Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

Probability
Distributions

19
1. (a) X = {Number of heads}
= {0, 1, 2, 3}

3. Let X represent the number of blue marbles

obtained.
3
8
p = , q =
5
20
2
=
5

(b) X = {Number of blue marbles}

= {0, 1, 2}
(c) X = {Number of trials that hit the target}
= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(a) P(X = 1) = 5C1 p1q4

2 3
= 5C1
5 5
= 0.2592

2. Let X represents the number of heads.

p = P(H), q = P(T)
1
1
=
=
2
2
(a) P(X = 3) = 3C3 p3q0
1 3 1 0
= 3C3
2
2
1
=
8

(b) P(X  2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 5C0 p0q5 + 5C1 pq4 + 5C2 p2q3
2 0 3 5
2 3 4
= 5C0 + 5C1
5
5
5 5
2
3
2
3
5
+ C2
5
5
= 0.6826

(b) P(X = 1) = 3C1 p1q2

1 1 1
= 3C1
2
2
3
=
8

(c) P(X
1) = 1 P(X = 0)

= 1 5C0 p0q5
2 0 3
= 1 5C0
5
5
= 0.9222

(c) P(X
1) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)

= 3C1 p1q2 + 3C2 p2q1 + 3C3 p3q0
1 1 2
1 2 1
= 3C1 + 3C2
2 2
2
2
3
0
1
1
3
+ C3
2
2
1
3
3
=++
8
8
8
7
=
8

4. 2(y + 2y) = 1
1
3y =
2
1
y=
6

Alternative
P(X
1) = 1 P(X = 0)
= 1 3C0 p0q3
1 0 1
= 1 3C0
2
2
1
=1
8
7
=
8

4
1
5. p = , q = , n = 50
5
5
(a) Mean = np
1
= 50
5
= 10

(b) Variance = npq

4
= 10
5
=8
Standard deviation =

8

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

6. Let X represents the number of goals scored.

p = 0.85, q = 0.15
(a) P(X = 10) = 10C10 p10q0
= 10C10 (0.85)10(0.15)0
= 0.1969
(b) P(X  3)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
= 10C0 p0q10 + 10C1 p1q9 + 10C2 p2q8 + 10C3 p3q7
= 10 C 0 (0.85) 0 (0.15) 10 + 10 C 1 (0.85) 1 (0.15) 9
+ 10C2(0.85)2(0.15)8 + 10C3(0.85)3(0.15)7
= 0.0001346
7.

f(z)
0.703

1.043 0

(d) P(Z  0.416)

= P(Z  0.416 or Z  0.416)
= P(Z  0.416) + P(Z  0.416)
= 0.3387 + 0.3387
= 0.6774

np = 120 ............................... 
npq = 40 ................................. 

10. = 50, = 5
x
(a) z =

65
50
=
5
=3

Substitute  into ,
120q = 40
1
q=
3
p=1q
2
=
3
2
Substitute p = into ,
3
2
n = 120
3
3
n = 120
2
= 180

45 50
(b) z =
5
= 1

52.4 50
(c) z =
5
= 0.48
11. = 1.5, = 0.3
Let X represents the diameters of ball bearing
(a) P(X  1.8)

8. Y = {y : 29C  y  39C}
9. (a) P(Z  1) = 1 0.1587
= 0.8413

(b) P(X  1.2)

(c) P(1.2  X  1.8)

f(z)
0.8413

(b) P(1.2  Z  0.52)

= P(Z  0.52) P(Z  1.2)
= 0.3015 0.1151
= 0.1864

1.2 1.5
(b) P(X  1.2) = P Z 
0.3
= P(Z  1)
= 0.1587

f(z)

(c) P(1.2  X  1.8)

1.2 1.5
1.8 1.5
= P  Z 
0.3
0.3
= P(1  Z  1)
= 1 2P(Z  1)
= 1 2(0.1587)
= 0.6826

0.1864

1.2 0.52 0

1.8 1.5
12. (a) P(X  1.8) = P Z 
0.3
= P(Z  1)
= 0.1587

(c) P(Z  1.043)

= P(1.043  Z  1.043)
= 1 2P(Z  1.043)
= 1 2 0.1485
= 0.703

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z
1.043

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

13. = m gram, = 0.2 gram

Let X be the weight of the prawn.
P(X  2) = 0.1
2m
P Z  = 0.1
0.2
zm = 1.282
2m
= 1.282
0.2
m = 2 + 1.282 0.2
= 2.256

1
1. (a) Probability of picking a white marble, p =
5
Number of white marbles are expected to be
picked
=np
1
= 20
5
=4

f(z)

(b) Let X represent the number of time the white

marble is picked for the remaining 10 trials.
1 4 4 6
(i) P(X = 4) = 10C4
5
5
= 0.08808

0.1

zm

(ii) P(X  12)

= 1 P(X = 0) P(X = 1)
1 0 4 10
1
= 1 10C0 10C1
5
5
5
= 0.6242

14. = 12 cm, = 0.08 cm

Let X be the length of straw.
P(X  t) = 0.8
t 12
P Z  = 0.8
0.08
zt = 0.842
t 12
= 0.842
0.08
t = 12 0.842 0.08
= 11.93

15. (a) = 25 cm, = m cm

Let X represents the diameter of the wheel.
1
P(X  26) =
100
26 25
P Z  = 0.01
m
zm = 2.326
26 25
= 2.326
m
1
m =
2.326
= 0.4299

3. = 152 cm, = 10 cm
Let X represents the height.
x
(a)
z =

x
152
0.4 =
10
4 = x 152
x = 156

The height is 156 cm.

(b) P(X  140)
140 152
= P Z 
10
= P(Z  1.2)
= 0.1151

f(z)

0.01

(b) = 80, 2 = 9
=3
x
zk =

x
80
1.03 =
3
x = 80 + 3 1.03
= 83.09

0.8

0.697
2. (a) P(Z  k) = 0.5
2
= 0.1515
k = 1.03

f(z)

zt

45

The percentage of students with height less than

140 cm is 0.1151 100% = 11.51%

z
zm

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

4. = 6.3, =

1.21 = 1.1
x
(a) z =

5.9 6.3
=
1.1
= 0.3636
(b) P(5.9  X  6.3)
6.3 6.3
5.9 6.3
= P  Z 
1.1
1.1
= P(0.3636  Z  0)
= 0.5 P(Z
0.3636)
= 0.5 0.3581
= 0.1419

6. p = 0.3, q = 0.7
Let X be the number of girls selected.
(a) P(X
3)
= 1 [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)]
= 1 [8C0 p0q8 + 8C1 p1q7 + 8C2 p2q6]
= 1 [ 8 C 0 (0.3) 0 (0.7) 8 + 8 C 1 (0.3) 1 (0.7) 7
+ 8C2(0.3)2(0.7)6]
= 0.4482

(b)

npq = 212
n(0.3)(0.7) = 212
212
n =
(0.3)(0.7)
= 2100
The population of the pupils is 2100.

f(z)

7. (a) n = 8, mean = 3.2

(i) Mean = 3.2
np = 3.2
8p = 3.2
p = 0.4

0.1419

0.3636 0

(ii) q = 1 0.4 = 0.6

Let X be the number of times hitting the
target.
P(X
1)
= 1 P(X = 0)
= 1 8C0 p0q8
= 1 8C0(0.4)0(0.6)8
= 0.9832

5. (a) p = 0.8, q = 0.2, n = 6

Let X be the number of pupils who walk to
school.
(i) P(X = 4) = 6C4 p4q2
= 6C4(0.8)4(0.2)2
= 0.2458
(ii) P(X  5) = P(X = 6)
= 6C6 p6q0
= 6C6(0.8)6(0.2)0
= 0.2621

(b) = 55.5 kg, = 12 kg

Let X represents the mass of worker.
(i) P(X  45)
45 55.5
= P Z 
12
= P(Z  0.875)
= 0.1908

(b) = 6.2 cm, = 0.8 cm

Let X represents the length of fish.
(i) P(X  5.0)
5 6.2
= P Z 
0.8
= P(Z  1.5)
= 0.0668

(ii)

f(z)

0.1908

P(X  k) = 0.7
k 6.2
P Z  = 0.7
0.8
k
6.2

= zk
0.8
= 0.524
k = ( 0.524)(0.8) + 6.2
= 5.781

0.875 0

(ii)

0.7

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P(X  k)
k 55.5
P Z 
12
zk
k

55.5

12
k

f(z)

zk

= 0.15

= 0.15
= 1.036
= 1.036
= 12(1.036) + 55.5
= 67.93

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

(b) P(X
1) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)

= 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.4
= 0.9

f(z)

0.15

2. Let P be the probability running below 15 seconds.

p = 0.6, q = 0.4
n=8

zk

8. = 12 g, = 4 g
(a) P(Grade B) = P(15  X  20)
15 12
20 12
= P  Z 
4
4
= P(0.75  Z  2)
= P(Z  0.75) P(Z  2)
= 0.2266 0.0228
= 0.2038

P(exactly 5 persons ran below 15 seconds)

= 8C5 p5q3
= 8C5(0.6)5(0.4)3
= 0.2787

3. Let p represents the probability a family has at least

one car, p = 0.9, q = 0.1, n = 10
Let X represents the number of families having at least
one car.
P(X
8) = P(X = 8) + P(X = 9) + P(X = 10)
= 10C8 p8q2 + 10C9 p9q1 + 10C10 p10q0
= 10 C 8 (0.9) 8 (0.1) 2 + 10 C 9 (0.9) 9 (0.1)
+ 10C10(0.9)10(0.1)0
= 0.9298

f(z)
0.2038

z
2

0.75

(b) P(Grade A) = P(X  20)

20 12
= P Z 
4
= P(Z  2)
= 0.0228

4. Let p represents the probability that the bulb is not

defective.
p = 0.8 and q = 0.2, n = 8

Let X be the number of bulbs that are not defective.

P(X  2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= 8C0 p0q8 + 8C1 p1q7 + 8C2 p2q6
= 8 C 0 (0.8) 0 (0.2) 8 + 8 C 1 (0.8) 1 (0.2) 7
+ 8C2(0.8)2(0.2)6
= 0.001231

Number of eggs of grade A = 0.0228 20 000

= 456
(c)

P(X  m) = 0.75
m 12
P Z  = 0.75
4
m 12

= zm
4
= 0.674
m = 4 0.674 + 12
= 14.696

5. P(Z  k) = 0.1
k = 1.282
P(0  Z  k) = 2P(m  Z  0)
0.5 0.1 = 2P(m  Z  0)
P(m  Z  0) = 0.2
m = 0.525

f(z)

f(z)
0.2

0.75

zm

z
0.3 m

6. (a) P(Z  k) = 0.3

k = 0.524
(b)
1. (a) P(X = 3) = 1 P(X = 0) P(X = 1) P(X = 2)
= 1 0.1 0.2 0.3
= 0.4

x
z =

x
63
0.524 =
3
x = 63 + 3( 0.524)
= 61.428

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

7.

x
z =

58

0.5 =
2
= 58 2(0.5)
= 57

Let X represents the number of tries that hit the

target.
(i) P(X  6) = P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)
= 8C7 p7q1 + 8C8 p8q0
= 8C7(0.7)7(0.3)1 + 8C8(0.7)8(0.3)0
= 0.2553
(ii) P(X = 3) = 8C3 p5q3
= 8C3(0.7)5(0.3)3
= 0.2541

8. = 60 kg, = 5 kg
(a)
P(60  X  k) = 0.35

= 0.35
= 0.35

60 60  Z 
k 60
P
5
5
k

60
P 0  Z 
5
k 60

5 k

(b) = mean = median = 500 ml, = 10 ml

Let X be the volume of bottle.
(i) P(488  X  502)

502 500
488 500  Z 
= P
10
10
= P(1.2  Z  0.2)
= 1 P(Z  1.2) P(Z  0.2)
= 1 0.1151 0.4207
= 0.4642

= 1.036
= 60 + 5(1.036)
= 65.18

f(z)
0.35

f(z)
0.4642
0

z
k 60

(b) P(X  k) = P(X  65.18)

65.18 60
= P Z 
5
= P(Z  1.036)
= 0.15

500 500  Z  t 500 = 0.4

P

10
10
t

500 = 0.4
P 0  Z 
10
t 500 = 1.282

10
t = 1.282 10 + 500
= 512.82

9. Median = mode = 15 cm, = 1 cm

Let X be the length of ruler.
(a) P(X  14.5)
14.5 15
= P Z 
1
= P(Z  0.5)
= 0.3085

f(z)
0.4

(b) P(X  14.5)

= 1 0.3085
= 0.6915

z
t
500
10

11. (a) p = The probability of family having one child.

Mean = 300, variance = 100
Mean = 300
np = 300 .................... 

Number of rulers that have length more than

14.5 cm
= 0.6915 50 000
= 34 575

Variance = 100
npq = 100 ............... 
Substitute  into ,
300q = 100
1
q=
3
p=1q
2
=
3

10. (a) p = probability on target

= 0.7
q = 1 0.7
= 0.3
n=8

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P(500  X  t) = 0.4

(ii)

The number of washing machines that have mass

greater than k
= 1200 0.15
= 180

0 0.2

1.2

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

2
Substitute p = into ,
3
2
n = 300
3
3
n = 300
2
= 450
2
Therefore, p = and n = 450.
3

(ii)

= 0.08

(b) p = probability of hitting the target

1
=
2
1
q=
2
(i)

zm

12. (a) Mean = 1500 months,

standard deviation = 30 months
Let X be the life span.
(i) P(X  1480)
1480 1500
= P Z 
30
= P(Z  0.667)
= 0.2524

(ii) Mean = np = 50
1
r = 50
2
r = 100

13. (a) p = 0.8, q = 0.2

Let X be the number of scores.

f(z)

(i)

0.2524

0.667 0

0.2

Let X be the number of times hitting the

target.
P(X = 1) = P(X = 2)
n
C1 p1qn 1 = nC2 p2qn 2
1 1 n 1 n(n 1)
1 2
1 n2
n
=
2 2
2
2
2
n
n
1
1
n(n

1)
n =
2
2
2
n(n

1)
n =
2
2n = n2 n
n2 3n = 0
n(n 3) = 0
n = 0, 3
Therefore, n = 3.

f(z)

z
z = 1.405

Therefore, n = 1542

zt

= 1500 + 30(1.405)
= 1542.15

(ii) Let t be the maximum mark for band 3.

P(X  t) = 0.1
t 70
P Z  = 0.1
5
t
70

= 1.282
5
t = 70 + 5(1.282)
= 63.59

0.1

= 1.405

0.08

= 0.08

f(z)

(b) Let X be the marks.

(i) Let m be the minimum mark to score band
1.
P(X
m) = 0.2
m 70
P Z  = 0.2
5
zm = 0.842
m

70
= 0.842
5
m = 70 + 5 0.842
= 74.21

P(X  n)
n
1500
P Z 
30
n

1500

30
n

P(X  3)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
= 8C0 p0q8 + 8C1 p1q7 + 8C2 p2q6 + 8C3 p3q5
= 8C0(0.8)0(0.2)8 + 8C1(0.8)(0.2)7
+ 8C2(0.8)2(0.2)6 + 8C3(0.8)3(0.2)5
= 0.01041

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

(ii)

P(X
1)
1 P(X = 0)
1 nC0 p0qn
1 (1)(1)(0.2)n
(0.2)n

= 0.92
= 0.92
= 0.92
= 0.92
= 1 0.92
= 0.08
n log10 0.2 = log10 0.08
log10 0.08
n =
log10 0.2
= 1.569

14. (a) (i)

Mean = 12
np = 12 ............. 
Variance = 4
npq = 4 .......... 
Substitute  into ,
12q = 4
1
q=
3
2
p=
3

Therefore, n = 2
(b) (i)

2
In , n = 12
3
3
n = 12
2
= 18
2
Therefore, p = and the number of trials,
3
n = 18

x
z =

10
1 =

10 =
= 10 ......................... 
12
2 =

2 = 12
+ 2 = 12 ........................ 

(ii) P(X
6)
= P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)
= 8C6 p6q2 + 8C7 p7q1 + 8C8 p8q0
2 6 1 2
2 7 1 1
= 8C6 + 8C7
3
3
3
3
8
0
2
1
8
+ C8
3
3
= 0.4682

 ,
3 = 2
2
=
3

2
Substitute = into ,
3
2

= 10
3
2
= 10 +
3
2
= 10
3
(ii) P(9  X  11)
2
2
11 10
9 10
3
3
= P  Z 
2
2

3
3
= P(2.5  Z  0.5)
= 1 P(Z  2.5) P(Z  0.5)
= 1 0.00621 0.3085
= 0.6853

(b) = 5.2, = 0.5

Let X represents the time, in hour.
(i) P(X  5)
5 5.2
= P Z 
0.5
= P(Z  0.4)
= 0.3446

(ii)

P(X  t)
t 5.2
P Z 
0.5
zt
t
5.2
0.5
t

= 0.6

= 0.6
= 0.253
= 0.253
= ( 0.253)(0.5) + 5.2
= 5.0735

f(z)
f(z)
0.6853
0.6

2.5

0 0.5

z
zt

Hence, the percentage is 68.53%.

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

3. Let p be the percentage who fail and q be the percentage

who pass.
p = 40%, q = 60%
= 0.4
= 0.6

1. (a) There are 2 vowels, a and e.

2
P(vowel) =
8
1
=
4

Let X be the number of candidates who fail.

1 8 3 2
C8 = 0.0003862
4
4
(ii) P(X
2)
= 1 [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)]
1 0 3 10
1
= 1 10C0 + 10C1
4
4
4
= 0.756

(b) (i)

10

P(X
8) = P(X = 8) + P(X = 9) + P(X = 10)

= 10C8(0.4)8(0.6)2 + 10C9(0.4)9(0.6)1
+ 10C10(0.4)10(0.6)0
= 0.01229

4. Let p be the percentage who fail to get a credit and q

be the percentage who pass with a credit
p = 10%
q = 90%
= 0.1
= 0.9

(iii) P(X  2)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X
1 0 3 10
1 1
= 10C0 + 10C1
4
4
4
2
8
1
3
+ 10C2
4
4
= 0.5256

Let X be the number of students who fail to get a

credit.

= 2)
3 9

P(X  2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 8C0(0.1)0(0.9)8 + 8C1(0.1)1(0.9)7
+ 8C2(0.1)2(0.9)6
= 0.9619

5. Let p be the percentage of pencils which are defective

and q be the percentage of pencils which are not
defective.
p = 10%
q = 90%
= 0.1
= 0.9

2. (a) = 55, = 10
Let X be the mark.

35 55
P(X
35) = P Z 
10
= P(Z  2)
= 1 0.0228
= 0.9772

Let X be the number of defective pencils.

(a) P(X = 0) = 20C0(0.1)0(0.9)20
= 0.1216

f(z)

(b) P(X = 2) = 20C2(0.1)2(0.9)18

= 0.2852

0.9772

6. p =
=
q=
=

(b) 0.9772 500 = 488

(c) P(Z  t) = 0.13
t = 1.127

(a) Let X be the number of flights on time.

P(X
5)
= P(X = 5) + P(X = 6)
= 6C5(0.9)5(0.1)1 + 6C6(0.9)6(0.1)0
= 0.8857

f(z)

13%

probability of arrival on time

0.9
probability of arrival not on time
0.1

(b) Let Y be the number of Good service award.

P(Y
9) = P(Y = 9) + P(Y = 10) + P(Y = 11)
+ P(Y = 12)
= 12C9(0.8857)9(0.1143)3
+ 12C10(0.8857)10(0.1143)2
+ 12C11(0.8857)11(0.1143)
+ 12C12(0.8857)12(0.1143)0
= 0.9603

z
t

x 55
= 1.127
10
x = 11.27 + 55
= 66.27
Therefore, the minimum mark is 66.27.

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

Substitute = 0.3777 into ,

= 12.52 1.645(0.3777)
= 11.9
Therefore, the mean is 11.9 and the standard deviation
is 0.3777.

7. Let X be the radius of the wheel.

P(X  12.52) = 5%
12.52
P Z 
= 0.05

12.52
= 1.645

12.52 = 1.645
= 12.52 1.645 ...................

8. (a) = 40 kg, = 5 kg
Let X represents the weight of the student.
50 40
P(X  50) = P Z 
5
= P(Z  2)
= 0.0228

f(z)

5%

P(X  11.02)
11.02
P Z 

11.02

11.02

f(z)

z
1.645

0.0228

= 1%

= 0.01

Therefore, the percentage is 2.28%.

= 2.326

(b) = t kg, = 5 kg
P(X  60) = 5%
60 t
P Z  = 0.05
5
60
t

= 1.645
5
t = 60 5 1.645
= 51.775

= 2.326 ..............................
f(z)

1%

2.326

Substitute  into ,
11.02 (12.52 1.645) = 2.326
11.02 12.52 = 2.326 1.645
1.5 = 3.971
1.5
=
3.971
= 0.3777

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

z
2

f(z)
5%

0 1.645

10