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MATH 37 LECTURE GUIDE
UNIT 1. DERIVATIVES OF AND INTEGRALS YIELDING TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Objectives: By the end of the unit, a student must correctly and confidently be able to:
solve limits of transcendentals;
establish continuity of transcendentals;
find derivatives of transcendentals;
solve integral forms yielding transcendentals;
find derivatives using logarithmic differentiation;
solve models with transcendentals using derivatives and integrals;
evaluate limits using L'Hopital's rule; and
solve other indeterminate forms.
__________________________

REVIEW of Derivatives of and Integrals Yielding Trigonometric Functions
(TC7 163-166, 320-321 / TCWAG 173-176, 291-291)


Continuity of a function f at a point a: i.) ( ) a f exists; ii.) ( ) x f lim
a x
exists; and iii.) ( ) ( ) a f x f lim
a x
=

The sine function ( ( ) x sin x f = ) and the cosine function ( ( ) x cos x f = ) are continuous over the set
of real numbers. The ( ) x tan x f = , ( ) x cot x f = , ( ) x sec x f = and ( ) x csc x f = are continuous over
their respective domains.

The sine and cosine functions are differentiable over the set of real numbers. The tangent,
cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are differentiable over their respective domains.

Derivative of a function f : ( )
( ) ( )
h
x f h x f
lim x ' f
h
+
=
0


The Antiderivative. If ( ) ( ) x f x ' F = , then ( ) ( )
}
+ = C x F dx x f .

The Integral. If ( ) x f y = is a continuous function on an interval ( ) b , a partitioned into sub-intervals
n ,... , i , I
i
2 1 = , such that
i i
I e , then ( ) ( )
}

=
=
+
b
a
n
i
i i
n
dx x f x f lim
1
A , if this limit exists.


















__________________________
Integrals Yielding Trigonometric Functions

}
+ = C x sin xdx cos
}
+ = C x tan xdx sec
2

}
+ = C x sec xdx tan x sec
}
+ = C x cos xdx sin
}
+ = C x cot xdx csc
2

}
+ = C x csc xdx cot x csc

CHAIN RULE: Derivatives of trigonometric functions.

Let u be a differentiable function of x .

( ) u D u cos u sin D
x x
= ( ) u D u sec u tan D
x x
=
2
( ) u D u tan u sec u sec D
x x
=
( ) u D u sin u cos D
x x
= ( ) u D u csc u cot D
x x
=
2
( ) u D u cot u csc u csc D
x x
=


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1.1 Derivatives of and Integrals Yielding Inverse Trigonometric
Functions. (TC7 491-503 / TCWAG 503-513)

Domain Range

( ) x sin Arc x f =

( ) x cos Arc x f =

( ) x tan Arc x f =

( ) x cot Arc x f =

( ) x sec Arc x f =

( ) x csc Arc x f =

Some limit problems

=

x sin Arc lim

x 1
=

x sin Arc lim

x 1

=
+

x sin Arc lim
x 1

=

x sin Arc lim

x 0

=

x cos Arc lim

x 1
=
+

x cos Arc lim
x 1

=

x cos Arc lim

x 0

=
+
x tan Arc lim
x
=

x tan Arc lim
x

=

x tan Arc lim

x 0

The inverse trigonometric functions are continuous given by ( ) x sin Arc x f = , ( ) x cos Arc x f = ,
( ) x tan Arc x f = , ( ) x cot Arc x f = , ( ) x sec Arc x f = and ( ) x csc Arc x f = are continuous over their
respective domains except for some boundary points.

TOOL: If y is a function of x , then
dy
dx
dx
dy 1
= .
Some identities. 1
2 2
= + x cos x sin x sec x tan
2 2
1= + x csc x cot
2 2
1 = +












TO DO!!! Deriving the derivative of x sin Arc .




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MUST REMEMBER!!! Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

( )
2
1
1
x
x sin Arc D
x

= ( )
2
1
1
x
x tan Arc D
x
+
= ( )
1
1
2

=
x x
x sec Arc D
x

( )
2
1
1
x
x cos Arc D
x

= ( )
2
1
1
x
x cot Arc D
x
+

= ( )
1
1
2

=
x x
x csc Arc D
x

TO DO!!! Solve for
dx
dy
.
1. x cos Arc x sin Arc y 3 3 =







Using derivatives, what can you say about the function ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 5 1 5 + + + = x cos Arc x sin Arc x f ?
CHAIN RULE: Derivatives of trigonometric functions (in case of compositions)

Let u be a differentiable function of x .
( ) u D
u
u sin Arc D
x x

=
2
1
1
( ) u D
u
u tan Arc D
x x

+
=
2
1
1
( ) u D
u u
u sec Arc D
x x

=
1
1
2

( ) u D
u
u cos Arc D
x x

=
2
1
1
( ) u D
u
u cot Arc D
x x

+

=
2
1
1
( ) u D
u u
u csc Arc D
x x

=
1
1
2

TO DO!!! Deriving the derivative of x sec Arc .

.
MATH MODELS.

After blast-off, a space shuttle
climbs vertically and a radar-
tracking dish, located 800 m from
the launch pad, follows the shuttle.

How fast is the radar dish revolving
10 sec after blast-off if the velocity
at that time is 100 m/sec and the
shuttle is 500 m above the ground?



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Exercise Items. Try to solve the following.

Solve for
dx
dy
. 1. ( ) x cos tan Arc y
2
= 4. x csc Arc x sin x cos Arc x y + =
2. ( ) ( )
2
x csc Arc sec y = 5. ( )
2 2
y x y x tan Arc + = +
3. ( ) x sin cot Arc
x
sec Arc y =
1
6. xy y tan Arc x x cos Arc y =
2 2 2 2

Show, by differentiating the right side, that C
a
x
sec Arc
a
a x x
dx
+ =

}
1
2 2
, where a is a positive
constant.
Show, by differentiating the right side, that C
a
x
sin Arc
a
x a
x
dx x a + + =
} 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
, where a is
a positive constant.

(Related rates) A searchlight is km from a straight road and it keeps a light trained on an
automobile that is traveling at a constant speed of 60 km/hr. Find the rate at which the light beam is
changing direction when the car is at the point on the road nearest the searchlight.

(Optimization) A billboard 20 ft high is located on top of a building with its lower edge 60 ft above the
level of a viewers eye. The best view is where a viewer can maximize the angle between the lines of
sight of the top and bottom of the billboard. Use inverse trigonometric functions to find how far from a
point directly below the sign a viewer should stand to get the best view.

Review: The maximum/minimum of a differentiable function f occurs at a point where ( ) 0 = x ' f .
__________________________

KEEN MIND HERE!!!

Since ( )
2
1
1
x
x sin Arc D
x

= , then
}
+ =

C x sin Arc dx
x
2
1
1
.
Also,
}
+ =

C x cos Arc dx
x
2
1
1
. But, C x cos Arc dx
x
dx
x
+ =

} } 2 2
1
1
1
1
.
HOW?
2.
3
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ = x csc Arc y







3. 4 = + y sin Arc x x tan Arc y









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MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals Yielding Inverse Sine Function
}
+ =

C x sin Arc dx
x
2
1
1
If a is a constant,
}
+ =

C
a
x
sin Arc dx
x a
2 2
1

}
+ =
+
C x tan Arc dx
x
2
1
1

}
+ =
+
C
a
x
tan Arc
a
dx
x a
1 1
2 2

}
+ =

C x sec Arc dx
x x 1
1
2

}
+ =

C
a
x
sec Arc
a
dx
a x x
1 1
2 2


TO DO!!! Evaluate
1.
}

dx
x
2
25
3
2.
}
16 2
2
x x
dx

If u is a differentiable function of x and a is a constant,
}
+ =

C
a
u
sin Arc
u a
du
2 2

}
+ =
+
C
a
u
tan Arc
a
u a
du 1
2 2

}
+ =

C
a
u
sec Arc
a
a u u
du 1
2 2
Verify these by differentiating the right sides.

TO DO!!!
1.
}

dx
x cos
x tan
1
2
2.
}
+ +
dx
x x 36 8
2
2

















___________________________________
Practice completing squares!
}
+
2
2 4 3 x x
dx

}
+ + 5 2 3
2
x x
dx



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REVIEW!!! Completing squares of quadratic trinomials.
Form 1. c bx ax +
2
c x
a
b
x a + |
.
|

\
|
=
2

2 2
2
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
a
b
a c
a
b
x
a
b
x a
a
b
c
a
b
x a
4 2
2 2
+ |
.
|

\
|
=
Form 2. c bx x +
2
( ) c bx x + =
2

2 2
2
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
b
c
b
bx x
4 2
2 2
b
c
b
x + |
.
|

\
|
=
















Exercise Items. Try to solve the following.

Evaluate. 1.
}

2
9 5 x
dx
6.
( )
}
+ +
dx
x x x
x
3 2 1
2 4 2

2.
}

dx
x sin
x cos
2
3
7.
}
2 3
2
x x
dx

3.
}
+
dx
x tan
x sec
4
2
2
8.
( )
}
+ 5 6 3
2
2
t t t
dt

4.
}
+
dx
x
x
81
4
9.
( )
}
+ x x
dx
1
Be careful of the form!
5.
}
32 2 4
2
x x
dx



(Area of plane region) Determine the area of the region
in the first quadrant bounded by
2
1
1
x
y
+
= , the x axis,
y axis and the line 1 = x .

(Area of plane region) Using the formula C
a
x
sin Arc
a
x a
x
dx x a + + =
} 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
, prove that
the area of the region enclosed by the circle
2 2 2
a y x = + , 0 > a , is
2
a t .


Explain why the following formulas are valid.
a.)
}
+ =
+
C u cot Arc du
u
2
1
1
b.)
}
+ =

C u csc Arc du
u u 1
1
2

__________________________
MATH MODELS.

Hookes Law of elasticity. The amount by which a
material body is deformed (the strain) is linearly related
to the force causing the deformation (the stress).

An object attached to a spring oscillates vertically with
simple harmonic motion. By Hookes Law, it can be
determined that for some models,
( )
} }
=

ydt
y .
dy
2 2
5 0
where y is the displacement (in inches) from equilibrium
and t is time (in seconds).
Problem: Express y in terms of t .





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1.2 Derivatives of and Integrals Yielding Logarithmic Functions
(TC7 451-456, 473 / TCWAG 449-454, 466)



Graphs of ( ) x log x f
b
= : If 0 > b , If 1 0 < < b ,


Natural logarithmic function:
( ) x ln x f =




( ) x ln x f = is continuous over ( ) + , 0 . Also, =
+

x ln lim
x 0
and =
+
x ln lim
x
.






































( )
(

3
x sin x ln D
x
can be solved by chain rule/product rule or by applying properties of logarithms.
Note that if 1 0 = > a , a ,
a ln
x ln
x log
a
= .
MUST REMEMBER!!!
( )
x
x ln D
x
1
= and if u is a differentiable function of x , ( ) u D
u
u ln D
x x
=
1

TO DO!!! Solve for ( ) x ' f .
1. ( ) ( ) x tan x sec ln x f + = 2. ( ) ( )
3
x sin x ln x f =



HOW TO . . . derive the derivative of x ln !! !

}
=
x
dt
t
x ln
1
1
(area of a region bounded by
x
y
1
= )

If 1 0 < < x , then 0 < x ln .
If 1 = x , then 0 = x ln .
If 1 > x , then 0 > x ln .

( ) =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
x
x x
dt
t
D x ln D
1
1

(By the Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus)


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KEEN MIND HERE!!! Why C x ln dx
x
+ =
}
1
, instead of x ln ?
Problem: Domain of
x
1
: Domain of x ln :
Solution:

<
>
=
0
0
x if x
x if x
x ( )
x
x ln D
x
1
= ( ) = x ln D
x













MUST REMEMBER!!!

( )
x a ln
x log D
a x
1 1
= and if u is a differentiable function of x , ( ) u D
x a ln
u log D
x a x
=
1 1



TO DO!!! Evaluate . x log log D
x
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
1 10





MUST REMEMBER!!!

C x ln dx
x
+ =
}
1
and if u is a differentiable function of x , C u ln
u
du
+ =
}



MATH MODELS.

Nerve impulses in the human body travel
along nerve fibers that consist of an axon,
which transports the impulse, and a insulating
coating called the myelin sheath. Nodes of
Ranvier serve as relay stations along the
fibers; however, between nodes the nerve
fiber is similar to an insulated cylindrical cable.

It is known that for such cables, the velocity v of
an impulse is given by x ln kx v
2
= where x is
the ratio of the radius of the cable and the
insulation radius.

Find the value x that maximizes v . (In most nerve, ~ x 0.6)


TO DO!!! Evaluate the following

1.
} +b ax
dx
where a and b are constants





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Exercise Items. Try to solve the following.

Solve for
dx
dy
. 1.
5 2
1 3

+
=
x
x
ln y 5. ( ) 1 1 1 + + + = x ln x y Simplify!
2. ( ) x sin x cos log y 10 10
10
+ = 6. 1 = + xy
y
x
ln
3. ( ) ( )
(

+ =
3
2 4
7 2 3 5 x x ln y 7. ( ) 2
2
= + + y x xy log
4. ( )
3
3
2
x ln log y = 8. 1 2 3
2 2 2
= + + x y y x ln x

(Curve sketching) Using the First Derivative Test and the Second Derivative Test, sketch the graph of
( ) x ln x x f = . Also, determine the relative extrema and inflection points of the graph.
2.
}
+
+
dx
x
x
16
4
2
3.
}
xdx tan











_____________________________
How to solve for
} +

dx
x sin x cos
x sin x cos
?
MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals of the Other Trigonometric Functions

C x sec ln dx x tan + =
}
C x csc ln dx x cot + =
}

C x tan x sec ln dx x sec + + =
}
C x cot x csc ln dx x csc + =
}

These are easy to verify by differentiating the right sides!
MATH MODELS.

Determine the area of the region bounded by x csc y = and x cot y =
from
4
t
= x to
2
t
= x .


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(Tangent line) Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of ( ) 5
2
1
2
+ = x ln x y which is
perpendicular to the line 5 6 2 = + y x .

(Telecommunication) In a telegraph cable, the measure of the speed of the signal is given by
( ) |
.
|

\
|
=
x
ln kx x T
1
2
, where k is a constant and x is the ratio of the measure of the radius of the core
of the cable to the measure of the thickness of the cables winding. Find the value of x ln for which
the speed is the greatest.

(Rate of change) The equation
( )
( )
( ) x b a
x a b
ln
b a c
t

=
1
occurs in the study of certain chemical
reactions, where x is the concentration of a substance at time t and c , b , a are constants.
Show that ( )( ) x b x a c
dt
dx
= . Be careful of the variables!

Show, by differentiating the right side, that the following are valid.
a.) C x x ln x dx x ln + =
}
b.) C x a x ln
x a
dx
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+
}
2 2
2 2
, 0 > a

Evaluate. 1.
}
+
dx
x
x
5 3
2
6.
( )
}
+
dx
x x 4
2

2.
( )
}
2
x ln x
dx
7.
}
dx
x cos
x sin
3 3 2
3

3.
}
dx
x
x log
2
8. dx
x sin
x cos
}

3
3 3 2

4. dx
x
x
}
4
2
2
3
9.
( )
}
dx
x
x ln tan

5.
}
+
+ + +
dx
x
x x x
4
3 5
2
2 3
10.
}
dx
x
x cot x csc

(Try division of polynomials!)



(Area of plane region) Determine the area of the region
bounded by
4
2
+
=
x
x
y , the x axis, the y axis
and the the line 4 = x .


(Physics) The pressure P and volume V of an expanding gas are related by the equation k PV = ,
where k is a constant. Show that the work done if the volume expands from
o
v to
1
v is
|
|
.
|

\
|
o
v
v
ln k
1
.
For gases, the work, W , done when a gas changes volume from a to b is given by
}
=
b
a
PdV W .
__________________________






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1.3 Logarithmic Differentiation (TC7 447-448, 474-475/ TCWAG 449-450)

Logartihmic differentiation is an alternative way of differentiating SUPER PRODUCTS, SUPER
QUOTIENTS and functions in the form of variable raised to variable like ( )
x
x x f = .

By default and for simpler manipulation, natural logarithms are used for logarithmic differentiation.

Some Properties of Logarithms.

1. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x g ln x f ln x g x f ln + = from N ln M ln MN ln + =
2.
( )
( )
( ) ( ) x g ln x f ln
x g
x f
ln = from N ln M ln
N
M
ln =
3. ( )
( )
( ) ( ) x f ln x g x f ln
x g
= from M ln N M ln
N
=

HOW TO DO . . . logarithmic differentiation ! ! !

Given ( ) x f y = . Consider ( ) x f y = .

1. Get the natural logarithms of both sides of ( ) x f y = , i.e. ( ) x f ln y ln = .

2. Use properties of logarithms to express ( ) | | x f ln as sums instead of products, as difference
instead of quotients, or products instead of exponentiations.

3. Get the derivatives of both sides of ( ) x f ln y ln = .
Note that ( )
x
x D
x
1
= . Hence, ( ) | | ( ) x f ln D
dx
dy
y
x
=
1

4. Solve for
dx
dy
by cross-multiplying y and expressing y in terms of x .



























TO DO!!! Use logarithmic differentiation for the following.
1. If 1
2
+ = x x sec x y , solve for
dx
dy
.









2. If ( )
x ln
x sin x
x f

= , solve for ( ) x ' f .











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Exercise Items. Try to solve the following.

Use logarithmic differentiation to solve for
dx
dy
.
1. ( )
3
4
2 2
1 2 2 + = x x x y 6.
( ) 3
2
1 +
=
x
x tan x sec
y
2. ( ) 7 6 2 3
2
+ = x x y 7.
x
x y = No power rule here!
3. ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4
5 1 + = x ln x sin x csc Arc y 8. ( )
x
x y 1
2
+ =
4.
( )
( )
3
2
5 7 1
3 2
+ +

=
x x
x
y 9. ( )
x ln
x sec y =
5.
1
2
+
=
x x cot
x tan Arc
y 10. ( )
x sin x
x x sin y =

Using logarithmic differentiation, prove that ( )
1
=
n n
x
x n x D , for any real number n .

Write a short essay on how logarithms can simplify your life in terms of derivatives, at least. You
may include integration and calculus, in general. The focus is on the importance of logarithms in
studying derivatives. You are encouraged to submit your work to Sir Ariel personally or through the e-
group.
__________________________


1.4 Derivatives of and Integrals of Exponential Functions
(TC7 462-463, 470-471/ TCWAG 458-460, 464)


Graphs of ( )
x
b x f = : If 0 > b , If 1 0 < < b ,


Natural exponential function:
( )
x
e x f =



( )
x
e x f = is continuous at every real number. Also, =

x
x
e lim and =
+
x
x
e lim .

3. Evaluate ( ) | |
x sin
x
x ln D .


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In general, if 1 > b , then =
+
x
x
b lim and =

x
x
b lim .
if 1 0 < < b , then =
+
x
x
b lim and =

x
x
b lim .

KEEN MIND HERE!!! What is ( )
x
x
e D ?

Let
x
e y = . y ln x =
y dy
dx 1
= =
dx
dy



















































MUST REMEMBER!!! ( )
x x
x
e e D = If u is a differentiable function of x , ( ) u D e e D
x
u u
x
=
TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

1. = |
.
|

\
|
x x
x
D
2
2
10



2. ( ) =
x ln x sin
x
e D 3



MUST REMEMBER!!! Derivatives of Exponential Functions

( ) a ln a a D
x x
x
= If u is a differentiable function of x , ( ) u D a ln a a D
x
u u
x
=
MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals of Exponential Functions

C e dx e
x x
+ =
}
C
a ln
a
dx a
x
x
+ =
}

If u is a differentiable function of x , C e du e
u u
+ =
}
and C
a ln
a
du a
u
u
+ =
}
.
MATH MODELS.

The revenue R (in million dollars) for an
international firm from 1997 to 2010 can be
modeled by
t
e . t . . P 004 0 52 115 1 296 + = ,
where 0 = t correponds to 1997.

When did they reach the maximum revenue
within the period?


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An exponential growth or decay is a phenomenon undergone by certain organisms and radioactive
elements. It happens when a rate of growth (or decay) is proportional to the present population of an
organism or the present quantity of a radioactive element.


KEEN MIND HERE!!! The Exponential Model of Growth and Decay

Suppose an organism (or an element) grows (or decays) in such a way that rate of growth is
proportional to the present quantity (or population). Let y be the quantity (or population) at time t .
Also,
dt
dy
is the rate of growth (or decay).
Hence, ky
dt
dy
= kdt
y
dy
=

} }
= kdt
y
dy

C kt y ln + =

Solving for y ,
C kt
e y
+
=
kt
Be y = , where
C
e B = is a constant.

Moreover, B is the quantity (or population) at 0 = t .


TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

1.
}
+
dx
x 1 2
4 2.
}
dx e x
x
3
2













3.
}

dx
x
x
1 2
2










____________________________
How to solve
}
+
dx
x
x
1 4
2
?



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Exercise Items. Try to solve the following.

Solve for
dx
dy
. 1.
1 5
2
3 2
+
=
x x sin
y 5.
c
be
A
y

+
=
1
, c , b , A are constants
2. |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
3 3
x x
ln sec y 6.
x y
ye x xe y = +
2 3
3
3.
x x
e e ln y
2 2
+ = 7. ( ) 3 1 2 = + + y ln x e
xy

4.
( )
x
e x x
e e e y + + = 8.
y
x
x y cos |
.
|

\
|
=
3
1
2

(Tangent line) Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph ( ) 2 3 1 + + = x ln e x y
x
at the pt ( ) 2 1, .

MATH MODELS.

1. The number of bacteria in a certain culture increases from 600 to 1800 in 2 hours. Assuming
that the exponential law of growth holds, find a formula for the number of bacteria at any time
t .






2. Radium decays exponentially and has a half-life of approximately 1600 years; that is, an
amount of radium is halved in 1600 years. Find a formula for the amount ( ) t q remaining from
50 mg of pure radium after t years. Then, compare ( ) t q and ( ) t ' q .






3. A lake is stocked with 100 fish and the fish population P begins to increase according to the
model
t
e
,
P

+
=
19 1
000 10
, where t is measured in months.

Does the population have a limit as t increases without bound?




The rate at which the population changes is given by
( )
2
19 1
000 190
t
t
e
e ,
dt
dP
R

+
= = .
After how many months is the population increasing most rapidly?












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(Curve sketching) Using the First Derivative Test and the Second Derivative Test,
sketch the graph of
x
xe y

= .

(Graphs) Using derivatives, compare the graphs of
x
e y = and
x
e y = .

(Statistics) The function defined by ( )
2
2
2
1
x
e x f

=
t
is a normal distribution curve. Find the relative
extrema, concavity and points of inflection using the first derivative and the second derivative. Also,
sketch the graph.
The standard normal distribution curve is given by ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
o

to

=
x
e x f .

(Medicine) If a drug is injected into the blood stream, then its concentration t minutes later is given by
( ) ( )
at bt
e e
b a
k
t C

= where k , b , a are constants. At what time does the maximum concentration

occurs? What can be said about the concentration after a long period of time.


Evaluate. 1.
}

dx xe
x
2
3 4
5.
( )
}
+
dx
e
e
x
x
2
1

2.
}
dx
x x x
3 9 27 6.
}
+
dx
e e
e
x
x

3.
}
+
dx
x
x
10
10 1
2
7. dx
x x
x x
}

2 2
2 2
Tamed monster!
4.
}
+
dx
x
x
2
10 1
10
8.
}
+
x
e
dx
1
Little monster!

(Area of plane region) Determine the area of the region bounded by
x
e y = and x y = from 0 = x to
1 = x .

(Area of plane region) Determine the area of the region bounded by
x
e y = and
x
y 2 = from 0 = x to
1 = x .

(Efficiency of employees) A new employee is performing a job more efficiently each day in such a way
that if y units are produced per day after t days on the job, then ( ) y k
dt
dy
= 80 . The employee
produces 20 units the first day of work and 50 units per day after being on the job 10 days. Solve for a
model of y in terms of t . Also, show that after being on the job 60 days the employee is producing
just 1 unit less than the full potential.

(Growth curves) The Gompertz growth function ( )
( )
Bt
Ae
ke t G

= , where k , B , A are constants

models growth in populations, sales of products and values of assets. Use derivatives to discuss its
graph. Also, use limits of ( ) t G and ( ) t ' G at infinity to determine the behavior of the graph and the
derivative.

Read more on the use of the natural exponential function in modeling interest rates (continuous
compounding) and in modeling learning with Gompertz growth curves.
_________________________


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1.5 Derivatives of and Integrals Yielding Hyperbolic Functions.
(TC7 / TCWAG 514-522)















Hyperbolic sine function Hyperbolic cosine function Getting x sinh and x cosh

2
x x
e e
x sinh

=
2
x x
e e
x cosh

+
= on the hyperbola 1
2 2
= y x

Domain: Range: Domain: Range:


Similar to the trigo version:
x cosh
x sinh
x tanh =
x sinh
x cosh
x coth =
x sinh
hx csc
1
=
x cosh
hx sec
1
=

Some identities.

1. 1
2 2
= x sinh x cosh 4.
x
e x sinh x cosh = + ;
x
e x sinh x cosh

=
2. 1
2 2
= + x tanh x h sec 5. ( ) y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y x sinh + = +
3. 1
2 2
= x h csc x coth ( ) y sinh y sinh x cosh x cosh y x cosh + = +

On the hyperbolic cosine function . . .

The hyperbolic cosine function can be used to describe the shape of a uniform flexible cable, or chain,
whose ends are supported from the same height. This is often the case for telephone or power lines.
It can be shown that an equation that corresponds to the shape of the cable is
a
x
cosh a y = , where a
is a real number. The graph is called a catenary. The hyperbolic cosine function is also used in the
analysis of motion in a resisting medium.
















TO DO!!! Show that x sinh and x cosh are derivatives of each other.



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EXERCISE. Establish the derivatives of the other hyperbolic functions using the definitions of the
hyperbolic functions.











































MUST REMEMBER!!! Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions.

If u is a differentiable function of x ,
( ) x cosh x sinh D
x
= ( ) u D u cosh u sinh D
x x
=
( ) x sinh x cosh D
x
= ( ) u D u sinh u cosh D
x x
=
( ) x h sec x tanh D
x
2
= ( ) u D u h sec u tanh D
x x
=
2

( ) x h csc x coth D
x
2
= ( ) u D u h csc u coth D
x x
=
2

( ) x tanh hx sec hx sec D
x
= ( ) u D u tanh hu sec hu sec D
x x
=
( ) x coth hx csc hx csc D
x
= ( ) u D u coth hu csc hu csc D
x x
=
MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals Yielding Hyperbolic Functions.

If u is a differentiable function of x ,
C u cosh du u sinh + =
}
C u sinh du u cosh + =
}

C u tanh du u h sec + =
}
2
C u coth du u h csc + =
}
2

C hu sec du u tanh hu sec + =
}
C hu csc du u coth hu csc + =
}

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

1. ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
2 2
+ x h csc x h sec D
x







2.
}
dx x sinh x cosh
2







3.
}
dx x tanh
2








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Exercise Items. Try to solve the following.

Solve for
dx
dy
. 1. x cosh e y
x
= 5. ( ) x h csc x coth ln y 3 3 =
2.
x cosh
x cosh
y

+
=
1
1
6.
x sinh
x y =
3. ( )
2
x sinh tan Arc y = 7. y ln y tanh x =
2

4. ( )
2
x tanh sin Arc y = 8.
x
ye xy = Express final answer in terms
of hyperbolic function/s

Prove that C x cosh ln dx x tanh + =
}
C x sinh ln dx x coth + =
}

( ) C e tan Arc dx hx sec
x
+ =
}
2 C
x
tanh ln dx hx csc + =
} 2


(Tangent line) Find the points on the graph of x sinh y = at which the tangent line has slope 2.

(Graphing) Prove that the caternary
a
x
cosh a y = is concave upward at each point.

Evaluate. 1. ( )
}
+ dx x cosh x sinh 3 2 6. dx x tanh x h sec
}
5 2

2.
}
dx
x
x sinh
7. ( ) ( )
}
dx e cosh e sinh e
x x x

3.
}
dx
x coth
x h csc
1
2
8. ( )dx x cosh ln x tanh
}

4.
}
dx
hx sec
e
x sinh
9. ( )
}

1
1
dx x sinh x cosh
5. dx
x cosh
x sinh
} 5 3 1
5 6
10.
}
2
0
2
ln
dx x h sec

(Area of plane region) Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of x sinh y 3 = , 0 = y and
1 = x .

(Area of plane region) Find the area of the region bounded by the caternary
a
x
cosh a y = , the
y axis, the x axis and the line a x = , where 0 > a .
__________________________


1.6 Derivatives of and Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic Functions.
(TC7 / TCWAG 523-527)

Inverse hyperbolic sine function: x sinh Arg y = if and only if y sinh x = .

Inverse hyperbolic cosine function: x cosh Arg y = if and only if y cosh x = , 0 > y .

x tanh Arg y = if and only if y tanh x = . x coth Arg y = if and only if y coth x = .

hx csc Arg y = if and only if hy csc x = . hx sec Arg y = if and only if hy sec x = , 0 > y .


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Alternatively,
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = 1
2
x x ln x sinh Arg 1
1
1
2
1
<

+
= x ,
x
x
ln x tanh Arg

|
.
|

\
|
+ = 1
2
x x ln x cosh Arg 1
1
1
2
1
>

+
= x ,
x
x
ln x tanh Arg











































MUST REMEMBER!!! Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions.

( )
1
1
2
+
=
x
x sinh Arg D
x
( ) 1
1
1
2
>

= x ,
x
x cosh Arg D
x

( ) 1
1
1
2
<

= x ,
x
x tanh Arg D
x
( ) 1
1
1
2
>

= x ,
x
x coth Arg D
x

( ) 1 0
1
1
2
< <

= x ,
x x
hx sec Arg D
x
( ) 0
1
1
2
=
+

= x ,
x x
hx csc Arg D
x

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.
1. ( ) ( ) x cos tanh Arg D
x
2.
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
x cos Arc
x cosh Arg
ln D
x



Deriving the logarithmic form of x sinh Arg .







Solving for the derivative of x sinh Arg .









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Supplementary topic . . .




















The general forms above are easy to verify. Just differentiate the right sides of each formula.






















MUST REMEMBER!!! Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic Functions.

If u is a differentiable function of x and a is a positive constant,

C u sinh Arg du
u
+ =
+
}
1
1
2
C
a
u
sinh Arg du
a u
+ =
+
} 2 2
1

C u cosh Arg du
u
+ =

}
1
1
2
0
1
2 2
> > + =

}
a u , C
a
u
cosh Arg du
a u

C u tanh Arg du
u
+ =

}
2
1
1
a u , C
a
u
tanh Arg
a
du
u a
< + =

}
1 1
2 2

C hu sec Arg du
u u
+ =

} 2
1
1
a u , C
a
u
h sec Arg
a
du
u a u
< < + =

}
0
1 1
2 2

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.
1.
}
+
dx
x 25 9
1
2
2.
}

dx
e
e
x
x
2
16





TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

3. If u is a differentiable function of x , verify that a x , C
a
x
coth Arg
a
dx
a x
> + =

}
1 1
2 2
.



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Exercise Items. Try to solve the following.

Solve for
dx
dy
. 1.
2
2
1
x h csc Arg y = 5. ( ) ( )
x
e cos tanh Arc y =
2.
2 2
x cosh Arg x y = 6. ( ) x ln cosh Arg y =
3. ( ) x tan sinh Arg y = 7.
2
1 x x sinh xArg y + =
4. ( ) x sin tanh Arc y 3 = 8. x tanh xArg x ln y + = 1
2


Verify the following: a.) x cosh Arg x x cosh xArg D
x
=
|
.
|

\
|
1
2
.
b.) a u , C
a
u
tanh Arg
a
du
u a
< + =

}
1 1
2 2

c.) a u , C
a
u
h sec Arg
a
du
u a u
< < + =

}
0
1 1
2 2

Evaluate. 1.
}

dx
x 9 16
1
2
5. dx
x
}

2
3 5
2

2.
}

dx
x
2
4 49
1
6.
}
+ 1 2
2
x x
dx

3.
}
+
dx
x cos
x sin
2
1
7.
}
+ 7 8
2
x x
dx

4.
}

dx
x sin
x tan
16
2
8.
( )
}
+
2
2 6 1 x x x
dx


__________________________


1.7 Indeterminate Forms and the LHopitals Rule
(TC7 634-649 / TCWAG 650-665)

This section is for limit problems involving the indeterminate forms
0
0
and

.
The rules that will be used can be derived from Cauchys formula which relates ratios of slopes of
two functions and the ratio of their derivatives.


Cauchys formula . If the functions f and g are continuous on a closed interval | | b , a , differentiable
on the open interval ( ) b , a and if ( ) 0 = x ' g for all ( ) b , a xe , then there is a number w in ( ) b , a such
that
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) w ' g
w ' f
a g b g
a f b f
=

.









LHopitals Rule is also applicable for one-sided limits and x .
MUST REMEMBER!!! LHopitals Rule for
0
0

Suppose that ( ) 0 =

x f lim
a x
and ( ) 0 =

x g lim
a x
. Then,
( )
( )
( )
( ) x ' g
x ' f
lim
x g
x f
lim
a x a x
= .



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LHopitals Rule for

is also applicable for one-sided limits and x .

TO DO!!!
1.
2
1
2
1
+

x x
x
lim
x
2.
3
0
x
x x sin
lim
x

________________________ ________________________
What if
2
1
2
+

+
x x
x
lim
x
? What if
3
0
x
x x sinh
lim
x

?
MUST REMEMBER!!! LHopitals Rule for

Suppose that ( ) =

x f lim
a x
and ( ) =

x g lim
a x
. Then,
( )
( )
( )
( ) x ' g
x ' f
lim
x g
x f
lim
a x a x
= .

TO DO!!!
1.
x
x
e
x
lim
2
+
2.
x ln
x cot
lim
x
+
0












3.
x sec
x tan
lim
x
+

1
4
2
t



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Other indeterminate forms: 0 , ,
0
0 ,
0
and

1 .


WHAT TO DO . . . in case of 0 ! ! !
Convert 0 to a form
0
0
or

by expressing as
0
1
or 0 as

1
, respectively. Then,
use LHopitals Rule on the converted form.


WHAT TO DO . . . in case of ! ! !
Express the given as a single quotient. Then, use LHopitals Rule if
0
0
or

is obtained.

WHAT TO DO . . . in case of
0
0 ,
0
or

1 ! ! !

1. Consider ( ) x f y = .
2. Get the natural logarithm of both sides of ( ) x f y = so that ( ) | | x f ln y ln = .
3. Use property of logarithms so that the form
0
0 can be converted to a form 0 .
4. By now, ( ) y ln lim
a x
is of the form 0 . Get ( ) y ln lim
a x
by resolving 0 .
5. Now,
y ln
a x a x
e lim y lim

= .

The following are PSEUDO-indeterminate forms. These can be resolved using similar techniques
as above without the use of LHopitals Rule.

0

( ) ( ) + + + ( ) ( ) +

MUST REMEMBER . . . NOT REALLY

LHopitals Rule was named after Guillaume Francois Antoine de LHopital but he is not who
discovered it! The man behind this rule was Johann Bernoulli.


TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

1.
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
x
x
x ln lim
2
1








M
A
T
H

3
7


L
e
c
t
u
r
e

G
u
i
d
e

U
N
I
T

1

a
l
b
a
b
i
e
r
r
a

25

















Exercise Items. Try to solve the following.

Evaluate the following indeterminate forms.
1.
x sin x
x x tan
lim
x


0
6.
4 5
1 3 2
2
2
+ +
+ +
+
x x
x x
lim
x

2.
x
x x cos
lim
x
3
1 2
0
+

7.
1
2 3
3
+
+
+
x
x
lim
x
x

3.
x cos
e e
lim
x x
x
2 1
2
0

+

8.
( )
( )
2
2 2
1

+
x
x ln
lim
x

4.
x sin Arc
x sin Arc
lim
x
2
0
9.
1
2
+
+
+
x
x cosh x
lim
x

5.
25
2 1
2
5

x
x
lim
x
10.
x sec
x sec
lim
x
3
2
2
2

t

Evaluate the following. (other indeterminate forms)
1. |
.
|

\
|

+

x ln x ln x
lim
x
1 1
1
6. ( ) x sin ln x sin lim
x
+
0

2.
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
1
6
5
2
2
x
x x
lim
x
7. ( ) x tan x lim
x
t 1 2
2
1

3.
|
|
.
|

\
|

x
e
lim
x
x
1
1
1
0
8. ( )
x
x
x lim
0
THIS IS A MUST!
4. x csc x sin Arc lim
x
+
0
9. ( )
x ln
x
x lim

1
1

5. x ln x lim
x
+
0
THIS IS A MUST! 10. ( )
x
x lim
x
2
1
3 1
0
+
+

(Physics) The current I at time t in an electrical circuit is given by
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

L
Rt
e
R
E
I 1 where R , E
and L are the electromotive force, resistance and inductance, respectively. Find the following limits,
where all variables except th2ose indicated in the limit notation are positive constants.

a.) I lim
R
+
0
b.) I lim
L
+
0
c.) I lim
t +


END OF UNIT 1 Lecture Guide
2. ( )
x sin
x
x lim
+
0