LINEAR LAW

1.1 Draw the line of best fit

1 2

y
y

x2

x
3 4
log 10 y
y2

log 10 x
x

1.2 Write the equation for the line of best fit of the following graphs.

1 y 2
Q(6,13) y . P(0,5)
X.
X X
X X
X
X X
X
.XP(0,3) X
X Q(2,0)
. .
x x

[ y  5 x3] [ y   5 x5]
3 2

Linear law 1
3 y .xQ(5,16) 4 y
P(1,8)
x x.
x x
x x
x. x
P(-1,4) x.Q(3,2)
2
2 x
x

[y=2x2+6] [y=-3x2+11]
5 6 P
s x
x B(5,9) .x x
x x
A(-2,5) x x. B(4,2)
x
x V
t
A(3,0)

[ s  9 t  27 ] [P  1v4 ]
2 2 2
7 8
p xB(5,3)
P x A(2,2)

1 .x B(3, 1 )
x A(2, 2 ) 2
q V

[ p = 5q 7 ]
6 6
[ p   3v5]
2

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1.3 Determine the values of variables from lines of best fit
1 The diagram below shows a line of best 2 The diagram below shows a line of best fit. From
fit. From the graph, find the graph, find
i. the value of y when x = 0.5 i. the value of t when w = 38
ii. the value of x when y = 7 ii. the value of w when t = 1.6
y
8 x W
40 x
x
6 x
x 30
4 x
x
20 x
2x
10 x

1 2 3 4 x
1 2 3 4 t

[2.8, 3.3] [3.6,22]

3 The diagram below shows a line of best 4 Two variables, p and q are known to be linearly
fit obtained by plotting the graph of d related as shown by the line of best fit in the
against t. The line intersects the vertical diagram below. The line passes through points
and the horizontal axes at points (0,2) and (1.6, 6) and (13.6 , 30). Determine
(6,0) respectively. Find i. the equation of best fit
i. the equation of best fit ii. the value of q when p= 15
ii. the value of t when d=3 iii. the value of p when q = 5
iii. the value of d when t=4 p
d x(13, 30)
(0,2)
x
(1, 6)
(6,0)
t q

[ d   1 t  2,  3, 2 ] [p=2q+4, 5.5, 14]

3 3

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2.1 Reduce non linear relations to linear form

Reduce each of the equations to the form Y=m X+C where a and b are constants.

Non-linear equation Linear equation Y X m C

1 y = a x2 + b x B

2 y = ax3 + bx2 y
 ax  b
x2
3 a y
y= b
x
4 a A
y =  bx
x
5 1
xy = a  bx
x x2
6 x +by = axy 1
y

7 y
5
 3x
5
x
8 a(b  x) xy
y
x2
9 y = abx log 10 b

10 y = axb log10 a

11 y =a2xb b

12 PV=a P

2.2 Determine values of constants of non-linear relations given lines of best fit

1 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 2 The diagram below shows the line of best fit
for the graph of y2 against x. Determine the for the graph of y2 against 1 . Determine
non-linear equation connecting y and x. x
2 the non-linear equation connecting y and x.
y XP(0,4)
y2 X
Q(2,12)

Q(2,0) 1
X P(0,2)
x x

1
[y2=-2x+4] [ y2  5   2 ]
x

Linear law 4
 3 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 4 The diagram below shows the line of best fit
y
for the graph of y2 against x. Determine the for the graph of x 2 against x. Determine
x
non-linear equation connecting y and x. the non-linear equation connecting y and x.
y y
XQ(6,12)
x2 x2
 (4, 5)
 (2,4)
X
P(3,0) x
0 x

y y 1
[  4 x  12 ] [  x3]
x2 x 2 2

5 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 6 The diagram below shows the line of best fit
for the graph of log10 y against x. Determine for the graph of log10 y against log 10 x.
the non-linear equation connecting y and x. Determine the non-linear equation
connecting y and x.
log10 y X (2,6) log10 y

X
(2,6)
X
X (0,2)
(0,0) x log10 x

[log10 y = 3x ] [ log 10 y = 2 log10 x+2]

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 7 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 8 The diagram below shows the straight line
for the graph of xy against x. Determine the graph of xy against x. Express y in terms of
relation between y and x. x.

xy XQ(4,12) xy  (4,10)

X P(2,4)  (1, 1)
x x

4 2
[ y  4 ] [ y  3 ]
x x
9 The diagram below shows the straight line 10 The diagram below shows the line of best fit
graph of x 2 y against x. Express y in terms of for the graph of x2y against x. Determine the
x. relation between y and x.

x 2y x2 y XQ(4,12)
 (4,10)

 (1, 1) X P(2,4)
x x

4 4
[ y
3 2
 ] [y  ]
x x2
x x2

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 11 The diagram below shows the line when y 12 The diagram below shows the line when y
x x
against x is drawn. Express y as a function of against x is drawn. Express y as a function
x. y of x.
x y
x
3
5

0 x
 (8, -3)
0 x
 (12, -1)

3 1
[ y   x 2  3x ] [ y   x 2  5x ]
4 2
13 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 14 The diagram below shows the line when
for the graph of y2 against x . Determine the y against x is drawn. Express y as a
x x2
relation between y and x. function of x.
y y
XQ(6,12)
x2 x2
 (4, 5)
 (2,4)
X
P(3,0) x
0 x

1 3
[ y  4 x 3  12 x 2 ] [ y x  3x 2 ]
2

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15 The diagram below shows the line when y  1 16 The diagram below shows the line when 1
x y
against x is drawn. Express y in terms of x. against x is drawn. Determine the non-linear
y 1 equation connecting y and x
1
x
 (0,8) y  (8,10)

 (4,2)
 0 x
(-4,0) x

1
[y ]
[y=2x2+8x-1] 2x  6
17 The diagram below shows the line when x 18 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for
y the graph of log10 y against x. Determine the
against x is drawn. Determine the non-linear relation between y and x.
equation connecting y and x
x log10 y X (2,6)
y  (3,6)

 (0,3)
0 x X
(0,0) x

x
[y ] [ y = 10 3x ]
x3
19 The diagram below shows part the graph of 20 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for
log10 y against x. Form the equation that the graph of log10 y against log 10 x. Determine
connecting y and x. the relation between y and x.
log10 y log10 y

 (3,4) X
(2,6)
 X
(0,2)
(4,0) x
log10 x

[ y  10 4 x 16 ]
[y= 100x2]

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21 The diagram below shows part the graph of 22 The diagram below shows part the graph of
log10 y against log10 x. Form the equation that log 2 y against log2 x. Determine the relation
connecting y and x. between y and x.
log10 y log2 y
  (5,6)
6 log10 x
-3  
0 2 log2 x

x x2
[y ] [y ]
1000 16
23 SPM 2003 Paper 1 Q10 24 SPM 2004 Paper 1Q13
x and y are related by the equation y  px 2  qx , Diagram below shows a straight line graph of
where p and q are constants. A straight line is y
against x
y x
obtained by plotting against x, as shown in y
x  (2, k)
x
the diagram below.
y
 (h, 3)
 (2,9)
x 0 x
 (6,1)
Given that y= 6x-x2, calculate the value of k and
0 x h [3 marks]

Calculate the values of p and q. [4 marks ]

[p= -2, q =13] [h=3, k=4]

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25 SPM 2005 Paper 1 Question 13 26 The diagram below shows a straight line graph
The variables x and y are related by the equation log10 y against x. The variables x and y are
y=kx4, where k is a constant. related by the equation y= abx , where a and b are
(a) Convert the equation y=kx4 to linear constants. Find the values of
form. (i) a
(b) Diagram below shows the straight line (ii) b
obtained by plotting log10y against log10x
log10 y
log10 y
 (2, h )  (3, 7 )

 (0, 3)  (0, 1)
0 log10 x 0 x
Find the value of
(i) log10 k
(ii) h [4 marks]

[3, 11] [ 10,100]

2.3 Obtain information from

(i) lines of best fit
(ii) equations of lines of best fit.

1. Use graph paper to answer this question.

The table below records the values of an experiment for two variables x and y which are related by
q
y  px 2  where p and q are constants.
x
x 0.8 1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7
y 108.75 79 45.38 36.5 26.67 8.19
(a) Plot xy against x3 using scale 2 cm represents 1 unit in x-axis and 2 cm represents
10 units for y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit
[5marks ]
(b) From the graph, estimate the value of
(i) p and q
45
(ii) x when y= [5marks]
x
[Answer:p=-16.67, q=95, x=1.458]

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2. Use graph paper to answer this question.
y p
The table below records the values of an experiment for two variables x and y which are related by   kx
x x
where p and k are constants.

x 3 5 6 7 8 9
y 4.7 4.0 3.6 3.0 2.5 1.8
(a) Plot the graph y against x2 [4 marks ]
(b) use the graph to estimate the values of
(i) p
(ii) k.
y p
(iii) x which satisfy the simultaneous equation   kx and y = 2 [6 marks]
x x

[answer: p=5, k= -0.04, x= 8.60 - 8.75]

3. Use graph paper to answer this question.

The table below records the values of an experiment for two variables x and y which are related by
Y=pqx where p and q are constants.
x 3 4 5 6 7
y 5 10 20 40 80

(a) Plot the graph log 10 y against x [4 marks ]

(b) Use the graph to estimate the values of
(i) p
(ii) q.
(iii) y when x=4.8 [6 marks]
[answer: 1.995, 0.6166, 17.38]

4. SPM 2003 Paper 2 Question 7

Use graph paper to answer this question.
Table below shows the value of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. It is known that x and y
2
are related by the equation y  pk x ,where p and k are constants

x 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

y 1.59 1.86 2.40 3.17 4.36 6.76

(a) Plot log10 y against x2

Hence, draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use the graph in (a) to find the value of
(i) p
(ii) k [5 marks]

[ Answer: p=1.259 , k =1.109 ]

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5. SPM 2004 Paper 2 Question 7
Use graph paper to answer this question.
Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obatained from an experiment. Variables x and y are
related by the equation y = p k x , where p and k are constants.

x 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 3.16 5.50 5.50 16.22 28.84 46.77

(a) Plot log10 y against x by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the
log10 y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit [4 marks ]
(b) Use your graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p
(ii) k [ 6 marks]
Answer :p =1.820, k =1.309

6. SPM 2005 Paper 2 Question 7

Use graph paper to answer this question.
Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from experiment. The variables x and y are
r
related by the equation y  px  , where p and r are constants.
px
x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5
y 5.5 4.7 5.0 6.5 7.7 8.4

(a) Plot xy against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes. Hence,
draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p
(ii) r [5 marks]
Answer :[ p=1.37, r=5.48]

7. SPM 2006 Paper 2 Question 7

Use graph paper to answer this question.
Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are
related by the equation y  pk x 1 , where p and k are constants.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 4.0 5.7 8.7 13.2 20.0 28.8
(a) Plot log y against (x+1), using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the (x+1) –axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the
log y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use you graph from (a) to find the values of
(i) p
(ii) k [5 marks]

Linear law 12
Answer for 2.1

Non-linear equation Linear equation Y X m C

1 y = a x2 + b x y y x a b
 ax  b
x x
2 y = ax3 + bx2 y y x a b
 ax  b
x2 x 2

3
y = b a 1 y 1 b a
y  b   a
x x x
4 y = b  ax xy  b  ax 2 xy x2 a b
x
5 b 1 y 1 b a
 ax y  b( 2
)a
xy = x x2
x
6 x +by = axy 1 b 1 1 -b a
  a
y x y x

7 y
5
 3x xy  3x 2  5 xy x2 -3 5
x
8 a(b  x) 1 xy 1 ab -a
y xy  (ab) a
x2
x x
9 y = abx log10 y  (log10 b) x  log10 a log10 y x log 10 b log10 a

10 y = axb log10 y log10 x b log10 a

log10 y  b(log10 x)  log10 a
11 y =a2xb log10 y  b(log10 x)  2 log10 a log10 y log10 x b 2log10 a

12 PV=a a P 1 a 0
P
V V

Linear law 13