20

COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

The choice of appropriate equipment often is influenced by considerations of price. A lower efficiency or a shorter life may be compensated for by a lower price. Funds may be low at the time of purchase and expected to be more abundant later, or the economic life of the process is expected to be limited. Alternate kinds of equipment for the same service may need to be considered: water-cooled exchangers vs. air coolers, concrete cooling towers vs. redwood, filters vs. centrifuges, pneumatic conveyors vs. screw or bucket elevators, and so on. In this chapter, the prices of classes of the most frequently used equipment are collected in the form of correlating equations. The prices are given in terms of appropriate key characteristics of the equipment, such as sqft, gpm, lb/hr, etc. Factors for materials of construction and performance characteristics other than the basic ones also are provided. Although graphs are easily read and can bring out clearly desirable comparisons between related types of equipment, algebraic representation has been adopted here. Equations are .capable of consistent reading, particularly in comparison with interpolation on logarithmic scales, and are amenable to incorporation in computer programs. Unless otherwise indicated, the unit price is $lOOO, $K. Except where indicated, notably for fired heaters, refrigeration systems, and cooling towers (which are installed prices), the prices are purchase prices, FOB, with delivery charges extra. In the United States delivery charges are of the order of 5% of the purchase price, but, of course, dependent on the unit value, as cost per lb or per

EXAMPLE 20.1 Installed Cost of a Distillation Tower Shell and trays are made of AIS1 304 stainless steel. Dimensional data are: D=4ft, L = 120 ft, N = 58 sieve trays, wall thickness 6 = 0.50 in. for pressure, tb = 0.75 in. at the bottom, flanged and dished heads weigh 325 Ib each, weight W = (n/4)(16)(120(0.5/12)(501) + 2(325) = 32,129 lb C, = expl7.123 + 0.1478(10.38) + 0.02488(10.38)2 + 0.0158(120/4) In(O.75/0.50)] = 101,726 fl = 1.7, f2 = 1.189 + 0.0577(4) = 1.420,

f3 = 0.85,
f 4 = 1, C,= 375.8 exp[0.1739(4)] = 753.4, CPI = 204,9(4)0.6332(120)0.8016 = 22,879, purchase price C = 1.7(101,726)+ 58(1.42)(0.85)(753.4) + 22,879 = $248,646

From Table 20.1, the installation factor is 2.1 so that the installed price is
Cinstallcd = 2.1(248;646) = $522,156

A tower packed with 2 in. pall rings instead of trays:

packing volume Vp= (n/4)(4)(120) = 1508 cuft, Cinstalled = 2.1[1.7(101,726)+ 1508(23.0)+ 22,879)] = $484,044

EXAMPLE 20.2 Purchased and Installed Prices of Some Equipment a. A box type fired heater with CrMo tubes for pyrolysis at 1500psig with a duty of 40 million Btu/hr. From Item No. 10 (Table 20.1), the installed price is Cinstalled = 33.8(1.0 + 0.10 + 0.15)(40)0.86 = 1008.32K$, $1,008,320.
C.

belt drive coupling, C = 1.2 exp[3.689 + 0.8917(5.42)] = $6008, total installed cost, Ctota, = 1.3(162,210+ 8113 + 6008) = $229,230. A two-stage steam ejector with one surface condenser to handle 200 lb/hr of air at 25 Torr, in carbon steel construction. From Table 20.3 the installation factor is 1.7.

b. A 225HP-reciprocating compressor with motor drive and belt

drive coupling. Items Nos. 2 and 13 (Table 20.1). The installation factor is 1.3. compressor C = 5960(225)0.61 = 162,210, motor, 1800 rpm, TEFC, C = 1.2 X exp[4.5347 + 0.57065(5.42) + 0.04069(5.42)] = $8113,

fl = 1.6,

X = 200/25 = 8, f 2 = 1.8, h = 1.0 purchase C = 11(1.6)(1.8(1.0)(8))0~41 = 74.31 K$, $74,310, installed C = 1.7Cp = $126,330.

663

664 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

cuft. Multipliers have been developed whereby the installed cost of various kinds of equipment may be found. Such multipliers range from 1.2 to 3.0, but details are shown in Table 20.3. Data are taken from a number of published sources and are updated to the beginning of 1985 with the cost indexes of Chemical Engineering Magazine, a selection of which is in Table 20.2. The main sources and the dates of their prices are Hall et al. (1981), Institut Francais du Petrole (1975), and Evans et al. (1979). References also are made to price data of some equipment not covered here. Many data as of mid-1982 have been collected by Ulrich (1984). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (1984) has many data scattered throughout; the page numbers having such data are listed in the reference (Green, 1984). Material of construction is a major factor in the price of equipment so that multipliers for prices relative to carbon steel or other standard materials are given for many of the items covered here. Usually only the parts in contact with process substances need be of special construction, so that, in general, the multipliers are not always as great as they are for vessels that are made entirely of special materials. Thus, when the tube side of an exchanger is special and the shell is carbon steel, the multiplier will vary with the amount of tube surface, as shown in that section. As with most collections of data, the price data correlated here exhibit a certain amount of scatter. This is due in part to the incomplete characterizations in terms of which the correlations are made, but also to variations among manufacturers, qualities of construction, design differences, market situations, and other factors. Accordingly, the accuracy of the correlations cannot be claimed to be better than f 2 5 % or so.

TABLE 20.1. Index of Equipment

Agitators Compressors, turbines, fans Centrifugal compressors Reciprocating compressors Screw compressors Turbines Pressure discharge Vacuum discharge Fans 3. Conveyors Troughed belt Flat belt Screw, steel Screw, stainless Bucket elevator Pneumatic 4. Cooling towers Concrete Wooden 5. Crushers and grinders Cone crusher Gyratory crusher Jaw crusher Hammer mill Ball mill Pulverizer 6. Crystallizers External forced circulation Internal draft tube Batch vacuum 7 Distillation and absorption towers Distillation tray towers Absorption tray towers Packed towers 8. Dryers Rotary, combustion gas heated Rotary, hot air heated Rotary, steam tube heated Cabinet dryers Spray dryers Multiple hearth furnace 9. Evaporators Forced circulation Long tube
1. 2.

Falling film Fired heaters Box types Cylindrical types 11. Heat exchangers Shell-and-tube Double pipe Air coolers 12. Mechanical separators Centrifuges Cyclone separators Heavy duty Standard duty Multiclone Disk separators Filters Rotary vacuum belt discharge Rotary vacuum scraper discharge Rotary vacuum disk Horizontal vacuum belt Pressure leaf Plate-and-frame Vibrating screens 13. Motors and couplings Motors Belt drive coupling Chain drive coupling Variable speed drive coupling 14. Pumps Centrifugal Vertical mixed flow Vertical axial flow Gear pumps Reciprocating pumps 15. Refrigeration 16. Steam ejectors and vacuum pumps Ejectors Vacuum pumps 17. Vessels Horizontal pressure vessels Vertical pressure vessels Storage tanks, shop fabricated Storage tanks, field erected
10.

COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

TABLE 20.2. Purchase Prices of Process Equipment (Basic: CE Plant Cost Index = 325, Middle 1985)
1. Agitators [Meyers and Kime, Chem. Eng., 109-112 (27 Sep. 1976)l
C = exp[a

665

3. Conveyors (IFP) K$

+ b In HP + c(ln HP)']
Speed 1
2

$,

1 < HP< 400 Dual Impeller

Single Impeller
3
8.31 -0.1368 0.1015 8.52 -0.1802 0.1158
1

3
8.43 -0.1981 0.1239

Carbon steel Type 316

a b c a b c

8.57 8.43 0.1195 -0.0880 0.0819 0.1123 8.82 0.2474 0.0654 8.55 0.0308 0.0943

8.80 8.50 0.1603 0.0257 0.0659 0.0878

Troughed belt: C = 1.40L0.=, 10<L<1300ft Flat belt: C=0.90Lo.66, 10< L<1300ft Screw (steel): C = 0.40L0'76, 7 < L.= 100 ft Screw (stainless steel): C = 0.70L0'78, 7 < L< 100 ft Bucket elevator: C = 4.22L0.63, 10 < L < 100 ft Pneumatic conveyor (Chemical Engineers' Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984). 600ft length C=exp[3.5612-0.0048In W+0.0913(ln
4. Cooling towers, installed K$

W)'], I O <

W<100 klb/hr

8.82 8.72 9.25 0.2801 0.1235 -0.1225 0.0542 0.0818 0.1075

Concrete (IFP) C = 135f0'61, A t ("C) f

1 < 0 <60 Kgal/min: 10 1.0 12 1.5 15

2.0
1.5 < 0 < 20 K gal/min

Speeds 1: 30,37, and 45 rpm 2: 56,68,84, and 100 rpm 3: 125, 155,190, and 230 rpm 2. Compressors, turbines, and fans (K$) Centrifugal compressors, without drivers (IFP, 1981):
C = 6.49(HP)'.'*

Redwood, without basin (Hall): C = 33.90'85, 5. Crushers and grinders (IFP) K$

K$,

200 < HP < 30,000

Cone crusher: C = 1.55 W1.05, 20 < W <300 tons/hr Gyratory crusher: C = 8.0@ 60, 25 < W < 200 tons/hr Jaw crusher: C = 6.3@ 57, 10 < W < 200 tons/hr Hammer mill: C = 2.44@ 2 < W < 200 tonslhr Ball mill: C = [email protected], 1 < W <30 tons/hr Pulverizer: C = 2 2 . 6 ~ @ ' ~ ' , 1 < W < 5 tons/hr

'",

Reciprocating compressors without drivers (IFP):

C = 5.96(HP)0'61 K$,

100 < HP < 20,000

Screw compressors with drivers (IFP):

C = 1.49(HP)0.71 K$,

6. Crystalkers (IFP, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, p. 19.40)

External forced circulation:

10 < HP < 800

C = f expr4.868 0.3092 In W

+ 0.0548(/n W)'],

Turbines (IFP): Pressure discharge, vacuum discharge, Fans with motors (Ulrich)

10 < W < 100 klb/hr of crystals

C = 0.31(HP)0'81 K$, C = 0.69(HP)0.61 K$,

20 < HP < 5000 200 < HP< 8000

Internal draft tube: Batch vacuum:

C = 178fW0.58, 15< W < 100 klb/hr of crystals C =8.16fV0.47,. 50< V< 1000 cuft of vessel

C=f & exp[a + 6 In 0 + c(ln 0)*1 installed cost, K$, a

Radial blades Backward curved Propeller Propeller, with guide vanes 0.4692 0.0400 -0.4456 -1.0181
b
C

Type Forced circulation

Material
Mild steel Stainless type 304 Mild steel Rubber-lined Stainless type 304

0 in KSCFM
0

Vacuum batch

1.o 2.5 1.o 1.3

0.1203 0.1821 0.2211 0.3332

0.0931 0.0786 0.0820 0.0647

2-500 '2-900 2-300 2-500

2.0

7. Distillation and absorption towers, tray and packed (Evans et al., 1984) prices in $ Tray towers: C, = f,Cb

materials factor, fm Carbon steel Fiberglass Stainless steel Nickel alloy Pressure Factors, Fp
~ ~ ~

+ Nf&fC, + C,,

2 . 2
4.0 5.5 11.0

Distillation:

C, = exp[7.123 + 0.1478(1n W ) + 0.02488(1n W ) ' 0.01580(L/D) ln(Tb/Tp)l, 9020 < W < 2,470,000 Ibs of shell exclusive of nozzles and skirt

C , =375.8exp(O.l739D), 2 < 0.=16ft tray diameter

Centrifugal Axial Prop.
1.0 N = number of trays = 204,900.6332 0 8016 Pl L. , 2<D<24, 57 < L < 170ft (platforms and ladders)

Pressure (kPa[gagel)
1

Radial
1.o 1.15 1.30 1.45 1.60

Backward Curved
1.o 1.15 1.30 1.45

Vane
1.00 1.15 1.30

2
4 8 16

Material Stainless steel, 304 Stainless steel, 316 Carpenter 2OCB-3 Nickel-200 Monel-400 Inconel-600 lncoloy-825 Titanium

f ,

r,

1.7 2.1 3.2 5.4 3.6 3.9 3.7 7.7

+ + 2.306 + 0.1 120D

(continued)

1.189+0.05770 1.401 0.07240 1.525 0.07880

666 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

TABLE 20.2-( continued)
Tray Types Valve Grid Bubble cap Sieve (with downcomer)

f
0.80
1.59 0.85 1.oo

Spray dryers:

C = F exp(O.8403 + 0.8526(1n x ) - 0.0229(1n x)', 30 < x < 3000 Ib/hr evaporation

Material F 0.33 1.oo 1.13 3.0 3.67 is less than 20 Carbon steel 304,321 316 Monel lnconel Multiple hearth furnaces (Hall et al., 1984)

f = 2.25/(l.0414)N, when the number of trays

Tb is the thickness of the shell at the bottom, Tp is thickness required for the operating pressure, D is the diameter of the shell and tray, L is tangent-to-tangent length of the shell Absorption:

Cb = exp(6.629 0.1826(1n W ) 0.02297(1n W)'], 4250 < W < 980,000 Ib shell CP l = 246.4D0'7396L0'7068, 3 < D < 21, 27 < L < 40 ft (platforms and ladders), 6 , G, G, and f as for distillation
Packed towers:

C = exp(a + 0.88N), 4< N < 14 number of hearths

Diameter (ft) Sqft/hearth, approx a 6.0 12 5.071 10.0 36 5.295 14.25 16.75 18.75 22.25 26.75 89 119 172 244 342 5.521 5.719 5.853 6.014 6.094

c=fJ,+v,c,+cpl
V, is volume of packing, Cp is cost of packing $/curt Packing Type Ceramic Raschig rings, 1 in. Metal Raschig rings, 1 in. lntalox saddles, 1 in. Ceramic Raschig rings, 2 in. Metal Raschig rings, 2 in. Metal Pall rings. 1 in. lntalox saddles, 2 in. Metal Pall rings, 2 in.
8. Dryers (IFP)

9. Evaporators (IFP; also Chemical Engineers Handbook, p. 11.42) Forced circulation: C = & expL5.9785 - 0.6056(1n A) + 0.08514(1n A)'], 150 < A < 8000sqft heat transfer surface Long tube: C = 0.36f,A0'85, 300 < A < 20,000 sqft Falling film (316 internals, carbon steel shell)

4 ($/CUR)
19.6 32.3 19.6 13.6 23.0 32.3 13.6 23.0

C = exp[3.2362 - 0.0126(ln A) + 0.0244(1n A)'],

Forced-Circulation Evaporators Construction Material: Shell/Tube Steel/copper Monel/cupronickel Nickel/nickel Long-Tube Evaporators Construction Material: Shell/Tube Steel/copper Steel/steel Steel/aluminum Nickel/nickel
10. Fired heaters, installed (Hall) K$ Box type: C = k ( l + f f,)Qo'88,

150 < A < 4000 sqft

r,
1.oo 1.35 1.80

Rotary combustion gas heated: C = (1 f h)exp[4.9504 - 0.5827(1n A) 0.0925(1n A)'], 200 < A < 30,000 sqft lateral surface I~A'.'~, 200<A<4000sqft Rotary hot air heated: C = 2.38(1 + lateral surface Rotary steam tube: C = 1.83FAy, 500 < 4 < 18,000 sqft tube surface, f = 1 for carbon steel, F = 1.75 for 304 stainless Cabinet dryer: C = 1.15f,A0.77, lO<A<50sqft tray surface

+ +

C+

r,
1.o 0.6 0.7 3.3

Pressure Atmospheric pressure Vacuum Material Mild steel Stainless type 304

r,
1.o 2.0

20 < Q < 200 M Btu/hr k 25.5 33.8 45.0

Tube Material Carbon steel CrMo steel Stainless Design Type Process heater Pyrolysis Reformer (without catalyst)

r,
1.o 1.4

6
0 0.10
0.35

Drying Gas Hot air Combustion gas (direct contact) Combustion gas (indirect contact) Materials Mild steel Lined with stainless 304-20% Lined with stainless 316-20%

f
0.00 0.12 0.35

Design Pressure, (psi) Up to 500 1,000 1,500 2.000 2;500 3,000 Cylindrical type:

r,
0 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.40 0.60

r,
0.00 0.25 0.50

C = k(1 + f

+ f,)Qo'82,

2< Q <30 M Btu/hr

Tube Material Carbon steel CrMo steel Stainless

k
27.3 40.2 42.0

(continued)

TABLE 20.2-(continued)
Design Type
Cylindrical Dowtherm

6
0 0.33

Filters (Hall), prices in $/sqft: rotary vacuum belt discharge:

C = explll.20 - 1.2252(1nA)

Design Pressure (psi) Up to 500 1,000 1,500

11. Heat exchangers Shell-and-tube (Evans): C = ch$C,,

r,
0 0.15 0.20

+ 0.0587(1n A)],
rotary vacuum drum scraper discharge: rotary vacuum disk:

10 < A < 800 sqft

C = exp[ll.27

price in $

Cb=exp[8.821 -0.30863(1nA)+0.0681(lnA~l, 150<A<12,000sqft

Type Fixed-head Kettle reboiler U-tube

6
exp[-1.1156+0.0906(lnA)] 1.35 exp[-0.9816 + 0.0830(ln A)] 0.7771 + 0.04981(1n A) 1.0305+0.07140(lnA) 1.1400+0.12088(1nA)

10 < A < 1500 sqft C =exp[10.50 - 1.008(lnA) + 0.0344(1n A?] $/sqft, 100< A < 4000 sqft horizontal vacuum belt: C = 28300/Ao5$/sqft, 10<A< 1200sqft pressure leaf: C = 695/AoZ9$/sqft, 30 < A < 2500 sqft plate-and-frame: (Chemical Engineers Handbook): C = 460/A045$/sqft, 10 < A < 1000 sqft K$, 0.5 < A < 35 sqft vibrating screen (IFP): C = 3.1A0.59

- 1.3408(In A) + 0.0709(ln A)] $/sqft,

Pressure Range (psig) 100-300 300-600 600-900

r,

13. Motors and couplings, prices in $ Motors: C = 1.2 exp[a, +a& HP) aJn HP)] Belt drive coupling: C = 1.2 expr3.689 + 0.8917(1n HP)] Chain drive coupling: C = 1.2 expl5.329 + 0.5048(1nHP)]

6 = gl +&(In
MateriaI Stainless steel 316 Stainless steel 304 Stainless steel 347 Nickel 200 Monel400 lnconel 600 lncoloy 825 Titanium Hastelloy
g 1

A)

Variable speed drive coupling: C = 12,000/(1.562

+ 7.877/HP),
a3

HP < 75

s?
0.23296 0,15984 0.22186 0.60859 0.43377 0.50764 0.49706 0.42913 0.51774

Coefficients Type
Open, drip-proof 3600 rpm

0.8603 0.8193 0.6116 1.5092 1.2989 1.2040 1.1854 1.5420 0.1549

a1

82

HP limit

Double pipe (IFP): C = 900f,$A08, 2 <A<60 sqft, price in $

Material: Shell/Tu be cs/cs cs/304L stainless cs/316 stainless Pressure (bar) 54 4-6 6-7

6
1.o 1.9 2.2

r,
1.oo 1.10 1.25

Air coolers (Hall): C = 24.6A0.40, 0.05 < A < 200 Ksqft, price in K$

12. Mechanical separators Centrifuges: solid bowl, screen bowl or pusher types
C=a+bW,

K$ Inorganic Process Organic Process

MateriaI
~~

b 1.63 3.50 5.50 6.56

Carbon steel 316 Monel Nickel Hastelloy

42 65 70 84.4

98 114 143 300

5.06 7.14 9.43 10.0

4.8314 4.1514 4.2432 1800 rpm 4.7075 4.5212 7.4044 1200 rpm 4.9298 5.0999 4.6163 Totally enclosed, fan-cooled 3600 rpm 5.1058 3.8544 5.3182 1800 rpm 4.9687 4.5347 1200 rpm 5.1532 5.3858 Explosion-proof 3600 rpm 5.3934 4.4442 1800 rpm 5.2851 4.8178 1200 rpm 5.4166 5.5655 14. Pumps Centrifugal (Evans) prices in $:

0.09666 0.53470 1.03251 -0.0151 1 0.47242 -0.06464 0.301 18 0.35861 0.88531 0.03316 0.83311 1,08470 -0.00930 0.57065 0.28931 0.31004 -0.00333 0.60820 0.00048 0.51086 0.31216 0.31284

0.10960 0.05252 -0.03595 0.22888 0.04820 0.05448 0.12630 0.06052 -0.02188 0.15374 0.02399 -0.05695 0.22616 0.04609 0.14357 0.07406 0.15476 0.05202 0.19949 0.05293 0.10573 0.07212

1-7.5 7.5-250 250-700 1-7.5 7.5-250 250-600 1-7.5 7.5-250 250-500 1-7.5 7.5-250 250-400 7.5-250 250-400 1-7.5 7.5-350 1-7.5 7.5-200 1-7.5 7.5-250 1-7.5 7.5-200

C = FMFTCb, base cast-iron, 3550 rpm

vsc
C, = 1.55 expi8.833 - 0.6019(ln Q f i 0.0519(ln Qflw],

0 in gpm, H in ft head
Cost Factor FM
1.35 1.15 2.00 2.00 3.50 3.30 4.95 4.60 9.70 2.95 1.15 1.90

Material
10< W<90 Disk separators, 316 stainless (IFP): 5 < W<40tons/hr Cast steel 304 or 316 fittings Stainless steel, 304 or 316 Cast Goulds alloy no. 20 Nickel Monel IS0 B IS0 c Titanium Hastelloy C Ductile iron Bronze

C = 8.0Q0.52, 15 < Q < 150 gpm,

Cyclone separators (IFP): K$ heavy duty:

K$

C = 1.39Q0.98, 2 < Q < 40 K SCFM

standard duty: C = 0.65Q09, 2 < 0 < 40 K SCFM multiclone: C = 1.56Q0.68, 9 < Q < 180 K SCFM

FT = exp[b,

+ ib,(lnf

+ b&ln Qfi21

(continued)

667

668 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

TABLE 20.2-(continued)
Type One-stage, 1750 rpm, VSC One-stage, 3550 rpm, HSC One-stage, 1750 rpm, HSC Two-stage, 3550 rpm, HSC Multistage, 3550 rpm, HSC Type One-stage, 3550 rpm, VSC One-stage, 1750 rpm, VSC One-stage. 3550 rpm, HSC One-stage, 1750 rpm, HSC Two-stage, 3550 rprn, HSC Two-stage, 3550 rpm, HSC

bl
5.1029 0.0632 2.0290 13.7321 9.8849 Flow Range (gpm) 50-900 50-3500 100-1500 250-5000 50-1 100 100-1500

Vacuum pumps:

C =8.15X.03 K$,
0.3 < X< 15 (Ibs air/hr)/(suction Torr).

-1.2217 0.0771 0.2744 -0.0253 -0.2371 0.0102 -2.8304 0.1542 -1.6164 0.0834 Head Range 50-400 50-200 100-450 50-500 300-1 100 650-3200 HP (max) 75 200 150 250 250 1450

17. Vessels (Evans) prices in $

Horizontal pressure vessels:

C = fMC, + C ,

C , = expp3.571 - 0.2330(1n W l + 0.04333(1n W)], BOO< W<914,000Ib shell weight C , = 1370D0~2029, 3 < D < 12 ft diameter (platforms and ladders)
Vertical vessels:
C = fMCb

K$, 500 < gpm < 130,000 Vertical mixed flow (IFP): C = 0.036(gpm)0.82 Vertical axial flow (IFP): C = 0.020(gpm)078 K$, 1000 < gpm < 130,000 Gear pumps (IFP): C = exp[-0.0881 0.1986(ln 0)

+C , + 0.04576(1n W)],
5000 < W < 226,000 Ib 12 < L < 20 R tangent-to-tangent

+ 0.0291(ln Of]
Cast iron: Others:

K$,

10 < 0 < 900 gpm

C ,
a

= expI9.100 - 0.2889(1n W ) = 246D0.7396

0 7068

Reciprocating (Pikulik and Diaz, 19791, without motor, C=40.008 K$, 15< 0 < 4 0 0 g p m C = 410FQ0.52 K$, 1 < 0 <400 gpm

, 6<D<10,

Material 316 stainless AI bronze Nickel Monel

M Cost Factor F
1.7 2.1 3.2 5.4 3.6 3.9 .~ 3.7 7.7

F = 1.00
1.40 1.86 2.20

15. Refrigeration (IFP): stalled prices

C = 146F0.65 K$, 0.5 < 0 < 400 M Btu/hr, inF

1.55 2.10 2.65 3.20 4.00 1.oo

Stainless steel, 304 Stainless steel, 316 CarDenter 2OCB-3 Nickel-200 Monel-400 Inconel-600 lncoloy-825 Titanium

Temperature Level (C) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50

Storage tanks, shop fabricated: C = FM exp[2.631 1.3673(1n V ) 0.06309(1n V)], 1300< V<21,000gal Storage tanks, field erected: C = fMexp(ll.662 - 0.6104(ln V) 21,000< V< 11,000,000 gal 0.04536(1n V)], Material of Construction

M Cost Factor F
2.7 2.4 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.8 11.0 11.o 2.75 1.9 0.32 2.7 2.3 0.55

16. Steam ejectors and vacuum pumps (Pikulik and Diaz, 1979):
Ejectors:

C = ll.Of,f##. K$, 0.1 <X<lOO

X = (Ib air/hr)/(suction pressure in Torr)

Type No condenser 1 surface condenser 1 barometric condenser 2 surface condensers 2 barometric condensers

f,
1.0 1.6 1.7 2.3 1.9

No. Stages 1 2 3 4 5

4 Material 1.0 carbon steel 1.8 stainless steel 2.1 hastelloy 2.6 4.0

r,
1.o 2.0 3.0

Stainless steel 316 Stainless steel 304 Stainless steel 347 Nickel Monel lnconel Zirconium Titanium Brick-and-rubber-or brick-and-polyester-lined steel Rubber- or lead-lined steel Polyester, fiberglass-reinforced Aluminum Copper Concrete

TABLE 20.3. Multipliers for Installed Costs of Process Equipmenta

~_________

Equipment Agitators, carbon steel stainless steel Air heaters, all types Beaters Blenders Blowers Boilers Centrifuges, carbon steel stainless steel

Multiplier 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2

Equipment Chimneys and stacks Columns, distillation, carbon steel distillation, stainless steel Compressors, motor driven steam on gas driven Conveyors and elevators Cooling tower, concrete Crushers, classifiers and mills Crystallizers

Multiplier 1.2 3.0 2.1 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.9
continued)

REFERENCES TABLE 20.34continued)

Equipment Cyclones Dryers, spray and air other Ejectors Evaporators, calandria thin film, carbon steel thin film, stainless steel Extruders, compounding Fans Filters, all types Furnaces, direct fired Gas holders Granulators for plastic Heat exchangers, air cooled, carbon steel coil in shell, stainless steel glass graphite plate, stainless steel plate, carbon steel shell and tube, stainless/stainless steel shell and tube, carbon/stainless steel Heat exchangers, shell and tube, carbon steel/aluminum shell and tube, carbon steel/copper shell and tube, carbon steel / M o d shell and tube, Monel/Monel shell and tube, carbon steel/Hastelloy Instruments, all types Miscellaneous, carbon steel stainless steel Multiplier 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.5 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.5 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 2.5 2.0 1.5 Equipment Pumps, centrifugal, carbon steel centrifugal, stainless steel centrifugal, Hastelloy trim centrifugal, nickel trim centrifugal, Monel trim centrifugal, titanium trim all others, stainless steel all others, carbon steel Reactor kettles, carbon steel kettles, glass lined kettles, carbon steel Reactors, multitubular, stainless steel multitubular, copper multitubular, carbon steel Refrigeration plant Steam drums Sum of equipment costs, stainless steel Sum of equipment costs, carbon steel Tanks, process, stainless steel Tanks, process, copper process, aluminum storage, stainless steel storage, aluminum storage, carbon steel field erected, stainless steel field erected, carbon steel Turbines Vessels, pressure, stainless steel pressure, carbon steel

669

Multiplier 2.8 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.2 1.5 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.7 2.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.8

[J. Gran, Chem. Eng., (6 Apr. 1981)l. Installed Cost = (purchase price)(multiplier).

TABLE 20.4. Chemical Engineering Magazine Cost Indexes

Year CE Plant Cost Index Equipment costs Fabricated equipment Process machinery Piping, valves, and fittings Process instruments and controls Pumps and compressors Electrical equipment 1970 125.7 123.8 122.7 122.9 132.0 132.1 125.6 99.8 1975 1980

OCt. 1985

182.4 261.2 325.8 194.7 347.5 192.2 335.5 184.7 333.3 217.0 385.3 181.4 323.9 208.3 421.1 142.1 251.9

REFERENCES
1. Chemical Engineering Magazine, Modern Cost Engineering, McGrawHill, New York, 1979. 2. Chemical Engineering Magazine, Modern Cost Engineering II, McGrawHill, New York, 1984. 3. L.B. Evans, A. Mulet, A.B. Corripio, and K.S. Chretien, Costs of pressure vessels, storage tanks, centrifugal pumps, motors, distillation and absorption towers, in Ref. 2, pp. 140-146, 177-183. 4. J. Gran, Improved factor method gives better preliminary cost estimates, in Ref. 2, pp. 76-90. 5. D.W. Green and J.O. Maloney (Eds.), Perrys Chemicaf Engineers Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984, cost data on pp, 6.7, 6.22, 6.112, 6.113, 6.121, 7.19, 11.19, 11.20, 11.21, 11.29, 11.42, 17.27, 17.33, 18.45, 18.46, 18.47, 19.13, 19.40, 19.45, 19.65, 19.89, 19.101, 19.102,

20.37, 20.38, 21.22, 21.45, 22.134, 22.135, 25.69, 25.73-25.75. 6. R.S. Hall, J. Matley, and K.J. McNaughton, Current costs of process equipment, in Ref. 2, pp. 102-137. 7. Institut Francaise du Petrole (IFP), Manual of Economic Analysis of Chemical Processes, Technip 1976, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981. 8. B.G. Liptak, Costs of process instruments, in Ref. 1, pp. 343-375. 9. A. Pikulik and H.E. Diaz, Costs of process equipment and other items, in Ref. 1, pp. 302-317. 10. G.P. Purohit, costs of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Chem. Eng., (22 Aug. 1983, 4 Mar. 1985, 18 Mar. 1985). 1 1 . G.D. Ulrich, A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics, Wiley, New York, 1984. 12. W.M. Vatavuk and R.B. Neveril, Costs of baghouses, electrostatic precipitators, venturi scrubbers, fanc carbon adsorbers, flares and incinerators, in Ref. 2, pp. 184-207.