.

They

are guarding.

They

are guarded.

You have
the

been punished.

You

have punished.
folly of

Our men guard

Many men

sleep to the fourth hour.

Why
men

do you

hinder these menl hindered us.

(e)

The

unlearned

has often
will

Soft things nourish tender youths.

But nobody

have punished the good. The soldiers of the eighth legion were not clothed with skins. Has the innocent mother of Quintus been bound with chains ? Wise men clothe themselves with virtue. The leaders of the fleets were being The gates were opened before the sixth hour. punished.

They clothed the naked and promised gifts to many. (/} We are hindered by dogs and other animals. They nourished the multitude with food. Why do we nourish such We scarcely ever punished them. The unlearned sons ? robber was certainly clothed with skins. For we have We scarcely ever either bound or condemned such men. shall punish such cruel masters. They suddenly opened
their

mouths.

EXERCISES.

99

EXERCISE XXXVIII.
Fourth Conjugation (continued). Subjunctive Mood.
Translate into English
(a)
:

Veniamus.

Audiremur.
Reperirere.

Convenissent.
Saeviant.

Ferirem.

Finiissem.
(&)

Insanires.

sentires ? Hue sub sextam horam conveHectorem hastis Audiremini tandem, mulieres. A te nunquam feriar. Hoc opus ante sextam percussissent. horam finires. Nulla epistola reperta esset. Ut insaniatis.

Nonne haec

niamus.

(c)

Nonne

in

hunc locum convenient?

Quoties hos

cantus audivissem ? Ut a pastoribus feriare. Haec sentiant finiret. Percussine essemus ?

Rem
Cur

profecto sic sae-

virem

Ad

castra venisses.

Translate into Latin:

perceived.

Let us assemble. I should rave. Thou wouldst have We should come. You Let him be heard. Thou would have been struck. That I may not be mad. wouldst finish.
(d)

Let them assemble at that part of the town. We (e) You should have raved from the sixth to the eighth hour. would have perceived these crimes. Let us be heard by Cassius, the general of the first legion. They would come just before (sub) night. They would have been struck by a weapon. Would they have been struck by Cotta, their own messenger ? Let us finish these things, lest we be punished.
hinder
his enemy with chains. They would often would he things with their bodies. have punished his slave ? They would have nourished the

(f) Let him bind

all

How

tender sheep. Let them fortify the winter-quarters with a rampart and ditch. Let us not sleep beyond the fifth hour. They would have been guarded by Cornelia, a woman of No one would open the gates before night. great virtue.

100

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XXXIX.
Fourth Conjugation
(continued}.

Imperative and Verb Infinite.

(a] Sentiens.

Translate into English : Saeviturus.

iri.

Percussum
(ft)

Vinctus esse.

Repertus. Insaniendo. Finiisse. Conventurus.

Ferire cupit. Hue venire cogar. Vix ulli cives vintimebunt. Bonos punire ne statueris. Malosne nutrire destinas ? Hunc locum munire non facile est. civibus imCur tarn diu dormire cupis ? pediri injucundum est.
ciri

(c)

Muniendo, custodiendo, vigilando malos coercebimus.

Saeviundo nunquam vincemus.

sentire facile est.

Auctorem tantae

Singularem eorum virtutem seditionis punituri sumus.

Viatores ab
satis

omni

parte convenire libenter statuunt.

Haec

bene sensisse dicitur. In duro cubili dormiturus esse dicitur. Lacte carne pane corpora nostra nutriendo diu
vivemus.
Translate into Latin
(d)
fied.
:

About

to open.

To

about to sleep.
clothed.

Sufficiently hindered.

For nourishing.

be about to be guarded. To be Having been fortiTo have punished. To have been

Be guarded in this prison. Do (e) Finish your labours. not hinder the traveller. Do not be struck by the foolish. It Who does is not unpleasant to be guarded by such men. Shut your not seem to perceive his extraordinary wisdom ? Do you not dare to punish gates willingly, O citizens. Servius, the author of the sedition ?
(/)

We

would not wish

fears to be hindered. desire to sleep. to end such hard labours ? They seem to

He

Who

well guarded in a strong prison.

Who

be would have feared to

The robbers, nourish them with bread and meat and milk ? bound with chains, are compelled to labour in a prison. Amongst so many labours he scarcely ever seemed to sleep. traveller, badly clothed, but tolerably well prepared for (aef) war, entered the country house.

EXERCISES.
VOCABULARY XL.
First Conjugation of Deponent Verbs.
ann-us,
cerv-us,
-i, -i,

101

a year. a stag.

miserari, pity.

morari, delay.
obscur-us,
-a,

comitari, accompany. conari, endeavour, try. hortari, exhort.

interpretari, interpret.

-um, obscure.

popular!, lay -waste.

precari, pray.
silv-a, -ae,

a wood.

lep-us, -oris,

m. t a hare.

superior, former, previous. venari, hunt.

Note i. Deponent Verbs possess what is wanting in Active Verbs, namely a Perfect Participle of Active meaning, as, conatus, having
attempted.

Duration of Time, or Time how long, is put in the Accusamultos annos vixit, he lived many years ; a Point of Time, or Time when, is put in the Ablative, as, Secunda hora surgit, he rises at the second hour.

Note

2.

tive, as,

VOCABULARY XLI.
Aegln-a, -ae,

Second Conjugation of Deponents, etc. multum, much (Adverb). Aegina.

pericul-um,
-i,

Afric-a, -ae, Africa. conf-iteor, -essus, 2, confess, ac-

danger.

knowledge.
curs-iis, -us,

pollic-eor, -itus, 2, promise. possum, potui, be able (see-Afc/i i).

reor, ratus, 2, think.

course, voyage.

it-er, -ineris, n.,

a journey, march,

mer-eor,

-itus, 2, deserve.

ver-eor, -\\x&,fear. vitare, avoid.

Note
learnt.

i.

Before doing Ex. 41 the Verb

possum

(p.

47) should be
'

Note 2. For can, could, and could have use possum, e. do this ? potestne hoc facere ? Note 3. For to a place use ad or in with Accusative,
'

g.

Can he

'

'

silvas festinat, he hastens to the

small island the Preposition

is

as, ad or in the place be a town or omitted, as, Aeginam navigat, he sails to

woods ; but

if

Aegina.

VOCABULARY XLII.
Third Conjugation of Deponents.
Carthag-o, -mis, Carthage. conse-quor, -cutus, 3, obtain.
lo-quor, -cutus, 3, speak. mor-ior, -tuus, 3, die.
obli-viscor, -tus, 3, forget.

pa-tior, -ssus, 3, suffer, allow. prof-iciscor, -ectus, 3, set out. que-ror, -stus, 3, complain.
simil-is, -e, like, similar.

se-quor, -cutus, ^follow. Note i. Morior, patior follow the rule for Verbs in -io. (See Vocab. 36, Note i, p. 93.) Note 2. For 'from a place' use ab or ex with Ablative, as, ab or ex urbe discessit, he departed from the city ; but if the place be a town or small island the Preposition is omittted, as, Roma discessit, he departed

from Rome.

102,

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.
EXERCISE XL.
First Conjugation of Deponents. Rules of Time.

Translate into English

(a)

Comitabor.

Venaremur.

Hortareris.

Interpretabimini.

Conatus. Precatus esse. Moralus. Populabantur.

Totum diem moramur. (3) Quis non eos miserabitur ? Agros ea nocte populatus discessit. Cervos leporesque diem noctemque venati essent. Ab sexta ad octavam horam vos comitabimur. Urbem superiore anno obsidere conati erant. Primo die pueros, secundo puellas hortatus est. Filius ille patrem suum multos annos comitatus est.
(c)

Paucis diebus te comitabor.

Quis tarn obscura

inter-

Cur non Inhonestos ne miseratus sis. pretari conaretur? cervos illo die venari cupiebas? Timesne in templis precari ? Vix unam horam moratus in silvam procedit. Nonne
haec libenter interpretareris venabimur.
Translate into Latin
:
?

Sed hac nocte lepores non

(d) Let us hunt. Why do they not pray? Who will accompany us? He would scarcely pity us. How often did they exhort ? Will no one hunt with us ? We will pray with you. Having delayed a few days he tried to interpret

the matter.

We hunt the stags and hares without fear. Enpity us. deavour to restrain your men by force. It is better to delay than to hasten. By delaying we shall perhaps conquer.
(f) Having laid waste the plains they accompanied us a whole year. Having delayed one day he suddenly made an In a few days they would have exhorted all the attack. people. Many were attempting to depart that night. Cornelia having exhorted her father and mother was preparing to depart. He would have interpreted these things to us. Who fears to accompany me ? Do not hunt in these
valleys without Davus,

Few pity the bad. (e) to lay waste those plains.

In former years they had feared Pray day and night. Do not

your attendant.

EXERCISES.

103

EXERfclSE XLI.

Second Conjugation of Deponents. Rules of Place.

Translate into English : Confitebimur. Poterit. Meriti sumus. Pollicerentur.
(a)

Possum.

Ratus

esse.

Veriti

essetis.

Confiteri posse.

Rebar.

()

Veritus.

Meritus.

pollicitus e castris discedit.

Dona nobis Talia confessus est. Donis onerari plurimis meretur.

ad carcerem ducamur. Multa nobis ducatur.

Rem omnem confitebimur, ne omnem confitetur, ne Romam

ceri

Rem
polli-

non potest. Cursum ad Africam (c) Cursum Aeginam facere cupit. sine magno periculo non possumus. Multum verebatur ne Athenas iter facere cogeretur. Haec omnia confessus precari conatur. Haec tibi polliceri non potui. Quis tanta
praemia mereri potuisset?
civium mereretur.
Iter

Athenas

fecit

ut

amorem

Totum annum moratus

:

tot scelera tan-

dem

confitetur.

Translate into Latin

(d)

Having thought. Promising. They would promise. Having confessed. They would not be able. Let them deserve. Let them not fear. Who will promise these things
to

us?
(e)

Can we hasten to the mountain ? We could not send a messenger to Rome. No one could have feared such a Are you able to lead our men to the river ? He can king. lead us to Rome without danger. He can avoid these labours without much danger. Who would willingly make a voyage either to Aegina or to Africa ? Let us confess our crimes to Quintus, a most honourable judge. (f) We were not able to make a journey to Rome. Why we not able to send the slaves to our country-house? Scarcely any other woman would have confessed such feared much lest Brutus should be killed. things. They did not seem to be able to descend from the mounBut they could without danger have advanced from tains. the river. How often have we made a voyage to Africa? Yet we have never been able to avoid these dangers.
are

We

104

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XLII.
Third Conjugation of Deponents.
Rules of Place
(continued).

Translate info English

(a) Patiantur.

Morerentur.

Secuturus.
(3)

Consequendi.

Questus. Oblitus esset.

Locutus
Proficiscar.

esse.

Multa est. Quis me sequetur, cives ? Haec vel his similia locutus gladium postulavit. Cur de his rebus querebaris? Hora sexta mortuus est. Hac nocte Aegina proficiscetur.
castris proficiscitur.

Athenis profectus

sine

periculo

consecutus

erit.

(e)

Nemo

talia pati posset.

Nos Athenis Romam

secutus

subito moritur.

Multum de

De

de virtute, de Maximos honores Athenas, Carthaginem sequemur. consecutus Carthagine proficiscitur. Tantane pericula obliVix ante noctem ex urbe proficisci poterit. viscetur?
patria,

periculis itineris querebantur. Te Robello multa locutus est.

mam,

Translate into Latin

Having forgotten. About to obtain. (d] Let us set out. To have suffered. By dying. Complaining. Having spoken. Let them follow.

He will set out not allow him to speak. town. The dog followed us to the gate. He spoke much concerning the faith and wisdom of his men. Our men have obtained many things by fighting. He suffers these things and things similar to these. Having obtained the reward of virtue Quintus allowed himself to be seized. Who can follow such a man?
(e)

They

will

to-morrow from

this

Prepare to die, O robbers. (/") Do not fear to speak. Let us not set out from Carthage before night. Having He delayed one day we set out from our country house. complains of (de) the food, the wine, and the water. We desire to forget these things. Who can speak in the presence of such a multitude ? He died on the seventh day.
.

EXERCISES.

105

VOCABULARY XLIII.
Fourth Conjugation of Deponents.
cons-isto,
-stiti,

-stitum,

3, halt.

opper-ior, -tus, 4, wait, wait for.

ordior, orsus, 4, begin.
orior, ortus, 4, arise.
sol, -is, m., the

Cremon-a,
magist-er,

-ae,

Cremona.

exper-ior, -tus, 4, try,

-ri,

make trial of.

a
lie.

a master.

sun.

inent-ior, -itus, 4, lie, tell

statim, immediately.
Vei-i, -orum, //., Veil.

metior, mensus, 4, measure.

Note Note
portas

i. 2.

est,

Orior makes Future Participle oriturus. For * at a place' use ad with Ace. or in with Abl., as, ad he is at the gates, in taberna Sosiorum est, he is at the shop of

the Sosii ; but if the place be a town or small island, use the Locative Case, which ends like the Ablative except in the Singular Number of

the First and Second Declensions where

it

ends like the Genitive,

as,

Carthagine, Athenis, Romae, Tarenti vixit, he has lived at Carthage,

Athens, Rome,

and Tarentum.

VOCABULARY XLIV.
Reported Speech.
caus-a, -ae, cause.
pet-o, -ivi, -itum, 3, seek, begfor.

pa-x,

-cis,

peace.

sit-us, -a,

-um, situated.

Note. report of the exact words used by another person is usually ' indicated by the word inquit,' says he or said he, written after the first word of the quotation, as, 'unde,' inquit, 'venis.?' ' From whence do you come ?' said he.

VOCABULARY XLV.
Ablative Absolute.
clamor,
-is,

a shout.

judici-um,

-i,

trial.

expectare, await.

qui-esco, -evi, -etum, 3, rest.

2, rejoice. is

gaudeo, gavisus,

tempest-as,

-atis,

a tempest.

a Semi-deponent, like audeo and soleo. A common construction in Latin is the Ablative Absolute. 2. It usually consists of a Noun and Participle in agreement, which are construed into English without the use of a Preposition, as, milite victo,

Note Note

Gaudeo

pax

fact a est, the soldier

being conquered or having been conquered, peace

'

was made.

Be careful not to put into the Ablative a Noun which is Subject of a Verb and should therefore be Nominative, as, the soldier,
being conquered,
fled,'

miles \ictus fugit.

io6

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
EXERCISE XLIII.
Fourth Conjugation of Deponents, Rules of Place (continued).

Translate into English

(a)

Mentitus

Oriturus esse.
(<5)

es. Metiarne? Expertus. Opperturus. Mensus. Orsus eram. Ordiundi.

Reginam

opperiens.

Sol ortus
metiri

est.

Belli casus expe-

riri

alia
tios

cupimus. ordiemur.

Omnia maria

non possumus.

Nunc

Nuntios ad villam opperiri conabimur. NunCremonae opperiri statuit. Vates mentitus esse dicitur.

Sororem (c) Multos magistros Athenis expertus sum. nostram Carthagine opperiamur. Post haec ira militum orta est. Quis caelum metiri possit ? Locum castrorum mensus exercitum consistere jubet. Interea sol ortus est, nosque ducem nostrum statim sequimur. Mentirine inter tot honestos

possem ?

Cur non

heri orsus es
:

Translate into Latin

(d) Having begun. to wait. Measure, poet.

To

be about to begin. To be about Measure, O sailors. Let them

arise.
(e)

Do

not

tell

lie.

Of lying.

have often measured this field. Let us begin beHe ordered his troops to halt at the river. The fore night. Let troops were able to halt neither at Veii nor Cremona. us make trial of other masters. Let not the priests of this
temple
tell

We

legions at
(/")

forum.
hour.

mained

at Veii. We determined to live one year at our country house. Brutus, Cassius, and Cornelia feared to deBut no soldiers were bound with part with me from Veii. Nevertheless we desired to punish the chains at Cremona. authors of so great a crime.

They immediately resolved to wait for the They had lived a long time at Tarentum. Let them wait at the well known statue placed in the They would order the legions to halt at the third Let us pitch our camp at this place. Nobody relie.

Rome.

EXERCISES.

107

EXERCISE XLIV.
Reported Speech.
Translate into English
(a)
:
'

Quis clamat ?

Docebisne

Haec/

'

inquit,

non

in?

telligo/

Ab omni

parte conveniunt.

Tune me impedies
obliviscitur.

Hos

miserari

non possum.

Pauca

Mentiri

timemus.

() Cottae, duel nostro, caenam parant. Docendo docemur. Malos ne foveris. Malosne foveres ? Quis talem epistolam
scribere
' '

potuisset
'

Roma/

'

inquit,

statim

proficiscar.'

Romam/
(c)

inquit,

her sine causa feci/ Veiis

Cremonam
'

fugit

ne a civibus accusetur.
Fide, spe,

'amorem tuum
Athenis

satis experiri

amore multa consequemur. Quis/ inquit, Notus ille viator diu possit?'

Romae potius quam Carthagine vivere moratur. cupio. Sed ad Africam cursum facere destinaveram. Faucis tanta praemia dabuntur. Nee mihi nee vobis tela satis utilia dantur. Bruto, primae legionis duci, vinum aqua
mixtum
paratur.
:

Translate into Latin

(d)

We

are besieged.

things are willingly sent. cause ? Do not confess. Has he ever told a lie ?
'

They would be condemned. All Would you have come without Have we not begged for peace ?
'

Gifts are demanded by the greedy. Never/ said he, (e) have I been wounded by any weapon.' Who would disturb * such an honourable peace ? No wickedness/ said he, would have been more base.' Do not mix bad water with

Lead us into the woods, dear boy. No judge could be wiser than you. It is pleasant to be praised by Cicero, the most learned of men.
good wine.

(f) Don't
most
serious.

His wounds were certainly speak, friends. Tullia alone was able to interpret these things.

of that animal were strong rather than beautiful. Let us watch long and often that we may avoid defeat. Have we ever seen so many enemies ? Let us live at Cremona a whole year. Let them descend from those hills to the town
situated

The horns

on

this side the

Thames.

I08

RUDIMENTA LA TIN A.
EXERCISE XLV.
Ablative Absolute.

Translate into English

(a)

Rege amato.
Urbibus
vincta.

Filio

misso.

deletis.

damnato. Castris positis. Dono Pace facta. Multitudine turbata.

Manu

Rex liberatus gaudebat. liberate, gaudebamus. Itinere facto, vinum postulavit. Territis filiabus, clamor ortus est. Filiae territae clamaverunt. Labore finito, quievimus.
() Rege
Urbe munita, hostem non
quievit.
(c)

timent.

Loco

hibernis lecto,

dux

Latronibus puSacerdote et poeta in judicium Castris vallo fossaque munitis perivocatis, tristes sumus. culum non timebitur. Bruto Cassioque nos comitatis, nulla Mari tempestate turbato, cursum facere pericula timemus.
nitis,

Armis sumptis, hostem expectavere.

salus reddita nobis est.

non possumus.
Copiis a te ductis,

Te copias ducente, hostem magna clades hostium erit.

superabimus.

Express

in the Ablative:

The lion being (d) The woman having been advised. The people labouring. Brutus and Cassius being killed. wounded. The dog having followed us. The sister having been adorned. The sedition being crushed. The sun having
arisen.

Brutus being conquered by Octavius. The camp (e) having been left by me. Cicero having exhorted the citizens. The robber having confessed his crimes. Cotta having dared

do these things. The traveller having rejoiced. The statues of Quintus being broken. tempest having arisen.
to

Translate, using Ablative Absolute where required:

Cicero having exhorted the citizens, a shout arose. The robber having confessed his crimes was condemned. The robber having confessed his crimes, we left the forum. Cotta, being wounded, cried out. Cotta being wounded, his slaves were
(_/")

Cicero, having exhorted the citizens, departed.

The sedition being crushed, we rejoiced. shepherd having followed us a long time departed.
accused.

The

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
***

The

figure after in the

each word indicates the number of the Vocabulary body of the work in which it occurs.

A.
a,

aurum, autem,

/</,

20.

civis, citizen, 5.

but, 17.

clades, defeat, 4.

&b,from,

by, 9.

auxilium, ^^>, 12, avidus, eager, greedy, 14.

clam, without the knowledge

of, 9.

absque, without, 9. accipio, receive, sustain,

36. accusare, accuse, 23. acer, sharp, keen, fierce,
12.

clamare, shout, 21. clamor, j/fow/, 45.

B.
classis, _/&?*/, 4.

bellum, war, 2. bene, zw//, 39. bonus, good, 10.

brevis, short,
1 1
.

claudo, shut, 31. coerceo, restrain, 27. cognosce, ascertain, perceive, learn, 35.

ad,

to, at, 7.

adversus, against, 7. Aegina, Aegina, 41. Africa, Africa, 41.

zgtr, field, 2.

Brutus, Brutus, 19.

cogo, compel, 32.

collis, ^z'//, 4.

C.
caedes, slaughter, 4.

agricola, farmer,

20.

colo, cultivate, 35. comitari, accompany, 40. conari, endeavour, try,

alius, 0M<??-, another, 13.

alter, the other, 13.

caelum, j^y, heaven, 22. caena, supper, 20.

40. confiteor,

confess,

ac-

altus,

Az^,

10.

campus, plain,
canis, </0-, 5.

2.

amare, &#<?, 19. amicus, friend, 12.

cantus,

-stfwg",

6.

knowledge, 41. conjicio, throw, 36. consequor, obtain, 42.

consisto, ^a//, 43. consulo, consult, 35. contra, against, 7. convenio, assemble, 38.

amor,

/<w*, 7.

animal, animal, 13. annus, _j/mr, 40.

ante, before,
7.

caput, /z.ftffl', 3. careen, prison, 39. caro, meat, flesh, 39.

Carthago, Carthage, 42.

6.

anus,

0/d?

aperio, apud, near, at the house

of, 7-

woman, 0/*, 37.

carus, </#zr, 14. Cassius, Cassius, 19. castra, camp, 31. casus, chance, accident,
6.

copia, plenty, \i. copiae, forces, 12.

coram,
of, 9.

zVz

M^

presence

aqua, water, 29. arare, plough, 19,

arbor, to*, 3.

argentum, silver, money,

20.

catena, chain, 37. causa, rattj*, 44. cervus, .s'/ag', 40. Cicero, Cicero, 21.
circa,

Cornelia, Cornelia, 21. cornu, ,fo?7/, ii.

corpus, &MJ/,
3.

corripio, seize, 36. Cotta, Otfto, i.

eras,

Athenae, Athens, 25.

auctor, author, 39.

round,

around,

to-morrow, 34,

about, 7.

Cremona, Cremona, 43.

crudelis, rrw^/, 14. crus, /^-, 3.

audax, &?/</, 12. audeo, </ar<?, 29. audio, ^mr, 38.

auris, ear, 4.

circum, round, around,

about,
cis,
7.
V(?, 7.

Mtr
<?

cubile, fo/, 4.

citra,

this side, 7.

culpare, blame, 23.

no
cum, with, in company

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R Y.

inhonestns,
able, 14.

Ill

dishonour-

locus, place,

ground, 31.

injucundus, unpleasant^
insania, madness, I. insanio, be mad, 38. insons, innocent, 12.
insula, island, I.
intelligo, perceive,

un7.

derstand, 33. inter, between, among,

interea,
interpretari,

meanwhile, 20.
interpret,
7.

40.
intra,

within,

intrare, enter, 32.

invidia, envy, 27. ipse, -self, 16.

ira,

anger, 27.

is, //zatf, 1 6.

iste,
\\.zr,

that ofyours, 16. journey, march, 41.

J.

jubeo,
26.

0r<f<?r,

command,

jucundus, pleasant, welcome, 14.

judex,/#fl^, 22. judicium, /rz/, 45. juvenis, youth, 5.

juxta,

war,

*/

to, 7.

labor, labour, 39. laborare, labour, 21.

lac, #zz7, 39. laetus, glad, joyful, 1 4 latro, robber, 22.
.

laudare, praise, 19. legio, /^7'<7w, 31. lego, choose, read, 33.
leo, /z07z, 3.

lepus, hare, 40.

levis, light,

n.

libens, willing, 12. libenter, willingly, 39.

liber,

&w,

33.

liberare, set free, 19.

112
optimus,
best.

RUDIMENTA LATINA.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R Y.

sons, guilty, 1 2. soror, sister, 7.
species,

tego, cover, 33.

show, appear-

telum, weapon, 2. tempestas, tempest, 45.

V.
validus, strong, 14.
vallis, valley, 4.

ance, 6. spectare, behold, 22. spes, hope, 6. statim, immediately, 43. statua, statue, 25. deterstatuo, resolve,

templum, temple,
tener, tender, 10.

20.

vallum, rampart, 37.

vastare,
I.
/<y/

tenus, as far as, 9.

terra, /a;&/,

waste, 22.

M*

#zr^,

tento, frighten, 28.

tertius, Mz></, 31.

vates, prophet, 5. Veii, rV, 43. velox, .ra/y?, 12.

mine, 31.
Stella, jfor, 8.

Thamesis, Thames,
timeo, y&zr,
28.

5.

venari, hunt, 40.

afraid,

venenum, poison,
venio, /*, 38. ventus, w/w^/, 26.

2.

33. stultus, y00/z'j^, 14. sub, up to, under, just

stultitia,jfo//j/,

Titus, TV/iw, 25. tollo, /y?, take away, $$.

tot,
J<?

vereoT,/eart 41.
versus, towards, 8.

abotit, 8, 9.

many,

1 1

subito, suddenly, 36. subter, under, 8, 9.

totus, Mtf whole, 13. trans, across, 8.

tristis,

Vespasianus, Vespasian,
25-

summus,

topmost, utmost, 34. sumo, te&r, 35. super, 0wr, above, 8, 9. superare, overcome, 24.

tu,

gloomy, sad, thou,you, 15.

n.

^^^r, your, yours,

vestio, clothe, 37.
vestis,

15.

Tullia, 7fc//za, 19. turba, crowd, I.

turbare, distitrb, 30.
turpis, ^oj^, disgraceful,

via,

garment, 4. way, r^dwT, /a/A,

superior, former, vious, 40.

pre-

viator, traveller, 39. victus,yfr#/, 6.

ii.
turris, tower, 5.

supra,
suus,

a<50ztf, 8.

video, J^, 29. videor, j^w, 29.

vigilare, watch, 21.
villa,

suscipio, undertake, 36.

/&

tuus, thy, your, 15.

tfw/tt, etc.,

15.

country house, 24.

U.
T.
ullus,
talis,

vincio, ^z^/, 37. vinco, conquer, 33. vinum, wz'w^, 29.

vires, strength, 5.

ay,

13.

JM^,

ii.

ultra, beyond, 8.

virtus, virtue, valour, 9.

vis, force, violence, 5.

tam, so, such, II. tamen, yet, nevertheless,

!7-

unguis,

az7, 5.

unquam, m?r, 35. unus, 0w, ^<? <?w/j/,

urbs,
uter,

vitare, avoid, 41.

13.

vivo, #zv, 33.

vix, scarcely, 35.

tandem, at length, 34.

tango,
33. tantus, so great, 27.
/**<:,&,

Vy, 7.

ut, /Aa/,

inorderthat, 23.
13.

votum,

ze/w/z,

ww,

8.

which of two,

Tarentum,
43, Aft/*

Tarentum,
2.

utilis, useful,

n.

vulnerare, wound, 22. vulnus, wound, ii.

vultus, countenance, 16.

uxor, w(/Sr, 15.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
A.
able, to be,

as far as, tenus, 9.

possum, 41.
7.

about, circum, circa, above, supra, 8.

accident, casus, 6.

accompany,
40.

comitari,
to,

according

secun-

dum,

8.

accuse, accusare, 23.

accustomed, to be,
29.

soleo,

acknowledge,
41.

confiteor,

across, trans, 8.

adorn, ornare, 19. advance, procedo, 35.

advise, moneo, 26.

Aegina, Aegina, 41. affair, rw, 6.

afraid, to be, timeo, 28.

Africa, Africa, 41.

after, /atf, 8.

against, adversus, contra, 7 ; in, 8. alas, hei, 15.

all,

omnis,

n.

allow, patior, 42. alone, J0/#J, 13. altogether, ontnino, 34. always, semper, 17.

among,
and,
/,

z'ter, 7

z'w,

9.

-^#,

2.

anger, z>a, 27.

animal, animal, 13. another, a/z'wj, 13. any, ullus, 13. appearance, species, 6. arise, 0rz<?r, 43.

army, exercitus, 13. around, circutn, circa,

7.

n6
cloak, pallium, 37. clothe, vestio, 37.

RUDIMENTA LA TINA.
disturb, turbare, 30.

cloud, nubes, 4.

come, venio, 38.

command, jubeo,

26.

compel, cogo, 32. complain, queror, 42.

concerning, de, 9.

condemn, damnare, 22.

confess, confiteor, 41.

conquer, z>z<:0, 33. consult, consult), 34.

contrary to, praeter, 8. Cornelia, Cornelia, 21. Cotta, C0//0, i. countenance, vultus, 16. country, patria, 15. country house, w'//0, 24.
course, cursus, 41.

cover, /<?, 33.

Cremona, Cremona, 43.

crime, scelus, 8. crowd, turba, I.
cruel, crudelis, 14.

cultivate,

crush, opprimo, 35. <r<?/0, 35.

cup, poculum, 29.

D.
danger, periculum, 41. dare, audeo, 29. daughter, y?/zVz, I.

Davus, Davus, 25.

day, dfej, 25. dear, carus, 14.
defeat, clades, 4.

delay, morari, 40.

demand, postulare, 22. depart, discedo, 31. descend, descendo, 35. deserve, mereor, 41. desire, <r#//0, 36.
destroy,
</;/o?,

26.

determine, statuo, 31. die, morior, 42.

disgraceful, turpis,

n.

dishonourable,
eslus, 14.

inhon-

ENGLISH-LA TIN VOCA B ULA R Y.

117

u8
more famous,
12.
illustrior,

RUDIMENTA LATINA.
on behalf of, /ro, 9. on this side, cis, citra,
one, unus, 13.
only, the, solus, unus,

prophet,
7.

z>A?.r, 5.

mother, mater, 5. motion, niotus, 6. mountain, mons, 8.

punish, punio, 37. put to flight, fugare, 20.

mouth, os, 3. move, moveo, 26.

much (adj.), multus, 10. much (advb.), multum,

41. multitude, multitude, 9.

open, ff^fr, 37. order, jubeo, 26. other, alius, 13. other, the, a/^V, 13. our, ours, noster, 15.

Q.
queen, regina, 9. Quintus, Quintus, 2.

R.
race,

out

of, e, ex, 9.

my,

WttJ, 15.

outside, extra, 7. over, super, 8, 9.

^?j,

1*3.

rage, saevio, 38.

overcome, superare, 24.

rampart, vallum, 37.

rather, potius, 15. rave, .swz>w, 38.

N.
unguis, 5. naked, nudus, 37. near, /</, juxta,
nail,

owing

to,

/ra*, 9.

read,

g,

33.

P.
;

receive, accipio, 36.

rejoice, gaudeo, 45.

/n?/<?, 8.

painting, pictura, 25.

neither
13-

remain, maneo, 26.

resolve, statuo, 31.
rest, quiesco,

(adj.),

neuter,

part,

/<zr.r, 5.

neither (conj.), nee, ne-

que
never,

5,

Note.
21.

net, r*&, 4.

nunquam,
juxta,
7.

path, via, I. peace, pax, 44. pedestrian, pedester, 12. people, populus, 9. perceive, intelligo, 33
;

45.

restore,

ra/0, 33.

restrain, coerceo, 27.

nevertheless, tamen, 17.

cognosco,

35;

sentio,

next

\.Q,

38.

-.

night, war, 25. no, nullus, 13. no one, <wz0, 31.

reward, praemium, 3 1 . \\\et,fluviust a. road, z//a, I. 22. robber,

&^,

perhaps, forsan, forsitan, 32.

picture, pictura, 25.

Roman, Romanus, Rome, Roma, i.

rose, rortf, i.

8.

nobody,

W0, 31.

pitch,

/0w,

31.

round, circum, circa,

none, nullus, 13. not, non, 17. not (in Commands), ne,
J7-

7.

pity, miserari, 40. place, /<?, 31. place, to, pono, 31.

not any, nullus, 13.

nourish, nutria, 37. now, <:, 29.

plain, campus, 2.

sad, tristis, IT.

safety,
sailor,

pleasant, jucundtis, 14. plenty, f0/z'0, 12. plough, arare, 19.

poet, poeta, i. poison, venenum, a. praise, laudare, 19. pray, precari, 40. prepare, parare, 19. present, donum, 22. preserve, servare, 19. previous, superior, 40. priest, sacerdos, 3. prison, career, 39.
;

ja/j, 13. nauta, I.

zVf(?w, 1 6.

same,
say,
sea,

<&,

31.

O.
obtain, consequor, 42. obscure, obscurust 40.
of, ak, 9.

scarcely,

/X

35.

war^,

u.

often, jdtf/, 17.

old man, senex, 5. old woman, anus, 6.

on, zw, 9.

second, secundus, 31, sedition, seditio, 39. see, &z'<fc0, 29. seek, /^, 44. seem, videor, 29. seize, corripio, 36.

seldom, raw, 21.

;

on account
propter, 8.

of,

0^,

promise, promitto, 31
polliceor, 41.

-self, */to, 1 6.

senate, tenatus, 6,

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
send, mitto, 31.
serious, gravis, II.

119

Servius, Servius, 2.
set free, liberare, 19. set out, proficiscor, 42.

storm, expugnare, 24. strength, z/z>w, 5. strike, y*m>, 38. strong, validus, 14. such, /a/jj, /az, ii.

throw, conjicio, 36.

thus, sic, 34. thy, tuus, 15. Titus, Titus. 25. to, ad, 7 ; in, 8.

See

seventh, septimus, 32. severe, grams, ii.

sharp, #<w, 12.
shatter, frango, 31.

suddenly, subito, 36.

suffer,

patior, 42.

also 41, Note 3. to-day, hodie, 34.

tolerably, satis, 39.

sufficiently, ja/w, 39.

sun, ^/, 43.

to-morrow, eras, 34.

tooth,
3.

sheep, 0w>, 4. sheepfold, 0z/z7i?, 4. shepherd, pastor, 3. shield, sciitum, 2. ship, navis, 5.
short, brevis,

supper, caena, ao.

sustain, accipio, 36.

<j,

5.

topmost, summus, 34.

touch, /a#j?, 33. towards, ergat 7; zvrsus, 8.

swallow, hirundo,
sweet, dulcis, ii. swift, w/<?^r, 12.

n.

sword, gladius,

2.

tower, turris, 5.

shout, clamor, 45. shout, to, clamare, 21.

show, monstrare, 19. show, species, 6.

shut, claudo, 31.
silver,

T.
take, J#;w0, 35.

town, oppidum, 9. traveller, wafer, 39.

tree, arbor, 3.
trial, judicium,

45.

argentum,

20.

take away, /?//<?, 35. take by storm, expugnare, 24.

trial of,

make, experior,

similar, similis, 42. sin, peccare, 21.

since., ^<?.r/, 8.

Tarentum,

Tarentum,

43try, conari, rz0r, 43.

40

**/-

sister,

jw0r,

7.

43, .M?/* 2. teach, afow, 26.

tell, <&V0,

Tullia, 7fc///a, 19.

situated, sihts, 44. sixth, sextus, 3.

skin,

31.

/*//,

4.

sky, caehim, 22. slaughter, caedes, 4. slave, servus, 15.

sleep, dormio, 37. small, parvus, 10.

mentior, 43. tempest, tempestas, 45. temple, templum, 20.

lie,

tell

U.
under, j^, subter, 8, 9. understand, intelligo, 33undertake, suscipio, 36. unfortunate, infelix, 12.

tender, &<?r, 10.

Thames, Thamesis, than, quam, 15.

5.

smaller, minor, 12.

so,

/aw, 1 1 ; V, 34. so great, tantus, 27. so many, to/, u.

soft, mollis, ii.

that (pron.), z7/i?, z>, 16. that (conj.), /, 23. that ... not, w, 32. that of yours, w/^, 16. the other, a//^r, 13.
their,

unhappy,

infelix, 12.

unlearned, indoctus, 14.

unpleasant, injucundits,
14.

up

to,

j3,

8.

eorum, illorum,

useful,

///*>,

ii.

soldier, miles, 3.

etc., 1 6.

utmost, summus, 34.

;

sometimes,

nonnitn-

their

quam,

21.

own, JWMJ, 15. themselves, J^, sese, 15

Z/5.57,

gon,_/?/mr, 2. son-in-law, gener, song, cantus, 6.

1 6.

V.
valley, vallis, 4. valour, virtus, 9. vast, ingens, 12.

2.

thine, tutts, 15. See also thing, r^j, 6.

sound, sonitus, 6. speak, loquor, 42.

spear, ^aj/a, i. stag, cervus, 40.
star, Jte//a, 8.

36, M/<? 3. think, rear, 41.

third, tertius, 31. this, ^*V, 1 6.

statue, statua, 25.

thou, tu, 15. through, /^r, 8.

FY, 43. very often, persaepe, 22. very seldom./i? rrar0, 2 1 Vespasian, Vespasianus*
Veil,
.

I2O

ENGLISH-LA TIN VOCA B ULA R Y.

why, cur,
29.

violence, vis, 5. virtue, virtus, 9.

woman, mulier,
wood, silva, 40. work, 0/J, 1 1
.

3.

vow, votum,

8.

wicked, malus, 12. wickedness, scehts, 8.

wife, w.r0r, 15.

voyage, cursus, 41.

willing, libens, 12.

W.
wait, opperiri, 43. wall, murus, 2. war, bellum, 2. watch, vigilare, 21.

willingly, libenter, 39. wind, ventus, 26.

worse, pejor, 1 2 . wound, vulnus, n. wound, to, vulnerare,

22.

wine, vinum, 29. winter-quarters, hiberna, 31.

wretched, miser, 10.

write, scribo, 33.

wisdom, sapientia,
wise, sapiens, 14.

I.

water, aqua, 29.

Y.
year, annus, 40. yesterday, -for*', 34.
yet,

way,

via, i.
14.

weapon, telum, 2. welcome, jucundus,

well,

39. well-known, notus, TO.

&w,

wish, votum, 8. wish, to, */z'0, 36. with, ra, 9. within, intra, 7. without, (absqui),

tamen, 17.

.,

you, /M, z/^J, 15. your, tuus, vester, 15.

yours, /wwj, vester, 15.

which (of two), tt&r, 1 3 who? ^?J, 39.

whole, totus, 13.

9-

without the knowledge

of, ^7a#z, 9.

youth, juvenis, 5.

THE END.

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RAMSAY, M.A.

Second Edition,

By

G. G.

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8vo.
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25. 6d.

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A. E. HAIGH, M.A.

Crown

By

T. L. PAPILLON, M.A., and

25. 6d.

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Books I, II. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. Books III, IV. By the Same. 25. 6d.

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