evsjv`k welqvejx miKvwi bvg : MYcRvZx evsjv`k| BsiwRZ miKvwi bvg : The

People's Republic of Bangladesh.

evsjv`k cwiwPwZ

AvqZb : 1,47,570 eM wK.wg. (^vaxb 192wU `ki ga 91Zg) [Z_ m~ : World Atlas] fMvwjK Aevb : 20034" Di _K 26038" Di Avsk Ges 88001" c~e _K 92041" c~e `vwNgvsk| ivRavbx : XvKv (c_g 1610 mvj gyNj myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb KZK XvKvq evsjvi ivRavbx vbvi Ges RvnvxibMi bvgKiY)| mxgvbv : Di fviZi cwge, Avmvg I gNvjq, c~e fviZi Avmvg, wcyiv, wgRvivg I gvqvbgvi, cwg fviZi cwge Ges `wY evcmvMi| ivfvlv : evsjv (msweavbi 1g fvMi 3q AbyQ` Aby:) wZxq fvlv BsiwR| gvU mxgvbv : 5,138 wK.wg. (j mxgv 4,427 wK.wg.)| evsjv`ki mxgvbv msjM `k : 2wU (fviZ I wgqvbgvi)| fviZi mv_ evsjv`ki mxgv eZx Rjv : 31wU| wgqvbgvii mv_ evsjv`ki mxgveZx Rjv : 3wU (ivOvgvwU, ev`ieb I KevRvi)| fviZ I wgqvbgvii h_fve mxgv : 1wU (ivvgvwU Rjv)| evsjv`ki wQUgnj AewZ : mejvB fviZi KzPwenvi Rjvq 51wU (AvqZb 7110.02 GKi)| evsjv`ki ga fviZi wQUgnj : 111wU (AvqZb 17150.05 GKi)| mgy` mgZj _K mePq DuPzZ AewZ Rjv : w`bvRcyi (37.50 wg.)|

cw_exi eng e-xc : my`ieb| ewcvZ Aj : mevP ewcvZ wmjUi jvjLvb Ges mewbg ewcvZ bvUvii jvjcyi| DZg vb : bvUvii jvjcyi| kxZjZg vb : kxgj, gjfxevRvi| evsjv`ki evwlK Mo ewcvZ : 203 m.wg.| evsjv`ki AvenvIqv K` : 4wU (XvKv, cZv, KevRvi I cUzqvLvjx)| evsjv`ki Aevb : vxq Rjevqy Aj| evsjv`ki Rjevqy : mgfvevcb (cavb ewk gmygx evqy)| evsjv`ki `xNZg b`x : myigv (`N 399 wK.wg.) evsjv`k I wgqvbgviK wefKvix b`x : bvd (`N 56wK.wg.) evsjv`k I fviZK wefKvix b`x : nvwoqvfvv| evsjv`ki gvU Awfb ev Avt mxgv b`x : 57/58 wU| evsjv`ki vbxq mgq : MxwbP mgq +6 Nv [1 Nv eo hvIqvq +7 Nv] evsjv`ki AvRvwZK b`xi msLv : 1wU (cv/Mv)| cvi Drcw j : wngvjq ceZi Mvx wngevn _K| gvwUi cKvif` : cvKwZK I ivmvqwbK MVbi Dci wfw Ki evsjv`ki gvwUK 5 fvM fvM Kiv nq| evsjv`ki cavb A_Kix dmj : cvU (2q Pv) evsjvi km fvvi : ewikvj Rjv| cw_exi mePq eo cvUKj : evsjv`ki Av`gRx cvUKj (1951)|

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR `ki 1g Mvm PvwjZ we`yr K` : wmjUi nwicyi we`yr K` (360 gNvIqvU)| `ki 1g Kqjv PvwjZ we`yr K` : w`bvRcyii eo cyKzwiqv (250 gNv.)| `ki e`wkK gy`vi wmsnfvM : Zwi cvkvK _K| `ki eo mvi KviLvbv : hgybv mvi KviLvbv (Rvgvjcyi)| mePq eo KvMRKj : KYdzjx ccvi wgj, P`Nvbv| `ki mePq eo RvnvR wbgvb KviLvbv : Lyjbv wkcBqvW (1957)| `ki GKgv Zj kvabvMvi : Bvb widvBbvix, cZv| `ki GKgv A wbgvY KviLvbv : MvRxcyi| evsjv`ki c_g EPZ : PMvg EPZ (1983)| evsjv`ki eng emiKvwi EPZ : Kvwiqvb EPZ (KEPZ)| eZgvb `k emevmKvix DcRvwZ : 14 jvL (cvq)| `k mePq ewk evm Kiv DcRvwZ : PvKgv| RbmsLv : 14 KvwU 42 j (m~: A_bwZK mgxv2009), RvwZmsN RbmsLv wefvM-2009 Abymvi 16 KvwU 22 jvL 21 nvRvi| cyil gwnjv AbycvZ : 105 : 100 (A_bwZK mgxv2009)| RbmsLvi NbZ : 977 Rb (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| RbmsLv ewi nvi : 1.26% (A_bwZK mgxv-2009); 1.4% [UNFPA-2009]| Mo Avqy : 65.4 eQi| RbmsLvq eng DcRjv : eMgM (bvqvLvjx)| RbmsLvq z`Zg DcRjv : ivRjx, ivOvgvwU (eZgvb ev`ievbi _vbwP)|

cvPi Wvw : bvivqYM (cvU eemvi cavb K`i KviY)| evsjv`k gvU Pv evMvb : 163wU (gjfxevRvi 91wU) evsjv`ki ivevi Pvli weLvZ vb : KevRvii ivgy| eng mP cK : wZv mP cK| meenr cvwb kvabvMvi : XvKvi mvq`vev` (`wbK 22.5 KvwU wjUvi)| my`iebK wek HwZni Ask NvlYv : UNESCO 1997 mvji 6B wWm^i (522 Zg)| cw_exi eng gvbMvf eb : evsjv`ki my`ieb| evsjv`ki `xNZg e : ev`ievbi ejvg e (DPZv 240 dzU cvq)| `ki ivxq ebf~wgnxb Rjv : 28wU| evsjv`ki wPswo m` : mv`v mvbv ev White Gold. `ki KzqZ wmwU ejv nq : Lyjbv AjK (wPswo Pvli Rb)| evsjv`k fviZ cvwb Pzw ^vwiZ nq : 1996 mvji 12 wWm^i, fviZi bqvw`jxi nvq`vev` nvDR| evsjv`ki c_g Mvm : nwicyi Mvm , wmjU (1955)| `ki eo Mvm : wZZvm (evYevoxqv)| mekl AvweZ Mvm : Kzwgjvi fvyiv (25Zg)| mePq eo Zvcwe`yr K` : fovgviv (Kzwqv)| `ki GKgv cvwb we`yr K` : KvvB Rjwe`yr K` (230 gNv.)| `ki eni emiKvwi we`yr K` : gNbvNvU we`yr K` (450 gNv.)|

evsjv`k welqvejx RbmsLvq eo Rjv : XvKv (cwZ eM wK.wg. 4448Rb)| RbmsLvq QvU Rjv : ev`ievb (cwZ eM wK.wg. 51 Rb)| RbmsLvq evsjv`ki Aevb cw_exZ : 7g| AvqZb evsjv`ki Aevb cw_exZ : 93Zg| AvqZb `ki eng Rjv : ivOvgvwU (6116 eM wK.wg.)| AvqZb `ki z`Zg Rjv : gnicyi (716 eM wK.wg.)| AvqZb `ki eng _vbv : kvgbMi (mvZxiv)| AvqZb `ki eng DcRjv : evNvBQwo| AvqZb `ki z`Zg _vbv : KvZqvjx (XvKv)| RbmsLvi w`K w`q gymwjg wek Aevb : ZZxq| `ki 1g KvWU KjR : dR`vi KvWU KjR, (1958)| `k miKvwi wekwe`vjq : 31 wU| `k emiKvwi wekwe`vjq : 56 wU| `k miKvwi gwWKj KjR : 17 wU| `ki GKgv gwWKj wekwe`vjq : eez kL gywRe gwWKj wekwe`vjq
(BSMMU).

`ki c_g wbii gy Rjv : gviv| evsjv`k bfvj GKvWwg : PMvgi cZv| evsjv`k gwib GKvWwg : PMvgi Rjw`qv| evsjv`k wgwjUvix GKvWwg : PMvgi fvwUqvixZ| evsjv`k cywjk GKvWwg : ivRkvnx Rjvi mvi`v| evsjv`k mk evwnbxi vd KjR/cywjk vd KjR : wgicyi (XvKv)|

evsjv`k Gqvidvm Uwbs mUvi : hkvi| cvBgvwi Uwbs BbwwUDU : 55wU| `ki mevP we`vcxV : XvKv wekwe`vjq (1921)| `k me c_g RvZxq AavcK wbqvM : 1975 mvji 17B gvP| `ki eZgvb wkvi nvi : 63% (7+ A_bwZK mgxv2009)| `ki 1g emiKvwi wekwe`vjq : b_ mvD_ BDwbfvwmwU, XvKv| evsjv`ki eng xc : fvjv (3,403 eM wK.wg.)| evsjv`ki GKgv mvgyw`K cevj xc : mUgvwUb (10 eM wK.wg.) evsjv`ki GKgv cvnvox xc : gnkLvjx| `wY Zvjcw xc wbq weiva : fviZ I evsjv`ki ga| evsjv`ki `yBwU mvgyw`K e`i : PMvg I gsjv| evsjv`ki cekvi : PMvg mgy`e`i| evsjv`ki cavb b`xe`i : bvivqYM| evsjv`ki eng I cavb je`i : ebvcvj je`i| evsjv`ki eni I DPZi cvnvo : Mviv cvnvo (gqgbwmsn)| evsjv`ki mevP ceZk : ZvwRs Ws ev weRq (3,185 dzU)| `ki c_g BKvcvK : mxZvKzi P`bv_ cvnvo| `ki kxZj cvwbi Sibv : KevRvi wngQwo cvnvo| `ki GKgv RjccvZ : gvaeKz RjccvZ (gjfxevRvi)| `ki meenr wej : Pjbwej (cvebv I bvUvi Rjvq)|

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR bf^i 1999 mvj NvlYv Kiv nq)| evsjv`ki RvZxq cZxK : Dfqcvk avbi kxl ewZ cvwbZ fvmgvb RvZxq dzj kvcjv, Zvi gv_vq cvUMvQi cici mshy wZbwU cvZv Ges Dfq cvk `ywU Ki ZviKv| evsjv`ki RvZxq c : iqj ej UvBMvi| evsjv`ki RvZxq gmwR` : evqZzj gvKviig gmwR`, XvKv (1982)| evsjv`ki RvZxq D`vb : mvnivIqv`x D`vb| evsjv`ki RvZxq wegvbe`i : wRqv Av RvwZK wegvb e`i (eZgvb nhiZ kvn&Rvjvj Avt wegvb e`i)| evsjv`ki RvZxq Ljvi bvg : KvevwW (nvWyWy)| evsjv`ki RvZxq Kwei bvg : KvRx bRij Bmjvg| evsjv`ki RvZxq wk cvK : XvKv wk cvK| evsjv`ki ivxq gbvMvgi wWRvBbvi : G.Gb.G mvnv| evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZi MxwZKvi I myiKvi : iex`bv_ VvKzi| evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZ 1g cKvwkZ nq : e`kb cwKvq (1905)| evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZi 1g BsiwR Abyev`K : mq` Avjx Avnmvb| evsjv`ki iY-msMxZi MxwZKvi I myiKvi : KvRx bRij Bmjvg| evsjv`ki iYmsMxZ 1g cKvwkZ nq : wkLv cwKvq (1928 mvj)| evsjv`ki xov msMxZi iPwqZv : mwjgv ingvb|

`k ^vaxbZv msMvgi exRecb nq : 1952 mvji 21k deqvwi gnvb fvlv Av`vjbi ga w`q| evsjv`gi mePq eo nvIo : nvKvjywK (20,400 ni)| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvgi mevwabvqK : kL gywRe| evsjv`ki cZvKv c_g DvjbKvix : Av.m.g. Avyi ie (2iv gvP) evsjv`ki Avqx miKvii ivRavbx : gnicyi Rjvi gywRebMi| evsjv`ki c_g Avqx miKvi MVb : 1971 mvji 10B Gwcj| evsjv`ki c_g Avqx miKvii kc_ MnY : 1971 mvji 17B Gwcj| evsjv`ki gywhy AskMnYi Rb ivxq cyivi : 4wU (exik, exi Dg, exi weg I exi cZxK)| evsjv`ki mevP ivxq cyivi : exik (7 Rb)| evsjv`k-fviZ h_ evwnbx MVb : 21k bf^i 1971| evsjv`k fviZ h_ Kgvi mbva : Rbvij RMwRr wms Aiviv (fviZ)| evsjv`ki c_g Avqx cwmWU : mq` bRij Bmjvg| evsjv`ki Avqx miKvii cavbgx : ZvRDwb Avn`| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hyKvj gvU mi : 11wU (mve mi 64wU)| evsjv`ki RvZxq w`em (^vaxbZv w`em) : 26k gvP| AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`em : 21k deqvwi (UNESCO Gi 31Zg eVK 17B

evsjv`k welqvejx evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBbvi : Kvgij nvmvb| evsjv`ki gvbwP c_g AvuKb : gRi Rg&m ibj| evsjv`ki RvZxq Drme : evsjv beeleiY Drme| evsjv`k c_g h Av RvwZK msvi m`mc` jvf Ki : KgbIqj_ (32 Zg m`m 1972 mvj)| evsjv`k RvwZmsNi m`mc` jvf Ki : 17B m^i 1974| evsjv`k RvwZmsNi m`m : 136 Zg| RvwZmsNi mvaviY cwil` c_g evsjv`ki mfvcwZZ Kib : gvqyb ikx` Payix (1986 mvj)| RvwZmsNi wbivcv cwil` mfvcwZZ Kib : Avbvqvij Kwig Payix| RvwZmsNi kvwix evwnbxZ 1g hvM `q : 1988 mvj (BivK-Bivb, wgkb)| evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `vbKvix c_g `k : fviZ (6B wWm^i 1971)| MYcRvZx evsjv`ki mevP AvBb : msweavb| evsjv`k msweavbi cwZ ev icKvi : W. Kvgvj nvmb| evsjv`ki msweavb KvhKix nq : 16 wWm^i 1972 mvj| evsjv`ki msweavbi gvU mskvabx : 14 wU| evsjv`ki msweavbi gvU AbyQ` : 153 wU| RvZxq msm` feb AewZ : ki evsjv bMi, XvKv (215 GKi)| evsjv`ki cvjvgU ev AvBb mfv : RvZxq msm`| AvBb mfvi BsiwRZ bvg :
The House of Nation.

miKvi cwZ : msm`xq cwZi miKvi| gvU Avmb msLv (RvZxq msm`) : 345 wU (300wU wbevwPZ I 45 wU gwnjv`i Rb msiwZ)| RvZxq msm`i cZxK : kvcjv dzj| msm`xq cwZZ iv cavb : cwmWU| msm`xq cwZZ miKvi cavb : cavbgx| RvZxq msm`i mfvcwZ : wKvi| evsjv`ki RvZxq msm`i c_g wKvi : gvnv` Djvn| beg RvZxq msm`i xKvi : GvWfvKU Avyj nvwg`| c_g RvZxq msm` wbevPb : 7 gvP 1973| gvU wefvM : 7wU (XvKv, PMvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, ewikvj wmjU I iscyi)| gvU Rjv : 64 wU| gvU DcRjv : 483 wU| ckvmwbK _vbv : 599wU| b_vbv : 2wU| ijIq _vbv : 24wU| Mvg : 6,8000| wmwU Kcvikb : 6wU (XvKv, PMvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, ewikvj, I wmjU)| evsjv`ki me Dii Rjv : cMo| evsjv`ki me `wYi Rjv : KevRvi| evsjv`ki me c~ei Rjv : ev`ievb| evsjv`ki me cwgi Rjv : PvcvB beveM| evsjv`ki me Dii DcRjv : ZuZzwjqv| evsjv`ki me `wYi DcRjv : UKbvd| evsjv`ki me Dii vb : evsjvevv|

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR wekt gyix Kwgkbi Pqvigvb : AavcK bRij Bmjvg| gvU gYvjq : 40wU (bZzb fve MwVZ)| mekl gYvjq : GbwRI welqK gYvjq| eZgvb ivcwZ : gvt wRjyi ingvb (19Zg) mekl cavbgx : kL nvwmbv (13 Zg) mekl ZveavqK miKvi cavb : W. dKixb Avng`| mekl weivax `jxq bx : eMg Lvj`v wRqv| evsjv`ki c_g Rbvij : AvZvDj Mwb Imgvbx| evsjv`k mvgwiK m`i`i : KzwgUvjv, XvKv| evsjv`k Avbmvi cwkY K` : MvRxcyi, kwdcyi| evsjv`k Avbmvi wfwWwci m`i`i : XvKvi wLjMuvI| evsjv`k cywjki m`i`i : dzjevwoqv, XvKv| evsjv`k ivBdj&m Gi m`i`i : XvKvi wcjLvbv| gYvjqi ckvmwbK cavb : mwPe| wewfb gYvjq I Zvi wefvM mg~ni AwdmjvK GK ejv nq : mwPevjq| mwPevjqi ckvmwbK KvVvgvi mevi Dci : gx ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gK Kwgkbi Kvhvjq : AvMviMuvI, XvKv| evsjv`ki A_bxwZ : wgk A_bxwZ (cavb LvZ Kwl)| evsjv`ki gv_vwcQy Avq : 690 gvt Wjvi (A_bwZK mgxv 2009)| evsjv`ki gv_vwcQy wRwWwc : 621 gvt Wjvi (A_ bwZK mgxv 2009)| evsjv`ki K`xq evsK : evsjv`k evsK| evsjv`k evsKi c_g Mfbi : Av.b.g. nvwg`yjvn|

evsjv`ki me `wYi vb : Quovxc| evsjv`ki z`Zg BDwbqb : mU gvwUb| evsjv`ki eng Mvg : evwbqvPs (nweM)| evsjv`ki DP Av`vjZ : mywcg KvU (GvwcjU wWwfkb I nvBKvU wWwfkb)| evsjv`ki wbg Av`vjZ : Rjv Av`vjZ| evsjv`ki c_g cavb wePvicwZ : G.Gm.Gg. mvqg| evsjv`ki eZgvb cavb wePvicwZ : gvnv` dRjyj Kwig| evsjv`ki c_g mbvevwnbx cavb : Rbvij Gg.G.wR. Imgvbx| evsjv`ki eZgvb mbvevwnbx cavb : j. Rbvij Avyj gyweb Payix| evsjv`ki c_g bevwnbx cavb : Kvb byij nK| evsjv`ki eZgvb bevwnbx cavb : fvBm GWwgivj Rwni Dwb Avng`| evsjv`ki c_g wegvb evwnbx cavb : Gqvi KgvWi G.K. L`Kvi| evsjv`ki eZgvb wegvb evwnbx cavb : Gqvi gvkvj kvn gvt wRqvDi ingvb| evsjv`ki c_g GvUwb Rbvij : Gg.GBP. L`Kvi| evsjv`ki eZgvb GvUwb Rbvij : gvneye Avjg| evsjv`ki eZgvb AvBwRwc : b~i gvnv`| evsjv`ki ivei gnvcwiPvjK : L`Kvi nvmvb gvngy`| evsjv`ki `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkbi Pqvigvb : Mvjvg ingvb (3q) wc.Gm.wmi Pqvigvb : W. mv`vZ mvBb|

evsjv`k welqvejx evsjv`k evsKi eZgvb Mfbi : W. AvwZDi ingvb (10Zg) evsjv`ki bvej cyivi weRqx evsK : MvgxY evsK (2007)| evsjv`ki bvej cyivi weRqx GKgv ew : W. gvt BDbym (2007)| evsjv`ki c_g evRU NvlYv Ki : 30 Ryb 1972 mvj (ZvRDwb Avng`)| evsjv`k G ch ewk evRU NvlYv Kib : mvBdzi ingvb (12wU)| mekl evRU NvlYv Kib : Aveyj gvj Avyj gywnZ (eZgvb A_gx)| evsjv`kK ewk FY c`vbKvix Mvw ev msv :
I.D.A.

evsjv`ki mv_ A_ bwZK, KzUbwZK I evwYwRK mK bB : BmivBji| `ki eng ijIq kb : Kgjvcyi ijIq kb (918.4 wg.)| `ki `xNZg moKmZz : eez mZz (hgybv mZz)| `ki c_g dvBIfvi : gnvLvwj, XvKv| `ki `xNZg dvBIfvi : wLjMuvI, XvKv (1.9 wK.wg.) evsjv`k wegvb msvi bvg : wegvb evsjv`k GqvijvB| `ki cavb msev` msvi bvg : evsjv`k msev` msv (evmm)| `ki f~-DcMn K` : 4wU eZeywbqv f~-DcMn K` (1975), Zvwjevev` f~-DcMn K` (1982), gnvLvwj f~DcMn K` (1995), wmjU f~-DcMn K` (1997)| evsjv`ki PjwPi RbK : Avyj Revi Lvb| evsjv`ki c_g hv`yNi : ei` hv`yNi (ivRkvnx)|

evsjv`ki gywhyi hv`yNi : XvKvi mbevwMPvq| evsjv`ki c_g ciivgx : L`Kvi gvkZvK Avng`| evsjv`ki c_g ^ivgx : G.GBP.Gg. Kvgivgvb| c_g RvZxq dzUej `ji AwabvqK : RvKvwiqv wcUz| c_g RvZxq wKU `ji AwabvqK : kvgxg Kwei| c_g gwnjv wePvicwZ : bvRgyb Aviv myjZvbv| k wPwkx : wkvPvh Rqbyj Ave`xb| k PjwPKvi : Rwni ivqnvb| k cwZ : dRjyi ingvb Luvb (Gd.Avi.Luvb)| k chUb K` : KevRvi| k evwbK : W. Kz`iZ-BLy`v| eng Awdm : evsjv`k mwPevjq| `ki c_g evqvwfjR : gqgbwmsn Rjvi nvjyqvNvU DcRjvi wUKzwiqv Mvg (29g 2009)| evsjv`k c_g Nwoi KuvUv GKNv GwMq Avbvi wmv KvhKi nq : 19Ryb 2009|

ck: evsjv`ki fMvwjK Aevb Kv_vq? Di: 20034" Di nZ 26038" Di Avsk Ges 88001" c~e nZ 92041" c~e `vwNgvski ga| ck: evsjv`ki f~cKwZ wKic? Di: evsjv`ki f~-cKwZ njv Di c~e I `wY c~ei mvgvb cvnvwoqv Aj Ges ga Di I Di cwgvski mxwgZ DPf~wg eZxZ mgM

evsjv`ki f~cKwZ

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR kvLv b`x evwnZ GjvKv wbq cveb f~wg MwVZ| ck: gvwU Kx? Di: f~-ZKi mePq Dcii iB gvwU bvg cwiwPwZ| ck: gvwUi cavb Dc`vb KqwU I Kx Kx? Di: 4wU (LwbR c`v_, Re c`v_, cvwb I evqy)| ck: f~-cvK wZKfve `ki Kvb Aji gvwU Zxe GwmWhy? Di: cveZ Rjvmg~ni gvwU| ck: evsjv`ki ga w`q AwZg KiQ Kvb iLvwU? Di: UwcK Ae Kvbmvi ev KKUvw iLv ev 900 c~e `vwNgv iLv| ck: mvqvP Ae bv MvD Lv`wU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evcmvMi| ck: KvvB _K cvweZ cveZ PMvgi DcZKv GjvKvK Kx ejv nq? Di: fx fvwj| ck: evsjv`ki f~-L mwi c~e GLvb Kx wQj? Di: eLvZ ev Bango-Basin hv evsjv`ki f~-Mf MVb KvVvgv| ck: XvKvi cwZcv` Aevb Kv_vq AewZ? Di: wPwji wbKU ckv gnvmvMi| ck: evsjv`ki Aevb f~-cvKwZKfve Kvb Aj? Di: vxq Aj| ck: f~-cKwZ Abymvi evsjv`ki mePq cvPxb f~wg Aj KvbwU? Di: cyivZb cjj MwVZ PZi f~wg|

evsjv`k GK wexY mgf~wg| ck: evsjv`ki weklZ Kx? Di: evsjv`k cw_exi AbZg enr e-xc| ck: evsjv`ki eng e-xc ebvj KvbwU? Di: my`ieb| ck: AvwjK wfwZ cyiv evsjv`kK Kq fvM fvM Kiv nqQ I Kx Kx? Di: mvZ fvM h_v (1) ei` Aj (2) wZv cwj Aj (3) ecy cjj Aj (4) DcKjxq jebv Aj (5) cvnvwoqv Aj (6) Mvq cjj Aj I (7) DcKjxq jeY mvcvb Aj| ck: f~-cKwZ Abymvi evsjv`kK Kq fvM fvM Kiv nqQ Ges Kx Kx? Di: wZb fvM h_v (1) cvnvox GjvKv (2) mvcvb Aj I (3) cveb f~wg ev cvjwjK mgf~wg Aj| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Kvb GjvKv wbq cvnvox GjvKv MwVZ? Di: cveZ PMvg, LvMovQwo, ev`ievb, KevRvi, PMvg Rjvi c~evsk I wmjU Rjvi Di c~evsk Ges gjfxevRvi I nweM Rjvi `wYvsk wbq G Aj MwVZ| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Kvb GjvKv wbq mvcvb Aj MwVZ? Di: fvIqvji Mo Ges Kzwgjv Rjvi jvjgvB cvnvo Aj wbq| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Kvb GjvKv wbq cveb f~wg MwVZ? Di: cv, gNbv, hgybv I ecy Ges G`i AmsL Dcb`x I

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: cyivZb cjj MwVZ PZi f~wg MwVZ nq Kvb hyM? Di: cvBvwmb hyM (25,000 eQi c~e)| ck: ei` f~wg KvK ejv nq? Di: ivRkvnxi Divsk, eovi cwgvsk, iscyi I w`bvRcyii wKQy Aj wbq msc ivRkvnx wefvMi Di cwgvskK ei`f~wg ejv nq| ck: ei`f~wgi AvqZb KZ? Di: 9,324 eM wKjvwgUvi| ck: evsjv`ki cvnvojv MwVZ nq Kvb hyM? Di: Uviwkqvix hyM| ck: mgy` mgZj _K jvjgvB mgf~wgi DPZv KZ? Di: 21 wgUvi| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjv mgy` mgZj _K ewk DPuzZ AewZ? Di: w`bvRcyi (37.50 wgUvi DPuyZ)| ck: evsjv`k AvM mvMi wQj Zvi cgvY Kx? Di: Pzbv cv_ii Lwb| ck: MxwbP gvb mgqi mv_ evsjv`ki mgqi eeavb KZ? Di: MxwbPgvb mgq Acv evsjv`ki mgq 6 Nv AvM| ck: evsjv`ki wbgji Rjv mg~n wKfve MwVZ? Di: cveb mgf~wg viv| ck: evsjv`ki gwKvi Drcw nqQ KLb _K? Di: Uviwkqvix hyMi wkjv, cvBvwmb hyMi PZi

f~wg Ges mvcwZKKvji cjj f~wg _K| ck: jvUvmwjK gvwU ev jvj gvwU Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? wbg Di: ei` Aj, gaycyii Mo I fvIqvji Mo| ck: cxU gvwU Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? Di: dwi`cyi| ck: Kvl gvwU Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? Di: PMvgi mgy` DcKjxq Aj| ck: cjj gvwU Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? Di: evsjv`ki b`x evwnZ AwaKvsk GjvKv cjj gvwU viv MwVZ mgf~wg| ck: evsjv`ki DcKjxq Aji gvwUZ jeYvZvi KviY Kx? Di: RjvQvm, dvivv euva, wPswoi Pvl BZvw`| ck: evsjv`ki gwKv MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq? Di: XvKv| ck: evsjv`ki gvwUZ wKmi AvwaK I Afve iqQ? Di: Gvjywgwbqvgi AvwaK Ges `v I MK bvgK LwbR c`v_i Afve iqQ|

evsjvi cvPxb Rbc`mg~n

evsjv`ki avivevwnK BwZnvm

ck: evsjvi cvPxb Rbc`mg~n Kx Kx? Di: e, cy, Mo, ivp, mgZU, nwiKj, ei` I evKiM|

10

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: cvPxbKvji mePq cvPxb Rbc` KvbwU wQj? Di: cy (eovi gnvvbMo)| ck: b-ZvwK wePvi evOvjx RvwZi cavb Ask wKfve Mo IV? Di: AwK RvwZ Mvx _K| ck: evsjvi Avw` Rbc`jvi fvlv Kx wQj? Di: AwK| ck: mec_g h M e `ki bvg cvIqv hvq? Di: FMe`i HZiq AviYK M| ck: evsjvi mePq cvPxb esk Kx? Di: gh esk| ck: evOvjx RvwZK wK RvwZ ejv nq? Di: wblv` RvwZ| ck: fviZeli cvPxb bvg Kx? Di: R^yxc| ck: Avh`i c_g AvMgb NU Ke? Di: wLc~e wZxq kZK fviZi Di cwgvj| ck: Avhiv Kvb agi Abymvix wQj? Di: wn`y mbvZb ag (ag Mi bvg-e`)| ck: mwUmK Ke wKfve nZv Kiv nq? Di: mwUmK 399 wLc~ev ngjK jZvi Zwi wel LvBq nZv Kiv nq| ck: cUvi MnwkK K wQjb? Di: mwUm| ck: K ` wicvewjK M iPbv Kib?

ck: cPxbKvj e bvgK Rbc`wU eZgvbi Kvb Kvb Aj wbq Mo DVwQj? Di: XvKv, gqgbwmsn I dwi`cyi Aj wbq| ck: cvPxbKvj cyy bvgK Rbc`wU Kvb Kvb Aj wbq Mo DVwQj? Di: ivRkvnx, eov, iscyi I w`bvRcyi Aj wbq| ck: cvPxbKvj Mo bvgK Rbc`wU Kvb Kvb Aj wbq Mo DVwQj? Di:evsjv`ki PuvcvB beveM Ges fviZi gvj`n, gywk`vev` I Gi cvkeZx Aj, wenvi I Dwolv| ck: cvPxbKvj ivp bvgK Rbc`wU Kvb Kvb Aj wbq Mo DVwQj? ck: fvMxi_x b`xi cwg Zxi A_vr fviZi ga cwg e| ck: cvPxbKvj mgZU bvgK Rbc`wU Kvb Kvb Aj wbq Mo DVwQj? Di: eZgvbi eni Kzwgjv I bvqvLvjx Rjvq| ck: cvPxbKvj nwiKj ejZ Kvb Rbc`wUK evSvq? Di: eZgvb wmjU I cveZ PMvg wQj GB Rbc`i Aaxb| ck: cvPxbKvj ei` ejZ eZgvb Kvb Rbc`wUK evSvq? Di: Mv I KiZvqv b`xi gaeZx DPf~wg Aj| ck: cvPxbKvji evKiM eZgvbi Kvb Aj Mo DVwQj? Di: ewikvj, Lyjbv I evMinvU wQj GB Rbc`i Aaxb|

cvPxb hyM

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: cUv| ck: GwiUji MnwkK K wQjb? Di: cUv| ck: AvjKRvvii MnwkK K wQjb? Di: GwiUj (ivwevbi RbK)| ck: AvjKRvvi Ke fviZel AvMgY I ZvM Kib? Di: Lxc~e 327 A AvMgb I 324 A ZvM Kib| ck: AvjKRvvi Kvb `ki ivRv wQjb? Di: gvwmWvwbqvi| ck: AvjKRvvi Kv_vq gZzeiY Kib? Di: evwejb| ck: Avh`i AvMgYi c~e evsjvq Kvb eski ivRZ wQj? Di: gh eski (mePq cvPxb esk)| ck: gh mvgvRi cwZvZv K? Di: P` gh (324-300 wL: c~e)| ck: mgvU AkvKi wcZvi bvg I wcZvgni bvg Kx? Di: wcZv we`ymvi (300273 wL: c~e) I wcZvgn P` gh ck: Kvb mgvUi Avgj G`k e agi cmvi NU? Di: mgvU AkvKi (273232 wL: c~e)| ck: mgvU AkvK Kb eag MnY Kib? Di: Kwj hyi fqvenZv `L wZwb eag MnY Kib|

11

ck: cvPxb fviZ mec_g mefviZxq mgvU K? Di: P` gh| ck: P` ghi ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj? Di: cvUvwjcy| ck: e agi cPviK K? Di: MZg ey| ck: MZg eyi Rb vb Kv_vq? Di: jyw^bx (bcvj)| ck: MZg eyi gZzvb Kv_vq? Di: KzkxbMi (bcvj)| ck: Rb agi cPviK K? Di: gnvexi| ck: mvgvRi cwZvZv K? Di: c_g P` | ck: mec_g Kvb Pxbv cwievRK fviZel AvMgb Kib? Di: dv-wnqb (2q P`i mgq)| ck: wegvw`Z Kvi Dcvwa wQj? Di: wZxq P`i| ck: eski k ivRv K? Di: mgy` | ck: K Kvi Abyiva eagK `ybxwZgy Kivi Rb wZeZ hvb? Di: evOvjx e wfz AZxk w`ci wZeZi ZrKvjxb ivRvi Abyiva| ck: K Ke ^vaxb Mo ivR cwZv Kib? Di: mK kZvxZ kkv (606 mvj)| ck: c_g ^vaxb mvefg evOvjx ivRv K? Di: kkv|

I Mo esk

gh esk

12

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: nwiKj ivRi D e nq KLb I Kv_vq? Di: beg kZK `wY c~e evsjvq| ck: P` ivResk KZ eQi kvmb Kib? Di: 150 eQi (900-1050)| ck: P` ivReski k ivRv K? Di: kxP`| ck: P` ivR eski ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj? Di: gywMi wegcyi| ck: evsjvi `xNvqx ivResk KvbwU? Di: cvj esk| ck: cvj eski vwqZKvj KZ? Di: cvq 400 eQi (750-1124)| ck: cvj eski cwZvZv K? Di: Mvcvj cvj| ck: agcvj ew Rxeb Kgb wQjb? Di: GKwb e Ges e agi weLvZ ccvlK| ck: cvj eski k ivRv K? Di: agcvj (781-821)| ck: mvgcyi wenvi I wegkxjv e wenvi KLb K wbgvY Kib? Di: Ag kZK ivRv agcvj| ck: cvj eski mekl ivRv K? Di: ivRv ivgcvj| ck: mb eski cwZvZv K? Di: ng mb| ck: mb eski k mgvU K? Di: weRq mb| ck: mb kvmKiv Kvb agvej^x wQjb?

ck: kkvi ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj? Di: KY-m~eY (gywk`vev` Rjvi enigcyii ivOvgvwUZ)| ck: kkvi Dcvwa Kx wQj? Di: gnvmvg| ck: Kvb kvmb cvPxb Rbc`jv GKwZ Ki Mo ivR cwZwZ Kib? Di: kkv| ck: Mo ivRK kwkvjx Kivi Rb wZwb Kx Dcvwa aviY Kib? Di: ivRvwaivR| ck: nleabi ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj? Di: KbR| ck: nleabi mfvKwe K wQjb? Di: evbfU| ck: mvgvR asm nq Kvb kwi nvZ? Di: b kwi nvZ| ck: Pxbv cwievRK wnD-Gvb-mvO Ki evsjvq AvMgb Kib? Di: mg kZK (634 mvj)| ck: KvbceZ `e eski ivRavbx cwZwZ nqwQj? Di: `e ceZ| ck: fe`e I Avb``e Kv_vq ivRZ KiZb? Di: mgZU Aj| ck: Kzwgjvi Avb` wenviwU K wbgvY Kib? Di: ivRv Avb` `e (Ag kZK)| ck: kvjeb wenvi K wbgvY Kib? Di: `e ivRv fe`e|

cvj esk

`e esk I P`ivR esk

mb esk

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: wn`y| ck: evsjv mvwnZ cmvi cZ K wZZ Kv`i? Di: mb eski kvmK`i| ck: mb eski mekl I evsjvi kl wn`y ivRv K? Di: jY mb| ck: Moki Dcvax Kvi? Di: jY mbi| ck: XvKkix gw`i wbgvY Kib K? Di: ejvj mb| ck: jY mbi ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj? Di: Mo I b`xqvZ (bexc)| ck: jY mbi ivR mfvi Kwe K wQjb? Di: Kwe Rq`e (MxZ Mvwe`i iPwqZv)| ck: mb eski vqxZKvj KZ? Di: cvq 100 eQi| ck: jY mb Kvi KvQ civwRZ nb? Di: eLwZqvi LjwRi KvQ (1204 mvj)|

13

ck: wmz weRq nq Kvb Lwjdvi Avgj? Di: Lwjdv Avj-Iqvwj`| ck: gyn`-webKvwmgi m mgq eqm wQj KZ? Di: gv 17 eQi| ck: Kvi wb`k gyn` web KvwmgK nZv Kiv nq? Di: Lwjdv myjvBgvbi wb`k| ck: myjZvb gvngy` Kv_vKvi kvmbKZv wQjb? Di: MRbxi (AvdMvwbvb)| ck: myjZvb gvngy` KZevi fviZ AvgY Kib? Di: 17 evi (1000-1027 mvj ch) ck: myjZvb gvngy`i fviZ AvgYi Dk Kx? Di: fviZi cPzi ab m`| ck: myjZvb gvngy`i ivRmfvq bvgKiv `vkwYK I RvwZwe` wQjb K? Di: Avj eibx| ck: myjZvb gvngy`i mfvKwe K wQjb? Di: di`m| ck: di`m, myjZvb Avie`i evsjvq AvMgb gvngy`i Rb Kvb ck: Avieiv wmz gnvKve iPbv Kib? weRq Ki Ke? Di: kvnbvgv| Di: 712 wLv| ck: wmz Awfhvbi bZZ `b K? Di: gyn`-web-Kvwkg| ck: nvvR-webBDmyd K Ges Kv_vKvi kvmK wQjb? Di: wZwb Lwjdv Avyj gvwjK I Avj Iqvwj`i DgvBqv LjvdZi mgM c~evji BivK wmwRvb, Kveyj, Lvivvb kvmKKZv wQjb|

ck: gynv` Nyix I cw_ivRi ga Kvb hy nqwQj? Di: ZivBbi 1g hy (1191) I 2q hy (1192 mvj) ck: eLwZqvi wLjRx wenvi Rq Kib Ke? Di: evsjv Rqi c~e 1203 mvj|

myjZvbx Avgji cviwKv

14

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: fviZi ZzKx mvgvRi cKZ cwZvZv I fviZ `vm eski cwZvZv K? Di: KzZze Dxb AvBeK| ck: jvL ev ejv nZ KvK? Di: KzZze Dxb AvBeKK| ck: myjZvbv ivwRqv K wQjb? Di: BjZzZwgk Kbv| ck: myjZvb wMqvm DwbK nZv Ki evsjv `Lj Kib K? Di: BjZzZwgk cy bvwmi Dwb (kvnRv`v)| ck: w`jx wmsnvmb AvivnYKvix 1g gymjgvb bvix K? Di: myjZvbv ivwRqv (12361240)| ck: KZ mvj dLiwb gveviK kvn mvbviMuvqi ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib? Di: 1338 mvj| ck: evsjvq c_g ^vaxb myjZvbx hyMi myPbv Kib K? Di: dLiwb gveviK kvn| ck: Beb-eZzZv KZ mvj evsjv ev mvbviMuvq Avmb? Di: 1345 mvj| ck: Beb eZzZv Kvi mgq evsjvq Avmb? Di: dLiwb gveviK kvni| ck: Beb eZzZv Kvb `ki Awaevmx wQjb? Di: Di AvwdKvi givi| ck: evsjvK `vhLcyi wbqvgZ ev ab m`c~Y biK ej AwfwnZ Kib K? Di: Beb eZzZv| ck: Beb eZzZv Kvi mgq w`jxZ Avmb? Di: gynv` web ZzNjK|

ck: KZ kZK evsjvq gymwjg AvwacZ cwZwZ nq? Di: qv`k kZK| ck: gymjgvb`i ga c_g evsjv Rq Kib K? Di: BLwZqvi Dwb gyn` web eLwZqvi wLjRx (1204 wLv gZvi 1205wLv)| ck: eLwZqvi wLjRx Kvb `ki Awaevmx wQjb? Di: Di AvdMvwbvbi Migwki GjvKvi| ck: eLwZqvi Kv_vq gZzeiY Kib? Di: `e KvU| ck: evsjv weRqi mgq eLwZqvii mv_ KZRb mb wQj? Di: 17 Rb Akvivnx mb| ck: eLwZqvi KZ eQi evsjvq ivRZ Kib? Di: gv `yB eQi| ck: eLwZqvi wZeZ Awfhvb ei nb KLb? Di: 1206 mvj| ck: eLwZqvi wLjRxi mgq w`jxi kvmK wQjb K? Di: KzZze Dxb AvBeK| ck: eLwZqvii Dim~ix wnme evsjvi kvmb gZvq emb K? Di: BIR wLjRx| ck: gymwjg ivRi c_g ^vaxb bcwZ K? Di: Avjx g`vb wLjRx (AvjvDxb Avjx kvn) ck: BIR wLjRx KLb Kvb Dcvwa wbq evsjvi kvmb gZvq emb? Di: 1212 mvj myjZvb wMqvm Dwb Dcvwa aviY Ki| ck: KzZze wgbvi K wbgvY Kib? Di: KzZze Dxb AvBeK (w`jxZ)|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: Beb eZzZvi Kvb M evsjvi Acic eYbv cvIqv hvq? Di: wKZveyj invjv M| ck: w`jx nZ `ewMwiZ ivRavbx vbv i Kib K? Di: gynv` web ZzNjK ev Rybv Lvb| ck: Puv`cyi _K PMvg ch `xN moK wbgvY Kib K? Di: dLixb gyeviK kvn| ck: Zvg gy`vi cPjb Kib K? Di: gynv` web ZzNjK| ck: fviZ K ZzKx mvgvR cwZv Kib? Di: gynv` Nyix| ck: fviZi Kvb ev`kvnK evM`v`i Lwjdv KZK ^xKZ I Dcvwa `vb Kiv nq? Di: BjZzZwgk| ck: Kvb myjZvbi Avgj evsjvi gymjgvb ivR mevwaK wevi jvf Ki? Di: kvgmywb wdivR kvni Avgj| ck: gqgbwmsn I wmjU Kvi mgq gymwjg kvmbvaxb Avm? Di: kvgmywb wdivR kvni| ck: evsjvi Kvb kvmb KZvi mgq nhiZ kvnRvjvj ag cPviv_ wmjU Avmb? Di: kvgmywb wdivR kvn| ck: nhiZ kvnRvjvj Kvb `ki Awaevmx wQjb? Di: Zzii| ck: `Iqvb-BLqivZ wefvM K Pvjy Kib? Di: wdivR kvn ZzNjK|

15

ck: Bmjvg agi wbqg Abymvi ivR kvmb KiZb? Di: wdivR kvn ZzNjK| ck: Zgyi jO KLb Kvi mgq fviZ AvgY Kib? Di: 1398 wL: bvwmiwb gvngy` kvni mgq Ges wmsnvmb Avivnb Kib| ck: Bwjqvm kvnx eski kvmbKvj KLb? Di: (1342-1487 ch)| ck: Bwjqvm kvnx eski cwZvZv K? Di: kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvn (wmwRvbi bvMwiK)| ck: Kvb gymjgvb myjZvb mec_g mgM evsjvi AwacwZ nb I kvnB-evvjv DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kiv nq? Di: myjZvb Bwjqvm kvnK| ck: cvPxb evsjvi mejv Rbc` GK evsjv bvg cwiwPZ jvf Ki Kvi Avgj? Di: kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvni| ck: c_g gymwjg kvmK wnme K KLb bcvj Awfhvb Pvjvq? Di: kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvn 1350 mvj| ck: Bwjqvm kvni mePq Miegq weRq KvbwU? Di: c~ee weRq| ck: Rvjvj Dxb gvngy` kvni wcZvi bvg Kx? Di: ivRv Mbk| ck: ivRv Mbk KLb evsjvi gZvq emb? Di: 1414 mvj|

Bwjqvm kvnx esk

16

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: Kvb mgvU wbZ cqvRbxq wRwbmci `vg wbaviY Ki `b? Di: AvjvDxb wLjRx| ck: AvjvDwb nvmb kvn wKfve gZvq Avmb? Di: 1494 mvj nvekx kl myjZvb kvgmywbK nZv Ki| ck: AvjvDwb nvmb kvni Dcvwa Kx wQj? Di: bcwZ wZjK I RMr f~lY| ck: nvmb kvnx hyMi mek myjZvb K wQjb? Di: AvjvDwb nvmb kvn| ck: AvjvDwb nvmb kvni ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj? Di: GKWvjv| ck: nvmb kvn KZ eQi ivRZ Kib? Di: 45 eQi (1494-1538)| ck: evsjvi AvKei ejv nq KvK? Di: kvnx eski cKZ cwZvZv AvjvDwb nvmb kvnK| ck: nvmb kvnx eski kvmbvgj gymwjg vcZ Kx Kx? Di: Avw`bv gmwR`, K`g im~j gmwR`, QvU I eo mvbv gmwR`, Rvnvwbqv gmwR`, jUb gmwR`, beMvg gmwR`| ck: Moi QvU mvbv gmwR` wbgvY Kib K? Di: AvjvDwb nvmb kvn| ck: gvj`ni eo cvyqvi weLvZ Avw`bv gmwR` K wbgvY Kib?

ck: evsjvi Kvb myjZvb bvq wePvii Rb LvwZ jvf Kib? Di: wMqvmDwb Avhg kvn| ck: wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn Kvb eski kvmK wQjb? Di: Bwjqvm kvnx| ck: Bivbi Kwe nvwdRi mv_ evsjvi Kvb myjZvbi cvjvc nqwQj? Di: wMqvm Dxb Avhg kvni| ck: wMqvm Dxb Avhg kvn wKfve evsjv mvwnZi ccvlKZv Kib? Di: Avhg kvni ccvlKZvq kvn gyn` mMxii BDmyd RyjLv Ges KxwZevmi evsjv fvlvq ivgvqY iwPZ nq| ck: nvekx kvnRv`v kvmb gZv `Lj Ki Kvb Dcvwa MnY Kib? Di: myjZvb evievK kvn (1487 mvj) ck: Kx iPbvi Rb evievK kvn gvjvai emyK bivR DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kib? Di: kxK weRq| ck: BwZnvm AKvi hyM KvbwU? Di: nvekx Kzkvmbi mgq| ck: Kvi mgq Lvb Rvnvb Avjx KZK Lyjbv I hkvi `LjKZ nq? Di: bvwmiwb gvngy`i mgq| ck: wLjRx eski cwZvZv K? Di: Rvjvj Dwb wLjRx| ck: wLjRx eski k mgvU K? Di: gveviK wLjRx|

nvmb kvnx esk

wLjRx esk

evsjv`k welqvejx

17

ck: gyNj mgvU`i Di: wmKv`vi kvn| ga mePq fvM ck: Moi eo mvbv weovw^Z K? gmwR` I K`g im~j gmwR` Di: gvqyb| K wbgvY Kib? ck: Pmvi hy KLb Di: bymiZ kvn (nvmb nq? kvni cy)| Di: 26 Ryb 1539 mvj| gyNj mvgvRi ck: kikvn Kvb hy gvqybK civwRZ Ki BwZnvm w`jxi wmsnvmb `Lj Kib? ck: Kvb hyi KbRi hy (1539 gvag evei fviZ gyNj Di: mvj)| kvmb cwZv Kib? kikvn Kv_vKvi Di: cvwb c_i c_g hyi ck: kvmK wQjb? gvag| AvdMvb kvmK (wZwbB ck: gyNj mvgvRi Di: c_g fviZel AvdMvb cwZvZvi cKZ bvg kvmb Pvjy Kib)| Kx? ck: Kvb mgvU w`jx Di: Rwni Dwb gynv` _K BsiR`i weZvwoZ evei| Kib? ck: eveii cwZK Di: kikvn| wbevm Kv_vq wQj? ck: fviZ el Nvovi Di: dviNvbvq (eZgvb WvK cPjb Kib K? AvdMvwbvb) kikvn| ck: ivbv msMvg Di: ck: kikvn KZK wmsK evei Kvb hy cwZwZ eski bvg Kx? civwRZ Kib? Di: k~i esk| Di: Pmvii hy| evsjvq AvdMvb ck: cvwbc_ bvgK ck: kvmbi AvKvLv RvM vbwU eZgvb Kv_vq KLb? AewZ? kikvn KZK evsjv Di: w`jx I AvMvi gaeZx Di: `LjKZ nIqvq| hgybv b`xi Zxi A_vr ck: mvbviMuvI _K fviZi Di c`ki nwiqvbv cvve ch weLvZ bvgK vb| Mv Uv ivW ev ck: cvwb c_i c_g ev`kvnx moK wbgvY hy Ke Kvi Kvi ga nq? Ki K? Di: 1526 mvi evei I Di: kikvn| Bevnxg jvw`i ga| ck: gvqybi cy ck: evsjvK AvKei KZ eQi eqm w`jxi RvbvZvev` ej NvlYv wmsnvmb emb? Kib K? 13 eQi| Di: eveii cy mgvU Di: ck: AvKeii AwffveK gvqyb| ck: Kvb gyNj K wQjb? mgvU MvMvii wmuwo Di: eivg Luv (wkqv nZ co gviv hvb? gZvej^x)| Di: gvqyb| ck: eivg Luvi Dcvwa Kx wQj?

18 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: AvKei (RivU ivR Rq Dcj)| ck: dZcyiwmwi m Kvb gyNj mgvUi bvg RwoZ? Di: mgvU AvKeii| ck: gbme`vix c_v K cPjb Kib? Di: mgvU AvKei| ck: AgZmi ^Ygw`i K wbgvY Kib? Di: mgvU AvKei (Rvjvjywb gyn` AvKei) ck: AgZmii AvaywbK ^Ygw`ii cwZvZv K? Di: i ARyb| ck: mgvU AvKei evsjv weRq Kib Ke? Di: 1576 mvj ivRgnji hy| ck: KvK civwRZ Ki evsjvq gyNj kvmb cwZwZ nq? Di: `vD` Lvb KiivbxK civwRZ Ki| ck: Kiivbx eski cwZvZv K? Di: mvjvqgvb Kiivbx| ck: evsjv`k evi f~uBqv`i Afyvb NU KLb? Di: AvKeii mgq| ck: Kvb mgvUi mgq mgM e`k myenB-evvjvn bvg cwiwPZ wQj? Di: mgvU AvKei mgq| ck: xb-B-Bjvnx agi I ivRcyZbxwZi ceZK K? Di: mgvU AvKei| ck: gyNj mvgvRi k mgvU K wQjb? Di: mgvU AvKei|

Lvb-Lvbv (wZwb gvqybi cavb mbvcwZ)| ck: Kvb M `kevPK evsjv ki c_g eenvi nq| Di: AvBb-B-AvKeix M| ck: AvBb-BAvKeix Mi iPwqZv K? Di: Aveyj dRj| ck: Aveyj dRj K wQjb? Di: mgvU AvKeii mfvKwe (beiZi GKRb) ck: cvwb c_i wZxq hy msMwVZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1556 mvj| ck: cvwb c_i wZxq hy msMwVZ nq Kvi ga? Di: AvKeii mbvcwZ eivg Lvb I wngyi ga| ck: evsjv mbi ceZK K? Di: dZnDjvn wmivRx| ck: cnjv ekvL c_g cvjbi cPjb Kib K? Di: mgvU AvKei| ck: Zvbmb K wQjb? Di: AvKeii beiZi GKRb (ivRmfvi MvqK) ck: wRwRqv Ki I Zx_Ki K cPjb Kib? Di: mgvU AvKei| ck: mgvU AvKeii ivR^gx K wQjb? Di: UvWigj| ck: Kvb mgvU wn`y mgvR evjweevn I mZx`vn c_v e Ges weaev weevn cPjb Kib? Di: mgvU AvKei| ck: Kvb gyNj mgvU eyjv` `iIqvR wbgvY Kib?

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: AvKeii mgvwa Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mK`vq| ck: `xb-B-Bjvnx Kx? Di: mgvU AvKei cewZZ Bmjvg weivax bZzb agi bvg (1581)| ck: xb-B-Bjvnxi KqRb Abymvix wQjb? Di: gv 18 Rb| ck: gyNj Avgj DrK Kvcvm w`q Kv_vq gmwjb e Zwi nZ? Di: mvbviMuvI| ck: Kvb mgq mvbviMuvI evsjv`ki ivRavbx wQj? Di: gyNj Avgj (myjZvbx Avgj I ivRavbx wQj)| ck: K KLb evsjvi ivRavbx ivRgnj nZ XvKvq vbvi Ki? Di: myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb 1610 mvj| ck: mgvU Rvnvxi KvK Rvi Ki weevn KiwQjb? Di: AvjxKzjx eMi cZx gnibmvK (byiRvnvb) ck: XvKvi bvg Rvnvxi bMi K ivLb? Di: myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb (1610 mvj) ck: `vjvB Lvj Lbb Kib K? Di: myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb| ck: eywoMv b`xi c~e bvg Kx wQj? Di: `vjvB Lvj ev `vjvB b`x| ck: AvMvi `~M wbgvY Kib Kvb mgvU? Di: Rvnvxi|

19

ck: Kvb gyNj mgvU 'Prince of Builder's bvg LvZ? Di: mgvU Rvnvxii cy mgvU kvnRvnvb| ck: kvnRvnvbi xi bvg Kx? Di: ggZvR| ck: ZvRgnj, AvMvi Rvg gmwR`, w`jxi jvj Kjv, mvjgvi D`vb, w`jxi `Iqvb-B-Avg I `IqvbB Lvm Ges gq~i wmsnvmb wbgvY Kib K? Di: mgvU kvnRvnvb| ck: kvnRvnvbi eMg AvRygv` evby ggZvR gnji wZK Avb Ki iLQ Kvb vcZ? Di: ZvRgnj| ck: ZvRgnji vcwZ K wQjb? Di: Iv` Ckv wmivRx| ck: gq~i wmsnvmbi wkx K wQjb? Di: wkx eev`j Luvb| ck: gq~i wmsnvmb K jyb Kib? Di: cvimi bvw`i kvn (1739 mvj) ck: gq~i wmsnvmb eZgvb Kv_vq AvQ? Di: Bivb| ck: evsjvq gvNj kvmbK cwZnZ Kivi mevwaK cwiwPZ Kviv? Di: evi f~uBqv| ck: evsjvq gyNj kvmb weivax ivRv, f~uBqv I Rwg`vii msLv KZ Rb| Di: cvq 36 Rb| ck: evi fu~Bqv`i RvU cavb wQjb K? Di: Ckv Lvb (gZz-1599)|

evi f~uBqv`i kvmb

20

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: Imgvbx D`vbi mvgb iwZ KvgvbwU KLb K eenvi Kib| Di: Avmvg hy gxi Rygjv eenvi Kib| ck: XvKv MBU K wbgvY Kib? Di: gxi Rygjv| ck: kvnRv`v kvn myRv KZ eQi evsjvi myev`vi wQjb? Di: 19 eQi (1639-1658) ck: gxi Rygjv evsjvi myev`vi wbhy nb KLb? Di: 1660 mvj (gZz 1663) ck: kvnRvnvbi mgvx ggZvR gnji fvB kvqv Lvb KLb evsjvi myev`vi wbhy nb? Di: 1664 mvj| ck: kvqv Lvbi c~Y bvg Kx? Di:wgRv Avey Zvwje Iid myev`vi kvqv Lvb| ck: kvqv Lvb PMvg Rq Kib KLb? Di: 1666 mvj ck: kvqv Lvb PMvg weRqi c~e PMvg Kvi Aaxb wQj? Di: AvivKvbi ivRvi| ck: PMvgi bvg Bmjvgvev` ivLb K? Di: myev`vi kvqv Lvb| ck: Kvi mgq UvKvq 8 gb PvDj cvIqv hZ? Di: kvqv Lvbi mgq| ck: jvjevMi Kjvq Kvi Kei iqQ? Di: kvqv Lvbi Kbv Bivb `yLZ& ev cwiwewei| ck: weqvb wewe K wQjb? Di: kvqv Lvbi evb? ck: ^`xc I PMvgi gM Ges

ck: Ckv Lvbi Dcvwa Kx wQj? Di: gmb`-B-Avjv| ck: Ckv Luv, Ckv Luvi fvB Rygv Luv, Ckv Luvi cy gymv Luvi Aj Kv_vq wQj? Di: XvKv, wLwRi| ck: gnvivRv cZvcvw`Zi GjvKv wQj Kv_vq? Di: Lyjbv-hkvi| ck: dRj MvRx, evnv`yi MvRx, Avbvqvi MvRxi GjvKv Kv_vq wQj? Di: fvIqvj, MvRxcyi| ck: Puv`ivq I K`vi ivqi Rwg`vix GjvKv Kv_vq wQj? Di: wegcyi, gywM| ck: nvwg`yi ingvbi Rwg`vix Aj Kv_vq wQj? Di: cwg ei euvKzov| ck: evi f~uBqv`i Pzovfve civwRZ Kib K? Di: myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb mgvU Rvnvxii mgq| ck: PMvg eZxZ cyiv evsjv gyNj kvmbvaxb Avm KLb? Di: mgvU Rvnvxii mgq| ck: Ckv Lvbi ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj? Di: mvbviMuvIq|

ck: K Dcgnv`k wR`vcxi bvg LvZ? Di: mgvU AvIiRe (16581706)| ck: gxi Rygjv K wQjb? Di: mgvU AvIiRei cavb mbvcwZ|

gyNj mvgvRi cZb

evsjv`k welqvejx cZyMxR Rj`my`i weZvwoZ Kib K? Di: kvqv Lvb (1666 mvj)| ck: myev`vi kvq v Lvb evsjv kvmb Kib KZ eQi? Di: 22 eQi (1664-1688) ck: gyNj eski kl mgvU K wQjb? Di: kvnRv`v gvqvg hvi Dcvwa wQj kvn Avjg evnv`yi kvn| ck: evnv`yi kvni cy Kb myZvbwU, Mvwe`cyi I KvjKvZv B Bwqvi KvQ wew Kib? Di: 1698 mvj A_wjy AvwRgywb bM` A_i wewbgq| ck: gywk`Kzjx Lvb c_g Kv_vKvi `Iqvb wbhy nb? Di: AvIiRe KZK evsjv, wenvi I Dwolv c`ki| ck: wZxqevi gywk` Lvb KLb evsjvi `Iqvb wbhy nb? Di:evnv`yi kvn KZK 1710 mvj| ck: gywk`Kzjx Lvb KLb evsjvi myev`vi wbhy nb? Di: 1716 mvj| ck: gywk`Kzjx Lvbi mePq eo K wZZ Kx? Di: ivR^ msvi| ck: wZxq evnv`yi kvnK Kv_vq wbevmb `qv nq? Di: Bqvsb (iyb)| ck: mgvU kvn Avjgi mv_ BsiR`i Pzwi bvg Kx? Di: Gjvnvev` Pzw|

21

ck: Gjvnvev` Pzwi dj Kx nq? Di: BsiRiv evsjv, wenvi I Dwolvi `Iqvbx jvf Ki|

bevex Avgj I cjvkxi hy

ck: K KZ mvj ^vaxb beve wnme evsjvi wmsnvmb Avivnb Kib? Di: beve gywk`Kzjx Lvb 1717 mvj| ck: beve gywk`Kzjx Lvb evsjvi ivRavbx XvKv _K Kv_vq vbvi Kib? Di: gywk`vev`| ck: e`k beve eski cwZvZv K? Di: gywk`Kzjx Lvb| ck: Avjxe`x Lvb evsjvi beve nb KZ mvj? Di: 1740 mvj| ck: evsjvi kl ^vaxb beve K? Di: beve wmivRDjv| ck: beve wmivRDjv KLb evsjvi wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib? Di: 10 Gwcj, 1756 mvj| ck: KjKvZvi bvg cwieZb Ki wmivRDjv Kx ivLb? Di: AvwjbMi (1756 mvj)| ck: AKc nZv msNwUZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1756 mvj| ck: KZ mvj wmivRDjv dvU DBwjqvg `~M `Lj Kib? Di: 20 Ryb 1757| ck: cjvkxi hy msNwUZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 23 Ryb 1757| ck: cjvkxi hy Kviv wekvmNvZKZv Kib?

22 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evii hy Kvi Kvi ga msNwUZ nq? Di: gxi Kvwmg I BsiR`i ga| ck: wmivRDjvi ci bvg gv bevexZ evsjvi kl beve K? Di: wbRvgDjv|

bevei mbvcwZ gxiRvdi, Bqvi jwZd, ivq`~jf, RMrkV| ck: BsiR mbvcwZ K wQjb? Di: jW KvBf| ck: bevii c Kviv cvYcY hy Kib? Di: gxi g`b, gvnbjvj I divwm mbvbvqK wmbdu| ck: gxi Rvdii bevexi vwqZKvj KZ? Di: 1757-1760 mvj ch| ck: gxi Rvdii RvgvZv gxi Kvwmg KLb evsjvi beve nb? Di: 1760 mvj| ck: wmivRDjvi nZvKvix K? Di: gn`x eM (gxi Rvdii cy wgibi Av`k) ck: gxi Kvwmg gywk`vev` _K evsjvi ivRavbx Kv_vq vbvi Kib? Di: gyi| ck: eMx bvg cwiwPZ Kviv? Di: gvivVviv ck: gvivVv ivRi cwZvZv K? Di: evjvRx wekbv_| ck: gvivVv eski k bicwZ wkevRx BwZnvm Kx bvg LvZ wQj? Di: cveZ gywlK bvg| ck: cvwb c_i Z Zxq hy KZ mvj Kvi Kvi ga nq? Di: 1761 mvj Avng` kvn Ave`vjx I gvivVv kwi ga| ck: evii hy nq KZ mvj? Di: 1764 mvj|

Dcgnv`k ewYK`i AvMgb

ck: cZyMxRiv evsjvq Kx bvg cwiwPZ? Di: wdwiw bvg| ck: KZ mvj BDivc _K mgy`c_ fviZel Avmvi c_ Avwevi nq? Di: 1487 mvj| ck: cZyMxR bvweK fvv-`v-Mvgv KZ mvj fviZel AvMgb Kib? Di: 1498 mvj| ck: Dcgnv`k BDivcxq mvgvR vcbi c_g Pv Kib Kviv? Di: divmxiv| ck: BDivcxq ewYK`i ga Kviv c_g fviZel evwYR KiZ Avm? Di: cZyMxRiv (1516 mvj)| ck: B Bwqv Kvvwb MwVZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1600 mvj| ck: cZyMxR`i ci Kviv evwYRi Rb evsjvq Avm? Di: Ij`vR WvPiv (1602 mvj) ck: Ij`vR ev WvPiv Kvb `ki Awaevmx? Di: njv| ck: Ij`vRiv 1606 mvj Kvb Kvvwb MVb Ki?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: WvP B Bwqv Kvvwb| ck: B Bwqv Kvvwb KZ mvj evwYRi Rb evsjvq Avm? Di: 1608 mvj| ck: BsiRiv evsjvq c_g Kvb vb KzwV vcb Ki? Di: 1608 mvj myivU ck: BsiRiv myivU KzwV wbgvYi Rb Kvb mgvUi AbygwZ bq? Di: mgvU Rvnvxii| ck: eemvi cvkvcvwk cZyMxR ewYKiv Kx KiZ? Di: evi f~uBqv`i mbv evwnbxZ PvKwi KiZ| ck: Kvi Kvi Aaxb mevwaK cZzMxR mb wQj? Di: Ckv Luv, cZvcvw`Z I K`vi ivq| ck: cZyMxR`i AZvPvi I AwePvi ivai Rb mgvU kvnRvnvb Kx Av`k `b? Di: Zv`iK evsjv _K Zvwoq `evi Av`k `b kvqv LvbK| ck: w`bgvi ev Wvwbk bvg cwiwPZ Kviv? Di: WbgvKi ewbqviv| ck: w`bgviiv G`k Kvb Kvvwb vcb Ki? Di: 1616 mvj Wvwbk B Bwqv Kvvwb| ck: evsjvq BsiR`i evwYR Kivi AbygwZ `b K? Di: myev`vi kvn myRv| ck: divwmiv KLb evsjvi Avm? Di: 1668 mvj|

23

ck: KvjKvZv bMii c~ebvg Kx? Di: myZvbywU bMi| ck: KvjKvZv bMii cwZvZv K? Di: Re Pvbe (1690 mvj)| ck: c`vb Qvov Kvb mgvU B Bwqv KvvwbK evwYR Kivi myhvM `b? Di: mgvU diiL wkqvi| ck: divwm ewYKiv BsiR`i mv_ eemvq ni hvb Kb? Di: BsiR`i DbZZi b kwi KviY| ck: Wvwbkiv KLb Dcgnv`k ZvM Ki? Di: 1757 mvji cjvkxj hyi ci|

ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g wewUk Mfbi K? Di: jW KvBf (17571767) ck: B Bwqv Kvvwb KZ eQi Dcgnv`k kvmb Ki? Di: 190 eQi (1757-1947) ck: dwKi Av`vjb Kvb mgq ch cwiPvwjZ nq? Di: 1760 _K 1800 mvj ch| ck: dwKi Av`vjbi bZZ `b K? Di: gRby kvn| ck: dwKiiv KLb c_g BsiR`i Dci nvgjv Ki? Di: 1763 mvj| ck: dwKi Av`vjb Kvb Aj mg~n msNwUZ nq?

B Bwqv Kvvwbi kvmb

24 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: Iqvib nwsm ck: dwKi gRby kvn gviv hvb KZ mvj? Di: 1787 mvj| ck: evsjvq wPivqx e`ve eevi ceZb Kib K? Di: jW KYIqvwjm (22 gvP 1793) ck: m~hv AvBb Kx? Di:wPivqx e`ve eevq wbw` w`b m~hv i c~e A_ cwikva KiZ e_ nj BsiRiv Rwg wbjvg Ki w`Z| GZ AbK Rwg`vi Rwg`viZ nvivZ| ck: fviZ (AvBwmGm) wmwfj mvwfm cixvi ceZb Kib K? Di: jW KYIqvwjm| ck: nvq`vi Avjxi cy wUcy myjZvb Kv_vKvi kvmK wQjb? Di: gwnii (eZgvb KYvUK ivRi)| ck: ZZxq B gnxii hy Kv`i ga nq? Di: wUcy myjZvbi mv_ BsiR`i| ck: ZZxq B gnxii hyi djvdj Kx? Di:wUcy myjZvb BsiR`i KvQ civwRZ nb| ck: Kvb hy wUcy myjZvbi gZz nq? Di: PZz_ B gnxii hy (1799 mvj)| ck: vggvb Av`vjZ eevi ceZb Kib K? Di: jW KYIqvwjm| ck: nvRx gynwmb KLb RbMnY Kib?

XvKv, ivRkvnx, iscyi I w`bvRcyi| ck: dwKi we`vni mgq dwKi`i nvZ K wbnZ nb? Di: GWIqvW bvgK BsiR Kvb| ck: Zkvmb eevi ceZK K? Di:jW KvBW 1765 mvj Pvjy Kib| ck: KvBfi kvmbi dj fqven `ywf wQqvii g^i KLb nq? Di: 1770 mvj (evsjv 1176 mvj)| ck: wQqvii g^ i Gi mgq evsjvi Mfbi K wQjb? Di: KvwUqvi (1769-1772) ck: kl Mfbi K wQjb? Di: Iqvib nwsm (17721774) ck: Z kvmb eev wejvc Kib K? Di: Iqvib nws (17741785) ck: evsjvq bxj Pvl i nq KLb? Di: 1777 mvj| ck: Dcgnv`k c_g ivR^ evW vcb Kib K? Di: Iqvib nwsm| ck: evsjvi ivRavbx gywk`vev` _K KjKvZvq vbvi Kib K? Di: Iqvib nwsm| ck: wewUk cvjvgU ijwUs Av cvk nq KLb? Di: 1784 mvj| ck: evsjvq cuvPkvjv e`vei ceZK K?

evsjvi RvMiY

gyn` Kv_vq

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: 1732 mvj MjxZ| ck: nvRx gyn` gynwmb AXj m`i gvwjK nb wKfve? Di:Zvi evb gbyRvbi KvQ _K| ck: gynwmb Zvi mwZ A_ Kvb KvR `vb Kib? Di:Mixe Qv-Qvx`i jLvcov I Zv`i KjvY| ck: ew Rxeb gynwmb Kx wQjb? Di:wPiKzgvi| ck: mZx`vn c_v mK ivRv ivggvnb ivq Kx iPbv Kib? Di:ceZK I wbeZKi m^v`| ck: KZ mvj ivRv ivggvnb ivq AvZxq mfv cwZv Kib? Di:1815 mvj| ck: c_g w`K fviZeli ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi bZZ `b K? Di:wZZzgxi (cKZ bvg gxi wbmvi Avjx)| ck: wZZzgxii Av`vjb wQj Kv`i wei? Di:AZvPvix Rwg`vi I wewUk miKvii wei| ck: wZZzgxii Av`vjbi wQj Kv_vq? Di:24 ciMYvi evivmvZ gnKzgvq| ck: wZZzgxi KZ mvj evivmvZ BsiR`i wei we`vn NvlYv Kib? Di:1825 mvj| ck: K gymjgvb`i `vwoi Dci Ki avh Kib? Di:cywbqvi wn`y Rwg`vi| ck: ivRv ivggvnb ivq ev mgvR cwZv Kib KZ mvj? Di:1828 mvj|

25

ck: ivRv ivggvnb ivqK ivRv Dcvwa `b K? Di:mgvU wZxq AvKei| ck: mZx`vn c_v KZ mvj Kvi cPvq evwZj nq? Di:1829 mvj ivggvnb ivqi cPvq| ck: mZx`vn c_vi wejvc Kib K? Di:jW ewUsK (1829 mvj)| ck: DMcx mvgvRev`x wewUk MfYi K wQjb? Di:jW DBwjqvg ewUsK (1828-1835)| ck: K Ke euvki Kjv asm Kib? Di:jdUbvU Kbj zqvU, 19 bf^i 1831| ck: wZZzgxi euvki Kjv Kv_vq wbgvY Kib? Di:bvwiKj evwoqvq| ck: c_g evOvjx wnme wewUk miKvii wei A aviY Ki knx` nb K? Di:wZZzgxi (1831)| ck: wZZzgxii cavb mbvcwZi bvg Kx? Di:Mvjvg gvmyg| ck: divqRx Av`vjbi D`vv K wQjb? Di:nvRx kixqZDjvn| ck: kixqZDjvn Kv_vq RbMnY Kib? Di:kixqZcyi Rivi kvgvBj Mvg| ck: kixqZDjvni cy `y`y wgqvi cKZ bvg Kx? Di:gynmxb Dxb| ck: divqwR Av`vjbK ivRbwZK Av`vjb ic`vb Kib K?

26

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di:wbR cy bvivqYP`i mv_ GK weaev gwnjvK weevn w`q| ck: gymjgvb`iK c_g BsiwR wkvq wkwZ Kivi Pv Kib K? Di:mvi mq` Avng` Lvb| ck: wmcvnx we`vni mgq Ges Dcgnv`ki mekl wewUk Mfbi Rbvij K? Di:jW Kvwbs (1856-1858) ck: wmcvnx we`vn msMwVZ nq KZ mvj? Di:1857 mvj| ck: wmcvnx we`vni m~Pbv nqwQj Kv_vq? Di:e`ki evivKcyi (26 Rvbyqvwi 1857)| ck: 1857 mvi XvKvq wmcvnx we`vn nq Kv_vq? Di:jvjevM `~M| ck: Dcgnv`k c_g ^vaxbZv msMvg nq KLb? Di:1857 mvj| ck: 1857 mvj B Bwqv Kvvwbi mbvwbevm Kv_vq? Di:jvjevM Kjvq| ck: Dcgnv`k c_g KvMRi gy`v Pvjy Kib K? Di:jW Kvwbs (1857 mvj)| ck: 1857 mvj evnv`yi kvn cvKi bvg Kx wQj? Di:AvUvNii gq`vb| ck: AvUvNii bvg cwieZb Ki Kx ivLv nq? Di:wfvwiqv cvK| ck: B Bwqv Kvvwbi kvmbi Aemvb NU KLb? Di:1858 mvj|

Di:`y`y wgqv (Av`vjbi cavb K` dwi`cyi)| ck: Rwg _K LvRbv Av`vq Avjvni AvBbi cwicw G gZev`i cev wQjb K? Di:`y`y wgqv| ck: Av`vjZ dvwmi cwieZ BsiwR fvlvi cPjb i Kib K? Di:jW ewUs 1835 mvj| ck: CkiP`K we`vmvMi Dcvwa `b Kviv? Di:msZ KjR KZc 1840 mvj| ck: CkiP` msZ KjRi Aa nb KLb? Di:1851 mvj| ck: mvgvRev`x ^Zwejvc bxwZi ceZK K? Di:jW Wvjnmx| ck: mec_g fviZxq Dcgnv`k ij hvMvhvM Pvjy Kib K? Di:jW Wvjnmx 1853 mvj|

ck: wkvbxwZ DWm GWyKkb Wmcvm Zwi nq KLb? Di:1854 mvj| ck: cwZ Rjvq Rjv zj Zwii cve wQj Kvb wkvbxwZi AvjvK? Di:DWm GWyKkb Wmcvm ej| ck: weaev weevn AvBb cewZZ nq wKfve? Di:CkiP` we`vmvMii cPvq 1856 mvj| ck: CkiP` wKfve weaev weevni cPjb Kib?

mgvR I wkv msvi

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: ivbx GwjRve_ Dcgnv`ki kvmb gZv MnY Kib KLb? Di:1858 mvj| ck: evsjvq bxj we`vn msNwUZ nq KLb? Di:1859 I 1860 mvj| ck: bxj we`vn NUwQj Kv_vq? Di:b`xqv I 24 ciMYvq| ck: bxj we`vni Aemvb nq KLb? Di:1860 mvj| ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g fvBmiq K? Di:jW Kvwbs (1858-1862)| ck: `xbez wg KZ mvj Kvb bvUKwU iPbv Kib hv XvKv _K cKvwkZ c_g bvUK? Di:1861 mvj bxj we`vni Kvwnbx Aej^b bxj `cY bvUK| ck: wfvwiqv cvKi bvg KZ mvj evnv`yi kvn cvK Kiv nq? Di:1861 mvj| ck: gymjgvb`i ga mec_g whwb AvBb cwil`i m`m nb? Di:beve Avyj jwZd| ck: gvnvgWvb wjUviwi mvmvBwU cwZwZ Kib K, Ke? Di:1863 mvj beve Avyj jwZd| ck: Avyj jwZd Lvb evnv`yi I bIqve Dcvwa cvb wKfve? Di:ZrKvjxb miKvii KvQ _K| ck: ewRxeb Avyj jwZd Kx wQjb? Di:miKvwi PvKzwiRxex| ck: gymwjg mvwnZ mgvR Gi cwZvZv K? Di:beve Avyj jwZd|

27

ck: KjKvZv nvBKvUi c_g gymwjg wePvicwZ K? Di:mq` gvngy`| ck: AvjxMo Av`vjbi cwZvZv K? Di:mq` Avng` Lvb| ck: gymjgvbiv GKwU ^Z RvwZ G wPvi weKvk NU KLb? Di:AvjxMo Av`vjbi dj| ck: K KZ mvj Bwqvb Gmvwmqkb cwZwZ Kib? Di:myi`bv_ evbvwR, 1876 mvj| ck: gymjgvb`i c_g ivRbwZK cwZvb KvbwU? Di: Central National Mohamedan ck: CNMA Gi cwZvZv K? Di:mq` Avgxi Avjx 1877 mvj| ck: cRv^ AvBb cvk nq KZ mvj? Di:1885 mvj| ck: mvIZvj we`vn msNwUZ nq KZ mvj? Di:1885 mvj| ck: K Ke KsMm cwZwZ Kib? Di:Gvjvb Avwfqvb wnDg 1885 mvj| ck: ev^ AbywZ KsMmi 1g Awaekb mfvcwZZ Kib K? Di:evwivi Dgk P` evbvwR| ck: evwivi mq` Avgxi Avjx KLb Kv_vKvi wePvicwZ nb? Di:1890 mvj KjKvZv nvBKvUi|
Association (CNMA)

^vwaKvi Av`vjb

28

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: fviZxq`i ga c_g ew wnme wcwf KvDwji m`m nb K? Di:mq` Avgxi Avjx (1909 mvj)| ck: gymjgvb`i c_K wbevPbi `vwe ^xKZ nq KLb? Di:1909 mvji gwjwgUv AvBb viv| ck: ef i` Kib K KZ mvj? Di:1911 mvj jW nvwW (w`jxi `ievi)| Di:1915 mvj eywoevjvgi hy bZZ `b K? Di:evN hZxb| ck: j Pzw ^vwiZ nq KLb? Di:1916 mvj KsMm I gymwjg jxMi ga| ck: gnvZv Mvx fviZi ivRbxwZZ Avmb KLb? Di:1917 mvj| ck: Awnsmv I AmnhvM Av`vjbi RbK K? Di:gnvZv Mvx (Kig Puv` gvnb `vm Mvx)| ck: RvwjqvbvIqvjvevM nZvKv KLb NU? Di:1919 mvj| ck: RvwjqvbvIqvjvevM nZvKvi cwZev` Ki K wewUk ivbx c` bvBU Dcvwa cZvLvb Kib? Di:iex`bv_ VvKzi| ck: AmnhvM Av`vjb Ke Kvi bZ Z i nq? Di:10 gvP 1920 mvj (gnvZv Mvxi)|

ck: jW KvRb fvBm iq nq Avmb KLb? Di:1899 mvj| ck: wewUk iWwmU mvmvBwU vcbi AbZg D`vv K? Di:Avgxi Avjx| ck: ef nq KLb? Di:1905 mvj 16 Avei| ck: ef Kib K? Di:jW KvRb (1899-1905)| ck: 1905 mvj beMwVZ c~ee c`ki c_g jdUbvU Mfbi K wQjb? Di:evgwd dzjvi| ck: efi wei ^`kx Av`vjbi bZ Z `vb Kib K? Di:Aiwe`y Nvl| ck: efi cwZev`i cwZ iex`bv_ Kx Kib? Di:evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj/Avgvi mvbvi evsjv iPbv Kib Ges ivLx eb Abyvbi cPjb Kib| ck: XvKv wZxq evii gZ evsjvi ivRavbx nq KLb? Di:1905 mvj| ck: gymwjg jxMi cwZvZv K? Di:beve mwjgyjvn| ck: gymwjg jxM Ke cwZwZ nq? Di:30 wWm^i 1906 (XvKvi kvnevM)| ck: gymwjg jxMi cKZ bvg Kx? Di:wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM| ck: mvmx KgKv duvwm `Iqv nq KvK? Di:Lyw`ivgK (1908 mvj)|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: LjvdZ Av`vjb i nq KLb? Di:1920 mvj| ck: LjvdZ Av`vjbi bZZ `b K K? Di:gvIjvbv gyn` Avjx I gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx| ck: XvKvq gymwjg mvwnZ mgvR KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di:1926 mvj| ck: Kvb KviY wewUk miKvi m~hmbK duvwm `b? Di:18 Gwcj, 1930 mvj m~hmbi bZ Z PMvg AvMvi jywZ nq| ck: m~hmbK Kx bvg WvKv nZv? Di:gvvi `v| ck: m~hmbi wkl cxwZjZv Iqv`vi RwoZ wQjb wKm? Di:wewUk weivax Av`vjbi mv_| ck: gvvi `v m~hmbK KLb duvwm `Iqv nq? Di:1931 mvj| ck: KvMgvix mjb bZZ `b K? Di:gvIjvbv Avyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx| ck: wewUk cvjvgU fviZ kvmb AvBb cvk nq KLb? Di:1935 mvj| ck: Kvb wewUk cavbgx fviZ mvaviY wbevPbi wb`k `b? Di:wg. GUwj| ck: wewUk fviZ c_g mvaviY wbevPb AbywZ nq KLb? Di:1937 mvj|

29

fviZ Qvo Av`vjb

ck: 1937 mvji wbevPb miKvi MVb Ki Kvb `j? Di:G.K. dRjyj nKi bZ Z KlK cRv cvwU| ck: Awef evsjvi c_g gyLgx K? Di:G.K. dRjyj nK| ck: KlK cRv cvwU MwVZ nq KLb? Di:1937 mvj| ck: 1937 mvj cKvwkZ gymjgvb`i evsjv gyLcwUi bvg Kx? Di:`wbK AvRv`| ck: FY mvwjmx AvBb ceZb Kib K? Di:1938 mvj G.K. dRjyj nK| ck: w-RvwZ Z Ke K NvlYv Kib? Di:1939 mvj gyn` Avjx wRbvn| ck: jvnvi cve Ke K NvlYv Kib? Di:23 gvP, 1940 mvj G.K. dRjyj nK| ck: Ke Kvi bZZ fviZ Qvo Av`vjb i nq? Di:1942 mvj gnvZv Mvxi bZZ| ck: cvki g^i nqwQj KLb? Di:1943 mvj (evsjv 1350 mvj) ck: cvki g^ii mgq evsjvi fvBmiq K wQjb? Di:jW Iqvfj (1943-1945) ck: Av`vgvbi bvg knx` xc I ^ivR xc K `b? Di:bZvRx myevm P` emy| ck: wewUk miKvi fviZxq`i wbKU kvmb gZv nvii Rb jW Iqvfji j KvK cvVvb? Di:jW gvDUevUbK (wZwb fviZi kl fvBmiq)

30

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: D`yK ivfvlv Kivi cve c_g Ke Kv_vq MnxZ nq? Di:wWm^i 1947 mvj KivPxZ AbywZ wkv mjb| ck: D`yK ivfvlv Kivi wei Ke Kv_vq wZxqevi ivfvlv msMvg cwil` MwVZ nq? Di:Rvbyqvwi 1948 mvj, XvKv| ck: cvwKvb MYcwil`i c_g Awaekb D`yi cvkvcvwk evsjvK ivfvlv Kivi `vex K Kib? Di:KsMm `jxq m`m Kzwgjvi axi`bv_ ` (23 deqvwi 1948)| ck: fvlv Av`vjbi Kvb mvswZK msMVbi f~wgKv Ab^xKvh? Di:Zgyyb gRwjm| ck: cvwKvbi ivfvlv evsjv bv D`y Mi jLK K? Di:W. gynv` knx`yjvn| ck: D`y Ges D`yB ne cvwKvbi GKgv ivfvlv K Kv_vq Ke NvlYv Kib? Di:gvnv` Avjx wRbvn 21 gvP 1948 mvj imKvm gq`vb (ci KvRb nj 24 gvP 1948 mvj)| ck: 1952 mvji c~e KLb fvlv w`em cvjb Kiv nZv? Di:11 gvP| ck: GKzki c_g Dcbvm Kx? Di:Rwni ivqnvbi AviK dvyb| ck: cvwKvbi cavbgx LvRv

ck: fviZ wefvMi Rb K mycvwik Kib? Di:jW gvDUevUb (1947)| ck: wewUk cvjvgU fviZ ^vaxb AvBb cvk nq KLb? Di:18 RyjvB, 1947| ck: ^vaxb mvefg cvwKvb ivi Rb nq Ke? Di:14 AvM 1947| ck: ^vaxb mvefg fviZ ivi Rb nq Ke? Di:15 AvM 1947| ck: fviZ I cvwK vbi wbKU Kv_vq gZv n vi Ki wewUkiv? Di:fviZi w`jxZ Ges cvwK vbi KivPxZ| ck: wewUk fviZ wefwi mgq evsjvi cavbgx wQjb K? Di:nvmb knx` mvn&ivIqv`x| ck: cvwKvb Rbi mv_ mv_B Kx wbq weiva nq? Di:iv fvlv wbq| ck: Zgyyb gRwjm bvgK mvswZK msMVbi m~cvZ nq KLb? Di:2 m^i, 1947; XvKv wekwe`vjqi Zib AavcK Aveyj Kvkgi bZZ| ck: Zgyyb gRwjm fvlv Av`vjb welqK h cywKv cKvk Ki Zvi bvg Kx? Di:iv fvlv evsjv bv D`y (cKvkKvj 15 m^i 1947) ck: c_g ivfvlv msMvg cwil` Ke MwVZ nq? Di:Avei 1947 (AvnevqK byij nK fu~Bqv)

fvlv Av`vjb

evsjv`k welqvejx bvwRgDxb Ke Kv_vq NvlYv `b D`yB ne cvwKvbi ivfvlv? Di:26 Rvbyqvwi 1952 mvj XvKvq| ck: me`jxq ivfvlv msMvg cwil` Ke MwVZ nq? Di:30 Rvbyqvwi 1952 (XvKv evi jvBewi nj)| ck: 21k deqvwiK fvlv w`em wnme cvjbi wmv K Ke bb? Di: me`jxq ivfvlv msMvg cwil`, 31 Rvbyqvwi, 1952| ck: me`jxq ivfvlv msMvg KwgwU 30 Rvbyqvwi 1952 me`jxq ivfvlv msMvg KwgwUi mfvcwZ K? Di:gvIjvbv AvKivg Luv| ck: 1952 mvji 21 deqvwi XvKv wekwe`vjqi ivfvlv msMvg KwgwUi Qv RgvqZi mfvcwZ K wQjb? Di:MvRxDj nK| ck: GKzki c_g MxwZKvi K? Di:fvlv mwbK MvRxDj nK| ck: 52 Gi fvlv Av`vjbi mgq ZrKvjxb cvwKvbi RbmsLvi KZ fvMi gvZfvlv wQj evsjv? Di: 56%| ck: evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvgi exRecb Kiv nq KLb? Di:1952 mvji 21 deqvwi gnvb fvlv Av`vjbi gaw`q| ck: 1952 mvji fvlv Av`vjb wKmi Rb `q? Di:GK bZzb RvZxq PZbvi|

31

ck: GKzk deqvwii evsjv ZvwiL KZ wQj? Di:8 dvyb| ck: fvlv Av`vjbi Avw` ce Kvi jLv? Di:MvRxDj nKi| ck: K`xq knx` wgbvi AbyvwbKfve Ke Dvab Kiv nq? Di:23 deqvwi 1952 mvj| ck: K K`xq knx` wgbvi Dvab Kib? Di:knx` kwdDii wcZv gjfx gvneyeyi ingvb| ck: fvlv Av`vjbi mgq c~eevsjvi g~Lgx K wQjb? Di:byij Avgxb| ck: fvlv Av`vjbi mgq c~e evsjvi cv`wkK Mfbi K wQjb? Di:wdivR Lvb byb| ck: fvlv Av`vjbi mgq cvwKvbi cavbgx K wQjb? Di:LvRv bvwRgDxb| ck: evsjv`ki K`xq knx` wgbvii cwZKwZ Kv_vq vcb Kiv nq? Di:weUbi Invg| ck: Kvb RvwZ gvZfvlvi Rb Rxeb `vb Kib? Di:c~e cvwKvbi evOvjx RvwZ| ck: AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`em KvbwU? Di:21 deqvwi| ck: 54 Gi wbevPb hydUi wbevPbx gwbdv 21 `dvi c_g `dv Kx wQj? Di:evsjvK cvwKvbi AbZg ivfvlv Kiv|

32

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: 1947 mvji 14 AvM wKmi wfwZ cvwKvb ivi Rb nq? Di:w-RvwZZi| ck: fviZ cvwKvb wef Ki Kvb Kwgkb? Di:ivWwKd Kwgkb| ck: cvwKvb ivi RbKi bvg Kx? Di:Kvq`-B-Avhg gynv` Avjx wRbvn| ck: ^vaxb cvwK vbi c_g Mfbi K wQjb? Di:gynv` Avjx wRbvn| ck: ^vaxb fviZi c_g Mfbi K wQjb? Di:jW gvDU evUb (mekl wewUk fvBmiq)| ck: cvwKvbi c_g cavbgx K wQjb? Di:wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb| ck: cvwKvbi c_g cwmWU K wQjb? Di:Bv`vi wgRv| ck: c~ee c`ki c_g gyLgx K wQjb? Di:LvRv bvwRgDxb| ck: evsjv`k cvwK vbi Aaxb wQj KZ eQi? Di:24 eQi (1947-1971) ck: c~e cvwK vb I cwg cvwKvbi ga `~iZ KZ? Di:1600 wKjvwgUvi| ck: c~e cvwKvb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq KLb? Di:23 Ryb, 1949 mvj| ck: c~e cvwKvb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi c_g mfvcwZ I mv`K K wQjb? Di:mfvcwZ gvIjvbv Avyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx Ges mv`K kvgmyj nK|

ck: KZ mvj dRjyj nK c~e cvwKvbi Mfbi wbhy nb? Di:1956 mvj| ck: cvwKvb MYcwil` D`yi cvkvcvwk evsjvK ^xKwZ `q Ke? Di:16 deqvwi 1956| ck: 1956 mvji msweavb KZ bs AbyQ` evsjv ivfvlv wnme ^xKwZ jvf Ki? Di:214 bs AbyQ`| ck: 21 deqvwiK AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`em wnme NvlYv Kiv nq KZ mvj? Di:17 bf^i 1999 mvj| ck: UNESCO Gi KZ Zg eVK 21 deqvwiK Av RvwZK gvZfvlv w`em wnme NvlYv Ki? Di:31Zg eVK ck: KZ mvj _K 21 deqvwi AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`em wnme cvwjZ nQ? Di:2000 mvj _K (188wU `k cvjbi wmv bq)| ck: BDbv 21 deqvwiK AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`emi ^xKwZ `q Ke? Di:5 wWm^i 2008| ck: weki Kvb `ki cv`wkK wKsev K`xq msm` c_g Av RvwZK gvZfvlv w`emi ^xKwZ `q? Di:KvbvWvi AUvwiI c`k (28g 2009)

ck: cvwKvb bvgwUi cveK K? Di: Payix ingZ Avjx|

cvwKvb ivi Afy`q

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: cwZvKvj hyM mvaviY mv`K K wQjb? Di:h_fve kL gywReyi ingvb Ges L`Kvi gvvK Avng`| ck: hydU MwVZ nq KLb? Di:4 wWm^i, 1953 mvj| ck: hydUi 21 `dv `vwei ga c_g `dv Kx wQj? Di:evsjvK AbZg ivfvlv KiZ ne| ck: 1954 mvji wbevPb hydU KZwU Avmb cvq? Di:223wU Avmb (237wU Avmbi ga)| ck: Kvi bZ Z hydU MwVZ nq? Di:ki-B-evjv G.K. dRjyj nK| ck: cvwKvbi K`xq miKvi hydU miKvi evwZj Ki Ke? Di:30g, 1954 mvj| ck: AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi gymwjg kwU ev` hvq KZ mvj? Di:1955 mvj| ck: cvwKvb c_g kvmbZ MYcwil` MnxZ nq KLb? Di:29 deqvwi 1956 (KvhKi nq 23 gvP 1956)| ck: c~e evsjvi bvg c~e cvwKvb ivLv nq KLb? Di:23 gvP, 1956 mvj| ck: cvwKvbi c_g kvmbZ evwZj Kiv nq KLb? Di:7 Avei, 1958 mvj| ck: cvwKvbi c_g mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kib K?

33

Di:Rbvij gynv` AvBqye Lvb (wZwb cwmWU nb 8 Avei 1958)| ck: cvwKvbi 2q kvmbZ NvlYv Kib K? Di:wd gvkvj AvBqye Lvb (1962)| ck: Kvb wbevPb wRbvn Zbqv dvZgv wRbvn AvBqye Lvbi wei `uvovq? Di:1956 mvj| ck: eezi bZZ c_g weivax `jxq mjb AbywZ nq Ke? Di:13 deqvwi 1966| ck: HwZnvwmK 6 `dv NvlYv Kib K? Di:kL gywReyi ingvb (c_g 5 deqvwi Ges AvbyvwbKfve 13 deqvwi 1966 mvj jvnvi)| Di:6 `dvi c_g `dv Kx wQj? Di:^vqkvmb (c~e cvwK vbi) ck: 6 `dv NvlYv Kiv nq Kvb wfwZ? Di:jvnvi cvei wfwZ| ck: evOvjx RvwZi gywi mb` Kx? Di:6 `dv| ck: AvMiZjv loh gvgjv `vqi Kiv nq KLb? Di:3 Rvbyqvwi 1968 mvj| ck: AvMiZjv loh gvgjvi gvU Avmvgx KZRb? Di:35 Rb (cavb Avmvgx kL gywRemn)| ck: AvMiZjv loh gvgjv K duvm Ki `q? Di:Avwgi nvmb| ck: knx` Avmv` wbnZ nb KLb?

34

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di:288 wU (13wU bvix Avmbmn gvU Avmb 313wU)| ck: kL gywReK RvwZi RbK NvlYv Kib K Kv_vq? Di:cb gq`vb Av.m.g. Avyi ie (3 gvP 1971)| ck: kL gywRei mv_ AvjvPbv f w`q Bqvwnqv Lvb Ke XvKv ZvM Kib? Di:25 gvP, 1971 mvj| ck: kL gywReK MdZvi Ki cwg cvwK vb wbq hvq KLb? Di:25 gvP gaivZ, 1971 (hvK Operation Search Light ejv nq)| ck: cvwKvbi `yB Aji ga elgi KviY Kx? Di:cvwKvbx kvmK Pi bxwZnxbZv, A`~i`wkZv I ^v_ciZv|

Di:20 Rvbyqvwi 1969 mvj| ck: gvgjvi Avmvgx mvRU Rinj nKK nZv Kiv nq KLb? Di:19 deqvwi 1969 mvj| ck: AvMiZjv loh gvgjv Ke cZvnvi Kiv nq? Di:22 deqvwi 1969 (RbMYi Pvci gyL)| ck: kL gywReK eez Dcvwa `b K KLb? Di:23 deqvwi 1969 mvj imKvm, Zvdvqj Avng`| ck: Qv msMvg cwil` MwVZ nq KLb? Di:5 Rvbyqvwi 1969 mvj (11 `dv `vwe Av`vqi Rb)| ck: AvBqye Lvb KLb gZv ZvM Kib? Di:25 gvP, 1969 (ivR bwZK mUi gyL)| ck: cvwKvbi 2q mvgwiK ckvmK K? Di:Bqvwnqv Lvb| ck: c~e cvwK vbi bvg evsjv`k bvgKiY Kib K? Di:kL gywReyi ingvb (5 wWm^i 1969 mvj)| ck: cvwKvbi c_g mvaviY wbevPb AbywZ nq KLb? Di:7 wWm^i 1970 mvj| ck: 1970 mvji wbevPb RvZxq cwil` AvIqvgx jxM Avmb cvq KqwU? Di:167 wU (169wUi ga)| ck: 1970 mvji wbevPb cv`wkK cwil` AvIqvgx jxM Avmb cvq KqwU?

ck: evOvjx RvwZi gywi mb` wnme cwiwPZ KvbwU? Di:1940 mvji jvnvi c vei wfwZ iwPZ Qq `dv| ck: ^vaxbZvi c~e evsjv`k iv MVb Kvb ewk AbycwZ wQj? Di:mvefgZ| ck: evsjv`k ^vaxbZv hyi mgq RvwZmsNi gnvmwPe K wQjb? Di:gvqvbgvii D_vU (196171)| ck: Ke XvKvq RvZxq cwil`i c_g

evsjv`ki gywhy I ^vaxbZv

evsjv`k welqvejx Awaekbi ZvwiL NvlYv Kiv nq? Di:13 deqvwi 1971| ck: ^vaxb evsjv cwZvi kc_ (XvKv wektKjv feb cvb) bqv nq Ke? Di:2 gvP 1971| ck: Ke Kv_vq ^vaxbZvi BkZnvi NvlYv Kib? Di:3 gvP 1971 mvj, cb gq`vb| GLvb kL gywReyi ingvbK evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvgi mevwabvqK ej NvlYv Kiv nq| ck: kL gywRei Kvb HwZnvwmK fvlYi ga ^vaxbZvi civ NvlYv D wQj? Di:1971 gvji 7 gvP imKvm gq`vbi fvlY| ck: XvKvq gywReBqvwnqv eVK i nq Ke? Di:1971 mvji 16 gvP 25 gvP (10) w`b| ck: B ej iwRgU Ke cvwKvbi wei we`vn NvlYv Ki? Di:19 gvP 1971| ck: B ej iwRgU gywhy c_g mk cwZiva Kv_vq Mo Zvj? Di:19 gvP 1971, MvRxcyi| ck: AvjvPbv f w`q Bqvwnqv Lvb Ke XvKv ZvM Kib? Di:25 gvP ivZ 1971| ck: cvwKvbi kvmK Pi cavb wQjb K? Di:Bqvwnqv Lvb|

35

ck: ^vaxbZv hyi mgq evsjvi Mfbi wQjb K? Di:wUv Lvb| ck: G `ki gvbyl PvB bv gvwU PvB DwwU Kvi? Di:Bqvwnqv Lvbi| ck: Acvikb mvPjvBU Kx? Di:wbi Ges wbixn evOvwj RvwZi Ici cvwKvbx mvgwiK evwnbxi 1971 mvji 25 gvP gaivZi AvMvmb ev nZvhK Acvikb mvPjvBU ej| ck: kL gywReK MdZvi Ki cwg cvwK vb wbq hvIqv nq Ke? Di:1971 mvji 25 gvP gaivZ| ck: ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` Ke Kv_vq vwcZ nq? Di:1971 mvji 26 gvP, PMvgi Kvjyi NvU| ck: Ke K evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hyi NvlYv Kib? Di:1971 mvji 27 gvP ivZ PMvgi KvjyiNvU eZvi K` _K Z`vbxb gRi cieZxZ mbvevwnbxi cavb j: Rbvij wRqvDi ingvb kL gywReyi ingvbi c evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hyi NvlYv Kib (c_g NvlYv Kib Gg G nvbvb)| ck: gywhy PjvKvjxb mgq ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K`i cwiPvjK wQjb K? Di:kvgmyi ingvb Payix| ck: ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` _K Pigc bvgK GKwU Kw_Kv

36

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`k c_g Avqx miKvi MwVZ nq Ke? Di:10 Gwcj, 1971| ck: evsjv`k c_g Avqx miKvi Ke kc_ MnY Ki? Di:17 Gwcj, 1971| ck: evsjv`ki Avqx miKvi MwVZ nq Kv_vq? Di:Kzwqvi gnicyii e`bv_Zjvi feicvov Mvg (eZgvb gywRebMi)| ck: evsjv`ki Avqx ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj? Di:gywRebMi (eZgvb gnicyii GKwU DcRjv)| ck: Avqx miKvii wekl `~Z K wQjb? Di:wePvicwZ Avey mvB` Payix (wZwb ewnwek gywhyi mg_b Av`vq I cPvii `vwqZ cvjb Kib)| ck: ^vaxbZv hyKvj XvKv wekwe`vjqi wfwm wQjb K? Di:wePvicwZ Avey mvB` Payix (1969 1972)| ck: gywhyi DcmevwabvqK K wQjb? Di:G.K. L`Kvi| ck: Avqx miKvii mwPevjq Kv_vq wQj? Di:8 w_qUvi ivW, KjKvZv| ck: Avqx miKvii NvlYvc cvV Kib K? Di:AavcK BDmyd Avjx| ck: cvwKvbx ci bZZ K wQjb? Di:Rbvij G.K. wbqvRx| ck: Avqx miKvii kc_evK K cvV Kivb? Di:AavcK BDmyd Avjx| ck: Avqx miKvii m`m msLv KZ wQj? Di:06 Rb|

cPvwiZ nZ, K mB Kw_Kvi cvVK wQjb? Di:Gg.Avi. AvLZvi gyKzj| ck: Kvi Avmg mvnwmKZvq evOvjx RvwZ RbwQj h, eez ^vaxbZv NvlYv KiQb Ges gywhyi cwZiva gy i nq MQ? Di:gRi wRqvDi ingvb| ck: evsjv`ki gywhy GKgv we`kx BUvjxq bvMwiK gZzeiY Kib, Ke Ges Zvi bvg Kx? Di:4 Gwcj 1971, gv`vi gvwiI fibwR| ck: gnvb gywhy Kvb `yRb KzUbxwZK c_g evsjv`ki cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk Kib? Di:bqvw`jx cvwKvb nvBKwgkbi K.Gg. kvnveyxb Ges AvgRv`yj Bmjvg (6 Gwcj 71)| ck: gnvb gywhy exik`i ga me c_g K knx` nb? Di:wmcvnx gvdv Kvgvj (8 Gwcj 1971)| ck: gywhyKvjxb kL gywReK Kv_vq e`x ivLv nq? Di:KivwP knii wgqvIqvwj KvivMvi| ck: evsjv`ki gnvb gywhy Kvb divmx mvwnwZK AskMnYi AvMn cKvk Kib? Di:Avu` gvqviv| ck: mvqgb wWs K, gywhy Zvi Ae`vb Kx? Di:1971 mvj XvKvq KgiZ wewUk msevw`K wZwb 1971 mvj Rxebi SuywK wbq cvwKvbx evwnbxi nZvh cZ Kib Ges ewnwek cPvi Kib|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: Avqx miKvi cavb I cwmWU K wQjb? Di:kL gywReyi ingvb| ck: Avqx miKvii Avqx cwmWU K wQjb? Di:mq` bRij Bmjvg| ck: Avqx miKvi cavbgx K wQjb? Di:ZvRDwb Avng`| ck: ^ivgx I ciivgx K wQjb? Di:G.GBP.Gg. Kvgivgvb I L`Kvi gykZvK Avng`| ck: Rbvij Imgvbx Ke evsjv`k mbvcavb wbhy nb? Di:18 Gwcj, 1971| ck: cvwKvb nvBKwgkb Awdm cavb`i ga K c_g evsjv`k miKvi cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk Ki? Di:fviZi KjKvZv cvwKvb WcywU nvBKwgkb Awdmi cavb Gg. nvmb Avjx| ck: h_ Kgvi mbva K wQjb? Di:Rbvij RMwRr wms Aiviv| ck: mec_g we`k Kvb wgkb evsjv`ki cZvKv Dvjb Kiv nq? Di:fviZi KjKvZv evsjv`k wgkb| ck: Kvi wb`k K evsjv`kK 11wU mi fvM Kib? Di:ZvRDwb Avn`i wb`k Gg.G.wR. Imgvbx `kK 11wU mi fvM Kib| ck: Kvb miwU ewZgagx mi Ges GKgv b mi?

37

Di:10 bs mi (wbqwgZ mi Kgvvi wQj bv)| ck: gywhy `vwqZ cvjb Aevq `yNUbvq wbnZ nb K? Di:Lv`gyj evkvi| ck: gywhyi mgq PMvg, dbx, XvKv, wmjU, Kzwqv, hkvi, Lyjbv, mvZxiv Ges gqgbwmsn Kvb Kvb mii Aaxb wQj? Di:PMvg I dbx 1bs, XvKv 2bs, wmjU 4 bs, Kzwqv I hkvi 8 bs, mvZxiv I Lyjbv 9 bs Ges gqgbwmsn Aj 11bs mii Aaxb wQj| ck: evsjv`ki gywhy weMW AvKvi KqwU dvm MwVZ nq Ges Kx Kx? Di:3wU h_v: (1) RW dvm gRi wRqvDi ingvb (2) Gm dvm gRi K.Gg. kwdDjvn (3) K dvm gRi Lvj` gvkviid| ck: gywhy Kq aibi evwnbx wQj? Di:3 aibi h_v: wbqwgZ, mi Ges Mwijv evwnbx| ck: evsjv`k wjevikb UvBMvim dvm (we.Gj.Gd.) MwVZ nq Kv`i wbq Ges Gi cavb K? Di:evsjv`kx hyeK`i wbq (Gi cavb wQjb nvmvbyj nK Bby) ck: e`bv_Zjvi bvg gywRebMi ivLb K? Di:ZvRDwb Avng` (Avqx miKvii cavbgx)| ck: 1971 mvji 1 AvM gvwKb hyivi wbDBqKi gvwWmb vqvi h `yB wkx evsjv`ki mvnvhi Rb
"Concert for Bangladesh"

38

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di:21 bf^i 1971| ck: KZ ZvwiL gyw evwnbx I fviZxq evwnbx h_fve nvbv`vi evwnbxi wei jovB i Ki? Di:6 wWm^i 1971| ck: gywhyi mgq Kvb Rjv c_g kgy nq? Di:hkvi (7 wWm^i 1971)| ck: gywhy PjvKvj evsjv`kK 1g I 2q ^xK wZ `q Kvb Kvb `k? Di:1971 mvj 6 wWm^i fviZ Ges 7 wWm^i fyUvb| ck: 1971 mvji Kvb ZvwiL evsjv`k nZ we`kx`i mwiq bIqvi Rb wegvb nvgjv e ivLv nq? Di:10 wWm^i| ck: gywhyKvjxb Kvb ZvwiL eywRxex`i Ici evcK nZvKv msNwUZ nq? Di:14 wWm^i 1971| ck: mvZRb exiki ga mekl gZzeiY Kib K? Di:gwnDxb Rvnvxi (14 wWm^i 1971) ck: evsjv`ki gywhy KZ jvK cvY nvivq? Di:cvq 30 j| ck: KZ ZvwiL evsjv`k kgy nq? Di:16 wWm^i 1971| ck: Kvb exiki gZ`n Dvi Kiv me nqwb Ges Kvb LZvex Kei bB? Di:ij Avwgbi| ck: Kvb exiki Kei evsjv`k bB? Di:nvwg`yi ingvb|

AvqvRb Kib Zviv K Ges Kvb `ki? Di:RR nvwimb (hyivR) Ges cwZ iweksKi (fviZ) ck: RR nvwimbK Kv_vq wemRb `Iqv nqQ? Di:fviZi Mv b`xZ| ck: RR nvwimbi ev`ji bvg Kx? Di:weUjm (hv 1960 mvj cwZwZ)| ck: evsjv`k gywhyi mevwabvqK K? Di:AvZvDj MwY Imgvbx| ck: GKgv we`kx LZvecv gywhvv K? Di:b`vijvi eskv~Z Awjqvi bvMwiK WweD Gm IqvWvijv (exi cZxK) wZwb m mgq evUv my Kvvwbi gvbRvi wQjb| ck: gywhyi Dci iwPZ "September on Jessore Road" KweZvwUi iPwqZv K? Di:gvwKb Kwe Gvjb wMbmevM| ck: RvwZmsNi Kvb `ywU kwkvjx `k gywhyi mgq evsjv`ki weivaxZv Ki? Di:Pxb I hyiv| ck: evsjv`k gywhyi klw`K K cvwKvbi nq fviZ gnvmvMi mg beni cvVvq? Di:hyiv| ck: RvwZmsNi/Z_v BDivci Kvb kwkvjx `k gywhy evsjv`kK mnhvwMZv Ki? Di:ivwkqv| ck: fviZ evsjv`k h_ evwnbx Ke MwVZ nq?

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: nvwg`yi ingvbi Kei Kv_vq? Di:fviZi Avgevmv GjvKvq (eZgvb evsjv`k)| ck: exik gwZDi ingvb Kv_vq wegvb wea nq gviv hvb? Di:cvwKvb| ck: gywhy hvM `qvi Rb gwZDi ingvb h wegvbwU wQwbq wbq `k wdiZ PqwQjb Zvi bvg Kx? Di:wU-33 (Qbvg-ey evW166)| ck: gwZDi ingvbi Kei Kv_vq wQj? Di:cvwKvbi KivwPi gvMii wegvb NvwUZ| ck: cevmx miKvii gyL mwPe K wQjb? Di:ij Kzym| ck: cevmx miKvii bqvw`jxZ I KjKvZvq wgkb cavb K wQjb? Di:h_vg gvq~i ikx` Payix I nvmb Avjx| ck: cevmx miKvii PjwP wefvMi cwiPvjK K wQjb? Di:Avyj Revi Lvb| ck: Z_I cPvi `dZii cwiPvjK K wQjb? Di:Gg.Avi. AvLZvi gyKzj| ck: gywhvv KjvY Uv K cwZv Kib? Di:eez kL gywReyi ingvb| ck: gywhy AvZmgcYi HwZnvwmK `wjj K K ^vi Kib? Di:evsjv`ki c h_ Kgvi cavb Rbvij RMwRr wms Aiviv Ges cvwKvbi c Rbvij G.K. wbqvRx|

39

ck: gywhyi AvZmgcY `wjj Kv_vq ^vwiZ nq? Di:imKvm gq`vb| ck: 1971 mvji 16 wWm^i AvZmgcY Abyvb evsjv`ki c K bZZ `b? Di:ZrKvjxb wegvb evwnbxi cavb Gqvi KgvWi G.K. L`Kvi| ck: 1971 mvji 16 wWm^i I 25 gvP wK evi wQj? Di:enwZevi| ck: KZRb cvwK vbx mb h_ evwnbxi KvQ AvZmgcY Kib? Di:93 nvRvi| ck: gywhy Ae`vbi Rb evsjv`k ivxq cyivi `q KZwU? Di:4wU (exik, exi Dg, exi weg, exi cZxK)| ck: ^vaxbZvi hy Ae`vbi Rb 7 Rb exiki K Kvb evwnbxi wQjb? Di:3 Rb mbvevwnbxi, 2 Rb BwcAvi (eZgvb wewWAvi), 1 Rb bevwnbxi Ges 1 Rb wegvb evwnbxi m`m wQjb| ck: ^vaxbZv hy Ae`vbi Rb megvU KZRbK Dcvwa `qv nq? Di:676 RbK| ck: ^vaxbZv hy exi Dg Dcvwa jvf Kib KZRb? Di:68 Rb|

40

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: 1997 mvj wmjU h gwnjv gywhvvi mvb cvIqv hvq Zvi bvg Kx? Di:KuvKb wewe| ck: Kvb gwnjv gywhvv Kvb ivxq LZve cvbwb? Di:KuvKb wewe| ck: Zvivgb wewe Kvb mi hy Kib? Di:11bs mi (gqgbwmsn I UvvBj Rjvq)| ck: Wv. mZviv eMg mbvevwnbxZ Kx c` wQjb? Di:Kvb (wZwb 4bs wmjU mi hy Kib)| ck: Zvivgb weweK miKvi Kv_vq evox c`vb Kib? Di:KzwoMvg Rjvi ivwRecyi _vbvq| ck: 1971 mvj evsjv`k B.B.C Gi msev``vZvi bvg Kx? Di:knx` wbRvg Dxb| ck: AvgwiKvb Gbwewm TV gywhyi h cvgvY wP wbgvY Ki Zvi bvg Kx? Di: 'Rape of Bangladesh'. ck: gywhyi BwZnvm Z_ I `wjj mv`bv Kib K? Di:nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb| ck: kL gywReyi ingvbK Ke gyw `qv nq? Di:8 Rvbyqvwi 1972| ck: jb I bqvw`jx mdj kl kL gywRe Ke `k cZveZb Kib? Di:10 Rvbyqvwi, 1972|

ck: ^vaxbZv hy exi weg Dcvwa jvf Kib KZRb? Di:175 Rb| ck: ^vaxbZvhy exi cZxK Dcvwa jvf Kib KZRb? Di:426 Rb| ck: Acvikb RvKcU Kx? Di:1971 mvj evsjv`ki gywhyi mgq cvwK vbx b-kwK asm Kivi Rb cwiPvwjZ Awfhvb| ck: Acvikb KvRWvi Kb cwiPvjbv Kiv nq? Di:1971 mvj gywhyi ci mKj cKvi Aea A Dvii Rb Acvikb KvRWvi cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| ck: evsjv`ki mevP ivxq LZve KvbwU? Di:exik (wZxq exi Dg)| ck: gywhyi Ae`vbi Rb Kvb mvwnwZK exi cZxK LZve jvf Kib? Di:Avym mvvi| ck: KZRb gwnjv gywhy AweiYxq Ae`vb ivLb? Di:3 Rb (Zvivgb wewe KzuwoMvg, Kvb mZviv eMg wKkviM Ges KuvKb wewe-wmjU) ck: `yRb gwnjv exi cZxK K K? Di:Zvivgb wewe I Wv. mZviv eMg|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: kL gywRe cavbgxi `vwqZ bb Ke? Di:12 Rvbyqvwi 1972| ck: evsjv`k RvwZmsNi m`m nIqvi mgq gnvmwPe K wQjb? Di:Awqvi KzUIqv nBg (1972-81)| ck: evKkvj MwVZ nq Ke? Di:24 deqvwi 1975| ck: eez mvgwiK Af~vb mcwievi wbnZ nb Ke? Di:15 AvM 1975| ck: `k RjnZv w`em msNwUZ nq Ke? Di:3 bf^i 1975| ck: `ki c_g mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kib K? Di:L`Kvi gvvK Avng`| ck: exik gwZDi ingvbK h_vh_ ghv`vq Ke Kv_vq mgvwnZ Kiv nq? Di:25 Ryb 2006, wgicyi eywRxex Keivb|

41

cavb mbvcwZ : KYj (Ae:) Gg.G.wR. Imgvbx| wegvb evwnbxi cavb : Mc Kvb G.K. L`Kvi| Avqx ivcwZ I DcivcwZ : mq` bRij Bmjvg| cavbgx : ZvRDwb Avng`| ciivgx I AvBbgx : L`Kvi gvkZvK Avng`| ^iv, Kwl, vY I c~Yevmbgx : G.GBP.Gg. Kvgivgvb| A_, evwYR I wkgx : Gg gbmyi Avjx| me`jxq Dc`v KwgwUi Pqvigvb : gvIjvbv fvmvbx| AvnevqK : ZvRDwb Avng`| m`m : AavcK gvRvd&di Avng`| m`m : KgiW gwb wms| m`m : gbvib ai| Pxd Ae vd : KYj (Ae:) Avyi ie|

cevmx MYcRvZx evsjv`k miKvi

Avqx miKvii MVb : 10 Gwcj, 1971| miKvii kc_ MnY : 17 Gwcj, 1971| Avqx mwPevjq/ivRavbx : gywRebMi, gnicyi| mwPevjq Kv Awdm : 8 w_qUvi ivW, KjKvZv| ivcwZ I mevwabvqK : kL gywReyi ingvb|

42 mi 1 b^i mi

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

gywhyi iYvbi 11wU mi

`vwqZcv Kgvvi gRi wRqvDi ingvb (GwcjRyb) gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg (Ryb-wWm^i) gRi KGg Lvj` gvkviid (Gwcjm^i) gRi GwUGg nvq`vi (m^iwWm^i) gRi K.Gg kwdDjvn (Gwcjm^i) gRi G.Gb.Gg. byivgvb (m^iwWm^i) gRi wm.Avi. ` Kvb ie GjvKv PMvg, cveZ PMvg Ges bvqvLvjx Rjvi gyix b`xi c~evski mgM GjvKv| bvqvLvjx, Kzwgjv, AvLvDovfie Ges XvKv I dwi`cyi Rjvi Askwekl AvLvDov-fie ijjvBb _K c~e w`K Kzwgjv Rjvi Ask, nweM, wKkviM I XvKv Rjvi Askwekl wmjUi c~evj, LvqvB-kvqvM ijjvBb _K c~e-Di w`K wmjU-WvDwK moK wmjUi cwg GjvKv, wmjU-WvDwK moK _K mybvgM Ges eni gqgbwmsni mxgveZx Aj ecy b`i ZxieZx Aj eZxZ mgM iscyi Rjv I w`bvRcyi Rjvi Askwekl mgM ivRkvnx, VvKziMuvI Qvov w`bvRcyii Aewk Ask Ges ecy b`i ZxieZx GjvKv eZxZ mgM eov I cvebv Rjv mgM Kzwgjv I hkvi Rjv, dwi`cyii Askwekl Ges `jZcyimvZxiv moK ch Lyjbv Rjvi GjvKv mvZxiv-`jZcyi moKmn Lyjbv Rjvi mgM `wYvj Ges m`i `i nwibv, wcyiv

2 b^i mi

gjvNi

3 b^i mi

KjvMvw Qqv, wcyiv

4 b^i mi

Rvjvjcyi

5 b^i mi

gRi gxi kIKZ Avjx

euvkZj v

6 b^i mi 7 b^i mi

DBs Kgvvi Gg K evkvi gRi bvRgyj nK myev`vi gRi G ie I gRi KvRx byivgvb gRi Avey Imgvb Payix (AvM ch) gRi Gg G gyi (AvM-wWm^i) gRi Gg Avyj Rwjj (wWm^i ch)

eywogv ix evjyiNv U

8 b^i mi

ebvc vj

9 b^i mi

nvmbv ev`

evsjv`k welqvejx gRi Gg.G. gyi (AwZwi `vwqZ) I gRi Rqbvj Ave`xb cvwKvb bevwnbxi AvURb evOvjx KgKZv gRi Gg Avey Zvni (3 bf^i ch) vqv wjWvi Gg nvweeyjvn (3 bf^i _K wWm.) Rbvb 1947 mvj fvjv Rjvi nvwRcyi _vbvi `jZcyi 1943 mvj dwi`cyi Rjvi evqvjgvix _vbvq 1954 mvj biwms`x Rjvi ivqcyiv _vbvi ivRbMi Mvg 1936 mvj bovBj Rjvi gnkLvjx Mvg 1963 mvj 24 ciMbv Rjvi Pvlvov _vbvi WygywiqvZ 1934 mvj bvqvLvjx Rjvi eMgM _vbv 1934 mvj ewikvj Rjvi eveyM _vbvi iwngbMi Mvg eni ewikvj cUzqvLvjx Rjv I

43

10 b^i mi 11 b^i mi

AfixY bc_ I mgy` DcKjxq Aj PMvg I Pvjbv gqgbwmsn I UvvBj Rjv

bevw nbxi Kgvv ii Aaxb gn` M

bvg gvt gv dv Kvgvj gyw Avyi iDd gwZDi ingvb

7 Rb exi ki cwiwPwZ
Kgj mbvev wnbx c`ex wmcvn x

mi 8

gZz 8 Gwcj, 1971

Bwc.Avi

jv bvqK dvBU j:

20 Gwcj, 1971 8 AvM, 1971

wegvbe vwnbx

b~i gvnv ` nvwg`yi ingvb

BwcAvi

jv bvqK wmcvn x

cvwK vb wQj b 8

5 m^i, 1971 28 Avei, 1971 10 wWm ^i, 1971 14 wWm ^i, 1971

mbvev wnbx

ij Avwgb

bevw nbx

vqv Wb Bw: Kvb

10

gwnDw b Rvnvxi

mbvev wnbx

44

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

gywhy wfwK cvgvY PjwP

PjwP
Stop Genocide Liberation Fighters A State is Born Deadlight Bangladesh A State is Born

wZ-71 gywi Mvb (evsjv) gywi K_v

iwPZ 1971 1971 1971 1971 1972 1991 1995 1995

cwiPvjK Rwni ivqnvb AvjgMxi Kwei Rwni ivqnvb MxZv gnZv Rwni ivqnvb Zvbwfi gvKvj ZviK gvmy` I Kv_wib gvmy` ZviK gvmy` I Kv_wib gvmy` iPwqZvi bvg mq` kvgmyj nK mq` kvgmyj nK mi`vi Rqb Dwb mwjbv nvmb Avj gvngy`

gywhy wfwK Dcbvm

Dcbvmi bvg AviK dvyb Rvnvbvg nZ we`vq bKo AiY Rb hw` e `yB mwbK Avbi cikgwb iPwqZvi bvg Rwni ivqnvb kIKZ Imgvb kIKZ Imgvb kIKZ Imgvb kIKZ Imgvb gvqyb Avng` Dcbvmi bvg bxj `skb wbwl bvevb weae iv`i XD nvi b`x MbW Dcgnv`k

gywhy wfwK c~Y`N PjwP

PjwPi bvg AiY`qi AwM^vx iv evsjv Iiv 11 Rb axi en gNbv Avevi Zviv gvbyl n msMvg Avjvi wgwQj euvab nviv Avbi cikgwb nvi b`x MbW GLb I AbK ivZ iPbvKvj 1972 1972 1972 1973 1973 1974 1974 1981 1995 1997 1997 cwiPvjK myfvl ` ggZvR Avjx Pvlx bRij Bmjvg AvjgMxi Kwei Lvb AvZvDi ingvb Pvlx bRij Bmjvg bvivqY Nvl wgZv G. R wgUz gvqyb Avng` Pvlx bRij Bmjvg Lvb AvZvDi ingvb

gywhy wfwK ^`N PjwP

evsjv`k welqvejx PjwPi bvg b`xi bvg gaygwZ GKvii hx AvMvgx kir GKvi ayli hvv Avgiv Zvgv`i fyjev bv Mi bvg evsjv`k Avgvi evsjv`k GKvii hx evsjv`k I ii FY GKvii w`bjv evsjv`k K_v Kq GKvii Wvqix GKvii eYgvjv Avwg weRq `LwQ kL gywRe I ^vaxbZvi msMvg Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg iPwqZvi bvg ivg` gRyg`vi kvnwiqvi Kwei Gvbx gvm Kvinvm Rvnvbviv Bgvg Avyj Mvd&dvi Payix mywdqv Kvgvj Gg Avi AvKZvi gyKzj Gg Avi AvKZvi gyKzj gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg MvRxDj nK cwiPvjKi bvg Zvbfxi gvKvj bvwmi Dwb BDmyd gvik`yj Bmjvg gvik`yj Bmjvg Avey mvqx` nvibyi ikx` Mi bvg gywhyi BwZnvm Avwg exivbv ejwQ Avgiv evsjv`kx bv evvjx Avgvi wKQy K_v eez nZvi `wjjc gywhyi BwZnvm msKjb ` wjivikb Ae evsjv`k ` iBc Ae evsjv`k wZi kni Aei bq gvm

45

gywhy wfwK M
iPwqZvi bvg gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg bxwjgv Bevnxg Avyj Mvd&dvi Payix kL gywReyi ingvb AavcK Avey mvBwq` nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb gRi myLIqv wms iex`bv_ we`x kvgmyi ingvb AvZvDi ingvb Lvb

gywhy wfwK M
weRq 71 266 w`bi ^vaxbZv AiwZ ^vaxbZvB civaxbZv Mi bvg iPwqZvi bvg Gg.Avi. AvKZvi gyKzj gvnvt byij Kvw`i gRi Rwjj

46 wbevmb eyKi fZi Avb G Mvb GR

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR gvqyb Avng` Rvnvbviv Bgvg Zvnwggv Avbvg

evsjv`k welqvejx

47

ck: evsjv`kK Kvb `k Ke c_g (gywhyKvjxb mgq) ^xKwZ c`vb Ki? Di: fviZ, 6 wWm^i, 1971| ck: evsjv`k (gywhyKvjxb mgq) ^xKwZ `vbKvix wZxq `k KvbwU? Di: f~Uvb 7, wWm^i 1971| ck: evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `vbKvix c_g mgvRZvwK `k KvbwU? Di: cvjv (12 Rvbyqvwi 1972)| ck: evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `vbKvix c_g BDivci `k KvbwU? Di: cvjv| (cvjv/eyjMwiqv bv _vKj ejwRqvg w`Z ne)| ck: mvwfqZ BDwbqb (ivwkqv) Ke evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `q? Di: 24 Rvbyqvwi, 1971| ck: evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `vbKvix c_g Ikwbqv Aji `k KvbwU? Di: wbDwRjv (26 Rvbyqvwi 1972)| ck: evsjv`k ^xK wZ c`vbKvix c_g AvwdKvi `k KvbwU? Di: mbMvj (1 deqvwi 1972)| ck: eUb, cwg Rvgvwb I BmivBj Ke evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `q? Di: 4 deqvwi 1972| ck: Rvcvb Ke evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `q? Di: 10 deqvwi 1972| ck: dv evsjv`kK Ke ^xKwZ `q? Di: 14 deqvwi 1972|

iZc~Y `k mg~ni ^xKwZ `vb

ck: evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `vbKvix c_g Abvie gymwjg `k KvbwU? Di: gvjqwkqv (25 deqvwi 1972)| ck: hyiv evsjv`kK Ke ^xKwZ `q? Di: 4 Gwcj 1972 ck: evsjv`kK ^xKwZ`vbKvix c_g Avie `k KvbwU? Di: BivK (8 RyjvB 1972)| ck: cvwKvb I Bivb evsjv`kK Ke ^xKwZ c`vb Ki? Di: 22 deqvwi 1974| ck: mw` Avie Ges my`vb evsjv`kK Ke ^xKwZ c`vb Ki? Di: 16 AvM 1975| ck: Pxb evsjv`kK Ke ^xKwZ c`vb Ki? Di: 31 AvM 1975| ck: 1 Gwcj 2010 ch evsjv`kK KZwU `k ^xKwZ w`qQ? Di: 113wU|

ck: evsjv`ki gvbwP c_g AvuKb K? Di:gRi Rgm ibj| ck: evsjv`ki AvqZb KZ? Di: 1,47,570 eMwKjvwgUvi (55,598 eMgvBj)| ck: AvqZbi w`K w`q wek evsjv`ki vb KZ? Di: 93 Zg [233wU `k I Aji ga Ges ^vaxb 192wU `ki ga 91Zg] Z_m~: Iqv AvUjvm| ck: AvqZbi w`K w`q `wY Gwkqvq evsjv`ki Aevb KZ? Di: PZz_|

evsjv`ki AvqZb Aevb I mxgvbv

48

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`ki gvU jmxgv KZ? Di:4,427 wK.wg.| ck: evsjv`ki gvU mxgv `N KZ? Di:5,138 wK.wg. (Gi ga Rjmxgv 711 wK.wg.)| ck: fviZ I gvqvbgvii mv_ evsjv`ki mxgv `N KZ? Di:h_vg 4144 wKjvwgUvi I 283 wKjvwgUvi| ck: fviZi wfZi evsjv`ki KZwU wQUgnj iqQ? Di:51wU (AvqZb 7110.02 GKi)| ck: evsjv`ki wQUgnjjv fviZi Kvb Rjvi AMZ? Di:mejvB cwgei KzPwenvi Rjvq| ck: evsjv`ki wfZi fviZi KZwU wQUgnj iqQ? Di:111wU (AvqZb 17150.05 GKi)| ck: fviZi wQUgnjjv evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq AewZ? Di:jvjgwbinvU 59wU, cMo 36wU, KuywoMvg 12wU I bxjdvgvixZ 4wU| ck: wZb weNv KwiWvii wewbgq fviZ evsjv`ki KvQ _K Kvb wQUgnjwU cvq? Di:cMoi eievox| ck: fviZ Ke evsjv`ki Rb wZbweNv KwiWvi Lyj `q? Di:26 Ryb 1992| ck: wZv b`xi Zxi AewZ wZb weNv KwiWvii AvqZb ev gvc KZ? Di:178 wgUvi 85 wgUvi| ck: 1971 mvj `LjK Z wmjUi cv`yqv vbwU fviZi we.Gm.Gdi KvQ _K evsjv`k `Lj Ki Ke? Di:15 Gwcj 2001 (AvqZb 237 GKi)|

ck: evsjv`ki wZb w`K w`q Kvb `k we Z? Di: cwZekx fviZ| ck: evsjv`ki mv_ fviZi KqwU ivRi mxgv iqQ? Di: 5wU (cwge, Avmvg, gNvjq, wcyiv I wgRvivg)| ck: evsjv`ki `wY fviZi Kvb c`k? Di: Av`vgvb wbKvei xccy| ck: gvqvbgvi evsjv`ki Kvb w`K AewZ? Di: c~ew`K| ck: evsjv`ki cgvY mgq wbYq Kivi Rb KvbwU weePbv Kiv nq? Di: 900 c~e `vwNgv iLv ck: evsjv`ki AwPwZ mxgv vb KqwU I Kx Kx? Di: 3wU h_v: gynixi Pi (dbx), jvwVwUjv (wmjU) I `Lv`v (KzwoMvg)| ck: evsjv`k fviZ mxgv Pzw ^vwiZ nq Ke? Di: 16 g 1974| ck: evsjv`k fviZ mxgv PzwZ K K ^vi Ki? Di: kL gywRe I Bw`iv Mvx (fviZ eievox cve Ges evsjv`k wZb weNv KwiWvi cve)| ck: evsjv`ki `wYi mxgvbv Kx? Di: evcmvMi| ck: evsjv`ki ivR bwZK mgy`mxgv KZ? Di: 12 bwUKvj gvBj| ck: evsjv`ki A_ bwZK mgy`mxgv KZ? Di: 200 bwUKvj gvBj| ck: evsjv`ki mgy` DcKji `N KZ? Di: 711 wK. wg.| ck: 1 bwUKvj gvBj KZ wKjvwgUvi? Di: 1.853 wKjvwgUvi ev 1.15 gvBj| ck: evsjv`ki cwg fviZi Kvb c`k? Di:cwge (2,262 wK.wg.)|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`ki eievox, `nMvg Avyi cvZv I Avmvjs wQUgnjjv Kv_vq AewZ? Di:h_vg cMo, jvjgwninvU I wmjU Rjvq| ck: evsjv`ki mxgv eZx fviZi Rjv KZwU I Kx Kx? Di:8wU h_v: (1) gywk`vev` (2) Pwek ciMbv (3) b`xqv (4) exif~g (5) KzPwenvi (6) gvj`n (7) evivmvZ (8) RjcvBwo| ck: evsjv`k fviZi AwggvswmZ mxgv KZ? Di:16.5 wK.wg. ev 11 gvBj| ck: AvqZb evsjv`ki eo wefvM KvbwU? Di:PMvg wefvM| ck: AvqZb evsjv`ki QvU wefvM KvbwU? Di:wmjU wefvM (12,596) eMwK.wg.)| ck: AvqZb evsjv`ki eo Rjv KvbwU? Di:ivOvgvwU (6,116 eMwK.wg.)| ck: AvqZb evsjv`ki QvU Rjv KvbwU? Di:gnicyi (716 eMwK.wg.)| ck: AvqZb evsjv`ki eo DcRjv KvbwU? Di:mvZxivi kvgbMi| ck: AvqZb evsjv`ki QvU gUvcwjUb _vbv KvbwU? Di: XvKvi KvZvqvjx| ck: evsjvi meDii Rjvmn _vbvi bvg Kx? Di: cMo Rjvi ZuZzwjqv _vbv| ck: evsjv`ki me`wYi Rjvmn _vbvi bvg Kx? Di: KevRvi Rjvi UKbvd _vbv|

49

ck: evsjv`ki mePq c~ei Rjvmn _vbvi bvg Kx? Di: ev`ievbi _vbwP| ck: evsjv`ki mePq cwgi Rjvmn _vbvi bvg Kx? Di: beveMi wkeM| ck: evsjv`ki meDii, `wYi, c~ei Ges cwgi vbi bvg Kx Kx? Di: h_vg evsjvevv, Quovxc, AvLvbBVs Ges gbvKkv| ck: evsjv`ki mxgv eZx fviZi ivR KZwU I Kx Kx? Di: 5wU h_v: cwge, gNvjq, Avmvg, wgRvivg I wcyiv| ck: evsjv`ki me Dii Mvgi bvg Kx? Di: cMo Rjvi ZuZzwjqv _vbvi evsjvevv BDwbqbi RvqMxi RvZ Mvg| ck: evsjv`ki me `wYi BDwbqb KvbwU? Di: mUgvwUb| ck: evsjv`ki me `wYi xc/vb KvbwU? Di: Quovxc (Quovxc bv _vKj mU gvwUb ne)| ck: evsjv`ki mv_ KqwU `ki mxgv iqQ? Di: 2wU (fviZ I gvqvbgvi)| ck: evsjv`ki gvU mxgveZx Rjv KZwU? Di: 32wU (fviZi mv_ 30wU Ges wgqvbgvii mv_ 3wU)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb RjvwUi mv_ fviZ I gvqvbgvii mxgv iqQ? Di: ivOvgvwU Rjv| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb wefvMi mv_ gvqvbgvii mxgv iqQ? Di: PMvg wefvM| ck: wejvwbqv, gixM I gixi Pi AewZ Kv_vq? Di: dbx Rjvq|

50

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

ck: evsjv`k I fviZi evsjv`ki ga mxgv wPwZ KiYi j MwVZ KwgwUi bvg Kx? msweavb Di:RqU evDvix IqvwKs ck: msweavb Kx? Mcm (JBWG). nQ GKwU ck: evsjv`k I fviZi Di: msweavb ga weivac~Y ivi g~j I mevP bqvxc f~L I AvBb| LvbPwiqvi Pi Kvb Rjvq ck: cw_exi AewZ? BwZnvm c_g msweavb Di:mvZxiv Rjvq| KvbwU? evsjv`ki mxgv Di: g`xbvi mb`| ck: evsjv`ki eZx msweavbi bvg Kx? iZc~Y vbmg~n Di: The Constitution of People's Republic vb Aevb of Bangladesh. ebvcvj hkvi ck: evsjv`ki Kjvivqv mvZxiv mvsweavwbK bvg Kx? fvgiv mvZxiv Di:MYcRvZx evsjv`k (The People's Republic of Bangladesh). eKvix mvZxiv ck: msweavb w`em KLvjx mvZxiv cvwjZ nq Ke? `kbv PzqvWvv Di:4 bf^i| RxebbMi PzqvWvv ck: evsjv`ki gywRebMi gnicyi msweavbi RbK ev cwZ eievwo cMo K? igvix KzwoMvg Di:W. Kvgvj nvmb| ck: msweavb KZ eovBevwo KzwoMvg cKvi I Kx Kx? `nMvg jvjgwbinvU Di:msweavb `yB cKvi| h_v: nvwZev`v jvjgwbinvU (1) wjwLZ msweavb I (2) cvUMvg jvjgwbinvU AwjwLZ msweavb| cvbQwo LvMovQwo ck: evsjv`ki UKbvd KevRvi msweavb Kvb aibi? Di:wjwLZ msweavb I Zvgvwej wmjU `ywieZbxq| cv`yqv wmjU ck: weki mePq mvbvBNvU wmjU eo Ges mePq QvU cZvccyi wmjU msweavb Kv_vq? RwKM wmjU Di:h_vg fviZ I hyiv PzbviNvU nweM (eZgvb QvU msweavb eojLv gjfx-evRvi fyUvb)| ck: Kvb Kvb `ki wejvwbqv dbx msweavbi AvjvK gixiPi dbx evsjv`ki msweavb iwPZ PMvg Kzwgjv nq? AvLvDov we.evwoqv Di:fviZ I eUb| mvZ gmwR` beveM ck: MYcwil` Av`k wnwj w`bvRcyi Rvwi Kiv nq KZ mvj? PuPov RqcyinvU Di: 23 gvP 1972|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: MYcwil`i c_g Awaekb em Ke? Di: 10 Gwcj 1972| ck: MYcwil`i wKvi I WcywU wKvi K wQjb? Di: wKvi kvn Avyj nvwg` Ges WcywU wKvi gvnv` Djvn| ck: evsjv`k msweavbi Lmov c_g Ke MYcwil` ck Kiv nq? Di: 12 Avei, 1972| ck: evsjv`k msweavbi Lmov MYcwil` Ke Abygvw`Z Ges MnxZ nq? Di: 4 bf^i, 1972| ck: evsjv`k msweavb Ke _K KvhKi nq? Di: 16 wWm^i 1972| ck: evsjv`k msweavbi AwffveK I ivKviK K? Di: evsjv`ki mywcg KvU| ck: evsjv`ki msweavb Kx w`q i Ges kl nqQ? Di: cvebv w`q i Ges 4wU Zdwkj w`q kl| ck: MYcwil`i m`m wQj KZRb? Di: 430 Rb (1970 mvji wmbU Ges cv`wkK cwil`i wbevwPZ m`miv)| ck: MYcwil`i c_g Awaekbi mfvcwZ K wQjb? Di: gvIjvbv Avyi iwk` ZKevMxk| ck: msweavb iPbv KwgwUi cavb ev Pqvigvb wQjb K? Di: W. Kvgvj nvmb| ck: msweavb iPbv KwgwUi GKgv gwnjv m`m K?

51

Di: eMg ivwRqv evYy| ck: msweavb iPbv KwgwUi GKgv weivax `jxq m`m K? Di: myiwZ mb| ck: msweavb iPbv KwgwUi gvU m`m KZRb wQjb? Di: 34 Rb| ck: Lmov msweavb MYcwil` K DvcY Kib? Di: W. Kvgvj nvmb| ck: evsjv`ki c_g nwjwLZ msweavb KZ cvZv? Di: 93 cvZv (^vimn 108 cvZv)| ck: nvZ wjwLZ msweavb wjwcZ ^vi Kiwb K? Di: myiwZ mb| ck: c_g nwjwLZ msweavbi jLK K? Di: Avyi iDd| ck: nwjwLZ msweavbi Amv K Kib? Di: wkx Rqbyj Ave`xb| ck: KqKwU mvsweavwbK msvi bvg wjLyb? Di: (1) AvUwb Rbvij (2) ckvmwbK UvBeybvj (3) wbevPb Kwgkb (4) gnvwnmve wbixK I (5) miKvwi Kg Kwgkb| ck: Kvb Kvb `ki Kvb wjwLZ msweavb bB? Di: eUb, wbDwRjv, b I mw` Avie| ck: MYcwil`i m`m`i ga gwnjv KZ Rb? Di: 07 Rb| ck: evsjv`ki msweavb KqwU fvlvq iwPZ wQj? Di: `yBwU fvlvq : (1) evsjv I (2) BsiwR| ck: msweavbi evLvq evsjv I BsiwR

52

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

3q 4_ 5g 6 7g 8g 9g 10g 11 k 2647 4864 6593 9411 7 1181 26 1271 32 1331 41 142 1431 53 gwjK AwaKvi wbevnx wefvM AvBb mfv wePvi wefvM wbevPb gnv-wnmve wbixK I wbqK Kg wefvM I Riix wbavbvejx msweavb mskvabx wewea

fvlvi ga weiva `Lv w`j KvbwU MnYhvM nq? Di: evsjv| ck: evsjv`ki msweavb KqwU fve wef? Di: 11wU fvM| ck: msweavb gvU KZwU AbyQ` AvQ? Di: 1972 mvji g~j msweavb 153wU Ges mekl msiY 164 wU AbyQ` AvQ| ck: 1972 mvji g~j msweavbi c_g PviwU g~jbxwZ Kx wQj? Di: (1) ag wbicZvev` (2) RvZxqZvev` (3) MYZ I (4) mgvRZ| ck: evsjv`ki eZgvb msweavbi 4wU g~jbxwZ Kx? Di: (1) Avjvni Dci c~Y Avv I wekvm| (2) RvZxqZvev` (3) MYZ (4) mvgvwRK I A_bwZK Dbqb (mgvRZ)| ck: msweavb Abyhvqx fvUvwaKvi cqvM KiZ cvie Kviv? Di:RvwZ, ag, eY wbwekl 18 eQii Da mKj bvMwiK| ck: evsjv`ki msweavbi mv_ ^vaxbZvi NvlYvc Ke mshvRb Kiv nq? Di:1999 mvj| ck: msweavb bvMwiK`i gwjK AwaKvi wbwZ Kivi `vwqZ w`qQ KvK? Di:nvBKvUK|

msweavbi wefvMmg~n
aviv 17 825

wef vM 1g 2q

welq cRvZ iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ

ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` evsjv`k Kx bvg cwiwPZ? Di: 1bs AbyQ` evsjv`k MYcRvZx evsjv`k bvg cwiwPZ| ck: cRvZi ivag Bmjvg Kvb AbyQ`? Di: AbyQ` 2(K) ck: evsjv`k msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` evsjvK iv fvlvi ^xK wZ `qv nqQ? Di: c_g fvMi ZZxq AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` Avgvi mvbvi evsjvK RvZxq msMxZ wnme ^xKwZ `qv nqQ? Di: 4bs AbyQ`| ck: evsjv`ki bvMwiKMY evsjv`kx ej cwiwPZ neb msweavbi Kvb AbyQ`? Di: 6(2) bs AbyQ`|

msweavbi iZc~Y avivmg~n

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: mKj gZvi gvwjK RbMY Kvb AbyQ` AvQ? Di: 7(1) bs AbyQ`| ck: iv cwiPvjbvi 4wU g~jbxwZ Kvb AbyQ` DjL AvQ? Di: 8(1) AbyQ`| ck: evsjv`k msweavbi c_g I wZxq fvM Kvb welq eYbv Kiv nqQ? Di: h_vg cRvZ (17) I iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ (825)| ck: RvZxq Rxebi mei gwnjv`i AskMnY wbwZ Kivi eev msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` ewYZ nqQ? Di:10bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` MYZ I gwjK gvbevwaKvii wbqZv `qv AvQ? Di:11bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` KlK kwgK I gnbwZ gvbyli gywi K_v ejv nqQ? Di:14bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` bvMwiK`i gwjK cqvRbi eev ivLv nqQ? Di:15bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` wkvi AwaKvi wbwZ Kiv nqQ? Di:17bs AbyQ`| ck: mKj mgq RbMYi mev Kwievi Pv Kiv cRvZi Kg wbhy cZK ewi KZe msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` DjL AvQ? Di: 21(2) bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` wbevnx

53

wefvM _K wePvi wefvMi c_KxKiY DjL AvQ? Di:22bs AbyQ`| ck: gwjK AwaKvii mv_ Amvgm AvBb evwZj msweavbi Kvb avivq DjL AvQ? Di:26bs avivq| ck: mKj bvMwiK AvBbi `wZ mgvb Ges AvBbi mgvb Avkq jvfi AwaKvix Kvb AbyQ` ewYZ? Di: 27bs AbyQ`| ck: ag, Mvx, eY wj Ges GjvKv f` elg Kiv hve bv msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` DjL AvQ? Di: 28bs AbyQ`| ck: ivcwZi AbygwZ Qvov we`kx Dcvwa jvf Kiv hve bv Kvb AbyQ` ewYZ? Di: 30bs AbyQ`| ck: AvBbi Avkq jvfi AwaKvi Ges Rxeb I ew ^vaxbZvi AwaKvi iv Kvb AbyQ` ewYZ? Di: h_vg 31 I 32bs AbyQ`| ck: MdZvi I AvUK mK iv KeP msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` ewYZ? Di: 33bs AbyQ`| ck: `ei`w kg wbwl Kiv nqQ Kvb AbyQ`? Di: 34bs AbyQ`| ck: mgveki ^vaxbZv `qv nqQ Kvb AbyQ`? Di: 37bs AbyQ`| ck: msMVbi ^vaxbZv Kvb AbyQ` ewYZ?

54

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ivcwZ cybt Avnvb KiZ cvib Kvb AvBb ej? Di: 58(K) bs AbyQ`| ck: wb`jxq I wbic ZveavqK miKvii K_v Kvb AbyQ` DjL AvQ? Di: 58(L) bs AbyQ`| ck: Aeva myz I wbic wbevPb mbi K_v msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` DjL AvQ? Di: 58(N) bs AbyQ`| ck: ivi mevwabvqK njb ivcwZ Kvb AvBb ej? Di: 61bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` msm`i AbygwZ eZxZ hy Kiv hve bv DjL AvQ? Di: 63(1) bs AbyQ`| ck: cg fvM msweavb Kx DjL AvQ? Di: AvBbmfv (65-93) bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` ej wbevPbx GjvKv _K 300 Rb Ges 45 Rb msiwZ gwnjv Avmb wbq RvZxq msm` MwVZ ne? Di: 65bs AbyQ`| ck: Kvb AbyQ` ej ivcwZ msm` fvlY I evYx c`vb Kieb? Di: 73bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi KZ AbyQ` bvqcvj wbqvMi K_v DjL AvQ? Di: 77bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` msm` mwPevjqi K_v DjL AvQ? Di: 79bs AbyQ`|

Di: 38bs AbyQ`| ck: wPv I weeKi ^vaxbZv `qv nqQ Kvb AbyQ`? Di: 39(1) bs AbyQ`| ck: msev`ci ^vaxbZvi wbqZv `qv nqQ Kvb AbyQ`? Di: 39(2) L bs AbyQ`| ck: ckv I ewi ^vaxbZv DjL AvQ Kvb AbyQ`? Di: 40 bs AbyQ`| ck: agxq ^vaxbZvi K_v ejv nqQ msweavbi Kvb AbyQ`? Di: 41bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi PZz_ wefvM Kx DjL AvQ? Di: wbevnx wefvM (48-64) bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` ivcwZ msv eYbv `qv nqQ? Di: 48bs AbyQ`| ck: ivcwZi gZv c`kbi AwaKvi Kvb AbyQ` DjL AvQ? Di: 49bs AbyQ`| ck: Kvb AbyQ` ivcwZi `vqgywi K_v DjL Kiv nqQ? Di: 51(1) bs AbyQ`| ck: ivcwZi Awfksmb me Kvb AbyQ` ej? Di: 52bs AbyQ` ej| ck: Kvb AbyQ` gvZveK ivcwZ cavbgx I gx cwil` K wbqvM `b? Di: 56(2) bs AbyQ`| ck: `ki Riix Aevi cqvRb f `qv msm`

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` A_wej mKxZ? Di: 81bs AbyQ`| ck: mywcg KvU cwZv Kvb AbyQ` DjL AvQ? Di: 94bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi 6 fvM Kvb welq DjL AvQ? Di: wePvi wefvM (94-117) bs AbyQ`| ck: cavb wePvicwZ I Abvb wePvicwZ`i wbqvM msv AbyQ` KvbwU? Di: 95(1) bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi mg fvM Kvb welq? Di: wbevPb (118-126) bs AbyQ`| ck: cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi I Abvb Kwgkbvi`i K_v Kvb AbyQ` ewYZ? Di: 118bs AbyQ`| ck: fvUvi ZvwjKvq bvgfywi hvMZv msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` eYbv Kiv nqQ? Di: 122bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Ag fvM Kvb welq DjL AvQ? Di: gnvwnmve wbixK I wbqY (127-132)| ck: gnvwnmve wbixK c`i cwZv I `vwqZi K_v Kvb Kvb AbyQ` DjL AvQ? Di: h_vg 127 I 128 bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` Kg Kwgkb (P.S.C) MVbi K_v ejv nqQ? Di: 137bs AbyQ`|

55

ck: msweavb Kvb AbyQ` KgKwgkbi `vwqZi K_v eYbv Kiv nqQ? Di: 140bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` Riix Aev NvlYv Kiv nqQ? Di: 141(K) bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavb mskvabx Kiv nq KZ b^i AbyQ`i gvag? Di: 142bs AbyQ` (`kg fvM) ck: evsjv I BsiwR cvVi ga evsjv cvVi cvavbi K_v ejv nqQ Kvb AbyQ` Abymvi? Di: 153bs AbyQ`|

ck: 1973 mvji 15 RyjvB msm` MnxZ c_g mskvabxi Dk Kx? Di: hyvcivaxmn Abvb MYweivax`i wePvii eev wbwZ Kiv| ck: evsjv`k msweavbi KZ b^i AbyQ` Abymvi RvZxq msm` msweavb mskvab KiZ cvib? Di: 142bs AbyQ`| ck: msweavb mskvabi Rb KZ kZvsk fvUi cqvRb? Di: `yB-ZZxqvsk| ck: evsjv`k msweavbi G ch KZwU mskvabx Avbv nqQ? Di: 14wU ck: evsjv`k 1g I 2q mskvabx msm` DvcY Kib K?

evsjv`ki msweavb mskvabx

56

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: msweavb mskvab wej ivcwZ KZw`bi ga cvk Kie? Di: 7 w`b| ck: cg mskvabxi welqe Kx? Di: 1975 mvji 15 AvMi mvgwiK Afyvbi ci nZ 1979 mvji 5 Gwcj ch mvgwiK miKvii hveZxq KgKvi eaZv `vb| (MnxZ nq 5 Gwcj 1979 Ges ivcwZi Abygv`b 6 Gwcj 1979)| ck: ivag wnme BmjvgK ^xKwZ `vb Kvb mskvabxi gvag? Di: 8g mskvabx (MnxZ nq 7 Ryb 1988)| ck: evsjv`k msm`xq MYZi DiY NU Ke? Di: 6 AvM 1991| ck: Kvb mskvabxi ck mvsweavwbK MYfvU AbywZ nq? Di: v`k mskvabxq (msm`xq cwZi miKvi ceZb)| ck: msm`xq cwZi weji c I wec KZwU fvU co? Di: c 307 wU (wec Kvb fvU cowb)| ck: msm`xq cwZi miKvi cwZvi Rb `k MYfvU AbywZ nq Ke? Di: 15 m^i 1991| ck: msweavbi Kvb Kvb Ask mskvabi Rb MYfvU AbywZ nq? Di: msweavbi cvebv Ges 8, 48 I 56 b^i AbyQ` mskvabi Rb MYfvUi cqvRb nq| ck: qv`k mskvabx RvZxq msm` MnxZ nq Ke?

Di: ZrKvjxb AvBbgx gbvib ai| ck: evsjv`k msweavbi 4_ mskvabxi welqe Kx? Di: msm`xq miKvii cwieZ ivcwZ kvwmZ Ges e`jxq ivRbxwZi cwieZ GK`jxq ivRbxwZi ceZb (MnxZ nq 25 Rvbyqvwi 1975)| ck: msweavb _K mgvRZ I ag wbicZv Kvb mvj ev` co? Di: 1978 mvji 2q NvlYv c Av`k| ck: evOvjx RvZxqZvev`i cwieZ evsjv`kx RvZxqZvev`i ceZb Kiv nq Ke? Di:3 gvP 1978| ck: ag wbicZvi cwieZ msweavb mwbewkZ bxwZ Kx? Di:mekwgvb Avjvni Dci c~Y Avv I wekvm| ck: Ke Kvb Av`k ej evsjv`ki msweavbi iZ wemwgjvwni ivngvwbi ivwng mwbewkZ nq? Di: 1978 mvji 2q NvlYvc Av`k Ges 2q Zdwkj ej| ck: Kvb mskvabxi gvag ivi PviwU g~jbxwZ cwieZb Kiv nq? Di: 5g mskvabx| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb ZdkxjwU wejy? Di: 2q Zdkxj| ck: evsjv`ki msweavb _K Kvb avivwU DwVq `qv nqQ? Di: 12bs aviv|

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: 27 gvP 1996 (ivcwZi Abygv`b 28 gvP 1996)| ck: PZz`k mskvabx RvZxq msm` cvk nq Ke? Di: 16g 2004| ck: PZz`k mskvabxZ ivcwZ ^vi Ki Ke? Di: 17g 2004| ck: PZz`k mskvabxi wec fvU `b K? Di: eexi Kv`i wmxKx (c 226wU)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb mskvabxi wec Av`vjZ ivq `q? Di:cg mskvabx| ck: qv`k mskvabx Kx? Di:wb`jxq ZveavqK miKvii MVb mwKZ| ck: PZz`k mskvabxi welqe Kx? Di:45wU msiwZ bvix Avmb, ivcwZ I cavbgxi cwZKZ msiY I c`kb, A_ wej mwKZ, msm` m`mMYi kc_ MnYi Rb wZb w`b mgq, wePvicwZi eqmmxgv 65 eQi _K 67 eQi Kiv, wcGmwmi Pqvigvbi eqm 62 _K 65 eQi Kiv Ges wmGwRi gqv` 5 eQi A_ev 65 eQi eqm ch hwU AvM c~Y ne mwU KvhKi ne|

57

RvZxq mxZ : Avgvi mvbvi evsjv (10 PiY)| RvZxq w`em : 26 gvP (1980 mvj _K)| RvZxq cvwL : `vqj| RvZxq c : iqj ej UvBMvi| RvZxq eb : my`ieb| RvZxq dj : KuvVvj| RvZxq gvQ : Bwjk| RvZxq Drme : evsjv beeleiY Drme| RvZxq cZvKv : meyRi gvS jvj e (10:6)| RvZxq ag : Bmjvg| RvZxq Kwe : KvRx bRij Bmjvg| RvZxq D`vb : mvn&ivIqv`x D`vb| RvZxq gmwR` : evqZzj gvKviig (1982 mvj NvwlZ)| RvZxq wegvb e`i : wRqv Av RvwZK wegvb e`i, XvKv| RvZxq hv`yNi : RvZxq hv`yNi, kvnevM, XvKv| RvZxq cvMvi : RvZxq MvMvi, wjvb, XvKv| RvZxq cvK : XvKv wk cvK (kvnevM)| RvZxq wPwoqvLvbv : wgicyi wPwoqvLvbv, XvKv| RvZxq wZma : mvfvi| RvZxq Ljv : KvevwW| RvZxq cZxK : Dfq c avbi kxl ewZ cvwbZ fvmgvb RvZxq dzj kvcjv Zvi gv_vq cvUMvQi cii mshy wZbwU cvZv Ges Dfq cvk `ywU Ki ZviKv| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKv `LZ Kgb? Di: Mvo meyRi ga jvj e, hvi AbycvZ 10:6| ck: RvZxq cZvKvq jvj ei gvc KZ? Di: cZvKvi cuvP fvMi GK fvM| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBbvi K? Di: Kvgij nvmvb|

RvZxq cZvKv

RvZxq dzj : kvcjv| RvZxq fvlv : evsjv|

evsjv`ki RvZxq welqvejx

58

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKv c_g Ke K Dvjb Kib? Di: 1971 mvji 2 gvP XvKv wekwe`vjqi eUZjvq GK Qv mgvek Av.m.g. Avyi ie Dvjb Kib| ck: K RvZxq msMxZi gvag mec_g RvZxq cZvKv Ke Kv_vq Dvjb Kib? Di: eezi DcwwZZ kvnvRvb wmivR 1971 mvji 3 gvP cb gq`vb Dvjb Kib| ck: evsjv`ki cZvKvi mv_ wgj iqQ Kvb `ki cZvKvi? Di: Rvcvbi cZvKv| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKv w`em Ke? Di: 2 gvP| ck: mec_g we`k Kvb wgkb evsjv`ki cZvKv Dvjb Kiv nq| Di: 8 Gwcj 1971, KjKvZv evsjv`k wgkb| ck: gvbwP LwPZ evsjv`ki c_g RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBbvi K? Di: wke bvivqb `vm| ck: RvZxq cZvKvi bKkv c_g Kv_vq Zwi nq? Di: cKkj wekwe`vjqi ki evsjv nj| ck: RvZxq cZvKv wewa KZ mvj cYxZ nq? Di: 1972 mvj|

ck: 1905 mvj iwPZ Avgvi mvbvi evsjvi cavb Dk Kx? Di: ef RwbZ Av`vjb A_vr c~e I cwg Dfq eK GK Kiv| ck: RvZxq msMxZi MxwZKvi I myiKvi K? Di: iex`bv_ VvKzi| ck: RvZxq msMxZ mec_g Kvb cwKvq cKvwkZ nq? Di: e`kb cwKvq| ck: RvZxq msMxZ mec_g KZ mvj cKvwkZ nq? Di: evsjv 1312 (BsiwR 1905 mvj)| ck: Kvb ivxq Abyvb RvZxq msMxZi KZ PiY evRvbv nq? Di: 4 PiY (gvU PiY 25wU)| ck: Ke evsjv`k AvbyvwbKfve RvZxq msMxZ MvIqv nq? Di: 7 gvP 1971, imKvm gq`vb| ck: Avgvi mvbvi evsjvK RvZxq msMxZ wnme MnY Kiv nq Ke? Di: 3 gvP 1971, evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv c| ck: RvZxq msMxZ iex`bv_i Kvb Kve _K bqv nqQ? Di: ^i weZvb Kve _K (Kve M MxZ weZvb)| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZi c_g BsiwR Abyev`K K? Di: mq` Avjx Avnmvb| RvZxq msMxZ I iY ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZ Kvb welqwU msMxZ weklfve vb cvq? ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq Di: evsjvi cKwZi K_v| msMxZ KvbwU? Di: Avgvi mvbvi evsjvGi c_g 10 PiY|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: msweavbi Kvb AbyQ` RvZxq msMxZi K_v ejv nqQ? Di: c_g fvMi 4_ AbyQ`| ck: evsjv`ki iY msMxZ KvbwU? Di: Pj& Pj& Pj& Gi c_g 21 jvBb| ck: iY msMxZi MxwZKvi I myiKvi K? Di: RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRij Bmjvg| ck: iY msMxZ bRiji Kvb KveM _K bqv nqQ? Di: mv KveM| ck: iY msMxZ mec_g Kvb cwKvq cKvwkZ nq? Di: wkLv cwKvq bZzbi Mvb wkivbvg| ck: Kvb ivxq Abyvb iY mxZi KZ jvBb evRvbv nq? Di: 21 jvBb| ck: iYmxZi iPwqZv KvRx bRij BmjvgK vqxfve `k wbq Avmv nq KZ mvj? Di: 1974 mvj| ck: 2006 mvj wewewmi kvZv Rwic k evsjv Mvb wbevwPZ nq KvbwU? Di: evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZ Avgvi mvbvi evsjv ... ... Di:

59

BivK wgkb)| ck: evsjv`k cywjk KZ mvj _K RvwZmsN kvwix wgkb AskMnY Ki? Di: 1989 mvj (g 2010 ch gvU wgkb 18wU)| ck: evsjv`k cywjk c_g Kvb `ki Kvb wgkb mb ciY Ki? Di: K^vwWqvi kvw wgkb UNTAG-Z| ck: evsjv`k c_g KZRb cywjk m`m ciY Ki? Di: 60 Rb| ck: evsjv`ki KZRb gwnjv cywjk mec_g RvwZmsN kvwix wgkb AskMnY Ki? Di: 5 Rb| ck: evsjv`kx bvixiv RvwZmsNi Kvb wgkb c_g AskMnY Ki? Di: c~e wZgyii UNIAETZ ck: evsjv`kx Kvb bvix RvwZmsN kvwix wgkb bZZ `b? Di: Gm wc wgwj wekvm| ck: RvwZmsN kvw ix wgkb gvU KZRb evsjv`kx mb wbnZ nq? Di: 57 Rb (Kvi 9Rb mn) ck: 2005 mvji 25 deqvwi Kvi Kv_vq we`vnx`i nvgjvq 9Rb evsjv`kx mb wbnZ nq? RvwZmsN kvw Di: BZzwi c`ki ivRavbx iv eywbqvZ| ck: evsjv`k cywjk G wgkb evsjv`k ch KZwU wgkb KZRb ck: evsjv`k KZ mvj mb cvVvq? _K RvwZmsN kvw ix Di: 17wU wgkb 4057 Rb| wgkb KvR Ki AvmQ? ck: evsjv`k G ch Di: 1988 mvj| RvwZmsNi KZwU wgkb ck: evsjv`k c_g Ask MnY KiQ? Kvb wgkb Ask MnY Ki? Di: 35wU wgkb (Rvbyt2010 ch)|

United Nations Iran-Iraq Militory observer Group (UNIIMOG/ Bivb-

60

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

ck: G ch RvwZmsNi kvwix wgkb KZRb mb AskMnY KiQ? Di: 33,969 Rb| ck: eZgvb 11wU `k 12wU kvw wgkb KZRb mb KgiZ AvQ? Di:cvq 10,422 Rb (m~: c_g Avjv 29 g, 2010)| ck: RvwZmsN kvw ix wgkb Kvb `ki cywjk evwnbx kxl AvQ? Di:evsjv`ki| ck: RvwZmsN kvw iv wgkb eZgvb kvwix ciY evsjv`ki Aevb KZ? Di:wZxq (gvP-2010 ch)|
wgkbi bvg

eZgvb wgkbmg~n
m`m msLv 2 Rb 8 Rb

1| RvwZmsN mnvqZv Kwgkb AvdMvwb vb (UNAMA) 2| RvwZmsN Referendum wgkb, cwg mvnviv
(MINURSO)

3| RvwZmsN wgkb, Kv (MOUNC) 4| RvwZmsN wgkb, jvBewiqv (UNMIL) 5| RvwZmsN AMMvgx wgkb, my`vb (UNAMID) 6| RvwZmsN wgkb, my`vb (UNMIS) 7| RvwZmsN Acvikb wgkb, AvBfwiKv (UNOCI) 8| RvwZmsN wgkb, eyiw (BINUB) 9| RvwZmsN wgkb, K^vwWqv (UNMIT) 10| RvwZmsN wgkb, (MINUSTAH) 11| RvwZmsN wgkb, (MINURCAT) gvU =

2,637 Rb 2,366 Rb 1,373 Rb 1,500 Rb 2,344 Rb 1 Rb 197 Rb 6 Rb 47 Rb

10,481 Rb (wWm^i-2009 ch)

ck: evsjv`k c_g Kvb AvRvwZK msvi m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: KgbIqj_ (32Zg m`m)| ck: evsjv`k Ke KgbIqj_ Gi m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: 18 Gwcj 1972| ck: evsjv`k Ke Av RvwZK gy`v Znweji m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: 17 Ryb 1972| ck: evsjv`k Ke UNCTAD Gi m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: 20 g 1972| ck: evsjv`k Ke Av RvwZK kg msv (ILO) Gi m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: 22 Ryb 1972| ck: evsjv`k Ke RvwZmsNi vqx cheK wbevwPZ nq? Di: 17 Avei 1972| ck: evsjv`k Ke UNESCO Gi m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: 19 Avei 1972| ck: evsjv`k Ke Kj^v cwiKbvi m`m nq? Di: 6 bf^i 1972| ck: Lv` I Kwl msv (IFAD) Gi m`mc` evsjv`k jvf Ki Ke? Di: 13 bf^i 1972| ck: evsjv`k Ke Av RvwZK AvbweK kw Kwgkb (IAEA) Gi m`m wbevwPZ nq? Di: 1972 mvj| ck: evsjv`k Ke UPU Gi m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: 7 deqvwi 1973|

AvRvwZK Ab evsjv`k/ wewfb Av RvwZK msvi m`mc` jvf

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k Ke RvU wbic Av`vjb (NAM) Gi m`m wbevwPZ nq| Di: 1973 mvji AvjwRqvm AbywZ 4_ mjb| ck: evsjv`k Ke OIC Gi m`m wbevwPZ nq? Di: 23 deqvwi 1974| ck: evsjv`k Ke Gkxq Dbqb evsK (ADB) Gi m`m wbevwPZ nq? Di: 1973 mvj| ck: evsjv`k Ke RvwZmsNi m`mc` jvf Ki| Di: 17 m^i 1974| ck: evsjv`k RvwZmsNi KZ Zg m`m? Di: 136 Zg| ck: kL gywReyi ingvb RvwZmsNi mvaviY cwil` evsjvq fvlY `b Ke? Di: 25 m^i 1974 (29Zg Awaekb)| ck: RvwZmsN evsjv`ki c_g vqx cwZwbwa K? Di: Gm.G Kwig| ck: RvwZmsNi dvivv euvai welq c_g DvwcZ nq Ke? Di: 1976 mvj (31Zg mjb)| ck: evsjv`k RvwZmsNi wbivcv cwil` ev ^w cwil` KZevi m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: 2 evi| ck: evsjv`k Kvb Kvb mgqi Rb RvwZmsN wbivcv cwil`i Avqx m`m wbevwPZ nq? Di: 1978-79 I 2000-2001 mvj gqv`| ck: evsjv`k KZ mvj OIC Gi BivK Bivb weiva wbw msv 9 m`m wewk KwgwUi m`m nq?

61

Di: 1981 mvj| ck: `wY Gkxq AvwjK msv (SAARC) Gi cveK K? Di: evsjv`ki mveK cwm: wRqvDi ingvb| ck: c_g mvK c`K cvb K? Di: evsjv`ki wRqvDi ingvb (2006 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k G77 mfvcwZ wQj KZ mvj? Di: 1982-83 mvj (RvwZmsNi iv`~Z wQjb dviK mvenvb)| ck: XvKvq PZy`k Bmjvwg mjb AbywZ nq KLb? Di: 1983 mvj| ck: c_g mvK mjb Ke Kv_vq nq? Di: 1985 mvji 7-8 wWm^i, XvKv| ck: mvKi c_g cwmWU I gnvmwPe K K? Di: evsjv`ki ZrKvjxb cwm: mvBb gynv` Gikv` mfvcwZ Ges Rbve Aveyj Avnmvb gnvmwPe wbevwPZ nb| ck: evsjv`k RvwZmsNi mvaviY cwil` mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nq Ke? Di: 1986 mvj (41Zg Awaekb)| ck: RvwZmsNi mvaviY cwil` mfvcwZZ Kib K? Di: gvqyb ikx` Payix| ck: Dcgnv`k _K RvwZmsNi mvaviY cwil` mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb KZ Rb I K K? Di: 3 Rb : 1g weRq jx cwZ (fviZ), mvi Rvdi Djvn (cvwKvb) I gvqyi ikx` Payix|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`k CTBT Abygv`bKvix KZZg `k? Di: 28 Zg `k| ck: evsjv`ki cavbgx kL nvwmbv Kvb AvRvwZK mwgbvi mfvcwZZ Kib? Di: gvBvwWU mjb (24 deqvwi, 97, hyiv)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb cwZvb gvBvwWU mjbi AbZg D`vv? Di: MvgxY evsK| ck: evsjv`k UNICEF wbevnx evWi m`m wbevwPZ nb KZ mvji Rb? Di: 1 deqvwi 98 _K wZb eQii Rb| ck: evsjv`k UNICEF Gi mnvqZvKvix KZZg `k? Di: ZZxq eng `k| ck: gZvq _vKvKvjxb AvgwiKvi Kvb cwmWU evsjv`k mdi Kib? Di: wej wKbUb (20 gvP 2000 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k RvwZmsNi wbivcv cwil`i mfvcwZi `vwqZ cvjb Ki Ke? Di: gvP 2000 I Ryb 2001| ck: K RvwZmsNi wbivcv cwil` mfvcwZZ Kib? Di: Avbvqvij Kwig Payix| ck: weki GKk Rb mvwbZ ewi ZvwjKvq evsjv`ki `yRb K K? Di: (1) W. gynv` BDbym I (2) RvwZmsN wbhy evsjv`ki mveK vqx cwZwbwa Avbvqvij Kwig Payix| ck: evsjv`k 20002001 mvji Rb wbivcv cwil` Kvb `ki jvwfwl nq?

ck: KZ mvj 8g RvU wbic kxl mjb ZrKvjxb cavbgx wgRvbyi ingvb Payix mnmfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb? Di: 1986 mvji wR^veyqi nviviZ| ck: AvRvwZK cwiek I `~hvM cixv K` Kv_vq? Di: XvKvi AvMviMuvI (1989)| ck: wePvicwZ Avey mvC` Pvayix Kvb msvi Pqvigvb wnme `vwqZ cvjb Kib? Di: Human Rights commission (1985-86 gqv`)| ck: Rbve G,Gm,Gg wKewiqv RvwZmsNi Kvb wefvM `vwqZ cvjb Kib? Di: ESCAP Gi wbevnx mwPei c`ghv`vi (198191 mvj)| ck: RvwZmsNi gnvmwPe cviR ` Kzqjvi Ke evsjv`k mdi Kib? Di: 1989 mvji deqvwi gvm| ck: wePvicwZ wU,GBP, Lvb 1994 ch Kvb `vwqZ cvjb Kib? Di: International Criminal Tribunal Gi m`m| ck: K UN Peace Keeping Mission Gi Kgvvi wnme 1992-95 mvj ch cvjb Kib? Di: gRi Rbvij gvt Avym mvjvg| ck: evsjv`k Ke wek evwYR msv (WTO) Gi m`m c` jvf Ki? Di: 1 deqvwi 1995| ck: evsjv`k mvgwMK cvigvYweK cixv wbwlKiY Pzw (CTBT) ^vi Ki KZ mvj? Di: 24 Avei, 1996| ck: evsjv`k CTBT Z ^viKvix KZZg `k? Di: 129Zg `k|

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: Rvcvbi| ck: RvwZmsNi 7g gnvmwPe Kwd Avbvb evsjv`k mdi Avmb Ke? Di: 14 gvP 2001| ck: weki ^v LvZ wekl Ae`vbi Rb evsjv`ki Kvb cwZvb 2001 mvj MUm AvIqvW jvf Ki? Di: AvRvwZK D`vivgq MelYv K` (ICDDRB) ck: evsjv`ki KzU bwZK ewZ wKD,G,Gg,G, iwng Ke mvKi gnvmwPe wbhy nb? Di: 11 deqvwi, 2002| ck: mcwZ Kvb evsjv`kx RvwZmsNi bvix elg wejvc mb` (wmDI) KwgwUi m`m wbevwPZ nb? Di: mvjgv Lvb (29 AvM, 2002)| ck: wek ^v msvi 56 Zg mjbi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb K? Di: RvU miKvii ^vI cwievi KjvY gx W. L`Kvi gvkviid nvmb (10 m^i 2002)| ck: evsjv`ki vqx cwZwbwa W. BdZLvi Avng` Payix RvwZmsNi Kvb msvi Pqvigvb wbevwPZ nb? Di: 2002-2003 mvji Rb RvwZmsNi Economic and social council (ECOSOC) Gi| ck: evsjv`k (UNESCO) Gi Kvb KwgwUi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nq? Di: HwZwnK Ljvayjvi msiY Ges Dbqb welqK IqvwKs KwgwUi| ck: NAM Gi qv`k mjb deqvwi, 03 evsjv`ki XvKvq Kb AbywZ nqwb?

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Di: A_bwZK g`vi KviY RvU miKvi AcviMZv cKvk Ki| ck: RvU miKvii cavbgxi msm` welqK Dc`v mvjvn Dxb Kv`i Payix mbMvji WvKvi 11Zg OIC mjb Kvi KvQ civwRZ nb? Di: eZgvb gnvmwPe Zzii GKgjyxbi KvQ| ck: OIC cwiPvwjZ Di: evsjv`ki MvRxcyi| ck: evsjv`ki OIC Gi (2003-2006) ch Kvb iZc~Y c` wQj? Di: OIC Gi 14 m`m wewk Avj-Kz`m KwgwUi m`m Ges wdwjwbx`i bvq msZ `vwei cwZ mg_b `vb msv 8 m`m wewk kxl KwgwUi m`m| ck: BdZLvi Avng` Payix RvwZmsNi Kvb KwgwUi Pqvigvbi `vwqZ cvjb Kib? Di: mvaviY cwil`i wZxq KwgwUi (Economic and ck: evsjv`ki Kvb gwnjv RvwZmsNi wek z` FY mjb evsjv`ki cwZwbwaZ Kib? Di: mvZxivi weovjjx Mvgi kvwggv LvZzb| ck: BDwbmdi 60 Zg cwZv evwlKxZ mvaviY cwil`i wekl Awaekb weki wk`i cwZwbwaZ Kib K? Di: XvKvi icbMii Wwj| ck: K RvwZmsNi mvaviY cwil`i ckvmb I evRU msv 5g KwgwUi
Financial). Islamic University of Tecnology (IUT) Kv_vq AewZ?

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: Avei, 2008 mvj Kvb evsjv`kx jvBewiqvq RvwZmsNi kvwiv evwnbxi cavb wbhy nb? Di: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi j. Rbv: Avey Zqe gvnv` Rwnij Avjg| ck: evsjv`k Kvb msvi KvhKix cwil`i m`m wbevwPZ nq? Di: AvRvwZK mgy` msv IMO (2008-2009 gqv`)| ck: evsjv`k Kvb msvi cwZvjM _K eZgvb ch m`mi `vwqZ cvjb KiQ? Di: AvRvwZK gvbevwaKvi KvDwj (2006 mvj _K)| ck: RvwZmsN evsjv`ki 1g bvix vqx cwZwbwa K? Di: BmgvZ Rvnvb (eZgvb wZwb ejwRqvgi iv`~Z)| ck: evsjv`k KZZg `k wnme RvwZmsN cigvYy mvm cwZiva Pzw Abygv`b Ki? Di: 22 Zg (GwU RvwZmsNi 13 Zg cigvYy mvm cwZiva Pzw)| ck: RvwZmsN evsjv`ki eZgvb vqx cwZwbwa K? Di: W. G.K.Gg. Avyj gvgb (27 RyjvB 2009eZgvb)| ck: eZgvb (UNCTAD) Gi gnvmwPei wekl Dc`v wnme K wbqvM cv nb? Di: W. `ewcq fvPvh (Avei 2009 nBZ)|

Pqvigvbi `vwqZ cvjb Kib? Di: Avbvqvij Kwig Payix| ck: BmgZ Rvnvb Kvi jwfwl nb? Di: BdZLvi Avng&` Payixi| ck: RvwZmsN m`c` cvwi 25Zg el Dcj evsjv`k RvwZmsNK Kx Dcnvi `q? Di: bxjc wkKg| ck: RvwZmsNi `ybxwZ weivax Kbfbkb evsjv`k Abygv`b Ki Ke? Di: 27 deqvwi 2007 (86Zg `k)| ck: evsjv`k 22Zg `k wnme RvwZmsN cigvYy mvm cwZiva Pzw Abygv`b Ke Ki? Di: 13 Ryb 2007| ck: c_g evii gZv mveK ZveavqK miKvii cavb Dc`v wnme W. dLixb Avng` RvwZmsNi 62 Zg mvaviY cwil` fvlY `b Ke? Di: 27 m^i 2007| ck: bf^i 2007 mvj evsjv`ki Kvb ew ^vbZ `kjvi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb? Di: ciiv Dc`v W. BdZLvi Avn` Payix| ck: bf^i 2007 mvj evsjv`k Kvb msvi Pqvigvb wbevwPZ nq? Di: `wY Gkxq UwjhvMvhvM wbqY KvDwj (SATRC) ck: eZgvb RvwZmsN kvwiv Kvhg evsjv`ki Aevb KZ Zg? Di: wZxq (kvwwgkb evsjv`k cywjk evwnbx kxl)|

evsjv`k welqvejx

65

wewfb AvRvwZK msvi m`mc` jvfi ZvwiL

msvi bvg ZvwiL KgbIqj_ 18 Gwcj, 1972 wek ^v msv (WHO) 17 g, 1972 RvwZmsN Dbqb I evwYR Kgm~Px (UNCTAD) 20 g, 1972 AvRvwZK A_ Znwej (IMF) 17 Ryb, 1972 AvRvwZK kg msv (ILO) 22 Ryb, 1972 c~YMVb I Dbqbi Rb AvRvwZK evsK (IBRD) 17 AvM, 1972 AvRvwZK Dbqb msv (IDA) 17 AvM, 1972 RvwZmsNi vqx cheK 17 Avei, 1972 RvwZmsNi wkv wevb I 27 Avei, 1972 mvswZK msv (UNESCO) Kj^v cwiKbv 6 bf^i, 1972 RvwZmsN wk Dbqb msv (UNIDO) 11 wWm^i, 1972 AvRvwZK AvbweK kw ms (IAEA) 1972 RvU wbic Av`vjb (NAM) 1973 wek WvK DBwbqb (UPU) 7 deqvwi, 1973 AvRvwZK emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj msv (ICAO) 11 deqvwi 1973 Gwkqv I ckv gnvmvMixq Aji 17 Gwcj, 1973 A_bwZK I mvgvwRK msv (ESCAP) wek AvenvIqv msv (WMO) 24 AvM 1973 AvRvwZK UwjhvMvhvM BDwbqb (ITU) 5 m^i, 1973 Gkxq Dbqb evsK (ADB) 14 gvP 1973 Lv` I Kwl msv (FAO) 12 bf^i, 1973 Bmjvwg `kmg~ni msv (OIC) 23 deqvwi, 1974 RvwZmsN (weki meenr AvRvwZK msv) 17 m^i, 1974 AvRvwZK dvBbv Kcvikb (IFC) 18 Ryb, 1976 AvRvwZK cywjk msv (INTERPOL) 14 Avei, 1976 AvRvwZK b PjvPj msv (IMO) 1976 AvRvwZK dzUej msv (FIFA) 1976 AvRvwZK Kwl Dbqb Znwej (IFAD) 30 bf^i, 1977 RvwZmsN wbivcv cwil`i m`mc` (1g evi) 10 bf^i, 1978 CIRDAP 6 RyjvB 1979 ICSID (wekevsKi GKwU msMVb) 26 Gwcj, 1980 Bmjvwg Dbqb evsK (IDB) 1983 `wY Gwkqvb AvRvwZK mnhvwMZv msv (SAARC) 8 wWm^i, 1985 MIGA (wek evsKi GKwU msMVb) 12 Gwcj 1988

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

wek evwYR K` (WTO)

BIMSTEC D-8 (Development Eight)

1 Rvbyqvwi, 1995 6 Ryb, 1997 15 Ryb, 1997 kvwi Rb Gwkqvb cvjvgUi msv (AAPP) 4 m^i, 1999 RvwZmsN wbivcv cwil`i m`mc` (2qevi) 14 Avei, 1999 Avwmqvb AvwjK dvivgi m`m (ARF) 28 RyjvB, 2006

evsjv`k welqvejx

67 eov

evsjv`ki fMvwjK bvg

Dcbvg cw_exi meenr Rxe e-xc evsjv`ki eng exc wbie Lwbi `k mvbvjx Avuki `k b`x gvZK `k fvwUi `k evsjv`ki cekvi `ki evwYwRK ivRavbx evi AvDwjqvi `k gmwR`i kni wivi bMix 360 AvDwjqvi `k evsjvi km fvvi mvMi Kbv ejv nq wngvjqi Kbv mvMi xc ejv nq `ki GKgv xc Rjv evsjvi fwbm cvPi Wvw cwgv evwnbxi b`x AmsL xc MwVZ ebvj cw_exi weLvZ UvBWvj eb Kzwgjvi `ytL PMvgi `ytL LvMovQwoi `ytL cK Z bvg evsjv `k my`i eb evsjv `k evsjv `k evsjv `k evsjv `k PM vg PM vg PM vg XvKv XvKv wmjU ewikvj cUzqv Lvwj cMo fvjv fvjv ewikvj bvivq YM WvKv wZqv b`x my`i eb my`i eb MvgZ x PvKZv B Lvj fx fvwj

Diei cek vi

evsjv`ki vb mg~ni eZgvb I cyivZb bvg

eZgvb bvg evsjv`k cyivZb bvg e `vweo/evjv/ev sjv/c~e evsjv/c~e cvwKvb RvnvxibMi/Xve v Bmjvgvev`/cvU -Mv/mvZ-BjM/PvUMuvI Rvnvbvev` Lwjdvev` LwjdvZvev` dvZnvev` bvwmivev` wcyiv b`xqv ei`f~wg nwiKj mgZU Mo P`xc/BmgvBjc yi myavivg kgmibMi wmsnRvbx fevbxM ivwnZwMwi Mvqvbvjv Mvqvj` kvnevRcyi B`vKcyi ciMYv wegcyi mvZNwiqv Rq`ecyi

XvKv PMvg Lyjbv evMinv U hkvi dwi`cyi gqgbwm sn Kzwgjv Kzwqv Die ivOvgvw U bvqvLvj xI Kzwgjv bIqveM ewikvj bvqvLvj x dbx Rvgvjcyi MvBevv gqbvgwZ w`bvRcyi ivRevox fvjv kixqZcyi gywM mvZxiv MvRxcyi

68 KevRvi gnvvb Mo wmjU gywReb Mi mvbviM uvI wbSyc xc mUgvw Ub xc kvnevM cavbg x feb ciiv gYvjq e feb wmiWvc feb evsjv GKvWw g ivRDK cavbg xi Kvhvjq eez gwWKj wekwe` vjq mywcg KvU feb wRqv Av RvwZK wegvb e`i evnv`yi kvn cvK jvjevM `~M mvfvi Ux Avmv` MU ki evsjv bMi bvUK

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR dvjwKs cyeab Rvjvjvev` e`bv_ Zjv myeYMvg evDjvi Pi bvwiKj wRwiv evM-B-kvnb kvn MYfeb (KiZvqv) igbv nvDR Mfbi nvDR Pvgjx nvDR eagvb nvDR wW,AvB,wU cyivZb msm` feb wc,wR nvmcvZvj iYx Rij nK nj Wv. Bevwng iYx m`iNvU eez bfvw_q Uvi knx` mvnivIq v`x gwWKv j KjR BKevj nj (Xv: we:) mbevwMPv evOvjx e`i gvIjvbv fvmvbx bfvw_qUvi eMg Lvj`v wRqv gwWKvj KjR

Mfbii evmfeb KzwgUvjv wegvb e`i

wfvwiqv cvK AvIiev` Kjv/`~M mvfvDi Uzx AvBqye MBU AvBqye bMi eBjx ivW

ck: RbmsLv weviY Kx? Di:Kvb `ki RbmsLv AwZ `ZMwZZ ew cj ZvK RbmsLv weviY ej| GUv mB `ki A_bxwZ I mfZvK gv^q asm Ki dj| hgb : evsjv`k| ck: RbmsLvi w`K w`q eZgvb cw_exZ evsjv`ki vb KZ? Di:7g| ck: eZgvb evsjv`ki RbmsLv KZ? Di:14 KvwU 92 j (m~: A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki RbmsLv Kvhg Kvb msv KvR Ki? Di: RvwZmsNi UNFPA. ck: evsjv`ki RbmsLv KZ? Di: 16 KvwU 22 j 21 nvRvi (11 gvP 2009, RvwZmsN RbmsLv wefvM)| ck: evsjv`ki RbmsLv ewi nvi KZ? Di:1.26%, A_bwZK mgxv : 2009 (2001 mvji Av`ggvix Abyhvqx 1.48%)| ck: evsjv`ki RbemwZ NbZi nvi KZ?

evsjv`ki RbmsLv

evsjv`k welqvejx Di:A_bwZK mgxv-2009 Abymvi 977 Rb cwZ eMwKjvwgUvi (2001 mvji Av`ggvix Abyhvqx 834 Rb) ck: mePq ewk RbmsLv evm Ki Kvb wefvM? Di:XvKv wefvM (4,05,92,431 Rb) ck: mePq Kg RbmsLv evm Ki Kvb wefvM? Di:wmjU (82,90,857 Rb) ck: mePq ewk RbmsLv evm Ki Kvb Rjvq? Di:XvKv Rjvq| ck: mePq Kg RbmsLv evm Ki Kvb Rjvq? Di:ev`ievb Rjvq| ck: evsjv`ki cyil I gwnjv`i AbycvZ KZ? Di:105:100 (A_bwZK mgxv-2009, RvwZmsN RbmsLv wefvM-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki gvbyli Mo Avqy KZ? Di:66.7 eQi, A_bwZK mgxv-2009 (RvwZmsN RbmsLv wefvM-2009 Abymvi 65.9 eQi)| ck: evsjv`k mePq Kg I ewk `vwi` mxgvi wbPi evm Ki Kvb Kvb wefvMi jvK? Di:h_vg XvKv I ewikvj wefvMi jvK| ck: RbmsLvq evsjv`ki eo DcRjv KvbwU? Di:mvfvi, XvKv (c~e wQj bvqvLvjxi eMgM)| ck: RbmsLvq evsjv`ki QvU DcRjv KvbwU? Di:_vbwP, ev`ieb (c~e wQj ivOvgvwUi ivRjx)| ck: Dcgnv`k c_g Av`ggvix AbywZ nq KZ mvj?

69

Di:1861 mvj (jW Kvwbs Gi mgq)| ck: RbmsLvi w`K w`q gymwjg wek evsjv`ki vb KZ? Di:3q (1g B`vbwkqv I 2q cvwKvb)| ck: RbmsLvi w`K w`K `wY Gwkqvq evsjv`ki vb KZ? Di:3q (1g fviZ I 2q cvwK vb)| ck: ag wfwK RbmsLvi kZKiv nvi KZ? Di:gymjgvb 88.3%, wn`y 10.5%, e 0.6%, wLvb 0.3% Ges Abvb 0.3% ck: evsjv`k knii RbmsLv KZ? Di:2,24,50,000| ck: evsjv`ki c_g Av`ggvix AbywZ nq KZ mvj (^vaxbZvi ci)? Di:1974 mvj| ck: evsjv`k 2q Av`ggvix AbywZ nq KZ mvj? Di:1981 mvj| ck: evsjv`k 3q Av`ggvix AbywZ nq KZ mvj? Di:1991 mvj| ck: evsjv`k mekl 4_ Av`ggvix AbywZ nq KZ mvj? Di:2001 mvji 23-27 Rvbyqvwi| ck: ZZxq Av`ggvix Abyhvqx Rb msLvi evwlK ewi nvi KZ? Di:2.17% (cwZ eM wK.wg. 609 Rb)| ck: ~j Rbnvi (cwZ 1000 Rb) KZ? Di:20.9 Rb (A_bwZK mgxv-2009) ck: ~j gZznvi (cwZ 1000 Rb) KZ? Di:6.3 Rb| (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: XvKvi AvwRgcyi (RvZxq RbmsLv MelYv welqK cwZvb)| ck: eZgvb evsjv`k `vwi` mxgvi bxP I Pig `vwi` mxgvi bxP evm Ki kZKiv KZ Rb? Di: h_vg 40% I 25.1% (A_bwZK mgxv2008)| ck: 2008 mvj RvwZmsNi UNFPA Gi fQv `~Z wbevwPZ nb K? Di: evsjv`ki PjwP Awfbx gmygx (c~e wQj bvqK ivR-ivvK)| ck: UNFPA-2009 Gi gZ, evsjv`ki RbmsLv ewi nvi KZ? Di:1.4% ck: UNFPA-2009 Gi gZ, RbmsLvq wek I gymwjg wek evsjv`ki Aevb KZ? Di:h_vg 7g Ges 3q| ck: UNFPA-2009 Gi gZ, 2050 mvj evsjv`ki RbmsLv KZ ne? Di:22 KvwU 25 jvL|

ck: eZgvb gv_vwcQy gvwmK eq fvZv Ges gywhvv`i gvwmK mvbx fvZvi cwigvY KZ? Di:h_vg 250 UvKv I 900 UvKv (A_bwZK mgxv2009)| ck: gvj_vmi gZ RbmsLvi evo Kvb nvi? Di:RvwgwZK nvi (1, 2, 4, 8, 16)| ck: Lv`i Drcv`b evo Kvb nvi? Di:MvwYwZK nvi (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)| ck: RbmsLvi NbZ mePq ewk I Kg Kvb Kvb Rjvq? Di:h_vg XvKv (4448 Rb) I ev`ievb (51 Rb), [A_ bwZK mgxv-2009]| ck: XvKv weki KZZg gMvwmwU? Di:20 Zg (eZgvb weki gMvwmwU 26wU Ges c~e XvKv 11 Zg vb wQj)| ck: 2015 mvj XvKv weki KZZg gMvwmwU ne? Di:4_| ck: XvKv gUvcwjUb GjvKvq cwZ eMwKjvwgUvi KZ jvK evm Ki? Di: 5400 Rb| ck: ewevmx`i Kv_vq cybevmbi eev bqv nqQ? Di: MvRxcyi (1250 GKi)| ck: evsjv`k evj weevni cPjb Kvb Aj ewk? Di: PuvcvB beveM (bIqveM)| ck: National Institute of

ck: Gwkqvi eng WvqvewUK nvmcvZvji bvg Kx? Di: XvKvq AewZ kvnevM eviWg nvmcvZvj| ck: eviWg nvmcvZvji cwZvZv cwiPvjK K? Di: gvnv` Bevwng (1956 mvj)| ck: Ke Kv_vq cexY wnZlx msN I Riv wevb cwZvb vwcZ Population Research and Training nq? (NIPORT) cwZvbwU Di: 1960 mvj XvKvi Kv_vq AewZ? AvMviMuvIq|

evsjv`k ^v I wPwKrmv eev

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: 1973 mvj MwVZ AvYweK kw Kwgkbi eZgvb bvg Kx? Di: evsjv`k cigvYy kw Kwgkb (1988 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k KZ mvj cwievi cwiKbv Kgm~wP MnY Kiv nq? Di: 1976 mvj| ck: evsjv`k miKvi Ke mcmvwiZ wUKv`vb Kgm~Px MnY Ki? Di: 7 Gwcj 1979| ck: c_g Ke Kv_vq GBW&m ivMx aiv co? Di: 1981 mvj 5 Ryb hyivi jm Gjm| ck: KZ mvj eviWg wek ^v msvi mnhvMx cwZvbi ^xKwZ jvf Ki? Di: 1982 mvj| ck: evsjv`k KZ mvj c_g GBW&m cwZiva Kvhg i nq? Di:1985 mvj| ck: h ivMi Jla AvRI AvweZ nqwb A_vr gZzB AeavwiZ Zvi bvg Kx? Di:giY evwa GBW&m| ck: AIDS Gi c~Y A_ Kx? Di: Acquired Immune Deficiency ck: HIV Gi c~Y A_ Di: Human Immune Virus. ck: evsjv`k Ke RvZxq wfwK wUKv`vb Kgm~Px i nq? Di: 1985 mvj _K| ck: Ke _K wekRyo jvjwdZv GBW&m Gi cZxK wnme eeZ nq? Di: 1991 mvj _K|
syndrome.

71

ck: gv I wk ^v c cvjb i nq Ke _K? Di: 1994 mvj _K| ck: 2000 mvj mevi Rb ^v Kgm~Px evsjv`k KZ mvj MnY Ki? Di: 1981 mvj| ck: EPI Gi mvnvh 2000 mvji ga h 6wU ivMi wbg~j Kivi Pv Pvjvbv nq mjv Kx Kx? Di: hv, nvg, cvwjI, wWc_wiqv, wUUbvm I wcs Kvwk| ck: c_g UwUDe eexi Rb `k Ke Kv_vq nq? Di: 29 g 2001 mvj XvKvi mUvj nvmcvZvj| ck: Zv`i bvg Kx Kx? Di: wniv, gwb, gyv (wcZv gvZv mvfvii nvwbd I wdivRv)| ck: mvK 2007 mvj `wY c~e Gwkqvi Mxb wmwU NvlYv Ki evsjv`ki Kvb RjvK? Di: ivRkvnxK| ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g gymwjg gwnjv wPwKrmK Wv. Rvniv eMg KvRx Ke gviv hvb? Di: 7 bf^i 2007 (97 eQi eqm)| ck: wek gvZ`y w`em cvwjZ nq Kvb ZvwiL? Di: cwZ eQi 1 AvM| ck: Uwid ivb Kx? Di: Kvvi MelYvi Znwej msMni Rb AvqvwRZ `o cwZhvwMZv| ck: Rxeb Zix Kx? Di: GKwU fvmgvb nvmcvZvj Ges c_g gvevBj nvmcvZvj (cwZex`i wPwKrmv Kiv nq)| ck: Aiwem BUvibvkbvj Kx?

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: 13wU (mekl eovq)| ck: cigvYy wPwKrmv K` cwiPvjbv Ki Kvb cwZvb? Di: evsjv`k cigvYy kw Kwgkb| ck: eZgvb `k iwRvW Wvvii msLv KZ? Di: 44,632 Rb (A_bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: evsjv`k iwRvWKZ bvmi msLv KZ? Di: 20,129 Rb (A_bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: eZgvb `ki KZwU miKvwi nvmcvZvj iqQ? Di: 1362 wU (m~: A_ bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: eZgvb `k miKvwi nvmcvZvj KZwU khv iqQ? Di: 49,669 wU (A_bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: `k miKvwi nvmcvZvj khv I RbmsLvi AbycvZ KZ? Di: 1:3, 464 (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: KZ Rbi Rb GKwU Ki KwgDwbwU wKwbK cwZv Kiv ne? Di: cwZ 6,000 Rbi Rb GKwU| ck: Kvb ZvwiL RvZxq UxKv w`em cvwjZ nq? Di: 16 gvP I 16 Gwcj| ck: ^v mewbg chvqi Kgxi bvg Kx? Di: nj_ GvwmmUU| ck: wiwjbv bvgK Avovjb mwKvix kevj RvZxq Lv` Avwevi Ki Kvb cwZvb? Di: mvq jveiUwi| ck: wiwjbvi AvweviK K? Di: W. dviv gwR`|

Di: wekevcx AZ cwZiva KvR Kiv GKwU Do nvmcvZvj| ck: meyR QvZv I m~hi nvwm wKmi cZxK? Di: cvwievwiK ^v mevi cZxK| ck: evsjv`k eZgvb mg gwnjv`i cRbb nvi KZ (15-49 eQi)? Di: 2.4% (A_bwZK mgxv2009)| ck: evsjv`k cwievi cwiKbv cwZ eenviKvixi nvi KZ? Di: 59.0 (A_bwZK mgxv2009)| ck: BDwbqb chvq miKvwi nvmcvZvji bvg Kx? Di: cwievi KjvY K`| ck: nwjdvwgwj nvmcvZvj cwiPvjbv Ki Kvb msv? Di: evsjv`k iW wmU mvmvBwU| ck: wek ^v msv (WHO) Gi gZ ki `~lYi cnYhvM gvv KZ? Di: 40 Wwmej| ck: `k hv nvmcvZvj I hv wKwbKi msLv KZwU? Di: h_vg 4wU I 44wU| ck: `k DcRjv ^v K`i msLv KZwU? Di: 402 wU| ck: `k KZwU emiKvwi nvmcvZvj I wKwbK iqQ? Di: 735 wU| ck: `k bvm cwkY KjR KZwU? Di: 30wU| ck: `k ijIq nvmcvZvj iqQ KZwU? Di: 9wU (cv MvRyqU nvmcvZvj-5wU)| ck: `k cigvYy wPwKrmv K` KZwU?

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: ^v mev Kvhg EPI Kx? Di: Expanded programme on Immunization (mcmvwiZ wUKv`vb Kgm~Px)| ck: EPI Gi mvnvh `vbKvix msv KvbwU? Di: BDwbmd (UNICEF) ck: RvZxq Kvvi MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: gnvLvjx, XvKv| ck: evsjv`k mk evwnbx KZK cwiPvwjZ gwWKj KjR KvbwU? Di: AvgW dvmm gwWKj KjR, XvKv mbvwbevm| ck: evsjv`k GKgv Lv` I cyw BbwwUDU Kv_vq? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjq| ck: `ki Lv` MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi mvq jveiUwiZ| ck: `ki gvbwmK evwa nvmcvZvj Kv_vq AewZ? Di: cvebvi ngvqZcyi| ck: `k eZgvb KZwU Avjvcvw_K Jla cZKvix cwZvb iqQ? Di: 239wU cwZvb 17433 evi Jla Zwi Ki (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`k AvjvwPZ 'Rift vally Fever' Kx? Di: gkK evwnZ ivM| ck: evW-dzi RxevYyi bvg Kx? Di: Gwfqvb fvBivm| ck: Wy RxevYyevnx gkvi bvg Kx? Di: GwWm BwRcwUB| ck: evsjv`k Wy Rii GKgv wPwKrmv K` KvbwU? Di: XvKv mwwjZ mvgwiK nvmcvZvj (CMH)

73

ck: kixii Kvb Ai wmwU vb cixv Kiv nq? Di: gv_vi| ck: evsjv`k wKkvi Aciva K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: MvRxcyii Ux I hkvii cyji nvU| ck: `k wKkvi Acivai eqm mxgv KZ? Di: (716) eQi| ck: fvBivm mbvKvix ivewUK jvwnZ iKwYKv DveKi bvg Kx? Di: evsjv`ki Kwl wekwe`vjqi gvBvevqvjwR G nvBwRb wefvMi wefvMxq cavb AavcK W. gvt Avwjgyj Bmjvg| ck: evsjv`k wKkvix Aciva K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: MvRxcyii KvbvevoxZ| ck: webv Acivikb wKDwb I MjevWvi vb Acvikbi hi bvg Kx Ges Kv_vq Kiv nq? Di: wj_vvi cvm, (eez kL gywRe gwWKj wekwe`vjq)| ck: RvZxq Jla bxwZi cavb Dk Kx? Di: AcqvRbxq Ges wZKi Jla cZ e Kiv| ck: evsjv`k `wbK gv_vwcQy Kvjwi MnYi cwigvY KZ? Di: 2266 wKjvKvjwi| ck: `ki meenr gwWKj nvmcvZvi KvbwU? Di: XvKv gwWKj KjR nvmcvZvj| ck: wek ^v msv (WHO) evsjv`ki Kvb kniK nj_w` wmwU NvlYv Ki? Di:PMvg gnvbMixK|

74

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

ck: `ki c_g Di:eez kL gywRe mvBevi wmwU KvbwU? gwWKj wekwe`vjq| Di:wmjU| ck: KZ mvji ga ck: 2008 mvj wekK GBWm gy Kivi weki KZwU `k evsjv`k AxKvi bqv nqQ? Jla ivwb Ki? Di: 2031 mvj| Di:106wU| gwWKj ck: wUKv c`vb miKvwi gvag Kvb Kvvii KjRmg~n cwZiva Kiv me? bvg c Av Di:Rivqyi gyL Kvvii| wZ mb ck: wek ^v v ms w`em-2009 Gi cwZcv` Lv XvKv gwWKj 194 175 Kx? 6 Di:`yhvM gvKvwejvq KjR, XvKv PMvg gwWKj 196 175 nvmcvZvji mev wbwZ KjR, PMvg 2 Kib; Rxeb euvPvb| ivRkvnx gwWKj 196 175 ck: wek ^v KjR, ivRkvnx 2 196 175 msv mvqvBb dzK gqgbwmsn gwWKj KjR, 2 gnvgvix NvlYv Ki Ke? gqgbwmsn Di:11 Ryb 2009| mvi mwjgyjvn 197 175 ck: evsjv`k gwWKj KjR, 2 mvqvBb dzZ Avv XvKv 196 175 c_g ivMx mbv Kiv nq GgGwR Imgvbx gwWKj KjR, 6 Ke? Di:18 Ryb 2009 (c_g nq wmjU ki evsjv gwWKj 196 175 gwKvZ)| KjR, ewikvj 8 ck: eMg Lvj`v wRqv iscyi gwWKj KjR, 197 175 2 miKvwi gwWKvj KjR I iscyi 199 125 knx` mvnivIqv`x w`bvRcyi gwWKj 2 nvmcvZvji eZgvb bvg KjR, w`bvRcyi knx` wRqvDi ingvb 199 125 Kx? gwWKj KjR, eov 2 Di:knx` mvnivIqv`x Lyjbv gwWKj 199 125 gwWKvj KjR I nvmcvZvj| KjR, Lyjbv 2 199 100 ck: evsjv`k c_g I dwi`cyi gwWKj 2 GKgv wdwRI _ivwc KjRi KjR, dwi`cyi Kzwgjv gwWKj 199 100 bvg Kx Ges Kv_vq KjR, Kzwgjv 2 cwZwZ nQ? AvgW dvmm 199 125 Di:evsjv`k KjR Ae wdwRI gwWKj KjR, XvKv 9 mbvt _ivwc, XvKvi gnvLvjxZ| ck: 28 gvP 2010 knx` mvnivIqv`x 200 125 KjR, 5 _K `ki mKj miKvwi gwWKj XvKv| emiKvwi gwWKj KjR cvebv gwWKj 200 50 Ges cv MvRyqU KjR, cvebv 8 BbwwUDUmg~n Kvb bvqvLvjx gwWKj 200 50 8 wekwe`vjqi Aaxb bqv KjR, bvqvLvjx KevRvi gwWKj 200 50 nq? KjR, KevRvi 8

evsjv`k welqvejx

75

evsjvi wkv eev

wewUk Avgj

ck: Ke KjKvZv gv`vmv vwcZ nq? Di: 1781 mvj| ck: Ke msZ KjR vwcZ nq? Di: 1791 mvj| ck: Ke dvU DBwjqvg KjR vwcZ nq? Di: 1800 mvj| ck: Ke kxivg KjR vwcZ nq? Di: 1818 mvj| ck: wewUk fviZ Ke c_g Rbwkv KwgwU MwVZ nq? Di: 1823 mvj| ck: Rbwkv KwgwUi c_g mfvcwZ K wQjb? Di: _gvm evwisUb gvKj| ck: Kvb Kwgkbi mycvwiki wfwZ Rjv zj cwZwZ nq? Di: DWi GWyKkb WmcvPi wfwZ| ck: wewUk fviZ c_g ^viZv Av`vjb i nq Ke? Di: 1839 mvj| ck: Dcgnv`k wkvi BwZnvm AwZiZc~Y `wjj KvbwU? Di: DWi GWyKkb WmcvP (1854)| ck: KjKvZv wekwe`vjq KZ mvj vwcZ nq? Di: 1857 mvj| ck: DBwjqvg nvUviK Pqvigvb Ki cvwKvb Avgj Dcgnv`k KLb c_g wkv ck: Ke cvwKvb Kwgkb MwVZ nq? wkv welqK c_g RvZxq Di: 1882 mvj| mjb AbywZ nq? ck: nvUvi Kwgkb 1948 mvji bf^i, wkv msvi KqwU c Di: KivwPZ| ve ck Ki? ck: gvIjvbv AvKivg Di: 222wU| LuvK mfvcwZ Ki c~e evsjv wkv c~YMVb KwgwU Ke MwVZ nq?

ck: nvUvi Kwgkb Ke eo jvU wicb KZK wbqvM jvf Ki? Di: 1882 mvji 3 deqvwi| ck: 1882 mvj jWwicb MwVZ wkv Kwgkb Kx bvg AwfwnZ? Di: Bwqvb GWyKkb Kwgkb| ck: wewUk Avgj gymjgvb`i wkvi cmvi mePq ewk f~wgKv ivLb K? Di: mvi mq` Avng`| ck: G`k Kb wewUk kvmKK DjLhvM wkv msviK wnme MY Kiv nq? Di: jW KvRb K| ck: jW KvRb wKmi wfwZ G`k wkv msvi eZx nb? Di: 1901 mvj wkgjvq fviZxq c_g wkv mjb MnxZ 150wU wkv msv cvebvi wfwZ| ck: Dcgnv`k Ke c_g bk we`vjq Pvjy Kiv nq? Di: 1918 mvj| ck: wewUk kvmbvgj KLb evsjvmn fviZi wewfb c`k evaZvg~jK cv_wgK wkvi AvBb cvk nq? Di: (1917-1927) mvj| ck: 1935 mvj fviZ kvmb AvBb cv_wgK wkvi `vq`vwqZ Kvi Dci b Kiv nq? Di: cv`wkK miKvii Dci|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: ibmuv ejZ Kx eySvq? Di:wkvi c~YRvMibi GKwU Aavq| ck: wKvi MvUb cwZi ceZK K? Di:dvqej (Rvgvwb)| ck: wKvi MvUb A_ Kx? Di:wkgbi weKvk mvab we`vjq| ck: wkvK evsjv`ki msweavb Kx wnme ^xKwZ `qv nq? Di:gwjK AwaKvi wnme (17bs AbyQ`)| ck: ^vaxbZv cvwi ci evsjv`k miKvi wkvK MYgyLx Kivi j KLb wkv Aav`k Rvwi Ki? Di:1973 mvj| ck: evsjv`ki c_g wkv Kwgkb KbwU? Di:W. Kz`iZ-B-Ly`v wkv Kwgkb (1974)| ck: evsjv`k eZgvb wkvi nvi (7+) KZ? Di:63% Ges 49.1% (11+) [A_bwZK mgxv-2009] ck: Qv-Qvx`i AbycvZ KZ? Di:50:50 (A_bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: evsjv`k wkvi nvi Kvb wefvM ewk? Di:ewikvj (76.7%) m~ evbeBm| ck: evsjv`k wkvi nvi Kvb wefvM Kg? Di:wmjU (55%) m~ evbeBm| ck: evsjv`k Kvb Rjvq wkvi nvi ewk? Di:eibv (86.55%) m~ evbeBm| ck: `k cv_wgK wkv AvBb Rvwi nq KLb? Di:1974 mvj|

Di: 16 gvP 1949| ck: cvwKvbi wZxq wkv mjb Ke Kv_vq AbywZ nq? Di: wWm^i, 1951 KivwPZ| ck: cvwKvb Avgji c_g wkv Kwgkbi bvg Kx? Di: AvKivg Lvb wkv Kwgkb (1952 mvj)| ck: 1956 mvj Kvb BsiR XvKvq ^viZv K` vcb Kib? Di: wg. wefvi| ck: cvwKvbi c_g RvZxq wkv Kwgkbi bvg Kx? Di: kixd Kwgkb| ck: kixd Kwgkb Ke MwVZ nq? Di: 1958 mvji 30 wWm^i| ck: `ki c_g KvWU KjR dR`vinvU KvWU KjR KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di: 1958 mvj| ck: 1962 mvj Kvb Kvb wkvevW GKB mv_ cwZwZ nq? Di: ivRkvnx, hkvi I Kzwgjv| ck: wSbvB`n, wgRvcyi I ivRkvnx KvWU KjR Ke cwZwZ nq? Di: h_vg 1964, 1965 I 1966 mvj| ck: XvKv evW Ke c_g cixv cwZ msvi cPv Pvjvq? Di: 1965 mvj| ck: nvwg`yi ingvb wkv Kwgkbi wicvU KLb cKvwkZ nq? Di: 1966 mvj| ck: kvgmyj nK KwgwU Ke MwVZ nq? Di: 1970 mvj|

cv_wgK wkv:

evsjv`k Avgj

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k Kvb _vbvq wkvi nvi Kg? Di:wKkviMi wbKwjZ (25.8%) m~t evbeBm| ck: evsjv`k c_g wbii gy Rjv KvbwU? Di:gviv (mekl wmivRM7g)| ck: `k eZgvb wbiigy Rjv KqwU? Di:7wU (gviv, RqcyinvU, ivRkvnx, jvjgwbinvU, PzqvWvv, MvRxcyi I mekl wmivRM)| ck: evsjv`k UCEP Gi Kvhg i nq KLb? Di:1973 mvj| ck: wk Zvi Awfew cKvk Ki wKfve? Di:wewfb aibi Afwi gvag| ck: Kvvwis cwZZ wkv `b K? Di:wcwU AvB BUvi| ck: UCEP Gi cwZvZv K? Di:Gj.G. Pqvwb (L.A. Cheyenne) ck: UCEP A_ Kx? Di:Under Priviliged Children Eucational ck: eq wkvK g~jZ Kx wkv bvg AvLvwqZ Kiv nqQ? Di:Dc-AvbyvwbK wkv| ck: RvZxq cv_wgK wkv GKvWwg Kx bvg cwiwPZ? Di:Nationa Academy for Primary ck: NAPE KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di:1977 mvj gqgbwmsn| ck: Kvb wkv Kwgkb cv_wgK wkvK A eZwbK I evaZvg~jK Kivi mycvwik Kiv nqQ? Di:W. Kz`iZ-B-Ly`v wkv Kwgkb| ck: evsjv`k cv_wgK wkvi Rb wk`i wbavwiZ eqm KZ? Di: (611) eQi|
Education (NAPE). Program.

77

ck: `k cv_wgK wkv Awa`i Ke cwZwZ nq? Di:1980 mvj| ck: cv_wgK wkv Awa`i cavbi c`ex Kx? Di:gnvcwiPvjK| ck: NAEM Gi c~Y A_ Kx? Di:National Academy for Education ck: bvqg cwZwZ nqQ Kb? Di:wkK cwkY BbwwUDUi Rb (1981 mvj)| ck: mvUjvBU zj Kx? Di:mevi Rb wkv Kgm~wP evevqbi j c_g I wZxq kYxZ cvV`vbi Rb cwZwZ zj| ck: KLb _K miKvwifve `k c~Yv MYwkv Kvhg Pvjy nq? Di:1987 mvj| ck: cveZ PMvg Aji cv_wgK we`vjq KZwU DcRvZxq fvlvq cvVg cYqb Kiv nqQ? Di:11 wU (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: eZgvb `k gvU cv_wgK we`vjqi msLv (gv`vmvmn) KZ? Di:80,401 wU (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: `k miKvwi cv_wgK we`vjqi msLv KZ? Di:37,672wU (my A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`k evaZvg~jK cv_wgK wkv KLb _K Pvjy Kiv nq? Di:1 Rvbyqvwi 1992| ck: cv_wgKfve KZwU DcRjvq evaZvg~jK cv_wgK wkv Pvjy nq? Di:68wU|
Management.

78

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: mRbkxj ck cwZZ KZ b^ii mRbkxj iPbvg~jK cixv AbywZ ne? Di: 60 b^ii (bewK cixv ne 40 b^ii)| ck: mRbkxj ck cwZZ iPbvg~jK cwZwU cki gvb eb wKic? Di: c_g Aski gvb-1, wZxq Aski gvb-2, ZZxq Aski bvg 3 I PZz_ Aski gvb-4 (1+2+3+4=10)| ck: `vwLj I Gm,Gm,wm fvKkbvj cixvq mRbkxj ck cwZ Pvjy ne Ke? Di:2012 mvj|

ck: Ke _K `kevcx evaZvg~jK cv_wgK wkv Pvjy nqQ? Di:1 Rvbyqvwi 1993| ck: evsjv`k cv_wgK chvq QvQvx`i fwZi AbycvZ KZ? Di:49.26 : 50.7 = Qv : Qvx (A_bwZK mgxv-2009) ck: `k cv_wgK wkvi cavb mgmv KvbwU? Di:Qv-Qvx`i Si cov| ck: cv_wgK wkv i ARb DchvMx cvw K hvMZv gvU KZwU? Di:53wU| ck: evsjv`k cv_wgK wkvi Rb Dcew cK Pvjy Kiv nq Ke? Di:28 m^i 2002| ck: evsjv`k Qjgq Dfqi Rb A eZwbK wkv eev Pvjy AvQ Kvb kYx ch? Di:5g kYx ch| ck: evsjv`k meRbxb cv_wgK wkv wbwZKiY Kiv ne KZ mvji ga? Di:2015 mvj|

ck: mRbkxj ck cwZi i KZwU? Di:4wU h_v: vb, Abyaveb, cqvM I DPZi `Zv hvPvB| ck: evsjv`k gvawgK chvq mRbkxj ck cwZZ c_g cixv AbywZ ne Ke? Di: 2010 mvj| ck: 2010 mvj Kvb `ywU welq mRbkxj cwZZ ckc cYqb Kiv nq? Di: evsjv 1g c I ag wkv|

mRbkxj ckcwZ

ck: gvawgK I DP wkv Awa`i febi bvg Kx? Di:wkv feb| ck: cixv cwZ msvi Kvb evW AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki? Di:XvKv evW| ck: evsjv`ki gvawgK I DP wkv wbqYKvix gYvjqi bvg Kx? Di:wkv gYvjq| ck: wkv gYvjqi dvwmwjwUR wWcvUgU Gi cwiewZZ bvg Kx? Di:wkv cKkj Awa`i| ck: `k gvawgK zji msLv KZ? Di:14,896 wU| ck: `k miKvwi gvawgK we`vjq KZwU? Di:317wU| ck: `k KvWU KjRi msLv KZwU? Di:12wU (evjK`i 9wU I evwjKv`i 3wU)| ck: `ki 1g miKvwi KjR KvbwU? Di:XvKv KjR (1841 mvj)|

gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: XvKvq c_g emiKvwi D`vM Ke Kvb KjR vwcZ nq? Di:RMbv_ KjR, 1884 mvj| ck: `ki c_g gwWKj KjR KvbwU? Di:XvKv gwWKj KjR (1946 mvj)| ck: c_g KvWU KjR KvbwU? Di:dR`vinvU KvWU KjR (1958 mvj)| ck: evwjKv`i KvWU KjRjv Kv_vq AewZ? Di:gqgbwmsn, dbx I RqcyinvU| ck: evsjv`ki c_g gwnjv KvWU KjR Kv_vq? Di:gqgbwmsn| ck: mekl vwcZ KvWU KjR Kx Kx? Di:RqcyinvU Mvjm KvWU KjR (2006) I dbx Mvjm KvWU KjR (2006)| ck: evsjv`k wkv Z_ I cwimsLvb eyiv Kx bvg cwiwPZ? Di:evbeBm (BANBEIS-1976 mvj)| ck: BANBEIS-Gi c~Y Awfew Kx? Di:Bangladesh Bureau of Educational ck: AEPEAL Kx? Di:AEPEAL nQ BDbvi Asia
Pacific Programme of Education for All. ck: GCE Gi c~Yic Information and Statistics.

79

ck: FSSAP Gi c~Yic Kx? Di:Female Secondary School Assistance ck: SAT Gi c~Yic Kx? Di:Scolastic Aptitude Test. ck: ETRI Gi c~Yic Kx? Di: Educational Test Research ck: BPATC Kx? Di: Bangladesh Kx?
Institute. Public Administration Training Centre. ck: NAEM Gi c~Yic Project.

Di:

Kx? Di:General

Certificate

as

Foreign

ck: IELTS Gi c~Yic Kx? Di:International English Language ck: TOEFL Gi c~Yic Kx? Di:Test of English as a Foreign
Language. Teaching of Sproken.

Language.

ck: Ke Kv_vq cwZwZ nq? Di: 1981 mvj XvKvq| ck: c_g gwnjv cwjUKwbK BbwwUDU Ke cwZwZ nq? Di: 1986 mvj| ck: NAEM Gi KvR Kx? Di: KjR wkK`i cwkY `qv| ck: `k DP gvawgK we`vjqi msLv KZwU? Di: 1822 wU| ck: evsjv`k miKvwi Avwjqv gv`vmv KZwU? Di:3wU, h_v: XvKv, wmjU I eov| ck: KZ mvj _K gvawgK djvdj cKvki MwWs cwZ Pvjy Kiv nq? Di:2001 mvj _K| ck: KZ mvj _K DP gvawgK djvdj cKvki MwWs cwZ Pvjy Kiv nq? Di:2003 mvj| ck: eZgvb gvawgK I DP gvawgK cixvq MwWs cwZ wKfve `qv AvQ? jUvi cv MW MW b^ii cqU

National Academy Educational Management.

for

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR evw

80100 7079 6069 5059 4049 3339 0032 5.00 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00

A_vqb `wi` Qv`i Rb Dcew Pvjy nq Ke? Di: RyjvB 2009|

ck: wW zj Kx? Di:cvwbZ fvmgvb bKvq emevmKvix wk`i Rb miKvi Abygvw`Z zj| ck: `ki Kvb emiKvwi msv c_g emiKvwi D`vM wkK cwkY BbwwUDU cwZv Ki? Di:AvnQvwbqv wgkb| ck: DP gvawgK chvq Qvx Dcew cK Pvjy nq Ke? Di:2002 mvji 1 AvM| ck: c_g gwnjv cwjUKwbK BbwwUDU Kv_vq AewZ? Di:XvKvi ki evsjv bMi ivKqv iwYi cwg| ck: `k AeZwbK bvix wkv Pvjy iqQ Kvb kYx ch? Di:v`k kYx (H.S.C) ck: evsjv`k bvix wkv cmvi eZb gIKzd I ew c`vb welqK FSSAP evevqb Kvb msv Avw_K mnvqZv `vb KiQ? Di: wek evsK (I.D.A), Gkxq Dbqb evsK (ADB) I bvivW| ck: `ki Ag mvaviY wkv evW w`bvRcyi gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW c_g Gm.Gm.wm I GBP.Gm.wm cixv AbywZ nq Ke? Di: 2009 mvj| ck: evsjv`k gvawgK chvq miKvwi

evsjv`k welqvejx

81

evsjv`ki KvWU KjR mg~n

bvg Aev b PM vg Uvv Bj wSbv B`n ivRkv nx wmjU iscyi cvebv ewikvj gqgb wmsn Kzwgjv dbx Rqcyi nvU 1 dR`vinvU KvWU KjR 2 wgRvcyi KvWU KjR 3 wSbvB`n KvWU KjR 4 ivRkvnx KvWU KjR 5 wmjU KvWU KjR 6 iscyi KvWU KjR 7 cvebv KvWU KjR 8 ewikvj KvWU KjR 9 gqgbwmsn Mvjm KvWU KjR 1 Kzwgjv 0 KvWU KjR 1 dbx Mvjm 1 KvWU KjR 1 RqcyinvU 2 Mvjm KvWU KjR wb wg Z 195 8 196 3 196 3 196 4 197 8 197 9 198 1 198 1 198 2 198 3 200 6 200 6

ck: `ki c_g cKkjx wekwe`vjq KvbwU? Di:eyqU (1961)| ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb Ke cwZwZ nq? Di:1973 mvj| ck: Bmjvwg wekwe`vjq Kv_vq AewZ?

wewea wekwe`vjq mg~n

Di:kvwWvv `yjvjvcyi (Kzwqv)| ck: Dby wekwe`vjq cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di:1992 mvj| ck: emKvwi wekwe`vjq wej cvk nq Ke? Di:5 AvM, 1992| ck: RvZxq wekwe`vjq wej msm` Abygvw`Z nq Ke? Di:13 Avei, 1992| ck: RvZxq wekwe`vjq BsiwRK AvewkK wnme A f~ Kiv nq Kvb wkvel? Di: 1994-1995 wkvel| ck: Bcmv Ke Kw wekwe`vjq icvwiZ nq? Di: 1998 mvj| ck: evK BDwbfvwmwUi c_g DcvPvh K? Di: cdmi Rvwgjyi iRv Payix (2001)| ck: RvZxq wekwe`vjqi Aaxb Abvm KvmK 4 eQi gqv`x Kiv nq Ke? Di:2002 mvj| ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb Kvb aibi cwZvb? Di:^-kvwmZ cwZvb| ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkbi Pqvigvb K? Di:AavcK bRij Bmjvg (c~e wQj Gg Avmv`yvgvb)| ck: RvZxq wekwe`vjqi Dk Kx?

82

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di:MvRxcyi, ivRkvnx, PMvg I Lyjbv we.AvB.wU.| ck: Bmjvwg wekwe`vjq MvRxcyi _K Kzwqvq vbvi Kiv nq KZ mvj? Di:1990 mvji Rvbyqvwi gvm| ck: `k c_g evii gZ Kvb wekwe`vjq K wli Dci MBA Kvm Pvjy Kiv nq? Di:evsjv`k Kwl wekwe`vjq| ck: AvBwU (IT) LvZ evsjv`ki c_g wekwe`vjq KvbwU? Di: WvdvwWj BUvibvkbvj BDwbfvwmwU| ck: evsjv`ki c_g emiKvwi wekwe`vjq KvbwU? Di: b_ mvD_ BDwbfvwmwU| ck: `k emiKvwi wekwe`vjqi msLv KZwU? Di: 56wU (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: `ki Kvb emiKvwi wekwe`vjq _K Ggwdj I wc,GBP,wW wWwM c`vb Kiv nq? Di: BUvibvkbvj Bmjvwg wekwe`vjq Ae PMvg| ck: cv_i KzwPi cvZv _K we`yr Drcv`b cwZ DvebKvixi bvg Kx? Di: RMbv_ wekwe`vjqi mikw MelYv K`i cwiPvjK W. Kvgij Avjg Lvb| ck: dvwhj I Kvwgj cixv AbywZ Ges Gi mvwUwdKU c`vb nq Kvb wekwe`vjqi Aaxb? Di: Bmjvwg wekwe`vjqi| ck: mg c-Kwgkbi Pqvigvb K wQjb?

Di:`ki wWwM KjR mg~ni Abygv`b, KvwiKzjvg cYqb Ges cixv MnY| ck: mgy`we`v BbwwUDU Kvb wekwe`vjq AewZ? Di:PMvg wekwe`vjq| ck: ebwe`v BbwwUDU iqQ Kvb Kvb wekwe`vjq? Di:Lyjbv wekwe`vjq I PMvg wekwe`vjq| ck: evsjv`k GKgv ivRbxwZgy wekwe`vjq KvbwU? Di:Lyjbv wekwe`vjq| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv AvevwmK wekwe`vjq KvbwU? Di:Rvnvxi bMi wekwe`vjq| ck: evsjv`k miKvi cwiPvwjZ wekwe`vjq KZwU? Di:31wU| ck: `ki mKj cvewjK I emiKvwi wekwe`vjqmg~ni Pvji K? Di:ivcwZ| ck: evsjv`k eZgvb AvRvwZK wekwe`vjq AvQ KZwU? Di:2wU (BmjvwgK BDwbfvwmwU Ae UKbvjvwR, MvRxcyi Ges Gwkqvb DBg BDwbfvwmwU, PMvg)| ck: mgvR KjvY Ges ccyjkb mvqi Dci Kvb wekwe`vjq c_g Abvm Kvm Pvjy nq? Di:ivRkvnx wekwe`vjq| ck: Kvb Kvb PviwU BIT eZgvb c~Yv chyw wekwe`vjq icv wiZ nq?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: W. Gg. gyvwdRyi ingvb| ck: BsiwR mvwnZ wcGBPwW ARbKvix c_g evOvjx gymjgvb K? Di: W. mvv` nvmb| ck: evsjv fvlvi Dci weki c_g WiU wWwMavixi bvg Kx? Di: W. WvwbjPzK| ck: evsjv`k BjKUwbK fvwUs gwkb Dveb Ki Kvb cwZvb? Di: evsjv`k cKkj wekwe`vjq (eyqU)| ck: emiKvwi D`vM `ki c_g wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq vwcZ nq Kv_vq? Di: eovq| ck: XvKvi Islamic Institute of Tecnology (IIT) Gi eZgvb bvg Kx? Di: Islamic University of Tecnology ck: `ki `wYvji GKgv f~-Kb wbYvqK hwU vcb Kiv nqQ Kv_vq? Di: cUzqvLvjx wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq| ck: Rvgvwbi ghv`vc~Y dWvwiK DBwjqvg evmj wimvP AvIqvW jvfKvix evsjv`kx wevbxi bvg Kx? Di: Rvnvxi bMi wekwe`vjqi c`v_ wevbi AavcK W. G gvgyb| ck: RvZxq wekwe`vjq MwWs cwZ Pvjy nQ Kvb wkvel? Di: 20102011 wkvel| ck: `ki 30Zg cvewjK wekwe`vjq eMg ivKqv wekwe`vjqi (iscyi wekwe`vjq) wkv Kvhg i nq Ke?
(IUT)

83

Di:

4 Gwcj 2009 (hvv i 22 Avei 2008)| ck: 2013 mvj `ki Kv_vq c_g wWwRUvj wekwe`vjqi hvv i ne? Di:KvwjqvKi, eez wWwRUvj wekwe`vjq| ck: wkv vb wevb I MelYvi Ae`vbi Rb mevP miKvwi ^xK wZ KvbwU? Di: RvZxq AavcK| ck: evsjv`k mec_g Ke RvZxq AavcK wbqvM Kiv nq? Di: 17 gvP 1975| ck: RvZxq AavcK KZ eQii Rb wbqvM Kiv nq? Di: 5 eQii Rb| ck: RvZxq AavcK wnmve mec_g KZ RbK I Kvb Kvb ewK wbqvM `qv nq? Di: 3 RbK Zuviv njb (1) wkvPvh Rqbyj Avew`b (2) cdmi Avyi ivvK I (3) W. KvRx gvZvni nvmb| ck: RvZxq AavcK wbaviY KwgwUi mfvcwZ K? Di: wkvgx| ck: RvZxq AavcK wbaviY KwgwUi m`m Kiv? Di: (1) wkvgx (2) vbxq miKvi gx (3) ciiv gx (4) `yBRb mveK RvZxq AavcK| ck: G ch RvZxq AavcK c` wbqvM cvIqv GKgv gwnjv K? Di: AavwcKv mywdqv Avng`| ck: G ch KZRb RvZxq AavcK c` wbhy nb? Di: 18 Rb|

RvZxq AavcK

84

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

RvZxq AavcKi ZvwjKv

t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 AavcKe`i bvg wkvPvh Rqbyj Avew`b AavcK Avyi ivvK W. KvRx gvZvni nvmb W. gvnv` Bevwng W. byij Bmjvg AavcK Aveyj dRj AvZvqvi nvmb mq` Avjx Avnmvb AavcK kvgm Dj nK AavcK `Iqvb gvnv` AvRid W. Bbvm Avjx W. Gg.Avi Lvb AavwcKv mywdqv Avng` AavcK Kwei Payix weMwWqvi (Aet) AavcK Avyj gvwjK G.K.Gg. byij Bmjvg AavcK G.K.Gg. Avwgbyj nK W. ZvjyK`vi gwbivgvb wbqv Mi ZvwiL 17 gvP, 1975 17 gvP, 1975 17 gvP, 1975 1 Rvbyqvwi , 1984 1 gvP, 1987 1 gvP, 1987 1 gvP, 1987 2 gvP, 1989 16 bf^i, 1993 14 bf^i, 1993 14 bf^i, 1993 14 Rvbyqvwi , 1994 14 Rvbyqvwi , 1994 8 RyjvB, 1998 1 det, 2006 1 det, 2006 1 det, 2006 1 det, 2006

evsjv`ki wewfb wkv cwZvbi msLv

(1) miKvwi cv_wgK we`vjq (2) emiKvwi cv_wgK we`vjq (3) gvawgK we`vjq (4) gv`vmv (5) gnvwe`vjq (miKvwi+emiKvwi) (6) emiKvwi gnvwe`vjq (7) miKvwi WUvj KjR (8) miKvwi DP gvawgK KjR (9) miKvwi wWwM KjR (10) miKvwi gwWKj KjR (11) emiKvwi gwWKj KjR (12) KvWU KjR (13) cywjk vd KjR (14) cwjUKwbK BbwwUDU (15) miKvwi KjR (16) AvBb gnvwe`vjq (17) miKvwi evwYwRK KjR (18) UKwbKvj wUPvm Uwbs KjR (19) nvwgI cvw_K KjR (20) emiKvwi nvwgI cvw_K KjR (21) miKvwi cvBgvwi Uwbs BbwwUDU (PTI) (22) miKvwi wUPvm Uwbs (23) evsjv`k wUPvm Uwbs

cwZvbi bvg

37,672 wU| 28,062 wU| 15,498 wU| 7,346 wU| 2,403 wU| 1,302 wU| 03 wU| 10 wU|

msLv

125 wU 18 wU| 28 wU| 12 wU| 01 wU| 171 wU| 252 wU| 71 wU| 66 wU| 90 wU| 30 wU| 30 wU| 55 wU| KjR 05 wU| 14 wU|

evsjv`k welqvejx
KjR (24) wUPvm Uwbs KjR (25) fvKkbvj Uwbs BbwwUDU (26) fvKkbvj wUPvm Uwbs BbwwUDU (27) miKvwi wekwe`vjq (28) emiKvwi wekwe`vjq (29) miKvwi bvwms KjR (30) emiKvwi gwWKvj KjR (31) miKvwi j`vi UKbvjwR KjR (32) miKvwi UUvBj UKbvjwR KjR (33) gwnjv gwWKj KjR (34) Kwl wekwe`vjq 103 wU| 64 wU| 01 wU| 31 wU| 56 wU| 30 wU| 40 wU| 01 wU| 5 wU| 5 wU| 3 wU| gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, ewikvj gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, w`bvRcyi 2000 2006

85

Kwgkb

`ki 5wU wkv Kwgkb

cavb W. Kz`ivZG-Ly`v W. gwR` Lvb W. gwdR Dwb Avng` W. Gg kvgmyj nK W. gwbivg vb wgTv

evsjv`ki wkv evW mg~n

bvg gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, XvKv KvwiMwi wkv evW, XvKv gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, Kzwgjv gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, ivRkvnx gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, hkvi evsjv`k gv`vmv wkv evW, XvKv gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, PMvg gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, wmjU cwZ vKvj 1921 1954 1962 1962 1962 1978 1995 2000

1. Kz`ivZG-Ly`v wkv Kwgkb 2. gwR` Lvb wkv Kwgkb 3. gwdR Dwb wkv Kwgkb 4. kvgmyj nK wkv Kwgkb 5. gwbivg vb wgTv wkv Kwgkb

MVbK vj 26 RyjvB, 1972 1983 1988

1997 15 Ryb, 2003

`ki 3wU wkvbxwZ KwgwU

Kwgkb 1. RvZxq wkv Dc`v cwil` 2. wkv msvi wekl KwgwU 3. RvZxq kvbxwZ cYqb KwgwU cavb KvRx Rvdi Avng` I Avyj evZb W. gwR` Lvb W. gwdR Dwb vng` MVbK vj 5 AvM 1978 24 wWm ^i 2001 8 Gwcj 2009

ck: evsjv`k cvPi AdvW LvZ wekwe`vjq KvbwU?

XvKv wekwe`vjq

86

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: cwZvKvjxb mgq XvKv wekwe`vjq KZwU Abyl` wQj? Di: 3wU (Kjv, wevb I AvBb)| ck: eZgvb XvKv wekwe`vjq KZwU Abyl` AvQ? Di: 7wU| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi c_g mgveZb KZ mvj AbywZ nq? Di: 1923 mvj| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi c_g wf.wm K wQjb? Di: wc.R. nvUm| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi c_g evOvjx gymjgvb I Dcgnv`ki c_g wf.wm. K wQjb? Di: mvi G.Gd. ingvb (3q wf.wm.)| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qv wnme c_g wf.wm. K wQjb? Di: W. mq` gvqvg nvmb (19481953)| ck: 1952 mvj fvlv Av`vjbi mgq XvKv wekwe`vjqi wf.wm. K wQjb? Di: mq` gvqvg nvmb (6 wf.wm.)| ck: evsjv`ki gywhy PjvKvjxb mgq XvKv wekwe`vjqi wf.wm. K wQjb? Di: wePvicwZ Avey mvC` Payix (1969 1972)| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi c_g gwnjv cv-wf.wm. K wQjb? Di: wRbvZzb bmv Zvnwg`v eMg (Dw` wevb)| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi c_g gwnjv wWb K wQjb? Di: eMg AvwRRybmv|

Di: XvKv wekwe`vjq| ck: evsjv`ki c_g wekwe`vjq KvbwU? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjq| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Pvji K? Di: cwmWU| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq cwZvi Rb MwVZ Kwgkbi bvg Kx? Di: bv_vj Kwgkb (1912 mvj)| ck: 1912 mvj MwVZ bv_vj Kwgkbi m`m wQj KZRb? Di: 13 Rb| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Rwg K `vb Kib? Di: beve mwjgyjvn| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1921 mvji 1 RyjvB| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq KZ GKi Rwgi Dci cwZwZ? Di: 600 GKi (cwZvKvjxb mgq)| ck: eZgvb XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kvvmi gvU AvqZb KZ? Di: 256 GKi (eZgvb 258 GKi)| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq Kvb GjvKvq AewZ? Di: kvnevM, bxjZ, KuvUveb I cjvkx GjvKvq| ck: cwZvKvjxb mgq XvKv wekwe`vjq Qv-Qvx I wkK KZRb wQj? Di: 877 Rb Qv-Qvx Ges 60 Rb wkK| ck: cwZvKvjxb mgq XvKv wekwe`vjq KZwU wefvM wQj? Di: 12wU wefvM| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq eZgvb wefvMi msLv KZ? Di: 52wU wefvM|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi eZgvb wf.wm. K? Di: AavcK Av.Av.g.m. Aviwdb wmwK (27Zg)| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi eZgvb wf.wm. Kvb wefvMi AavcK? Di: MYhvMvhvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi eZgvb cv-wf.wm K? Di: AavcK nvib-Ai-ikx`| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq eZgvb KZwU wiPvm mUvi I MelYv eyiv iqQ? Di: 31wU| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq eZgvb KZwU BbwwUDU iqQ? Di: 9wU| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq gvU wefvM KZwU? Di: 66wU| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq eZgvb KZwU nj AvQ? Di: 17wU (Qj`i 13wU I gq`i 4wU)| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq MelYv K` KZwU? Di: 18wU| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq nvj KZwU? Di: 2wU| ck: XvKv wekw`vjqi wevb Abyl` Kvb GjvKvq AewZ? Di: KvRb nj GjvKvq| ck: GbvwR cvK Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjq| ck: TSC (Teacher Student Center) Kx? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qv-Qvx`i mnwkv

87

Kvhg, PPv, cwkY I Dcvcbi wgjbvqZb| ck: `ki mevaywbK f~wgK wbYq I cwigvcK h wmmgvMvd vcb Kiv nq Kv_vq? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjq| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kjv feb PZii fvh AcivRq evsjvi cwZ K? Di: mq` Avyjvn Lvj`| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi wU.Gm.wm PZii ^vcvwRZ ^vaxbZv Gi cwZ K? Di: kvgxg wkK`vi| ck: `vqi PZi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjqi KvRb nj| ck: wZb bZvi gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjqi KvRb nj msjM| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq I we`vnx Kwe KvRx bRiji Kei Kv_vq? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjqi K`xq gmwR`i cvk| ck: Rq evsjv Rq ZviY fvhwU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjqi kvgmybvnvi nj msjM| ck: eMg ivKqv fvh Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ivKqv nj, XvKv wekwe`vjq| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kvb wefvM eez Pqvi vcb Kiv nq? Di: BwZnvm wefvM| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kvb wefvM evm Pqvi vcb Kiv nq? Di: evsjv wefvM| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kvb wefvM

88

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR mgveZb Abyvb Ke AbywZ nq? Di: 7 Gwcj 2008| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi mvgvwRK wevb Abyl`i bvgKiY Kiv nq Kvb wkKi bvgvbymvi? Di: W. Avmv`yvgvb| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kvb wZb cexY wkKK cdmi GgwiUvm wbqvM Kiv nq? Di: AavcK W. bvRgv Payix, AavcK W. Avyj gZxb I AavcK myjZvb mviIqvZ Aviv Rvgvb| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi 27 Zg wfwm (bewbevwPZ) Kvb wefvMi AavcK? Di: MY hvMvhvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvMi| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi eZgvb cv-wfwm K? Di: AavcK nvib-Ai-iwk`| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kjv Abyl`i be wbevwPZ Wxb K? Di: AavcK m`ij Avwgb| ck: mcwZ KvK c`vb Kiv nq? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjqi wkK cdmi gvmy`v Gg iwk` PayixK| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq nBZ G ch KZRbK mvb m~PK WiU wWwM c`vb Kiv nq? Di: 44 RbK (Wi Ae jR-22 Rb, Wi Ae mvq-12 Rb, Wi Ae jUviPvi 10 Rb)| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi 45 Zg mgveZb AbywZ nq Ke? Di: 12 wWm^i 2009| ck: 45 Zg mgveZb Abyvb Kvb Kvb ewK
'Women personality Award-2009'

Avyi ivvK Pqvi vcb Kiv nq? Di: ivwevb wefvM| ck: ^vaxb evsjv`k XvKv wekwe`vqi c_g mgveZb Abyvb KZ mvj AbywZ nq? Di: 18 wWm^i 1999 mvj (40Zg mgveZb)| ck: 1999 mvji 40Zg mgveZb Abyvb K K WiU wWMx jvf Kib? Di: cdmi AgZ mb I kL nvwmbv| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq w`em KvbwU? Di: 1 RyjvB| ck: 42Zg mgveZb Abyvb Ke AbywZ nq? Di: 1819 wWm^i, 2004| ck: 2004 mvj K mvb m~PK WiU wWwM jvf Kib? Di: AvaywbK gvjqwkqvi icKvi W. gvnvw_i web gvnv`| ck: 28 gvP 2007, 43 Zg mgveZb Abyvb Wi Ae jR wWwM c`vb Kiv nq KvK? Di: evsjv`ki kvwZ bvej weRqx Wi gynv` BDbymK| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjq nBZ wW.Gm.wm wWwMcv bvej weRqx KZ Rb? Di: 3 Rb h_v: (1) wm.wf. igb (2) Avym mvjvg (3) AgZ mb| ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb Kv_vq ivKqv Pqvi vcb Kivi wmv bb? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjqi DBg vwWR wWcvUgU| ck: XvKv wekwe`vjqi 44Zg

evsjv`k welqvejx mvbm~PK wWwM c`vb Kiv nq? Di: ZvBIqvbi BgwiUvm cdmi BDqvb wU.wjK (Wi Ae mvq), mbvwdvi Gi DveK AavcK Aveyj mmvgK (Wi Ae mvq) Ges wewk A_bxwZwe` AavcK iYwRr nK (Wi Ae wjUviPvi) mvbm~PK wWwM c`vb Kiv nq|

89

90 wg K 1g 2q 3q 4_ 5g 6 7g 8g 9g 10g 11Z g 12Z g 13Z g 14Z g 15Z g 16Z g 17Z g 18Z g 19Z g 20Z g 21Z g 22Z g 23Z g 24Z g 25Z g 26Z

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR bvg mvi wc.R nvUm cdmi wRGBP jvswj mvi G.Gd. ingvb W. igkP` gRyg`vi W. gvngy` nvmvb W. mq` gvqvg nvmb W. WweD G RbwK wePvicwZ gynv` Bevnxg wePvicwZ nvwg`yi ingvb W. gvngy` nvmb W. gynv` Imgvb MwY wePvicwZ Avey mvC` Payix W. gyRvd&di Avng` Payix W. Avyj gwZb Payix cdmi kvgmyj nK W. dRjyj nvwjg Payix W. G.K.Gg wmwK gynv` kvgmyj nK Avyj gvbvb AavcK Gg gwbivgvb wgTv AavcK GgvR Dwb Avng` AavcK knx` Dxb Avng` AavcK G.K AvRv` Payix AavcK Avbvqvijvn Payix AavcK BDmyd nvq`vi (fvicv) AavcK Gm.Gg.G dvqR mgqKvj 01/12/192031/12/1925 01/01/192630/06/1934 01/07/193431/12/1939 01/01/194030/06/1942 01/07/194221/10/1948 22/10/194808/11/1953 09/11/195308/11/1956 09/11/195627/10/1958 28/10/195814/12/1960 15/12/196010/12/1963 20/02/196301/12/1969 02/12/196920/01/1972 21/01/197212/04/1973 13/04/197322/09/1975 23/09/197501/02/1976 02/01/197620/03/1983 21/03/198316/08/1983 17/08/198321/01/1986 12/01/198623/03/1990 24/03/199024/10/1992 01/11/199231/08/1996 01/09/199621/09/1996 22/09/19962001 31/07/2001 01/08/200223/08/2002 23/08/200215/01/2009

XvKv wekwe`vjqi wfwm`i ivj Ae Abvi

evsjv`k welqvejx g 27Z g AavcK Av.Av.g.m Aviwdb wmwK 17/01/2009eZgvb

91

mvj 1922 1925 1927 1927 1932 1932 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1937 1949 1951

ew wWwM wR.wm.AvB (hyivR) Wi Ae jR mvi wc.R. nvUm (hyivR) Wi Ae jR Avj Ae wjUb Wi Ae jR nicmv` kvx (fviZ) Wi Ae wjUviPvi mvi dvwm vbvj RvKmb (UK) Wi Ae jR mvi P` kLi fKUi igb (fviZ) Wi Ae mvq mvi Rb Gvimb Wi Ae jR mvi Avyi iwng (cvwKvb) Wi Ae jR mvi RM`xkP` emy (evsjv`k) Wi Ae mvq mvi cdzj P` ivq (evsjv`k) Wi Ae mvq mvi h`ybv_ miKvi (fviZ) Wi Ae wjUviPvi mvi gynv` BKevj (cvwKvb) Wi Ae wjUviPvi Kwe iex`bv_ VvKzi (fviZ) Wi Ae wjUviPvi kirP` Pvcvavq (fviZ) Wi Ae wjUviPvi mvi G.Gd. ingvb (evsjv`k) Wi Ae jR LvRv bvwRgywb (cvwKvb) Wi Ae jR AvMv myjZvb mvi gvnv` Wi Ae jR kvn AvMv (cvwKvb) 1952 W. Avyj Iqvnve AvRg Wi Ae jR 1956 Bv`vi gxRv (cvwKvb) Wi Ae jR 1956 G.K. dRjyj nK (evsjv`k) Wi Ae jR 1956 gv`vg mys wPs wjs (Pxb) Wi Ae jR 1960 AvBqye Lvb (cvwKvb) Wi Ae jR 1960 Rvgvj Ave`j bvmi (wgki) Wi Ae jR 1965 P Gb jvB (Pxb) Wi Ae jR 1974 mZ`bv_ emy (fviZ) Wi Ae mvq 1974 Wi gynv` knx`yjvn (evsjv`k) Wi Ae wjUviPvi (giYvi) 1974 Kwe KvRx bRij Bmjvg (evsjv`k) Wi Ae wjUviPvi 1974 Iv` Avjx AvKei Lvb (evsjv`k) Wi Ae wjUviPvi 1974 Wi nxi`jvj ` (fviZ) Wi Ae mvq 1974 Wi gynv` Ly`ivZ-B-Ly`v (evsjv`k) Wi Ae mvq 1974 KvRx gvZvnvi nvmb (evsjv`k) Wi Ae mvq 1974 Aveyj dRj (evsjv`k) Wi Ae wjUviPvi 1993 cdmi Avym mvjvg (cvwKvb) Wi Ae mvq 1997 W. dWvwiKv gvqvi Wi Ae mvq 1999 kL nvwmbv (evsjv`k) Wi Ae jR 1999 cdmi AgZ mb (fviZ) Wi Ae mvq 2004 W. gvnvw_i web gvnv` (gvjqwkqv) Wi Ae jR 2007 W. gynv` BDbym (evsjv`k) Wi Ae jR 2008 fvlv mwbK Avyj gwZb (evsjv`k) Wi Ae jR

XvKv wekwe`vjq _K mvbm~PK WiU wWwM cv myaxe`

92

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR mwbK MvwRDj Ae jR Wi Ae mvq Ae mvq Ae jUviPvi Ae jR nK

2008 fvlv (evsjv`k) Wi 2009 cdmi BDqvb wU.wj (ZvBIqvb) 2009 AavcK Aeyj mmvg (evsjv`k) Wi 2009 AavcK iYwRr n Wi 2010 Ave`yjvn j (Zzi) Wi

miKvwi wekwe`vjqmg~ni c_g I eZgvb wfwm`i ZvwjKv

b s wekwe`vjqi bvg XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv ivRkvnx wekwe`vjq, ivRkvnx evsjv`k cKkjx wekwe`vjq (eyqU), XvKv evsjv`k Kwl wekwe`vjq, gqgbwmsn PMvg wekwe`vjq, PMvg Rvnvxi bMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi Bmjvwg wekwe`vjq, Kzwqv kvnRvjvj wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, wmjU Lyjbv wekwe`vjq, Lyjbv Dby wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi RvZxq wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi eez kL gywRe gwWKj wekwe`vjq, XvKv
cwZ vKvj

1 2 3

1921 1953 1961

c_g fvBm Pvji wc.R. nvUm W. AvB.GBP. Ryeix W. Gg.G ikx` W. Imgvb MwY W. AvwRRyi ingvb gwjK AavcK Avjx Avnmvb W. ggZvR Dwb Payix W. m`iwb Avng` Payix W. Mvjvg Avjx dwKi W. Gg kgmi Avjx W. Gg.G. evix W. Gg.G Kv`ix

eZgvb fvBm Pvji AavcK Av.Av.g.m Aviwdb wmwK cdmi W. Avym mvenvb W. G.Gg.G. mwdDjvn cdmi W. mvvi gj AavcK W. Avey BDmyd Avjg AavcK W. kixd Gbvgyj Kwei cdmi W. Gg AvjvDwb AavcK W. mvjnDxb AavcK W. gvt mvBdzwb kvn W. AviAvBGg Avwgbyi iwk` AavcK W. KvRx knx`yjvn AavcK cvY Mvcvj `

4 5 6 7 8

1961 1966 1970 1985 1990

9 1 0 1 1 1 2

1991 1992 1992 1997

evsjv`k welqvejx
1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7

93 cdmi W. Avyj gvbvb AvK` W. mq` mvLvIqvZ nvmb AavcK AvdRvj nvmb AavcK kvn-BAvjg AavcK W. Gg byij Bmjvg

1 8

1 9 2 0

2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4

ee kL gywRe Kwl wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi cUzqvLvjx wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, cUzqvLvjx nvRx `vbk wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, w`bvRcyi ki evsjv Kwl wekwe`vjq, XvKv gvIjvbv Avyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, UvvBj XvKv cKkj I chyw wekwe`vjq (WyqU), MvRxcyi ivRkvnx cKkj I chyw wekwe`vjq (iqU), ivRkvnx PMvg cKkj I chyw wekwe`vjq (PzqU), PMvg Lyjbv cKkj I chyw wekwe`vjq (KzqU), Lyjbv RMbv_ wekwe`vjq, XvKv Kzwgjv wekwe`vjq, Kzwgjv Kwe bRij wekwe`vjq, wkvj, gqgbwmsn

1998

W. Gg.G Avkivdzj Kvgvj W. nvib K.Gg BDmyd mq` wmivRyj nvmb W. Gg.G dviK cdmi W. gvt Lwjjyi ingvb

2000

2000

2001 2001

2003

cdmi W. Avbvqvij Avwhg cdmi W. G.Gd.Gg Avbvqvij nK cdmi W. gxi kwn`yj Bmjvg

AavcK W. gvnv` mn`e Avjx AavcK W. wmivRyj Kwig Payix cdmi W. kvgj Kvw wekvm

2003

2003

2003

cdmi W. Gnmvbyj nK Aav. W. GKGg wmivRyj Bmjvg Lvb W. Mvjvg gvIjv cdmi W, kvgmyi ingvb

W. gvt bIki Avjx AavcK W. gmevn Dxb AavcK mq` wMqvmDwb cdmi W. kvgmyi ingvb

2005

2006 2006

94
2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR bvqvLvjx wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, bvqvLvjx PMvg fUbvwi wekwe`vjq, PMvg wmjU Kwl wekwe`vjq, wmjU hkvi wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, hkvi cvebv wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, cvebv eMg ivKqv wekwe`vjq, iscyi evsjv`k BDwbfvwmwU Ae cdkbvj 2006 cdmi W. Aveyj Lvqi Lvb W. bxwZk P` `ebv_ W. BKevj nvmb AavcK iwdKzj Bmjvg AavcK W. Avwgb Dwb gav W. Gg jyrdi ingvb g. R. Avyj Iqv`y` AavcK W. mq Kzgvi AwaKvix W. bxwZk P` `ebv_ cdmi W. gvt Avyj AvDqvj AavcK W. Avym mvvi AavcK W. Avwgb Dwb gav W. Avyj Rwjj wgqv g. R. Avyj Iqv`y`

2006

2007 2008

2008

2008 2008

evsjv`k welqvejx

95

ck: weLvZ UvBg gvMvwRbi `wZ Gwkqvi miv vcZ KvbwU? Di:evsjv`ki RvZxq msm`| ck: RvZxq msm` febi wfwci vcb Kiv nq KZ mvj? Di:1962 mvj| ck: RvZxq msm` febi wfwci vcb Kib K? Di:AvBqye Lvb (ZrKvjxb cvwKvbi mvgwiK kvmK)| ck: RvZxq msm` febi cwZ K? Di:jyB-AvB-Kvb (Rb G vwbqvq) ck: jyB-AvB-Kvb Kvb `ki bvMwiK? Di:gvwKb hyivi| ck: RvZxq msm` feb Ke wbgvY i nq? Di:1964-1965 A_ eQi| ck: RvZxq msm` febi wbgvY eq KZ? Di:197 KvwU UvKv| ck: RvZxq msm` feb GjvKv KZ GKi Rwgi Dci cwZwZ? Di:215 GKi| ck: aygv RvZxq msm` febi AvqZb KZ? Di:3.44 GKi| ck: RvZxq msm` feb Kv_vq AewZ? Di:XvKvi ki evsjv bMi| ck: eZgvb RvZxq msm` feb wbgvYi AvM evsjv`ki msm` Awaekb Kv_vq emZ?

RvZxq msm` feb

RvZxq msm`

Di:eZgvb cavbgxi Kvhvjq/cyivZb msm` feb| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq msm` febi DPZv KZ? Di:158 dzU 8 Bw (47.24 wgUvi)| ck: RvZxq msm` feb msm` m`m`i Avmb msLv KZwU? Di:354wU| ck: RvZxq msm` feb AwZw_`i Avmb msLv KZwU? Di:56 wU| ck: RvZxq msm` febi `iRv I Rvbvjv KZwU? Di:1,605 wU `iRv I 335 wU Rvbvjv| ck: RvZxq msm` feb KZwU wjdU, wmwo I UqjU AvQ? Di:h_vg 18wU, 50wU I 340wU| ck: RvZxq msm` feb mvsevw`K`i Avmb KZwU? Di:80wU| ck: RvZxq msm` `kKi Avmb KZwU? Di:430 wU| ck: RvZxq msm` febi msm` Ki DPZv KZ? Di:112 dzU| ck: RvZxq msm` feb KZZjv wewk? Di:9 Zjv| ck: RvZxq msm` feb Dvab Ke K Dvab Kib? Di:1982 mvji 28 Rvbyqvwi ZrKvjxb ivcwZ wePvicwZ Avym mvvi| ck: eZgvb RvZxq msm` feb c_g Awaekb em Ke? Di:1982 mvji 15 deqvwi|

96

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

ck: RvZxq febi KZ Zjvq Awaekb em? Di:PZz_ Zjvq|

msm` Di: House of the Nation. msm` ck: RvZxq msm`i cZxK Kx? Di:kvcjv dzj| ck: eZgvb AvBb mfv/ evsjv`ki RvZxq msm`i gvU Avmb KZwU? RvZxq msm` Di:345wU (msiwZ gwnjv wbevPb Avmb 45wU mn)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g ck: evsjv`k AvBb mfvi bvg Kx? msweavb GK K wewk Di:MYcwil`| AvBb cwil`i bvg Kx? ck: 1970 mvji Di:RvZxq msm`| wbevPb c~e I cwg ck: RvZxq msm` cvwKvbi RvZxq cwil` RbMYi mivmwi fvU gvU Avmb msLv KZwU wbevwPZ Avmb KZwU? wQj? Di:300wU| Di:13wU gwnjv Avmbmn ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq 313wU| msm`i gqv` KZ eQi? ck: c~e cvwK Di:5 eQi| vbi RvZxq cwil`i Avmb ck: evsjv`ki c_g msLv KZ wQj? RvZxq msm` wbevPb Di:7wU gwnjv Avmbmn Ke AbywZ nq? 169wU| Di:7 gvP 1973| ck: 1970 mvji ck: c_g RvZxq wbevPb c~e cvwK msm`i msm` bZv K vb AvIqvgx jxM RvZxq wQjb? cwil`i KZwU Avmb Di:kL gywReyi ingvb| wbevwPZ nq? ck: evsjv`ki c_g Di:160 wU (7wU gwnjv RvZxq msm`i Avmb Avmbmn gvU Avmb msLv KZ wQj? 167wU)| Di:315wU (15wU msiwZ ck: 1970 mvji gwnjv Avmbmn) wbevPb cvwKvb ck: RvZxq msm` wccjm cvwU (P.P.P) KZwU Awaekb Avnvb, wMZ I Avmb cvq? f Kib K? Di:6wU gwnjv Avmbmn 89 Di:ivcwZ| wU| ck: evsjv`ki ivxq ck: evsjv`k Kvhg Kvi bvg cwiPvwjZ MYcwil`i msm` bZv K nq? wQjb? Di:ivcwZi bvg| Di:eez kL gywReyi ingvb| ck: evsjv`ki c_g ck: evsjv`ki Avqx cwmWU K eZgvb AvBb mfv ev wQjb? cvjvgUi bvg Kx? Di:mq` bRij Bmjvg| Di:RvZxq msm`| ck: MYcwil`i c_g ck: RvZxq msm`i wKvi K wQjb? BsiwR bvg Kx?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di:kvn Avyj nvwg`| ck: MYcwil`i c_g eVKi mfvcwZ wQjb K? Di:gvIjvbv Avyi ikx` ZKevMxm| ck: evsjv`ki c_g cavbgx K wQjb? Di:ZvRDwb Avng`| ck: evsjv`k RvZxq msm`i mfvcwZ K? Di:wKvi| ck: evsjv`k RvZxq msm`i c_g wKvi K wQjb? Di:gvnv` Djvn (MYcwil`i WcywU wKvi)| ck: c_g RvZxq msm`i msLvMwi `j KvbwU? Di:AvIqvgx jxM| ck: c_g RvZxq msm`i c_g Awaekb em Ke? Di:7Gwcj 1973| ck: c_g RvZxq msm` msweavbi KZwU mskvabx cvk nq? Di:PviwU| ck: c_g RvZxq msm`i gqv` KZw`b wQj? Di:2 ermi 6 gvm 29 w`b| ck: evsjv`k RvZxq msm` c_g evRU ck Kib K? Di:cavbgx ZvRDwb Avng`| ck: evsjv`k RvZxq msm` c_g eZv c`vbKvix we`kx ivcavb K? Di:hyMvkvwfqvi mveK cwmWU gvkvj hvkd wUUv (31 Rvbyqvwi 1974 mvj)| ck: Kvi mwZ ewZiK hy NvlYv Kiv hvq bv? Di:RvZxq msm`|

97

ck: msm`xq cwZZ ivcavb I miKvi c`vb K? Di:ivcavb cwmWU I miKvi cavb cavbgx| ck: RvZxq msm`i Kvb wKvi cieZxZ evsjv`ki ivcwZ wbevwPZ nb? Di:gvnv` Djvn (c_g wKvi)| ck: msm` Kvws fvU ejv nq Kvb fvUK? Di:wKvii fvUK| ck: `k cPwjZ miKvi eevq gxMY Revew`wn Kib Kvi KvQ? Di:RvZxq msm`i KvQ| ck: miKvwi wej Kx? Di:gxiv msm` h wej Dvcb Kib Zv miKvwi wej| ck: e-miKvwi wej Kx? Di:msm` m`mMY msm` h wej Dvcb Kib| ck: K K ivRavbxZ cZvKvevnx Mvwo eenvi KiZ cvib? Di:ivcwZ, cavbgx I miKvii GKRb c~Ygx| ck: gx cwil`i wbqwgZ eVK nq Ke? Di:cwZ mvni mvgevi| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq msm`i 1bs Avmb KvbwU? Di:cMo| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq msm`i 300 bs Avmb KvbwU? Di:ev`ievb| ck: c_g RvZxq msm` wejyw NvlYv Kiv nq Ke? Di:6 bf^i 1975| ck: msm` Bci KvR Kx? Di:kLjv iv Kiv|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: Kvb RvZxq msm` gwnjv`i msiwZ Avmb wQj bv? Di:PZz_ msm`| ck: PZz_ RvZxq msm`i wejyw nq Ke? Di:1990 mvji 6 wWm^i| ck: cg RvZxq msm` wbevPb AbywZ nq Ke? Di:1991 mvji 5 Gwcj| ck: cg RvZxq msm` msweavbi KZwU mskvabx cvk nq? Di:2wU (GKv`k I v`k)| ck: wKvii `vwqZ cvjbKvjB K evsjv`ki cwmWU wbevwPZ nb? Di:Avyi ingvb wekvm (5g)| ck: l RvZxq msm` wbevPb Ke AbywZ nq? Di:1996 mvji 25 deqvwi| ck: 9g msm` evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq mePq ewk msm`xq Avmb? Di:XvKv Rjvq, 20wU (c~e wQj 13wU)| ck: 9g msm` XvKv gnvbMixZ Avmb msLv KZ? Di:15wU (c~e wQj 8wU)| ck: l RvZxq msm`i c_g Awaekb em Ke? Di:1996 mvji 19 gvP| ck: l RvZxq msm` msweavbi KZwU mskvabx? Di:1wU (qv`k)| ck: qv`k mskvabxi welqe Kx? Di:ZeavqK miKvii Aaxb wbevPb| ck: l RvZxq msm`i gqv`Kvj KZ wQj? Di:gv 11 w`b|

ck: msm` dvi wms Kx? Di:Ab `j hvM`vb wKgev wbR `ji wec fvU `vb| ck: Aav`k Kx? Di:ivcwZ wbR h AvBb Kib ZvK Aav`k ej| ck: RbMYi mivmwi fvU c_g wbevwPZ cwmWU K? Di:wRqvDi ingvb| ck: wZxq RvZxq msm` wbevPb Ke nq? Di:1979 mvji 18 deqvwi| ck: Kvb RvZxq msm` gwnjv`i Rb msiwZ 15wU Avmbi cwieZ 30wU Kiv nq? Di:wZxq RvZxq msm` (1979 mvj)| ck: wZxq RvZxq msm` msweavbi KZwU mskvabx cvk nq? Di:2wU (5g I 6)| ck: ZZxq RvZxq msm` wbevPb Ke nq? Di:7 g 1986| ck: ZZxq msm` msweavbi KZwU mskvabx cvk nq? Di:1wU (mg mskvabx)| ck: Kvb wKvi `ywU msm` c~Y gqv` wKvii `vwqZ cvjb Kib? Di:kvgmyj `v Payix (3q I 4_ msm`)| ck: 3q I 4_ msm`i mgq evsjv`ki cwmWU K wQjb? Di:j: Rbv: mvBb gvnv` Gikv` (1983-90)| ck: PZz_ RvZxq msm` msweavbi KZwU mskvabx cvk nq? Di:3wU (8g, 9g I 10g)|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`ki BwZnvm ^Kvjxb msm` KvbwU? Di:6 msm`| ck: mg RvZxq msm` wbevPb AbywZ nq Ke? Di:1996 mvji 12 Ryb| ck: mg RvZxq msm` miKvi MVb Ki Kvb `j? Di:evsjv`k AvIqvgx jxM (146wU Avmb)| ck: mg RvZxq msm` wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM miKvi MVb Ki Ke? Di:1996 mvji 23 Ryb| ck: evsjv`ki BwZnvm c_g c~Y gqv`Kvjxb msm` KvbwU? Di:mg msm`| ck: mg msm` gvU Awaekb emwQj KZwU? Di:23wU (gvU Kvhw`em 382 w`b)| ck: mg msm` gvU KZwU wej cvk nq? Di:190wU| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb wKvi `vwqZcv Aevq gZzeiY Kib? Di:7g msm`i wKvi gvqyi ikx` Payix (2001 mvj)| ck: 7g RvZxq msm`i gqv` wQj KZ w`b? Di:4 eQi 10 gvm 27 w`b| ck: 7g RvZxq msm`i wejyw NU Ke? Di:13 RyjvB 2001| ck: XvKv wmwU Kcvikb GjvKvq RvZxq msm`i Avmb KZwU? Di:15wU| ck: 9g msm` evsjv`ki 1bs I 300bs Avmb KvbwU?

99

Di:h_vg cMo-1 I ev`ievb(cveZ ev`ievb)| ck: Ag RvZxq msm` Kvb msm` m`m wbRK wbR kc_ evK cvV Kivb? Di:Avyj nvwg` (wKvi wnme Ab`i cvV Kivbvi ga w`q wbRi kc_ evK cvV nq hvq)| ck: msm`xq cwZZ c`ghv`vi aviv gmg~n Kx? Di:1g ivcwZ, 2q cavbgx, 3q RvZxq msm`i wKvi, 4_ mveK ivcwZMY, 5g KwebU gx, weivax `ji bZv, wPd Bc, 6 cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi, mywcg KvUi Avwcj wefvMi wePvicwZMY, weivax `ji DcbZv, cwiKbv Kwgkbi Pqvigvb, 7g DcgxMY, wbevPb Kwgkbvi, nvBKvUi wePvicwZMY, 8g msm`i m`mMY, 9g KgbIqj_fy ivi iv`~ZMY, 10g we`kx wgkbi KzUbxwZMY| ck: G.wKD.Gg e`ivRv Payix evsjv`ki KZ Zg ivcwZ? Di:16Zg (wbevwPZ 7g)| ck: AavcK BqvRDwb Avng` evsjv`ki KZ Zg ivcwZ? Di:18Zg| ck: Lvj`v wRqv evsjv`ki KZ Zg mveK cavbgx? Di:v`k (12Zg)| ck: cavbgx eMg Lvj`v wRqv 2001 mvj evsjv`ki KZ b^i Avmb _K wbevwPZ Gg.wc?

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR * ivcwZ wKvii wbKU c`ZvM Kieb| * cavbgx ivcwZi wbKU c`ZvM Kieb| * ivcwZi Dci Av`vjZi Kvb GLwZqvi bB| * msm`xq cwZZ mevP c`ghv`vi AwaKvix ivcwZ| * msm`xq cwZZ `ki ivcavb cwmWU| * evsjv`ki ivxq Kvhg ivcwZi bvg cwiPvwjZ nq| * ivcwZ wbR h AvBb Rvwi Kib ZvK Aav`k ej| * msm` Awaekb Avnvb, f I wMZ Kivi gZv aygv ivcwZi| * ivcwZi wbKU Kvb wej ck Kivi 15 w`bi ga Zv cvk KiZ nq| * ivcwZ A_wej mwZ `vb wej^ KiZ cvieb bv| * ivcwZ msweavb 141K(2)K AbyQ` Abymvi Riix Aev cZvnvi Kib| * ivcwZ cavbgx Ges cavb wePvicwZi wbqvM GKZidvfveB KiZ cvib| * kvixwiK I gvbwmK Amg_i Kvib Ges msweavb jsNb ev iZi Am`vPiYi Kvib ivcwZi Awfksmb me| * ivcwZi AcmviY KiZ `yB-Z Zxqvsk msm` m`mi fvUi cqvRb| * evsjv`k miKvwi Kg Kwgkbi Pqvigvb I Abvb m`me`K ivcwZ wbqvM `b| * cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi I Abvb Kwgkbvi`i ivcwZ wbqvM `b| * wekwe`vjq mg~ni Pvji ivcwZ Ges fvBm-Pvji`i wZwb wbqvM `b| * wZb evwnbxi cavbK ivcwZ wbqvM `b|

Di:evsjv`k 41 (eov-6)| ck: eMg Lvj`v wRqvi msm` welqK Dc`v K wQjb? Di:mvjvnDwb Kv`i Payix| ck: 8g msm`i gx cwil` KZRb UKbvU gx wQjb? Di:4 Rb| ck: evsjv`ki KqwU Rjvq 1wU Ki Avmb AvQ? Di:3wU h_v : ivOvgvwU, ev`ievb I LvMovQwo| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb RjvZ msm`i Avmb ewk? Di:XvKv Rjvq (20wU) [c~e wQj PMvg-15wU]|

RvZxq msm` wbevPbi ZvwiL

AbywZ nq

wbe vPb c_g wZx q Z Zxq PZz_ cg l mg Ag beg

7 gvP, 1973 18 deqvwi, 1979 7 g, 1986 3 gvP, 1988 27 deqvwi, 1991 15 deqvwi 1996 12 Ryb, 1996 1 Avei, 2001 29 wWm^i, 2008

evsjv`k cwmWUi gZv

* msweavb Abyhvqx cwmWUi eqm 35 eQi nZ ne| * GK ew `yB gqv`Kvj evsjv`ki ivcwZ nZ cvieb| * ivcwZi gqv` 5 eQi|

evsjv`k welqvejx * evsjv`ki mk evwnbxi mevwabvqK/mywcg Kgvvi ivcwZ| * ivcwZi mwPevjqi cavb gyL mwPe| * wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkbi m`mqi wbqvM `b ivcwZ| * RvZxq msm`i wKvii kc_ evK cvV Kivb ivcwZ| * h Kvb Acivax ewK ivcwZ gv c`kb KiZ cvib| * `ki wewfb cwZKj Aevi ga wZwb Riix Aev NvlYv KiZ cvib| * evsjv`k ZeavqK miKvii cavb Dc`v I m`m`i wZwb kc_ evK cvV Kivb| * ZeavqK miKvii cavb Dc`vi iYveY Kib ivcwZ * evsjv`k iW wmU mvmvBwU I evsjv`k vDUi cavb ivcwZ| (7) wePvicwZ G.Gm.Gg mvqg (8) j. Rbvij wRqvDi ingvb (9) wePvicwZ Avym mvvi (Avqx) (10) wePvicwZ Avym mvvi (11) wePvicwZ G.Gd.Gg Avnmvb Dwb Payix (12) j. R. mvBb gvnv` Gikv` (13) wePvicwZ kvneyxb Avng` (14) Avyi ingvb wekvm (15) wePvicwZ kvneyxb Avng` (16) G.wKD.Gg e`ivRv Payix (17) evwivi Rwgi Dwb miKvi (Avqx) (18) AavcK BqvRDwb Avng` (19) gvt wRjyi ingvb

101 1/75 06/11/7 521/1 1/77 21/04/7 730/0 5/81 30/05/8 119/1 1/81 20/11/8 123/0 3/82 24/03/8 210/1 2/83 10/12/8 306/1 2/90 06/12/9 009/1 0/91 09/10/9 109/1 0/96 09/11/9 614/1 1/01 14/11/0 121/0 6/02 21/06/0 206/0 9/02 06/09/0 212/0 2/09 12/02/0 9 eZgv b

cwmWUi bvgi ZvwjKv

bvg (1) kL gywReyi ingvb (2) mq` bRij Bmjvg (fvicv) (3) wePvicwZ Avey mvC` Payix (4) gvnv` Djvn (5) kL gywReyi ingvb (6) L`Kvi gv vK Avn` gqv`K vj 17/04/7 112/0 1/72 17/04/7 109/0 1/72 12/01/7 224/1 2/73 24/12/7 325/0 1/75 25/01/7 515/0 8/75 16/08/7 506/1

ck: evsjv`k cZ wbevPbi gvag KZevi

cwmWU wbevPb

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: gvnv` Djvn nvdw Ryi (LjvdZ Av`vjb)| ck: evsjv`k KZevi MYfvU AbywZ nq? Di:wZbevi (`yBevi ckvmwbK I GKevi mvsweavwbK)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g ckvmwbK MYfvU AbywZ nq Ke? Di:30 g, 1977| ck: c_g ckvmwbK MYfvUi KviY Kx? Di:cwmWU wRqvDi ingvbi kvmb Kvhi eaZv `vb (nuv fvU 98.80 fvM)| ck: wZxq ckvmwbK MYfvU AbywZ nq Ke? Di:1 gvP, 1985| ck: wZxq ckvmwbK MYfvUi KviY Kx? Di:j. R. G,GBP,Gg Gikv`i mg_b hvPvBqi j| ck: ZZxq mvsweavwbK MYfvU AbywZ nq Ke? Di:15 m^i, 1991| ck: ZZxq mvsweavwbK MYfvUi Kvib Kx? Di:mvsweavbi v`k mskvabx AvBb cvei Rb (nuv fvU 84.38 fvM)|

ivcwZ wbevPb AbywZ nq| Di: 3 evi (1978, 1981 I 1986)| ck: c_g ivcwZ wbevPb (cZ) nq Ke? Di: 3 Ryb 1978| ck: c_g ivcwZ wbevPb gvU cv_x KZ Rb wQj? Di: 10 Rb| ck: c_g ivcwZ wbevPb cwZx K wQjb? Di: Gg.G.wR Imgvbx (MYZvwK HKRvU)| ck: c_g ivcwZ K wbevwPZ nb? Di: j. R. wRqvDi ingvb (RvZxqZvev`x dU) ck: wZxq ivcwZ wbevPb AbywZ nq Ke? Di: 15 bf^i, 1981| ck: wZxq cwmWU wbevPb K cwmWU wbevwPZ nb? Di: wePvicwZ Avym mvvi (we.Gb.wc)| ck: wZxq cwmWU wbevPb K cwZx wQjb? Di: W. Kvgvj nvmb (AvIqvgx jxM)| ck: ZZxq cwmWU wbevPb Ke AbywZ nq? Di: 15 Avei, 1986| ck: ZZxq cwmWU wbevPb K cwmWU wbevwPZ nb? Di: j.R.GBP.Gg. Gikv` (RvZxq cvwU)| ck: ZZxq cwmWU wbevPb K cwZx wQjb?

evsjv`ki MYfvU

evsjv`ki cavbgxMY
bvg

(1) ZvRDwb Avng` (2) kL gywReyi ingvb

gqv`K vj 10/04/7 112/01 /72 12/01/7 225/01 /75

evsjv`k welqvejx (3) Kvb gbmyi Avjx (4) gwkDi ingvb (h`y wgqv) (5) kvn AvwRRyi ingvb (6) AvZvDi ingvb (7) wgRvbyi ingvb Payix (8) evwivi gI`y` Avng` (9) KvRx Rvdi Avng` (10) eMg Lvj`v wRqv (11) kL nvwmbv (12) eMg Lvj`v wRqv (13) kL nvwmbv 25/01/7 515/08 /75 05/04/7 923/03 /82 30/03/8 415/01 /85 09/07/8 627/03 /88 27/03/8 812/08 /89 12/08/8 906/12 /90 20/03/9 130/03 /96 23/06/9 615/07 /2001 10/10/2 00129/ 10/2006 06/01/2 009eZ gvb

103

ck: ZveavqK miKvii Aaxb evsjv`k 1g wbevPb nq Ke? Di: 27 deqvwi 1991| ck: 199091 mvj ZveavqK miKvii cavb Dc`v wQjb K? Di: Avqx ivcwZ wePvicwZ kvnveyxb Avng`| ck: ZveavqK miKvi 6 RvZxq msm` MnxZ nq Ke? Di: 27 gvP 1996 (ivcwZi Abygv`b jvf 28 gvP 1996)|

ZveavqK miKvi

ck: evsjv`k msweavbi KZ bs AbyQ` ZveavqK miKvii MVb cKwZ I Kvhvejx ewYZ AvQ| Di: 58(L), (M) I (N) bs AbyQ`| ck: ZveavqK miKvi KZRbi mg^q MwVZ ne? Di: cavb Dc`v Ges Aci `kRb Dc`vi mg^q? ck: wb`jxq ZveavqK miKvi h_fve Kvi KvQ `vqx _vKeb? Di: ivcwZi KvQ| ck: Dc`vMYi wbqvM `vb Kieb K? Di: ivcwZ cavb Dc`vi civgk Abyhvqx wbqvM `eb| ck: cavb Dc`v ev Abvb Dc`vMY Kvi KvQ c`ZvM Kieb? Di: ivcwZi KvQ| ck: cavb Dc`v Ges Abvb Dc`vMYi c`ghv`v Kx? Di: cavb Dc`v cavbgxi Ges Abvb Dc`vMY gxi c`ghv`vi myhvM myweav jvf Kieb| ck: wb`jxq ZveavqK miKvi wejy nq KLb? Di: bZzb msm`i cavbgxi `vwqZ MnYi mv_ mv_B| ck: ZveavqK miKvii cavb Dc`vi eqm KZ ne? Di: mevwaK 72 eQi (72 eQii AwaK eq neb bv)| ck: ZveavqK miKvii cavb Dc`vi miKvwi evmfeb KvbwU? Di: ivxq AwZw_ feb hgybv|

104

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR wbevPb AbywZ nq : 29 wWm^i 2008 gvU msm`xq Avmb : 300 wU gvU wbevPb AbywZ nq : 299wU (bvqvLvjx-1 Avmb ev`)| gvU fvUvi : 8,10,58,698 Rb (bvix fvUvi 4,12,36,149 Rb I cyil fvUvi 3,98,22,549 Rb)| wbevPbi weklZ : Qwemn fvUvi ZvwjKv I AvBwW KvW c_g evii gZ ^Q evjU ev Ges c_g bv fvU| bZzb fvUvi : 1,70,00,000 Rb (gvU fvUvii 31%) AskMnYKvix ivRbwZK `j : 38 wU| gvU cv_x : 1,555 Rb (cyil 1495 Rb Ges bvix 60 Rb)| ^Z bvix cv_x : 8 Rb| GKvwaK Avmb bvix cv_x : eMg Lvj`v wRqv I kL nvwmbv 3wU Avmb Ges iIkb Gikv` 2wU Avmb| mevwaK cv_xi Avmb : XvKv-5 Avmb, gvU cv_x 16 Rb| Kg cv_xi Avmb : 9wU, 2 Rb Ki| mePq eo Avmb : XvKv-19 (gvU fvUvi 6,02,386 Rb| z`Zg Avmb : SvjKvwV-1 (gvU fvUvi 1,37,092 Rb| gvU cheK : cvq wZb jvL| cheK msv : 138wU| gvU fvU K` : 35,216 wU| gvU evRU : 181 KvwU UvKv| fvU K`wfwK Mo fvUvi : 2,302 Rb| wbevPbi `vwqZ wbqvwRZ Rbej : 10,78,914 Rb| fvU MnY KgKZv : 5,66,537 wcRvBwWs Awdmvi : 35,216 Rb| mnKvix wcRvBwWs Awdmvi : 1,77,107 Rb| AvBb kLjv ivq wbqvwRZ m`m : 40 nvRvi mbv m`mmn cywjk, Avbmvi, wfwWwc, wewWAvi, ive I

ck: cavb Dc`v wePvicwZ jwZdzi ingvb Ke kc_ MnY Kib? Di: 15 RyjvB 2001| ck: cici `ywU ZveavqK miKvii (1996 I 2001 mvji) K GKB gYvjqi `vwqZ cvjb Kib? Di: mq` BkwZqvK Avng` (AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gYvjq)| ck: cyYMwVZ ZveavqK miKvi 2007 mvji gwnjv Dc`v K? Di: eMg MxwZ Aviv mvwdqv Payix (wk, e, cvU, mgvR KjvY Ges gwnjv I wk gYvjq)| ck: 2007 mvj AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK Ges ciiv I cevmx KjvY gYvjqi `vwqZ wQjb K K? Di: h_vg evwivi gCbyj nvmb Ges W. BdZLvi Avng` Payix|

wbe v Pb c_ g wZ xq Z Zxq PZz_

ZveavqK miKvii wbevPb

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wePvicw Z mvnvey xb Avng` wePvicw Z nvweeyi ingvb wePvicw Z jwZdzi ingvb W. dLixb Avng`

9g RvZxq msm` wbevPbi msw Z_

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105

weGbwc-3 Rb, RvZxq cvwUi1 Rb)| Avmb Abyhvqx mevP fvU c`vb : ivRkvnx-5 Avmb (94.89%)| gnvRvUi cv fvU : 55%| Pvi `jxq RvUi cv fvU : 37%| miKvi MVb Ki : gnvRvU| 9g RvZxq msm`i msiwZ bvix Avmb 45 Rb webv cwZxZvq wbevwPZ nq : 19 gvP 2009 9g RvZxq msm`i 6wU Avmb Dc-wbevPb AbywZ nq : 2 Gwcj 2009| ck: beg RvZxq msm` wbevPb weRqx nq Kvb `j? Di:gnvRvU, 262 wU Avmb| ck: beg RvZxq msm` wbevPb wbevwPZ msm` m`mMY Ke kc_ MnY Kib? Di:3 Rvbyqvwi-2009| ck: beg msm` bZzb gx cwil` kc_ MnY Ki Ke? Di:6 Rvbyqvwi 2009| ck: bZzb gx cwil` MwVZ KZ m`m wewk? Di:38 m`m wewk (gx 24 Rb cavbgxmn, cwZgx 14 Rb)| ck: beg RvZxq msm` UKbvU gx KZ Rb? Di: 3Rb, AvBb I msm` welqK gx evwivi kwdK Avng`, wkgx w`jxc eo qv, wevb Ges Z_ hvMvhvM chyw cwZgx Iqvdm Imgvb| ck: bZzb gx cwil` gwnjv gx KZRb? Di: 5 Rb (bZzb gx cwil` bZzb gyL 32 Rb) ck: kL nvwmbv 13Zg cavbgx wnme kc_ MnY Kib Ke? Di:6 Rvbyqvwi 2009|

beg RvZxq msm`

106

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17/04/197109/01/19 72 13/01/197225/01/19 75 25/01/197515/08/19 75 15/08/197502/11/19 75 03/11/197506/11/19 75 06/11/197521/04/19 77 21/04/197730/05/19 81 31/05/198123/02/19 82 24/02/198211/01/19 84 11/01/198405/12/19 90 06/12/199008/10/19 91 09/10/199130/03/19 96 30/03/199623/06/19 96 23/06/199615/07/20 01 15/07/200110/10/20 01 10/10/200130/10/20 06 30/10/200611/07/20 07 12/01/200706/01/20 09 06/01/2009 eZgvb WcywU wKvi

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109

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evsjv`k wbevPb Kwgkb

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110

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

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111

ck: Avcxj wefvMi KZRb wePvicwZ _vKb? Di:11Rb (c~e wQj 7Rb)| ck: nvBKvU wefvM KZ Rb wePvicwZ _vKb? Di:34 Rb| ck: mywcg KvUi nvBKvU wefvMi e KZwU? Di:48wU (Rvbyt- 2010 ch)| ck: nvBKvU wefvMi vqx AvmbwU Kv_vq AewZ? Di:XvKvq| ck: cvwievwiK Av`vjZ AwWbv KZ mvj Rvwi nq? Di:1985 mvj| ck: evsjv`ki BwZnvm DPZg Av`vjZi c_g gwnjv wePvicwZ K? Di:bvRgyb Aviv myjZvbv (mt- 2009 ch gvU bvix wePvi cwZ 6 Rb)| ck: eZgvb wePvi wefvM KZwU ckvmwbK UvBeybvj AvQ? Di:2wU ck: ckvmwbK UvBeybvji cavb Kvb chvqi KgKZv? Di:Rjv RR chvqi| ck: Rjv Av`vjZjv Kx gvgjv cwiPvjbv Ki? Di:`Iqvwb I dR`vwi gvgjv| ck: Aab Av`vjZi bvg Kx? Di:Rjv RR Av`vjZ| ck: Rjv RR Av`vjZi cavb wePvicwZ K? Di:Rjv RR| ck: Rjv RR hLb dR`vwi gvgjv cwiPvjbv Kib ZLb ZvK Kx ejv nq? Di:`vqiv RR|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR (1) Avey mv`vZ gvnv` mvqg (2) mq` Gwe gvngy` nvmb (3) Kvgvj Dwb nvmb (4) Gd.K.Gg Avyj gybxg (5) e`ij nvq`vi Payix (6) kvneywb Avng` (7) gvnv` nvweeyi ingvb (8) G.wU.Gg. AvdRvj (9) gydv Kvgvj (10) jwZdzi ingvb (11) gvngy`yj Avwgb Payix (12) gvBbyi iRv Payix (13) L`Kvi gvngy`yi ingvb (14) mq` R.Avi. gy`vwQi nvmb (15) gvt ij Avwgb (16) Gg.Gg. ij Avwgb 16/01/197 205/11/ 4975 18/11/497 531/01/ 1978 01/02/197 812/04/ 1982 13/04/198 230/11/ 1989 01/12/198 931/12/ 1989 14/01/199 001/02/ 1995 01/02/199 530/04/ 1995 01/05/199 501/06/ 1999 01/06/199 931/12/ 1999 01/01/200 028/02/ 2001 28/02/200 118/06/ 2002 18/06/200 222/06/ 2003 23/06/200 326/01/ 2004 27/01/200 428/02/ 2007 01/03/200 731/05/ 2008 01/06/200 822/12/ 2009

ck: Kvb Kvb Av`vjZ _K Rjv RRi Av`vjZ Avwcj Kiv hvq? Di:mve RR I gyd Av`vjZ| ck: `ki mewbg Av`vjZ KvbwU? Di:cjx Av`vjZ ev Mvg Av`vjZ| ck: cjx Av`vjZi m`m KZRb I K K? Di:5 Rb h_v: BDwbqb cwil`i Pqvigvb Ges `yci `yRb Ki wbq (Dfqc 1Rb g^i) cjx Av`vjZ MwVZ| ck: wKkvi Av`vjZ Kv_vq AewZ? Di:Ux, MvRxcyi| ck: wbg Av`vjZi ckvmwbK KvVvgv wKic? Di:Rjv RR (mkb RR/`vqiv RRAwZwi Rjv RRhyM Rjv RRwmwbqi mnKvix RRmnKvix RR)| ck: evsjv`ki eZgvb cavb wePvicwZ K? Di:gvnv` dRjyj Kwig| ck: evsjv`ki wbevnx wefvM _K wePvi wefvM ^vaxb nq Ke? Di:1 bf^i 2007 ck: wbevnx wefvM _K wePvi wefvM c_KxKiY gvgjv Kib K? Di:gvR`vi nvmb| ck: ^vaxb wePvi wefvMi Rb c_K mwPevjq nQ Kv_vq? Di:mywcg KvUi Aaxb| ck: wZb cveZ Rjv ivOvgvwU, ev`ieb I LvMovQwoZ Rjv I `vqiv RR Pvjy nq Ke? Di:1 RyjvB 2008|

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113

ck: fviZxq Dcgnv`k c_g miKvwi Kg Kwgkb cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1926 mvj| ck: P.S.C. (wc.Gm.wm) Gi c~Yic Kx? Di: Public Service Commission. ck: B.C.S (we.wm.Gm) Gi c~Yic Kx? Di: Bangladesh Civil Service (evsjv`k Kg Kwgkb)| ck: evsjv`k miKvwi c_g I wZxq KgKwgkb KLb MVb Kiv nq? Di: 1972 mvji 9g| ck: miKvwi Kg Kwgkbi cavbi c`ex Kx? Di: Pqvigvb| ck: miKvwi Kg Kwgkb Kx aibi cwZvb? Di: GKwU mvsweavwbK, ^vaxb I ^Z cwZvb| ck: evsjv`k miKvwi Kg Kwgkbi (wc.Gm.wm) c_g Pqvigvb K? Di: W. G.wKD.Gg eRjyj Kwig| ck: RywWwkqvj mvwfm Kwgkb MVb c~e mnKvix RR wbqvM KiZ Kvb cwZvb? Di: wc.Gm.wm| ck: evsjv`k msweavbi KZ b^i AbyQ` Abyhvqx miKvwi Kg Kwgkb MwVZ? Di: 137 bs AbyQ`|

evsjv`k miKvwi Kg Kwgkb

ck: miKvwi Kg Kwgkb Pqvigvb Qvov Avi K K _vKb? Di: KqKRb m`m, mwPe I Abvb Awdm mnKvix| ck: Kwgkbi m`mMYi ghv`v Kv`i mgvb? Di: mywcg KvUi wePvicwZ`i mgvb| ck: evsjv`k wmwfj mvwfmi (BCS) KvWvi KZwU? Di: 29wU (eZgvb KvWvi 28wU)| ck: Kvb KvWviK RywWwkqvj mvwfmi KvQ b Ki? Di: wewmGm wePvi wefvM| ck: Pqvigvb I m`me`K K wbqvM `vb Kib? Di: ivcwZ| ck: Kg Kwgkbi Pqvigvb I m`mMY Kxfve AcmvwiZ nb? Di: ivcwZi KvQ c`ZvMc ck Ki wK^v ivcwZ KZK AcmviYi Av`k Rvwii gvag (DjL ivcwZ mivmwi Zv`i AcmviY KiZ cvib bv)| ck: Pqvigvb I m`m`i mgqmxgv KZ? Di: `vwqZ MnYi ZvwiL nBZ cieZx 5 eQi A_ev 65 eQi c~Y nIqv ch ev G `yqi ga hwU AvM c~Y ne mwU KvhKi ne)| ck: evsjv`k miKvwi Kg Kwgkb eZgvb Kvb gYvjqi Aaxb? Di: msvcb gYvjq| ck: Kg Kwgkb AvM Kvb gYvjq wQj? Di: cwmWU mwPevjq| ck: evsjv`k miKvwi Kg Kwgkbi AvwjK Awdm Kv_vq? Di: PMvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, ewikvj I wmjU|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb Ke MwVZ nq? Di: 15 deqvwi 1973| ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb KZ m`m wewk MwVZ? Di: 3 m`m wewk| ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb Kq aibi m`m wbq MwVZ? Di: `yB aibi h_v : c~eKvjxb m`m GKRb Pqvigvb Ges `yBRb m`m miKvi KZK wbhy neb| ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkbi eZgvb Pqvigvb K? Di: AavcK bRij Bmjvg| ck: AavcK bRij Bmjvg Kvi jvwfwl nb? Di: W. Gg. Avmv`yvgvbi| ck: wekwe`vjqmg~n wbqb Kib K? Di: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb| ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb Kvb aibi cwZvb? Di: ^-kvwmZ cwZvb ck: wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkbi KvR Kx? Di: wekwe`vjqi wkvi Pvwn`v wbicY I DP wkvi Dbqbi j mywbw` cwiKbv cYqb, wekwe`vjqmg~ni mvweK iYveY Ges Dbqb g~jK Kvhg g~jvqb|

ck: evsjv`k miKvwi Kg Kwgkbi c_g gwnjv Pqvigvb K? Di: AavwcKv wRbvZzb bmv Zvnwg`v eMg (9g)| ck: wewmGm (ckvmb) KvWvii avivevwnK i webvm wKic? Di:wbg c` nj: mwePvjq gvV ckvmb ckvmb mwPe wefvMxq Kwgkbvi AwZwi AwZwi mwPe wefvMxq Kwgkbvi hyM mwPe Rjv ckvmK DcmwPe AwZwi Rjv ckvmK wmwbqi DcRjv/_vbv mnKvix wbevnx mwPe KgKZv mnKvix mnKvix mwPe Kwgkbvi evsjv`k miKvwi Kg Kwgkbi Pqvigvbe` (1) W. G.wKD.Gg eRjyj Kwig (2) Gg gCbyj Bmjvg (3) Gg.gC`yj Bmjvg (4) dqR Dwb Avng` (5) Gg.Gg. Avj nvmvqbx (6) AavcK W. BqvRDwb Avng` (7) gv. Avwgb wgqv Payix (fvicv) (8) Gm.Gg.G dvqR (9) cdmi W. gvt gvdv Payix (10) W. wRbvZzbmv Zvnwg`v eMg (11) W. mv`vZ mvBb (09/05/07 _KeZgvb)

wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb

ck: cvK-fviZ Dcgnv`ki c_g `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb KvbwU? Di:evsjv`k `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb|

^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb Kvb gYvjqi Aaxb? Di:cavbgxi mwPevjqi Aaxb (eZgvb GwU ^vaxb msv)| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkbi Kvhvjq Kv_vq? Di:mb evwMPv, XvKv| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkbi gqv`Kvj KZ eQi? Di:4 eQi| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb AvBb RvZxq msm` cvk nq Ke? Di:17 deqvwi 2004| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb MwVZ nq Ke? Di:21 bf^i 2004| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb wKmi cwieZ MwVZ nq? Di:`ybxwZ `gb eyivi| ck: `ybxwZ `gb eyiv wejy nq Ke? Di:21 bf^i 2004| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkbi cavbi c`ex Kx? Di:Pqvigvb| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb KZ m`m wewk? Di:3 m`m wewk (1Rb Pqvigvb I 2Rb m`m)| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkbi c`ghv`v Kx? Di:nvBKvUi wePvicwZi mgvb (mvsweavwbK c`)| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkbi wZxq Pqvigvb K? Di:j. R. (Ae:) nvmvb gk` Payix| ck: nvmvb gk` Payixi AvM Pqvigvb wQjb K?

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Di:wePvicwZ myjZvb nvmb Lvb| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkbi Aaxb c_g gvgjv nq Kv_vq? Di:ewikvj| ck: ^vaxb `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkbi eZgvb Z_v ZZxq Pqvigvb K? Di:Mvjvg ingvb (24 Ryb2009 _K)| ck: eZgvb `y`K Pqvigvb c~e Kvb c` AwawZ wQjb? Di:mveK mwPe Ges GbvwR ijUwi Kwgkbi Pqvigvb| 1| AvBb Kwgkbi KvR me`v mKj AvBb weePbvq iL wewfb AvBb msvi Kgm~Px| 2| AvBb Kwgkb cwZwZ nq RvZxq msm` cYxZ AvBb ej ^vaxb cwZvb wnme| 3| Ugvm evwisUb gKji mfvcwZZ AvBb Kwgkb (1834 mvj) fviZxq Dcgnv`ki c_g AvBb Kwgkb| 4| 1958 mvji Gm.G. ingvbi AvBb msvi KwgkbB cvwKvb Avgji c_g AvBb Kwgkb| 5| 1967 mvji wePvicwZ nvwg`yi ingvb AvBb msvi KwgkbB cvwK vbi 2q AvBb Kwgkb| 6| 1974 mvji wePvicwZ Kvgvj Dwb nvmbi mfvcwZZ AvBb msvi Kwgkb-B evsjv`ki c_g AvBb Kwgkb (wekl gZv AvBb 1974 mvj cvk nq)| 7| 1979 mvj wePvicwZ AvjZvd nvmbi mfvcwZZ MwVZ AvBb msvi KwgkbB evsjv`ki wZxq AvBb Kwgkb|

AvBb Kwgkb

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR 11| evsjv`k cigvYy kw Kwgkbi c~e bvg evsjv`k AvYweK kw Kwgkb| 12| evsjv`k cigvYy kw Kwgkb XvKv wekwe`vjq evsjv GKvWwgi cvk AewZ| 13| evsjv`k cigvYy kw Kwgkbi Dk evsjv`k cigvYy kwi kvwc~Y I evwbK eenvi Ges cvigvYweK wPwKrmvi wPwKrmK`i mnhvwMZv Kiv| 14| 2 Ryb 2008 be MwVZ miKvwi GUwb Awa`ii c_g gnvcwiPvjKi bvg BmgvBj nvmb|

8| 1990 mvj evwivi Avdmivij nvmbi ZZxq ^ gqv`x AvBb Kwgkb MwVZ nq| 9| 1996 mvj Gg.K. gywbgi mfvcwZZ PZz_ AvBb Kwgkb MwVZ nq| 10| wZb m`m wewk AvBb Kwgkbi Pqvigvb I m`m`i gqv` 3 eQi (1996 mvji AvBb Kwgkb)| 11| evsjv`ki we`gvb AvBb wbq cKvwkZ MwUi bvg evsjv`ki KvW (38 L cKvwkZ AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gYvjq I KvbvWv miKvii Avw_K mnvqZvq)| 1| RywWwkqvj mvwfm Kwgkbi KvR mnKvix RR wbqvM Kiv| 2| RywWwkqvj mvwfm Kwgkb 11 m`m wewk (c~e wQj 7 Rb)| 3| evsjv`k AvbweK kw Kwgkb MVb nq 1973 mvj| 4| wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb MwVZ nq 15 deqvwi 1973| 5| cvBfUvBRkb evW MwVZ nq 1993 mvj| 6| 1991 mvji evsjv`k gyevRvi A_bxwZ MnY Kij 1993 mvj GKwU wewae msv wnme cvBfUvBRkbi m`i`i XvKvq| 7| cvBfUvBRkbi m`i`i XvKvq| 8| cvBfUvBRkb Kwgkb cavbgxi Kvhvjqi Aaxb| 9| Uvwid Kwgkb AvBb-1992 Gi gvag Uvwid Kwgkb MwVZ nq| 10| RywWwkqvj mvwfm Kwgkb MwVZ nq 25 deqvwi 2004 (c~Yv mwPevjq MwVZ 10 Rvbyt 2007)|

wewea Kwgkb

evsjv`k welqvejx

117

cavbgx
kL nvwmbv

beMwVZ gxcwil`
: gwcwil` wefvM, msvcb, Rvjvbx I we`yr, ag, Mnvqb I MYc~Z, gwnjv I wk, cwZiv I mk evwnbx wefvM|

gYvjq

gx

Aveyj gvj Avyj gywnZ (wmjU-1) : A_ gYvjq gwZqv Payix (kicyi-2) : Kwl gYvjq Avyj jwZd wmwK (UvvBj-4) : e I cvU gYvjq evwivi kwdK Avng` (UKbv-Kzwgjv) : AvBb, wePvi I msm`welqK gYvjq Gqvi fvBm gvkvj (Ae:) G.K. L`Kvi (cvebv-2) : cwiKbv gYvjq ivwRDwb Avng` ivRy (biwms`x-5) : WvK I UwjhvMvhvM gYvjq AvWfvKU mvnviv LvZzb (XvKv-18) : ^iv gYvjq mq` Avkivdzi Bmjvg (wKkviM-1) : vbxq miKvi, cjx Dbqb I mgevq gYvjq L`Kvi gvkviid nvmb (dwi`cyi-3) : kg I Kgmsvb Ges cevmx KjvY I e`wkK Kgmsvb gYvjq iRvDj Kwig wniv (Rvgvjcyi-5) : f~wg gYvjq Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` (Rvgvjcyi-1) : Z_ I mswZ welqK gYvjq Gbvgyj nK gvdv knx` (nweM-4) : mgvRKjvY gYvjq w`jxc eoqv (UKbv-PMvg) : wk gYvjq igk P` mb (VvKziMuvI-1) : cvwb m` gYvjq wR.Gg. Kv`i (jvjgwbinvU-3) : emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj I chUb gYvjq j. Kbj (Ae:) dviK Lvb (MvcvjM-1) : evwYR gYvjq mq` Aveyj nvmb (gv`vixcyi-3) : hvMvhvM gYvjq W. Ave`yi ivvK (UvvBj-1) : Lv` I `yhvM eevcbv gYvjq gvt kvnRvnvb Lvb (gv`vixcyi-1) : b cwienb gYvjq W. Av d g ij nK (mvZxiv-3) : ^v I cwievi KjvY gYvjq W. `xcy gwb (Puv`cyi-3) : ciiv gYvjq byij Bmjvg bvwn` (wmjU-6) : wkv I MYwkv gYvjq Avyj jwZd wekvm (wmivRM-5) : grm I c m` gYvjq Wv. Avdmvij Avgxb (PMvg-9) : cv_wgK I MYwkv gYvjq

gYvjq

cwZgx

W. nvmvb gvngy` : eb I cwiek gYvjq Kvb (Ae:) G we Gg ZvRyj Bmjvg : gywhy welqK gYvjq I ciiv welqK gYvjq eMg gybyRvb mywdqvb : kg I Kgmsvb gYvjq `xci ZvjyK`vi : cveZ PMvg welqK gYvjq Avnv` Avjx miKvi : hyK I xov gYvjq GvWt kvgmyj nK (UzKz) : ^iv gYvjq Bqvmd Imgvb : wevb Ges Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw gYvjq

gYvjq

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

GvWt gvt kvnRvnvb wgqv GvWt Avyj gvbvb Lvb GvWt Kvgij Bmjvg

: ag welqK gYvjq : Mnvqb I MYc~Y gYvjq : AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gYvjq we. R. (Ae:) Gbvgyj nK : we`yr, Rvjvwb I LwbR m` gYvjq Rvnvxi Kwei bvbK : vbxq miKvi cjx Dbqb I mgevq gYvjq gvt gvZvnvi nvmb : cv_wgK I MYwkv gYvjq AvWfvKU gvvwdRyi ingvb wdRvi : f~wg welqK gYvjq gvneyeyi ingvb : cvwb m` gYvjq AvWfvKU cgv` gvbwKb : mswZ welhK gYvjq W. wkwib kviwgb Payix (msiwZ bvix Avmb) : gwnjv I wk welqK gYvjq Kvb (Ae:) gwReyi ingvb dwKi : ^v I cwievi KjvY gYvjq

evsjv`k welqvejx

119

cywjk cwkY BbwwUDU, cywjk nvmcvZvj, dvqvi mvwfm I wmwfj wWd| 1| mveK gxcwil` mwPe 4| cwZiv gYvjq : GBP wU Bgvg (^iv I cwZiv wefvM, AvenvIqv msvcb) Awa`i| 2| mveK mwPe W. gwkDi 5| ciiv gYvjq : evsjv`k ingvb (A_) K~UbwZK wgkb, ivxq 3| RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjqi AwZw_ feb, evsjv`k Av RvwZK I KkjMZ mgxv mveK DcvPvh W. BbwwUDU| AvjvDwb Avng` (wkv) 4| wewk Pz wPwKrmK Wv. 6| msvcb gYvjq : msvcb, evsjv`k miKvwi Kg gv`vQi Avjx (^v Ges Kwgkb mwPevjq, mgvRKjvY) wewmGm (ckvmb) 5| mveK mvgwiK KgKZv GKvWwg, jvK ckvmb gRi Rbvij ZvwiK Avng` cwkY K`| wmwK (wbivcv welqK) 7| AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK 6| mveK mwPe W. ZwdKgYvjq : RvZxq msm` B-Gjvnx Pvayix (we`yr mwPevjq, evsjv`k mywcg KvU, wbeb Rvjvwb I LwbR m`) cwi`i, Rjv RR Av`vjZ, 7| W. MIni wiRfx (ciiv) wefvMxq kvj RR evsjv`ki wewfb Av`vjZ, ckvmwbK UvBeybvj| gYvjq I Zvi 8| A_ gYvjq : A_ wefvM, AfixY m` wefvM, wefvMmg~n A_bwZK mK 1| ivcwZi mwPevjq : wefvM| cvewjK wefvM, wbR^ 9| Kwl gYvjq : Kwl wefvM| mcmviY Awa`i, avb 2| cavbgxi mwPevjq : MelYv BbwwUDU, Kwl gxcwil` wefvM, wekl MelYv BbwwUDU, cvU mK wefvM, MelYv BbwwUDU, Bz mk evwnbx wefvM, MelYv BbwwUDU, wbevPb Kwgkb gwKv MelYv mwPevjq, wewbqvM BbwwUDU, Zzjv Dbqb evW, `ybxwZ `gb evW, Bcmv, AvYweK Kwgkb, GbwRI welqK Kwl MelYv BbwwUDU| eyiv, wekl wbivcv 10| vbxq miKvi, cjx Dbqb I evwnbx, ecRv, RvZxq mgevq wefvM : vbxq wbivcv Mvq`v msv miKvi cKkjx Awa`i, Ges cvBfUvBRkb Rb^v cKkj, vbxq Kwgkb| miKvi, vbxq miKvi welqK 3| ^iv gYvjq : cywjk RvZxq BbwwUDU| Awa`i, evsjv`k ivBdjm, 11| wkv gYvjq : gvawgK I Avbmvi I Mvg cwZiv DP gvawgK wkv Awa`i, gv`K`e wbqb Awa`i, wekwe`vjq gyix Awa`i, Mvq`v cywjk, Kwgkb, KvwiMwi wkv

cavbgxi Dc`vMY

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Awa`i, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, gv`vmv wkv evW, RvZxq wkv eevcbv BbwwUDU| Z_ gYvjq : RvZxq mcPvi KZc, Z_ Awa`i, wcAvBwW, PjwP I cKvkbv Awa`i, gYvjq Aaxb wefvM| Awa`i, evmm, cm KvDwj, cm Bb, PjwP AvKvBf, PjwP mi evW| wkv gYvjq : z` I KzwUi wk Kcvikb, BvZ I cKkj Kcvikb, evsjv`k gvb wbqY I K`xq cixvMvi, imvqb wk Kcvikb, UWgvK iwRt eqjvi cwi`kb Awa`i| ^v I cwievi KjvY gYvjq : ^v Awa`i, cwievi cwiKbv Awa`i, Ilya ckvmb cwi`i, vZKvi wPwKrmv I MelYv BbwwUDU, eevwa BbwwUDU, Pz wPwKrmv BbwwUDU, mev cwi`i, Rb^v BbwwUDU, `ivM BbwwUDU, cy nvmcvZvj| hvMvhvM wefvM : moK I ijc_ wefvM| evwYR gYvjq : evsjv`k evwYR Kcvikb ivwb Dbqb eyiv, exgv Awa`i, we`yr Rvjvwb I LwbR m` gYvjq : we`yr Dbqb evW, cjx we`yZvqb evW, LwbR m` Dbqb eyiv, evsjv`k Mvm wd, wZZvm, cUvwjqvg Kcvikb| 18| cwiek I eb gYvjq : cwiek Awa`i, eb Awa`i, eb MelYv BbwwUDU, ebwe`v cwZvb| 19| wevb Ges Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw gYvjq : RvZxq wevb I chyw hv`yNi, evsjv`k cigvYy kw Kwgkb, evsjv`k KgwcDUvi KvDwj| 20| cvU I e gYvjq : cvV Awa`i, cvU cY cwi`kb Awa`i, e Awa`i, evsjv`k ZuvZ evW, evsjv`k ikg evW, evsjv`k e wk Kcvikb| 21| mgvR KjvY gYvjq : mgvR mev Awa`i, evsjv`k RvZxq mgvR KjvY cwil`| 22| grm I c m` gYvjq : grm Awa`i, c m` Awa`i, Mevw` c MelYv cwZvb| 23| f~wg gYvjq : f~wg msvi evW, f~wg iKW Awa`i, f~wg ckvmb cwkY Kgm~Px| 24| cvwb m` gYvjq : evsjv`k cvwb Dbqb evW, b`x MelYv BbwwUDU, h_ b`x Kwgkb| 25| WvK I UwjhvMvhvM gYvjq : WvK Awa`i, evsjv`k Zvi I Uwjdvb evW, Uwjdvb wk msv| 26| cwiKbv gYvjq : cwiKbv I Dbqb GKvWwg, Av_mvgvwRK AeKvVvgv I Kvhg wefvM, fZ AeKvVvgv wefvM,

12|

13|

14|

15| 16|

17|

evsjv`k welqvejx evsjv`k cwimsLvb eyiv| Lv` I `~hvM eevcbv gYvjq : vY I c~bevmb Awa`i, `~hvM eevcbv eyiv I Lv` Awa`i| Mnvqb I MYc~Z gYvjq : Mnmsvb Awa`i, MYc~Z Awa`i, bMi Dbqb Awa`i, vcZ Awa`i, ivRDK, miKvwi Avevmb cwi`i, PMvgLyjbv ivRkvnx Dbqb KZc| kg I Kgmsvb gYvjq : kg cwi`i, Rbkw Kgmsvb I cwkY eyiv, KviLvbv I cwZvb cwi`i| hye I xov gYvjq : RvZxq xov cwil`, hye Dbqb Awa`i, evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvb| ag gYvjq : BmjvwgK dvDkb, IqvKd ckvmKi `i, nR DBs Rv, nvRx Kv, wn`y KjvY Uv, e KjvY Uv| emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj I chUb gYvjq : emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj KZc, chUb Kcvikb, wegvb Kcvikb, mvbviMuvI Ges kivUb nvUj| gwnjv I wk welqK gYvjq : gwnjv welqK Awa`i, RvZxq gwnjv msv, evsjv`k wk GKvWwg| mswZ welqK gYvjq : cZZ I Rv`yNi Awa`i, AvKvBf I jvBewi Awa`i, KwcivBU Awdm, evsjv GKvWwg I wkKjv GKvWwg|

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27|

28|

29|

35| b-PjvPj gYvjq : evsjv`k AfixY b cwienb msv, wkwcs Kcvikb, PMvg gsjv e`i KZ c, mgy` cwienb Awa`i, b-evwYR Awa`i| 36| cveZ PMvg welqK gYvjq : wZb cveZ Rjv msv| 37| cevmx KjvY I e`wkK gYvjq : cevmx welqK| 38| gywhvv welqK gYvjq : gywhvv`i KjvY welqK| 39| cv_wgK I MYwkv gYvjq : cv_wgK I MYwkv wefvM, cv_wgK wkv Awa`i|

30|

31|

32|

33|

34|

ck: `k cimfv MwVZ nq Ke? Di:1 AvM 1864| ck: XvKv cimfvi c_g wbevPb AbywZ nq Ke? Di:1884 mvj (c_g Pqvivgvb wg: wbvi) ck: XvKv cimfvi c_g wbevwPZ Pqvigvb K? Di:ivq evnv`yi Avb` P` ivq (1885-1888)| ck: gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb cvm nq Ke? Di:1961 mvj| ck: `k vbxq kvmb AvBb Rvwi Kiv nq Ke? Di:1976 mvj| ck: XvKv cimfv ci Kcvikb icvwiZ nq Ke?

evsjv`ki ckvmwbK KvVvgv

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: AvBb kLjv weNKvix (`Z wePvi) AvBb cYxZ nq Ke? Di:9 Gwcj, 2002 mvj| ck: nvBKvU Ke `Z wePvi UvBeybvj AvBbK ea NvlYv Ki? Di:21 g, 2003| ck: `k c_gevii gZ Ki bvqcvj wbqvM Kiv nq KvK? Di:Lvqivgvb PayixK (1 RyjvB, 2006)| ck: mvK (SAARC) 2007 mvj `wY c~e Gwkqvi Kvb kniK Mxb wmwU NvlYv Ki? Di:ivRkvnxK| ck: msm`xq cwZZ evsjv`k miKvii wbevnx cavb ev miKvi cavb K? Di: cavbgx ck: cavbgxi mwPevjqi cavb K? Di: gyL mwPe| ck: ivcwZi mwPevjqi cavb K? Di: gyL mwPe/mwPe| ck: evsjv`k miKvii ckvmwbK KvVvgv Drm Kx? Di: mwPevjq| ck: wewfb gYvjq I Zvi wefvMmg~ni AwdmjvK GK Kx ejv nq? Di: mwPevjq| ck: evsjv`k mwPevjqi ckvmwbK KvVvgvi mevi Dci K AvQb? Di:gx| ck: evsjv`k gvU gYvjqi msLv KZwU? Di:39wU (ivcwZ I cavbgxi mwPevjqmn)| ck: evsjv`ki mekl gYvjq KvbwU?

Di:1978 mvj| ck: hZzK weiva AvBb cYxZ nq KZ mvj? Di:1980 mvj| ck: cvwievwiK Av`vjZ AwWbv Rvwi nq Ke? Di:1985 mvj| ck: XvKv ci Kcvikb wmwU Kcvikb icvwiZ nq Ke? Di:1989 mvj| ck: Riix gZv Aav`k cYxZ nq Ke? Di:27 bf^i, 1990| ck: mvm `gb Aav`k cvm nq Ke? Di:1992 mvj| ck: gwnjv I wk welqK gYvjq MwVZ nq Ke? Di:1994 mvj| ck: XvKv wmwU Kcvikb RbMYi fvU c_g wbevwPZ gqi K? Di:gvnv` nvwbd (1994 mvj)| ck: Rbwbivcv AvBb cYxZ nq KZ mvj? Di:14 deqvwi, 2001| ck: mywcg KvUi Avwcj wefvM Ke dZqvK Aea NvlYv Ki? Di:4 gvP 2001| ck: wgM-29 evsjv`k wegvb evwnbxZ mshvwRZ nq Ke? Di:23 gvP 2001| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxZ mevaywbK cbv mwZ we.Gb.Gm. eez wdMU mshvwRZ nq Ke? Di:16 Ryb 2001 (5g wdMU)|

evsjv`k welqvejx Di:cv_wgK I MYwkv gYvjq| ck: evsjv`k mwPevjqi ckvmwbK KvVvgvi mewbg K AvQb? Di:mnKvix mwPe| ck: mwPeK Zvi KvR mvnvh Kib K? Di:AwZwi mwPe| ck: gYvjqi wefvMjvi ckvmwbK `vwqZ Kvi? Di:hyM mwPei| ck: wegvb evwnbxi Uwbs mUvi Kv_vq? Di:hkvi| ck: evsjv`ki mevP Av`vjZ KvbwU? Di:mywcg KvU| ck: mywcg KvUi KZwU wefvM iqQ? Di:2wU h_v: (1) Avwcj wefvM I (2) nvBKvU wefvM| ck: Avwcj wefvM KZRb wePvicwZ _vK? Di:7 Rb (cavb wePvicwZmn)| ck: evsjv`ki wefvMi msLv KZwU? Di:7wU| ck: XvKv wefvM KZwU Rjv AvQ? Di:17wU| ck: PMvg wefvM KZwU Rjv AvQ? Di:11wU (`ki eo wefvM)| ck: Lyjbv wefvM KZwU Rjv AvQ? Di:10wU| ck: ewikvj wefvM KZwU Rjv AvQ? Di:6wU| ck: wmjU wefvM KZwU Rjv AvQ? Di:4wU Rjv (`ki QvU wefvM)|

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ck: evsjv`k wmwU Kcvikbi msLv KZwU? Di:6wU| ck: mekl wmwU Kcvikb Kvbjv? Di:wmjU I ewikvj| ck: XvKv wmwU Kcvikbi c_g gqi K? Di:evwivi Aveyj nvmbvZ| ck: XvKv gUvcwjUb wmwUi AvqZb KZ? Di:1530 eM wKjvwgUvi| ck: XvKv wmwU Kcvikbi ga msm`xq Avmb KZwU? Di: 15wU| ck: XvKv wmwU Kcvikb IqvW msLv KZwU? Di: 92 wU (24 gvP 2010 ch)| ck: XvKv gUvcwjUb GjvKvi gvU cywjk _vbv KZwU? Di:41 (mekl wgicyi `vimmvjvg I cyibv XvKvi K`gZjx)| ck: XvKv wmwU Kcvikbi m`i `ii bvg Kx? Di:bMi feb (dzjevoxqv)| ck: cywjki mePq eo KgKZvi bvg Kx? Di:AvB.wR| ck: gUvcwjUb cywjki cavbK Kx ejv nq? Di:cywjk Kwgkbvi| ck: evsjv`k gUvcwjUb wmwU KZwU? Di:6wU| ck: cywjki eZgvb cavb K? Di:b~i gvnv`| ck: Kw^s Acvikb Kx?

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di:17 AvM `kevcx evgv nvgjv Acvikbi bvg| ck: evsjv`k c_g gwnjv KvivMvi wbwgZ nq Kv_vq? Di:MvRxcyi Rjvi Kvwkgcyi| ck: RvZxq mgy` MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq vwcZ nQ? Di:KevRvi (GwU wevb, Z_ I hvMvhvM cPvi gYvjq| ck: `ki c_g gWj _vbv wnme Kvhg i Ki Kvb _vbv? Di:gqgbwmsni fvjyKv _vbv| ck: ivRavbxi c_g gWj _vbv wnme Kvhg i Ki Kvb _vbv? Di:Div _vbv| ck: f~wg iwRkb bZzb AvBb KvhKi nq Ke _K? Di:18 Avei 2007 mvj _K (c_g nq 1 RyjvB 2005)| ck: `ki c_g bvix wbhvZbgy Mvg KvbwU? Di:ivRkvnxi cev DcRjvi nvWycyi Mvg (15 bf^i 2007)| ck: c_gevii gZ Ke XvKvi evBi ZveavqK miKvii Dc`v`i eVK AbywZ nq? Di:31 Rvbyqvwi 2008 mvj c_g Ges 6 gvP 2008 mvj ewikvj (2q evi)| ck: 2008 mvj XvKv weki KZZg bvsiv kni wnme vb cqQ? Di:wZxq (c_g AvRvievBRvbi ivRavbx evKz)| ck: bMixi moK fvmgvb gvbyli Rb Mnvqb I MYc~Z

Di:`kevcx AvBb kLjv iv_ mvmx`i MdZvi I Aea A Dvi Kivi Awfhvb| ck: 54 aviv Kx? Di:webv IqviU cywjk KZK MdZvi Kivi gZv| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv cywjk GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ? Di:ivRkvnxi mvi`vq| ck: CEDAW Kx? Di:bvixi mKj cKvi gvbweK AwaKvi msiYi Av RvwZK mb`| ck: Avbmvi cwkY K` Kv_vq? Di:MvRxcyii kwdcyi| ck: Avbmvi wfwWwci m`i`i Kv_vq? Di:XvKvi wLjMuvI| ck: Rb gZz wbeb AvBb RvZxq msm` cvk nq Ke? Di:7 wWm^i 2004| ck: eZgvb `k K`xq KvivMvii msLv KZwU AvQ? Di:8wU| ck: `ki c_g mvBevi wmwU KvbwU? Di:wmjU| ck: evsjv`k cjx Dbqb GKvWwg (BARD) Kv_vq AewZ? Di:Kzwgjvq| ck: cjx Dbqb GKvWwg (RDA) Kv_vq AewZ? Di:eovq| ck: Acvikb wKb U Kx? Di:XvKv gnvbMixi gv`K`e wbg~j gv`K`e wbqY Awa`i cwiPvwjZ Awfhvb| ck: Acvikb cvcj Kx?

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125

gYvjqi MnxZ Avevmb Di:h_vg 50, 28, 129, 301, cKi bvg Kx? Ges 719wU c`| [m~: Di:ivw wbevm| msm` ckvi, 19 ck: evsjv`k mvm Rvbyqvwi 2010] weivax Aav`k KvhKi vbxq miKvi nq Ke? Di:11 Ryb 2008| eev ck: `ki c_g bvix evsjv`k vbxq miKvi wmAvBwci bvg Kx? KvVvgv Di:bvmwib AvIqvj wgUz| ck: vbxq miKvi ck: ckvmb Kx? wbevwPZ MYcwZwbwaZ Av`k Di:RbMYi cwZwbwa`i gvag Kvb (mskvab) Aav`k 2008 wbw` Aj h kvmb Rvwi nq Ke? Kvhg Pj ZvB vbxq Di:19 AvM 2008| miKvi ckvmb| ck: evsjv`k wefvMxq gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb AvBb ck: ckvmb cevi bvg Kx? Ke _K KvhKi nq? Di:jW DBwjqvg ewUs Di:1 m^i 2008| (1829 mvj)| ck: 12 Rvbyqvwi evsjv`k vbxq 2007 _K cwmWU ck: kvmb AwWbv Rvwi nq BqvRDwb KZK `k Ke? Riix Aev Rvix nIqvi 2 eQi ejer _vKvi ci Riix Aev Di:1976 mvj| ck: AeKvVvgvMZ cZvnvi nq Ke? w`K _K vbxq miKvi Di:17 wWm^i 2008| ckvmb KZ cKvi? ck: kL nvwmbv 2q evii gZ evsjv`ki Di:3 cKvi h_v: (1) Rjv cwil` (2) DcRjv cwil` I (3) cavbgx wnme kc_ BDwbqb cwil` (DjL, Mvg MnY Kib Ke? cwil` vbxq miKvi bq, GwU Di:6 Rvbyqvwi 2009| mnvqK msMVb)| ck: wRjyi ingvb KvVvgvMZ w`K evsjv`ki 19 Zg ck: _K miKvi ckvmb KZ cwmWU wnme kc_ cKvi? MnY Kib Ke? Di:`yB cKvi h_v: (1) Avievb I Di:12 deqvwi 2009| (2) iivj ckvmb| ck: RvZxq cm ck: kni GjvKvq Kve Kv_vq AewZ? vbxq ^vqkvwmZ msv Di:ZvcLvbv ivW, XvKv| Kx? ck: evsjv`k Rb ckvmb KZwU mwPe, Di:cimfv| cjx Aj Kvb AwZwi mwPe, hyM ck: cwil` Dbqb mvab mwPe, DcmwPe Ges AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki? mnKvix/ wmwbqi mnKvix Di:BDwbqb cwil`| mwPe c` AvQ?

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: `ki mKj gnKzgvK Rjvq DbxZ Kiv nq KZ mvj? Di: 1984 mvj| ck: `ki cyivZb Rjv ev gnKzgv wQj KZwU? Di: 21wU| ck: eZgvb `k Rjv cwil`i msLv KZwU? Di: 64wU| ck: Kvb AvBb ej Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq? Di: Rjv cwil` AvBb-2000| ck: eZgvb Rjv cwil` AvBb ivcwZ Ke ^vi Kib/Ke _K KvhKix nq? Di: 6 RyjvB, 2000| ck: evsjv`k c_g evii gZ gwnjv wW.wm. wbqvM Kiv nq Ke? Di: 20 gvP, 2001| ck: c_g Kvb Kvb Rjvq gwnjv wW.wm. wbqvM Kiv nq? Di: 4wU Rjvq h_v: (1) gywM (2) kwiqZcyi (3) gnicyi I (4) ivRevox Rjvq| ck: Rjv cwil`i Dc`v wnme K K KvR Kieb? Di: wbR Rjvi msm` m`mMY| ck: Rjv cwil`i gqv` KZ eQi? Di: 5 eQi| ck: Rjv cwil` Kv`i wbq MwVZ? Di: 1Rb Pqvigvb, 15 Rb m`m Ges msiwZ Avmbi 5 Rb gwnjv m`mmn gvU 21 Rb m`m wbq|

ck: K`xq ckvmbi cevi bvg Kx? Di:Iqvib nwsm (1973 mvj)| ck: gnKzgv ckvmbi cevi bvg Kx? Di:DBwjqvg ewUs (1829 mvj)| ck: Awef evsjvi c_g gnKzgv KvbwU? Di:Lyjbv| ck: vbxq miKvi Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq Ke? Di:22 Avei 2008 (wejy nq 24 deqvwi 2009)|

ck: vbxq miKvii mevP i KvbwU? Di: Rjv cwil`| ck: c_g Rjv MwVZ nq Ke? Di: 1666 mvj (PMvg)| ck: Rjv ckvmK cevi bvg Kx? Di: Mfbi Rbvij Iqvib nwsm (1881 mvj)| ck: Kvb AvBb ej Rjv chvq vbxq miKvi `Lv hvq? Di: exq vbxq ^vqkvmb AvBb-1885 mvj| ck: c_g Rjv ckvmKi bvg Kx? Di: wUjgvb nj (hkvi Rjv)| ck: Awef evsjvi c_g Rjv KvbwU? Di: hkvi Rjv| ck: Rjv chvqi vbxq ckvmbi bvg Kx? Di: Rjv cwil`| ck: Rjv cwil`i DcRjv cwil` cavbK Kx ejv nq? Di: Rjv cwil` Pqvigvb| ck: DcRjv cwil` wej cvk nq Ke? Di: 1982 mvji 7 bf^i|

Rjv cwil`

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: DcRjv cwil`i ceZK K? Di: mveK ivcwZ mvBb gynv` Gikv`| ck: DcRjv c_g Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 1982 mvj| ck: c_g DcRjv MwVZ nq KZwU? Di: 45wU| ck: `ki mKj _vbvK DcRjvq icvwiZ Kiv nq KZ mvj? Di: 1985 mvj| ck: DcRjv cwil` KZwU gYvjqi KgKZv KgPvix KgiZ? Di: 12wU| ck: bZzb AvBb DcRjv cwil` KZwU vqx KwgwU MVbi K_v ejv nqQ? Di: 14wU| ck: DcRjv cwil`i cavb K? Di: DcRjv Pqvigvb| ck: DcRjv ckvmbi cavb K? Di: DcRjv wbevnx Awdmvi (UNO)| ck: c_g DcRjv wbevPb AbywZ nq Ke? Di: 1985 mvji 16-20 g| ck: DcRjv evwZj wej RvZxq msm` cvk nq Ke? Di: 1992 mvji 26 Rvbyqvwi| ck: DcRjv eev cybt ceZb Kiv nq Ke? Di: 1998 mvji 3 wWm^i (7g msm`)| ck: ckvmwbK _vbvK Ke cybivq DcRjv bvg ceZb Kiv nq? Di: 2000 mvji 20 Gwcj|

127

ck: DcRjv cwil` wej2001 Ke RvZxq msm` cvk nq? Di: 2001 mvji 4 Gwcj| ck: evsjv`k gvU DcRjvi msLv KZ? Di: 483wU (mekl evYevoxqvi weRqbMi)| ck: Pqvigvb`i gZv mxwgZ Ges mvsm``i wbizk gZv w`q ej AvjvwPZ DcRjv cwil` wej 2009 cvk nq Ke? Di: 6 Gwcj 2009|

KZZg wbevPb wbevPbi ZvwiL 1g 16/05/198520/05/1985 2q 14/03/199025/03/1990 3q 22/01/2009 ck: Kvb AvBb ej c_g BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ nq? Di:1870 mvji PwK`vi AvBb ej| ck: cvPxbKvj BDwbqb cwil`i bvg Kx wQj? Di:cvqZ| ck: `k cjx Aj vbxq chvq z`g i KvbwU? Di:BDwbqb cwil`| ck: BDwbqb cvqZ MwVZ nqwQj KZ mvj? Di:1972 mvj| ck: eZgvb BDwbqb cwil`i KvVvgv Kvb Aav`k Abyhvqx MwVZ? Di:vbxq miKvi Aav`k-1976 (evsjv`k c_g 1973 mvj)|

DcRjv cwil` wbevPb

BDwbqb cwil`

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di:4,498 wU ch)| (2007 mvj

ck: Ke c_g BDwbqb cwil` wbevPb AbywZ nq? Di:1973 mvj 1130 wWm^i| ck: bvixi gZvqY Kvb vbxq miKvi iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLQ? Di:BDwbqb cwil`| ck: BDwbqb cwil` Aav`k Rvwi nq KZ mvj? Di:1983 mvj| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv ^vqkvwmZ ckvmwbK BDwbU KvbwU? Di:BDwbqb cwil`| ck: BDwbqb cwil`i cavb K? Di:Pqvigvb| ck: KZ Rb cwZwbwa wbq BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ? Di:13 Rb (1 Rb Pqvigvb, 9 Rb m`m I 3 Rb gwnjv m`m)| ck: BDwbqb cwil`i KvhKvj MYbv Kiv nq Kvb w`b _K? Di:wbevPbi ci cwil`i c_g mfv _K| ck: BDwbqb cwil`i KvhKvj KZ? Di:5 eQi| ck: Kvb mvj gwnjviv c_g BDwbqb cwil` msiwZ Avmb mivmwi fvU wbevwPZ nq? Di:1997 mvj| ck: BDwbqb cwil` Ke c~ei wZbwU IqvWK 9wU fvM fvM Kiv nq? Di:1997 mvj| ck: evsjv`k gvU BDwbqbi msLv KZwU?

KZZg

BDwbqb cwil` wbevPb

wbevPb wbevPbi 11/12/1973 30/12/1973 13/01/1977 31/02/1977 27/12/1983 12/08/1988 04/02/1988 12/02/1988 22/01/1992 06/02/1992 wWm^i 1997 Rvbyqvwi 1998 25/01/2003 16/03/2003

ZvwiL 1g 2q 3q 4_ 5g 6 7g

ck: AeKvVvgvMZ w`K _K Mvg miKvi f~wgKv Kx? Di:Mvg cwil` vbxq miKvi bq, GwU mnvqK msMVb (Mvg cwil`i AvBb DjL AvQ)| ck: Mvg miKvi eevi ceZK K? Di:mveK ivcwZ wRqvDi ingvb| ck: c_g Mvg cwil` MVbi NvlYv nq Ke? Di:1976 mvj| ck: Ke Kv_vq c_g Mvg cwil` MwVZ nq? Di:1980 mvji 30 Gwcj, XvKv Rjvi mvfvii wRivev bvgK Mvg| ck: Mvg miKvi AvBb Ke cvk nq? Di:26 deqvwi 2003| ck: Mvg miKvi cavbi c`ex Kx?

Mvg miKvi

evsjv`k welqvejx Di:Pqvigvb (wbevwPZ IqvW m`m)| ck: Mvg miKvii m`m msLv KZ Rb? Di:15 Rb| ck: Mvg miKvii gqv`Kvj KZ? Di:5 eQi| ck: cwZwU BDwbqb gvU KZwU Mvg miKvi? Di:9wU| ck: Mvg miKvii Dc`v K? Di:H IqvWi msiwZ Avmbi gwnjv m`m| ck: evsjv`k KZwU Mvg miKvi MwVZ nq? Di:40,356 wU (4484 wU BDwbqb)| ck: Mvg miKvi AvBb-2003 nvBKvU KZK Aea NvlYv nq Ke? Di:2 AvM 2007| ck: Mvg miKvi cwZ evwZj nq Ke? Di:20 Gwcj 2008|

129

ck: evsjv`k mk evwnbxi cavb K? Di:cwmWU| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi c~ebvg Kx wQj? Di:B ej iwRgU| ck: B ej iwRgUi cwZvZv K? Di:gRi Av. MwY (1948 mvji 15 deqvwi Z`vbxb wenvi iwRgU Gi 1256 Ges 1407bs gymjgvb Kvvwb wbq MwVZ)|

evsjv`k cwZiv wefvM mbvevwnbx

ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi m`i `i Kv_vq AewZ? Di:KzwgUvjv, XvKv (XvKv mbvwbevm)| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi cZxK Kx? Di:m wPwZ `yBwU Zievix Ges Ici KwbK Aevb RvZxq dzj kvcjv| ck: mvgwiK Ak I mvR mivg wefvMK Kx ejv nq? Di:AwWbv wefvM| ck: evsjv`ki c_g mbv cavbi bvg Kx? Di:gig Rbvij Gg.G.wR Imgvbx| ck: ^vaxbZvi ci evsjv`k mbvevwnbxZ Rbvij c` jvfKvix ew KZ Rb/Pvi ZviKv Rbviji bvg Kx? Di:2 Rb [Gg.G.wR Imgvbx I Rbvij gCb BD Avng` (2q)]| ck: Kvb mbvcavbi Rbvij c` evwZj Kiv nq? Di:gvt gvvwdRyi ingvb| ck: ^vaxbZv hy mbvevwnbxi KZRb m`m exik LZve f~wlZ nb? Di:3 Rb h_v : (1) wmcvnx gv dv Kvgvj (2) wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb I (3) Kvb gwnDwb Rvnvxi| ck: `k c_g mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi nq KZ mvj? Di:1975 mvj| ck: 1976 mvj wmcvnx RbZvi Afyvb bZZ `b K? Di:Kbj Avey Zvni (exi Dg)| ck: evsjv`k mk evwnbxZ wWMx `qv nq Kv_vq _K? Di:Avwg vd KjR _K| ck: evsjv`k gwib GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ?

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR MvRxcyi, Kzwgjv, PMvg, ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo, ev`ievb, NvUvBj, ivRkvnx, iscyi, mq`cyi, eov, hkvi I Lyjbv| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi vMvb Kx? Di: mgi Avgiv, kvwZ Avgiv, me Avgiv `ki Zi| ck: Mvq`v msv DGFI I NSI Kv`iK wbq MwVZ? Di:mbvevwnbxi m`m Ges wmwfj m`m`i wbq MwVZ| ck: Rvnvbvev` mbvwbevm Kv_vq AewZ? Di:Lyjbvq| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxZ beMwVZ iwRgUi bvg Kx? Di:evsjv`k BbdvwU iwRgU| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi mevP c` KvbwU? Di:wd gvkvj| ck: evsjv`k mk evwnbx w`em cvwjZ nq Ke? Di:21 bf^i| ck: evsjv`k mvgwiK hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di:XvKv mbvwbevm (vwcZ 1987 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi Zveavb KvUbgU cvewjK zj G KjRi msLv KZwU? Di:20wU| ck: wm-evU Kx? Di:evsjv`k gvwKb h_ mvgwiK gnov| ck: Kv-mvD_-98 Kx? Di:evsjv`k gvwKb h_ mvgwiK gnov| ck: weki KZwU `ki mv_ evsjv`ki mvgwiK gnov AbywZ nq? Di:1wU (hyiv)|

Di:Rjw`qv, PMvg| ck: Avwg vd KjR Kv_vq AewZ? Di:gxicyi mbvwbevm| ck: evsjv`k wgwjUvix GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ? Di:fvwUqvwi (PMvg)| ck: AvB.Gm.Gm.we. (ISSB) Kx? Di:Inter service selection Board. ck: ISSB Gi KvR Kx? Di:mvgwiK evwnbxZ Awdmvi c` wbqvMi Rb evQvB| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi Kwgkbcv Awdmvii c_g c`wU Kx? Di:mK jdUbvU| ck: KZ Rb mbi `jK cvUzb ejv nq? Di:100 Rb| ck: GKwU cvUzbi cavb K _vKb? Di:jdUbvU| ck: 200 Rb mb viv MwVZ Kvvwb Gi cavb K? Di:Kvb/gRi| ck: 800 mb viv MwVZ evUwjqvb Gi cavb K? Di:j: Kbj| ck: 1500 mb viv MwVZ iwRgU Gi cavb K? Di:Kbj| ck: 3/4 evUwjqvb viv MwVZ weMW Gi cavb K? Di:weMwWqvi| ck: evsjv`ki c_g gwnjv weMwWqvi K? Di:myivBqv eMg| ck: 3 ev Z`ya weMW wbq MwVZ wWwfkb Gi cavb K? Di:gRi Rbvij| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq Kv_vq mbvwbevm AvQ? Di: XvKvi wgicyi I KzwgUvjv, mvfvi,

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxZ c_g Kwgkbcv gwnjv Awdmvi wbqvM nq Ke? Di:2000 mvj| ck: mbvevwnbx viv cwiPvwjZ mvm `gb Awfhvb Kx bvg cwiwPZ? Di:Acvikb wKb nvU| ck: 'Opperation clean heart' i nq Ke? Di:20 gvP 2003| ck: mvW Ae Abvi Kv`i c`vb Kiv nq? Di:mbvevwnbxi k KvWU`i| ck: c_gevii gZ mvW Ae Abvi f~wlZ gwnjv K? Di:gviwRqv Bmjvg (27 wWm^i 2004)| ck: evsjv`ki mveK mbvcavbi bvg Kx? Di:j. R. gCb BD Avng` (wZwb evsjv`k wbqvM cv c_g Kwgkb cv c_g Kvb mbvcavb)| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxZ KZwU wmwKDwiwU jfj ev wbivcv mZKZv iqQ? Di:4wU, mevP mZKZvi gvbymvi Gjv nQ iW, Ai, Bqvjv I Mxb (^vfvweK cwiwZ Mxb jfj)| ck: 7 Gwcj 2008 evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi Kvb BDwbU Dvab Kiv nq? Di:Avwg Uwbs G WKwUb Kgv| ck: evsjv`ki BwZnvm ek wKQy mbv Awdmvi wbnZ nb Ke? Di:25-26 deqvwi 2009 (wcjLvbv nZvKv)| ck: Rbvij gCb BD Avng` Ke Aemi MnY Kib? Di: 14 Ryb 2009|

131

ck: evsjv`ki bewbhy mbv cavbi bvg Kx? Di: Rbvij Avyj gyexb Lvb (15 Ryb 2009eZgvb)| ck: evsjv`k mbvevwnbxi 15Zg mbv cavb j: Rbvij Avyj gyexb KZ mvj ch c` AwawZ _vKeb? Di: 2012 mvji 15 Ryb| ck: evsjv`k mvgwiK Rv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: weRq miwY, ZRMuvI|

bvg 1| R.Gg.G.wR Imgvbx 2| gRi Rbv. K.Gg kwdDjvn 3| j. Rbv. wRqvDi ingvb 4| weM. gvkviid Lvj`

mbvevwnbxi cavbMY

mgqKvj 16/12/1971 07/04/1972 19721975 1975 (AvMbf ^i) 1975 (2 bf^i7bf ^i) 19751980 19801985 19851990 19901994 19941996 19961997 19972000 20002002 20022005 20052009 15 Ryb 2009eZg vb

5| j. Rbv. wRqvDi ingvb 6| j. Rbv. mvBb gvnv` Gikv` 7| j. Rbv. AvwZKzi ingvb 8| j. Rbv. byiDwb Lvb 9| j. R. gvnv` bvwmg 10| j. R. gvneyeyi ingvb 11| j. R. gv vwdRyi ingvb 12| j. R. nvibAi-iwk` 13| j. R. nvmvb gk` Payix 14| Rbvij gCb BD Avng` 15| Rbvij Avyj gyexb Lvb

bevwnbx

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`k gwib GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ? Di:Rjw`qv, PMvg (c~e wQjv Kzwgjv)| ck: bevwnbxi GKgv knx` exiki bvg Kx? Di:vqvWb Bwwbqvi ij Avwgb| ck: bevwnbxi Kwgkb cv Awdmvii c_g c`wU Kx? Di:GvKwUs mve-jdUbvU| ck: bevwnbxi Kvb c`wU mbvevwnbxi Rbvij c`i mgvb? Di:GWwgivj| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi DcKj cnivq RvnvRwUi bvg Kx? Di:weGbGm KiZvqv (hyivR _K)| ck: bevwnbxi bb Kwgkb cv mewbg c`i bvg Kx? Di:cwU Awdmvi| ck: ewUk bevwnbx _K cv bhvb `ywUi bvg Kx? Di:weGbGm mvy I weGbGm ZzivM| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi kvLv KZwU I Kx Kx? Di:6wU (wbevnx, Bwwbqvwis, BjKwUKvj, gwWKvj mvcvB I wkv kvLv)| ck: Lvwj`-webIqvwj` Kx? Di:evsjv`k b-evwnbxi AvaywbK hy RvnvR (eZgvb bvg weGbGm eez)| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi cZxK Kx? Di:KvwQ ewZ bvOi I Gi Ici kvcjv| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi kvMvb Kx? Di:kvwZ msMvg mgy` `yRq|

ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di:XvKvi ebvbxZ| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi c_g fvBm GWwgivj K? Di:mvIqvi Rvnvb wbRvg| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbx cwZwZ nq Ke? Di:10 wWm^i 1972| ck: evsjv`k bfvj GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ? Di:PMvg (cZv)| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi wdMUmg~n KqwU I Kx Kx? Di:5wU h_v: (1) weGbGm Avey eKi (2) weGbGm Igi dviK (3) weGbGm Avjx nvq`vi (4) weGbGm Imgvb (5) weGbGm eez| ck: wW WweD2000 GBP Gi c~e bvg Ges eZgvb bvg Kx? Di:weGbGm eez| ck: weGbGm eez `ki KZZg wdMU? Di:5g| ck: `ki mevaywbK cYv mwZ eng hy RvnvR KvbwU? Di:weGbGm eez (BNS eez)| ck: weGbGm eez evsjv`k bevwnbxZ mshvwRZ nq Ke? Di:20 Ryb 2001| ck: wW WweD-2000 GBP Gi g~jgvb KZ? Di:99.97 wgwjqb gvwKb Wjvi| ck: weGbGm eez wdMUwU Kvb `ki Zwi? Di:`wY Kvwiqv (`vBqy Kvvwb)| ck: weGbGm eez Gi aviY gZv KZ? Di:2320 Ub|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi gvBb mycvi KqwU? Di:5wU h_v: kvcjv, mKZ, myiwf, mvMi I kevj| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi cvUvj vdU KqwU? Di:24wU| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi wgmvBj evU KqwU? Di:9wU| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi _cWv evU KqwU? Di:8wU| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi mvf fvmj (Vessels) KqwU? Di:3wU| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi Awwjqvwi fvmj KqwU? Di:20wU| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi jvws vdUm (Crafts) KqwU? Di:9wU| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbx Ke wm-802 cYvi cixv Pvjvq? Di:12 g, 2008| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi bewbhy cavb K? Di:fvBm GWwgivj RW BD Avng` (29 Rvbyqvwi 2009)| ck: 29 Gwcj3g 2009 AbywZ weUb I evsjv`ki 5 w`b evcx h_ mvgwiK b gnovi bvg Kx? Di:mgy` Zi| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi Bswjk wgwWqvg zj KZwU? Di:2wU (XvKv I PMvg)| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi KwR zj KZwU?

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Di:2wU (PMvg I Lyjbv)| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi GKgv wgmvBj wdMU KvbwU? Di:weGbGm Imgvb| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi zj G KjR KZwU? Di:3wU (XvKv, PMvg I Lyjbv)| ck: evsjv`k bevwnbxi c_g iYZix Kx? Di:weGbGm cv|

ck: evsjv`k wegvb evwnbxi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di:XvKv mbvwbevm| ck: evsjv`k wegvb evwnbx KZ mvj MwVZ nq? Di:1971 mvj 28 m^i| ck: evsjv`ki c_g wegvb evwnbxi cavb K? Di:G.K. L`Kvi| ck: c_g evOvwj gymwjg wegvb mbv K? Di:vqvWb wjWvi AvdvRyi ingvb| ck: wegvb evwnbxi bb Kwgkb mevP c`i bvg Kx? Di:dvBU mvRU| ck: wegvb evwnbxi Awdwmqvj Kvhg i nq Ke? Di:28 m^i 1973| ck: wegvb evwnbxi Kwgkb cv c_g c`wUi bvg Kx? Di:cvBjU Awdmvi| ck: j evwnbxi j: Rbviji mgvb wegvb evwnbxi Kvb c`? Di:Gqvi fvBm gvkvj| ck: ^vaxbZv hy wegvb evwnbxi KZRb m`m exik LZve f~wlZ nb? Di:1 Rb (gwZDi ingvb)| ck: wegvb evwnbxi cwkY BbwwUDU Kv_vq AewZ? Di:hkvi mbvwbevm|

evsjv`k wegvb evwnbx

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

ck: evsjv`k Gqvidvm GKvWwg cwZwZ nq Ke? Di:1974 mvj| ck: Ke _K CMj wegvb evwnbxi gvwmK msev`c? Di:1988 mvj _K| ck: evK AvDU Kx? Di:Mvcb vb _K AvKwK Avgb Pvjvbv| ck: ej AvDU Kx? Di:cvivmyUi mvnvh asmcv wegvb _K AeZiY Kiv| ck: evsjv`k wgM29 hy wegvb wKb Kvb `k _K? Di:ivwkqv _K| ck: evsjv`k wegvb evwnbxZ wgM-29 mshvwRZ nq Ke? Di:23 gvP 2002| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi c_g gwnjv cvBjU K? Di:KvwbR dvwZgv ivKmvbv| ck: eZgvb wegvb evwnbxi cavb K? Di:Gqvi gvkvj kvn gvt wRqvDi ingvb (8 Gwcj 2007)| ck: evsjv`k wegvb evwnbxi cZxK Kx? Di:Do CMji Ici kvcjv Ges `ycvk `ywU Ki gvU 4wU ZviKv| ck: evsjv`k wegvb evwnbxi kvMvb Kx? Di:evsjvi AvKvk ivwLe gy| ck: evsjv`k wegvb evwnbxi g~j NuvwU KqwU I Kx Kx? Di:3wU h_v: weGGd evkvi, XvKv; weGGd gwZDi ingvb hkvi; Ges weGGd Rij nK; PMvg| ck: weGGd kvwnb KjR KZwU? Di:5wU|

evsjv`k welqvejx

135

Di:evsjv`ki ivcwZi miKvwi evmfeb/efebi wbivcvmn iv I miKvi cavb Ges wfAvBwc`i wbivcvq wbqvwRZ evwnbx| ck: wcwRAvi Kv_vq mbvev wegvb bevw c_g MwVZ nq? wnbx evwnbx nbx Di:XvKv mbvwbevm| mK cvBjU GvKwU ck: Ke Kv`i wbq jdUbv Awdmvi s Ae c_g wcwRAvi MwVZ nq? U jdUbv Di:1975 mvji 5 RyjvB U AvgW I BbdvwU jdUbv dvBs mve DBwbUi 407 Rb m`m U Awdmvi jdUbv wbq wcwRAvi (PGR) MwVZ U nq| Kvb dvBU jdUbv ck: wcwRAvi Gi jdUbv U U Kvvwb Kgvvi MwVZ gRi vqvW jdUbv nq wKfve? b wjWvi U Di:mbv m`i AewZ GKRb Kgvvi weMwWqvi Rbviji jdUbv DBs Kgvvi wbqY efeb GKRb U Kbj Kgvvi gRii Aaxb `ywU Kbj Mc Kvb Kvvwb iqQ Gi Kvb cavbK Kvvwbi weMw Gqvi KgvWi Kgvvi ejv nq| Wqvi Kgvvi ck: SSF (GmGmGd) gRi Gqvi wiqvj Gi c~Y bvg Kx? Rbvij fvBm GWwgivj Di: Special Security Force. KgvWi ck: SSF (GmGmGd) jdUbv Gqvi fvBm U Rbvij fvBm GWwgivj Gi `vwqZ Kx? gvkvj Di:ivcwZ, cavbgx, Rbvij Gqvi GWwgivj AfvMZ Ab Kvb `ki gvkvj miKvi cavb Ges miKvi wd gvkvj GWwgivj NvwlZ Ab h Kvb gvkvj Ae w` Ae w` wfAvBwc ewK Gqvi wdU kvixwiKfve iv I wbivcvi dvm `vwqZ wbqvwRZ evwnbx| evsjv`k kvj ck: SSF (GmGmGd) evwnbx MwVZ nq Ke? ck: wcwRAvi (PGR) Gi Di:15 Ryb 1986| ck: SSF (GmGmGd) c~Ybvg Kx? Gi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di: President's Guard Regiment. cavbgxi ck: wcwRAvi (PGR) Di:ZRMuvIq Kvhvjq| Kviv?

evsjv`k mk evwnbxi Kwgkb cv Awdmvi`i kYx webvm

136 ck:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

SSF Gi bvg Di:cv b`xi Zxi| President Security Force (PSF) _K ck: mvi`v

cwieZb Kiv nq Ke? Di:1991 mvj|

ck: evsjv`k cywjk Kvb gYvjqi Aaxb? Di:^iv gYvjq| ck: POLICE kwUi c~Yic Kx? Di:P = Polite, O = Obedient, L = Loyal, I
= Intelligent, C = Courageous, E = Efficient. ck: POLICE kwU

evsjv`k cywjk

Kvb fvlv _K Drcw nqQ? Di:cZyMxR| ck: e fviZ c_g cywjk Pvjy Kib K? Di:mgvU AvKei| ck: cvK-fviZ Dcgnv`k cywjk mvwfm Pvjy nq Ke? Di:1861 mvj (jW Kvwbsqi mgq)| ck: evsjv`ki cywjk ckvmb Kvb ijkb viv cwiPvwjZ? Di:1861 mvji cYxZ ijkb viv| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv cywjk GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ? Di:ivRkvnxi PviNvU _vbvi mvi`vq| ck: Dcgnv`k Kvi kvmbvgj mvi`v cywjk GKvWwg Pvjy nq? Di:jW nvwW (1912 mvj)| ck: mvi`v cywjk GKvWwgi c_g `kxq Aa K wQjb? Di:Lvb evnv`yi Gm.G. Lvb| ck: mvi`v cywjk GKvWwg Kvb b`xi Zxi AewZ?

cywjk GKvWwgi c_g Aa K wQjb? Di:gRi Pjwm| ck: Kvb cywjk KgKZv cvwKvb Avgj cv`wkK Mfbi wbhy nqwQjb? Di:RvwKi nvmb (Dcgnv`ki c_g AvBwRwc)| ck: evsjv`k cywjk KZK cKvwkZ mvvwnK cwKvwUi bvg Kx? Di:wWUKwUf (1960 mvj _K)| ck: wWUKwUf Uwbs zj I UvwdK Uwbs zj Ke cwZwZ nq? Di:h_vg 1962 mvj I 1965 mvj XvKvq| ck: 1971 mvj cywjk evwnbxi m`m msLv KZRb wQj? Di:33,000 Rb (gywhy knx` nb 751 Rb)| ck: evsjv`k cywjki g~jbxwZ Kx? Di:kvwkLjv, wbivcv I cMwZ| ck: evsjv`k cywjki m`i`i Kv_vq? Di:dzjevwoqv, XvKv| ck: ivRvievM cywjk jvBbi wZ mawU Kx Dk wbwgZ nq? Di:1971 mvji 25 gvP Kvjv ivZ cvK evwnbxi AvgY wbnZ cywjk`i wZ iv_ wbwgZ| ck: evsjv`k cywjki ckvmwbK wefvMjv Kx Kx? Di:i, Rjv, mvKj I _vbv|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: i, Rjv, mvKj, _vbv/DcRjv I duvwoi cavb K? Di:i cavb wWAvBwR, Rjv cavb Gmwc, mvKj cavb GGmwc/ AwZwi GGmwc, _vbv/ DcRjv Iwm, duvwoGm.AvB/ G.Gm.AvB/ nvwej`vi| ck: evsjv`k cywjki mevP KgKZvi c`ex Kx? Di:AvB.wR.wc. (Inspect General of Police)| ck: cywjk Uwbs mUvi cwZv Kiv nq Ke? Di:1972 mvj (AvwjK cywjk Uwbs zj 4wU)| ck: ^vaxb evsjv`ki c_g AvBwR Gi bvg Kx? Di:Rbve Avyj LvjK| ck: evsjv`k cywjki mewbg c`i bvg Kx? Di:Kbej| ck: cywjk ii cavb KgKZv/cywjki wefvMxq cavb KgKZvi c`ex Kx? Di:wW.AvB.wR (Deputy Inspector
General of Police).

137

ck: Rjvi cavbi c`ex Kx? Di:Gm.wc (Superintendent of Police). ck: _vbvi `vwqZcv cywjk KgKZvi c`ex Kx? Di:Iwm (Officer in Charge) ck: evsjv`k Ke Interpol Gi m`mc` jvf Ki? Di:1976 mvj| ck: BUvicvj Kx? Di:AvRvwZK cywjk msv|

ck: 'INTERPOL' Gi c~Yic Kx? Di:International Police Organization. ck: 'INTERPOL' Gi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di:dvi wjuI bMixZ| ck: 'Interpol' KZK cKvwkZ cwKvi bvg Kx? Di:International Police Review (mvvwnK wWUKwUf)| ck: evsjv`k c_g gwnjv cywjk wbqvM Pvjy nq Ke? Di:1976 mvj| ck: eZgvb Kvb Kvb chvq gwnjv cywjk AvQ? Di:Kbej _K cywjk mycvi ch| ck: evsjv`ki c_g gwnjv Gm.wc. K? Di:iIkb Aviv eMg| ck: evsjv`ki c_g gwnjv GwWkbvj wW.AvB.wR K? Di:dvZgv eMg| ck: Mvq`v msv SB Ges DB Kv`iK wbq MwVZ? Di:cywjk evwnbxi m`m`i wbq MwVZ| ck: SB Ges DB Gi c~Yic Kx? cywjk Di:SB = Special Branch, DB = Detective ck: evsjv`k cywjk nvmcvZvj KZwU? Di:4wU h_v : ivRvievM (XvKv), PMvg, ivRkvnx I Lyjbv| ck: evsjv`k cywjki KqwU kvLv I Kx Kx? Di:6wU h_v : kvLv KgKZ v 1| kvj ev wW.AvB (Gmwe) .wR 2| gUvcwjUb wW.AvB
Branch.

138 cywjk 3| wm.AvB.wW 4| wR.Avi.wc

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR .wR GwWkvj AvB.wR wW.AvB .wR wW.AvB .wR Di: 4wU GjvKv wbq MwVZ| h_v : (1) XvKv gUvcwjUb cywjk (DMP) (2) PMvg gUvcwjUb cywjk (CMP) (3) Lyjbv gUvcwjUb cywjk (KMP) (4) ivRkvnx gUvcwjUb cywjk (RMP) ck: gUvcwjUb cywjk MVbi Dk Kx? Di: gnvbMixi RbMYi mvweK wbivcv ivi Rb MwVZ| ck: XvKv gUvcwjUb gvwRmx Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 1979 mvj| ck: AvgW cywjk evUvwjqvb Av cvk nq Ke? Di: 1979 mvj| ck: b-cywjki m`i `i Kv_vq? Di: ewikvj| ck: ij cywjkK Kx ejv nq? Di: wR.Avi.wc| ck: wR.Avi.wc cavbi c`ghv`v Kvi mgvb? Di: wWAvBwR| ck: evsjv`k KqwU wRAviwc Rjvq wef? Di: 2wU h_v: (1) PMvg I (2) mq`cyi| ck: PMvg Rjvi Aaxb ij _vbvjv Kvb Aj? Di: evsjv`ki c~evj (mq`cyi `ki cwgvj)| ck: evsjv`k ijIq _vbv KZwU? Di: 24 wU| [my :

5| AvgW evUvwjqb cywjk dvm 6| Gm.G.Gd Gm.wc (kvj AvgW dvm) ck: cywjk i Kx? Di: KqKwU Rjv mg^q GKwU cywjk i MwVZ nq| ck: cywjk mvKj Kx? Di: GGmwci Aaxb `yB ev ZZvwaK cywjk _vbv/DcRjv AjK cywjk mvKj ej| ck: evsjv`k eZgvb KqwU cywjk i AvQ? Di: 7wU h_v: XvKv, PMvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, wmjU, ewikvj I ijIq| ck: gUvcwjUb cywjki cavbK Kx ejv nq? Di: cywjk Kwgkbvi| ck: PMvg gUvcwjUb cywjk Aav`k Ke Rvwi Kiv nq? Di: 1978 mvj| ck: PMvg gUvcwjUb _vbvi msLv KZ? Di: 11wU| ck: gUvcwjUb cywjki i webvm Kgb? Di: Kwgkbvi AwZwi Kwgkbvi Dc Kwgkbvi AwZwi Dc-Kwgkbvi www.police.gov.bd] mnKvix Kwgkbvi| ck: cywjk Kbej`i ck: evsjv`k cwkYi Rb `ki KqwU gUvcwjUb cywjk KqwU AvwjK cywjk cwkY zj Aj wbq MwVZ? AvQ?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: 4wU (Lyjbv, iscyi, UvvBj, bvqvLvjx)| ck: XvKv gUvcwjUb cywjk KqwU wefvM wbq MwVZ? Di: 7wU| ck: XvKv gnvbMix Ke gUvcwjUb cywjk Pvjy nq? Di: 1985 mvj| ck: XvKv gnvbMixZ gvU _vbvi msLv KZ? Di: 41wU (bZzb MwVZ 6wU _vbvmn) ck: cywjk evwnbxZ Kx Kx cyivi AvQ? Di: exiZ cyivi I wRGm gvK (GS Mark) cyivi| ck: Lyjbv gUvcwjUb cywjk Aav`k Rvwi nq Ke? Di: 1985 mvj| ck: cywjki Nyl I `ybxwZ wbqbi Rb h mj MVb Kiv nq Zvi bvg Kx? Di: KvDUvi BUwjR| ck: UvwdK cywjk Kx? Di: IGP Gi Awab cywjk evwnbxi m`m`i wbq Avqxfve MwVZ hvbevnb wbqYi `vwqZ cvjbKvix cywjk| ck: cywjk duvwoi cywjki Wm Kx? Di: LvwK cvU I bxj Rvgv ck: cywjk evwnbxi avivevwnK c`ghv`v I wPwZ evRmg~n DjL Ki?
. 1 avivevwnK c`ghv`v Bci Rbvij (IG) GwWkbvj wPwZ evR 2 Zjvqvii GK m I 2 vi 2 Zjvqvii Bci Rbvij (Add. IG) WcywU Bci Rbvij (DIG) Add. DIG GvwmU Bci Rbvij (AIG) ev mycviBbUb WU Ae cywjk (SP) Add. SP wmwbqi GvwmU mycviBbUb WU Ae cywjk (Senior ASP) ASP Bci mve Bci (SI) ASI nvwej`vi bvqK Kbej

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ck: ivRkvnx gUvcwjUb cywjk Aav`k Ke Rvwi nq? Di:1992 mvj| ck: evsjv`k cywjk vd KjR Kv_vq AewZ? Di:XvKvi wgicyi (vwcZ 2000 mvj)| ck: miKvi cywjki PvKzixZ ceki c~e Kvb cixv evaZvg~jK Ki? Di:HIV (Human Immune Virus) cixv| ck: cywjki Rb bZzb cvkvK Ke _K Pvjy nq? Di:10 Rvbyqvwi 2004|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Aviv eMg Ke wbqvM cvb? Di:17 g 2009, KvUbgU _vbv, XvKv|

ck: evsjv`k gvU ckvmwbK _vbvi msLv KZwU? Di:599 wU| ck: evsjv`k cywjk GKvWwgi BwZnvm c_g bvix Kgvvii bvg Kx? Di:GwjRv kviwgb| ck: evsjv`k cywjk DBg bUIqvK (BPWN) Pvjy nq Ke Ges cavb K? Di:21 bf^i 2008, cavb cywjki c_g gwnjv wWAvBwR dvZgv eMg| ck: cywjk mwKZ `ywU eBqi bvg wjLyb? Di: (1) Avwg hLb cywjk wQjvgaxivR fvPvh (2) cywjk GvWwgwbkb Ae evsjv`k GweGmwR wKewiqv| ck: evsjv`k cywjki eZgvb AvBwR K? Di:b~i gvnv` (30/01/2007eZgvb)| ck: NSI Gi c~Yic Kx? Di:National Security Intelligence. ck: CID Gi c~Yic Kx? Di:Criminal Investigation Department. ck: eZgvb b _vbvi msLv KZ? Di:2wU| ck: BUvicyji c_g gnvmwPe wnme K c_g evsjv`k mdi Kib? Di:ivbv Kvb_ bvej (1 gvP 2008)| ck: eZgvb `k cywjki msLv KZ? Di:1 jvL 15 nvRvi 814 Rb (m~ : 9 gvP 2009, ^iv gYvjq mwKZ msm`xq vqx KwgwU)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g bvix Iwm wnme nvmb

ck: evsjv`k KvMvW MVb Kiv nq? Di: 12 wWm^i 1994 (^iv gYvjqi Aaxb)| ck: `k Kb KvMvW MVb Kiv nq? Di: DcKji wbivcv I bhvbjvK Rj`my`i AvgY _K iv Kivi Rb| ck: evsjv`ki ivR bwZK mgy`mxgv KZ? Di: 12 bwUKvj gvBj| ck: KvMvWi Kvhg i nq Ke? Di: 12 wWm^i 1994| ck: evsjv`ki A_ bwZK mgy`mxgv KZ? Di: 200 bwUKvj gvBj| ck: evsjv`ki DcKjxq mxgvi `N KZ? Di: 711 wK.wg.| ck: evsjv`k KvMvWi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di: ki evsjv bMi, XvKv| ck: KvMvWi gvU AvwjK Awdm KZwU? Di: 3wU, PMvg (c~e), evMinvU (cwg), fvjv (`wY)| ck: icmx evsjv Kx? Di: KvMvWi RvnvRi bvg| ck: KvMvW cwiPvwjZ Awfhvbi bvg Kx? Di: Acvikb meyR evsjv|

evsjv`k KvMvW

evsjv`k ivBdjm

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k mxgv ix evwnbxi bvg Kx? Di:evsjv`k ivBdjm (wewWAvi)| ck: evsjv`k ivBdjm Gi c~e bvg Kx? Di:ivgMo jvKvj evUvwjqb (1875 mvj)| ck: ivgMo jvKvj evUvwjqb cieZxZ Kx bvg cwiewZZ nq? Di:kvi wiRvf Kvvwb (1879 mvj)| ck: KZ mvj c_g XvKvi wcjLvbvq kvj wiRvf Kvvwb c_g NuvwU vcb Ki? Di:1879 mvj| ck: evsjv`k ivBdjm Gi KvR Kx? Di:`ki mxgv iv, PvivPvjvb `gb I miKvii Abvb `vwqZ cvjb Kiv| ck: wewWAvi Kvb aibi evwnbx? Di:Avav mvgwiK evwnbx| ck: evsjv`k ivBdjm Gi kvMvb Kx? Di:mxgvi AZ cnix| ck: evsjv`k ivBdjm Gi AvwjK m`i`i Ges mi KZwU? Di:h_vg 4wU Ges 12wU (cvweZ mi 16wU)| ck: evsjv`k ivBdjm bvgKiY nq KZ mvj? Di:3 gvP 1972| ck: evsjv`ki gywhy KZRb wewWAvii m`m knx` nb? Di:819 Rb| ck: gywhy KZRb wewWAvi m`m exik c`exZ f~wlZ nb? Di:2 Rb h_v : (1) gyw Avyi iDd I (2) byi gvnv`|

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ck: evsjv`k ivBdjm Gi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di:XvKvi wcjLvbvq| ck: wewWAvii DaZb KgKZviv Kvb evwnbx _K c`vwqZ nb? Di:mbvevwnbx| ck: 20 Gwcj 2008, ivBdjm KviLvbv Dvab Kiv nq Kv_vq? Di:MvRxcyi mbvwbevm| ck: `ki GKgv ivBdjm Uwbs GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ? Di:PMvgi mvZKvwbqvq (bvg evBZzj BZ)| ck: XvKvi wcjLvbvq wewWAvi we`vn msNwUZ nq Ke? Di:25-26 deqvwi 2009| ck: we`vn wbnZ wewWAvii gnvcwiPvjKi bvg Kx? Di: gRi Rbvij mvwKj Avng`| ck: wcjLvbvq msNwUZ wewWAvi we`vn wewWAvi Rvqvbiv A mgvcb Ki Ke? Di: 26 deqvwi 2009| ck: ivRavbxi wcjLvbvq wewWAvi m`i `i wewWAvi m`m KZK mbv KgKZv`i nZvhi NUbvq msm` memwZg kvK c ve MwnZ nq Ke? Di: 1 gvP 2009| ck: Acvikb iej nvU Kx? Di: 2009 mvji 2gvP wcjLvbv nZvh RwoZ`i MdZvi `kevcx Acvikb iej nvU i|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

ck: eZgvb wewWAvi Gi m`m msLv KZ? Di: 60,000 (cvq)| ck: XvKvi wcjLvbvq wewWAvi we`vni NUbvi miKvwi Z` wicvU `vwLj Kiv nq Ke? Di:21 g 2009| ck: wcjLvbv nZvhi gvgjv cwiPvjbvi cavb Kmywj K? Di:GvWfvKU Avwbmyj nK| ck: wewWAvii bewbhy gnvcwiPvjKi bvg Kx? Di:gRi Rbvij iwdKzj Bmjvg (15 Gwcj 2010 _K)|

ck: Avbmvi I wfwWwc Kvb gYvjqi Aaxb? Di: ^iv gYvjq| ck: evsjv`k Avbmvi GKvWwg I cwkY K` Kv_vq? Di: MvRxcyii mwdcyi| ck: evsjv`k Avbmvi GKvWwgi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di: XvKvi wLjMuvIq| ck: Avbmvi GKvWwgi eZgvb bvg Kx? Di: Avbmvi wfwWwc GKvWwg (1996 mvj)| ck: eZgvb gvU evUvwjqb KZwU? evsjv`k Avbmvi I Di: 37wU (2wU bvixmn)| ck: Avbmvi I wfwWwc wfwWwci bewbhy ck: Avbmvi I gnvcwiPvjK K? wfwWwci g~j Av`k Kx? Di: weMt Rbvij Payix Di: gvbyl gvbyli Rb| nvmvb mviIqv`x| ck: wfwWwc ejZ Kx ck: c_g bvix eySvq? Avbmvi evUvwjqbi Di: wfjR wWd cvwU| AwabvqK K? ck: evsjv`k Avbmvi Di: ivk`v eMg| evwnbx Ke MwVZ nh? Di: 1948 mvji 12 deqvwi| ive ck: Avbmvi ijm ck: RAB Gi c~Yic Ke cYxZ nq? Kx? Di: 1948 mvji 20 AvM| Di:Rapid Action Battlion. ck: Avbmvi I ck: c_g Aav`k wfwWwci gvwmK cwKvi mskvab Ke ive MVb Kiv bvg Kx? nq? Di: cwZiva| Di:1979 mvji AvgW cywjk ck: `k gvU evUvwjqb| Avbmvi evUvwjqbi ck: RAB Gi c~ebvg msLv KZ? Kx wQj? Di: 34wU| Di:RAT (Rapid Action Team). ck: gwnjv Avbmvi ck: ivUi Kvhg KZ mvj MwVZ nq Ges Ke _K i nq? Avbmvi evUvwiqb KZ Di:25 Rvbyqvwi 2003| mvj MwVZ nq? ck: ivei kvMvb Di: 1976 mvj| Kx? Di:evsjv`k Avgvi AnsKvi|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: RAB evwnbx RvZxq msm` cvk nq Ke? Di:9 RyjvB 2003| ck: ivei gvU evUvwjqbi msLv KZ? Di:12wU| 1, 2, 3, 4 (XvKv) ive-5 (ivRkvnx) ive-6 (Lyjbv) ive-7 (PMvg) ive-8 (ewikvj) ive-9 (wmjU) ive-10 (XvKv) ive-11 (bvivqYM) ive-12 (wmivRM)| ck: cwZvKvjxb mgq ivei gnvcwiPvjK wQjb K? Di:Avbvqvij BKevj| ck: ivei eZgvb gnvcwiPvjKi bvg Kx? Di:nvmvb gvngy` L`Kvi| ck: ive RbmvaviYi mvgb AvZcKvk Ki Ke? Di: 26 gvP 2004| ck: Kvb Kvb evwnbxi m`m wbq ive MwVZ? Di: 6wU (cywjk, mbv, wegvb, b, wewWAvi Ges KvMvW) ck: ivU MVKvjxb mgq m`m msLv KZ wQj? Di: 133 Rb| ck: ivei eZgvb m`i `i Kv_vq? Di:XvKvi KzwgUvjvq| ck: ive AvbyvwbKfve Acvikb Kvhg i Ki Ke? Di:21 Ryb 2004

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e`wkK bxwZ| (Rvgvb ivbvqK AUvfb wemgvKi gZ)| ck: 'Dynamics of International Politics' Mi gZ, ciivbxwZ ev e`wkK bxwZ Kx? Di: ciivbxwZ njv GKwU `ki RvZxq bxwZi GKwU Ask, hvi viv Ab `ki mv_ mK vwcZ nq Ges G mK RvZxq ^v_i aviYvq cwZwZ| ck: evsjv`ki ciivbxwZi g~j K_vjv Kx Kx? Di: (1) mKji mv_ ezZ, Kviv mv_ kZv bq
(Friendship to all, malice to none)

(2) Ab ivi mvefgZ, ivxq ^vaxbZv I fMvwjK ALZvi cwZ h_vh_ mvb c`kbi bxwZ (3) RvwZmsN mb`i 2(7) avivi wfwZ evsjv`k Ab Kvb ivi AfixY welq nc bv Kivi bxwZZ wekvmx| (4) AvwjK mnhvwMZv ewmn Bmjvwg weki mv_ mnv` I ezZc~Y mK vcb evsjv`ki ciivbxwZi AbZg welq| ck: evsjv`ki ciivbxwZi wbaviK Dcv`vbmg~n Kx Kx? Di: (1) fMvwjK I AvwjK evsjv`ki Aevb (2) A_bwZK Aev (3) cwZekx ivi ciivbxwZ, K~U mvgwiK kw (4) wekvj bwZK wgkb I RbmsLv (5) ivRbwZK `ji Aevb I `wfw (6) wewfb Pzw RbMYi wekvm I mvgvwRK ck: ciivbxwZ ev g~jeva (7) AvRvwZK e`wkK bxwZ Kx? Pzw I mb`| Di: Kvb `ki AfixY bxwZi mcmviYB

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: nvBKwgkbvi| ck: evsjv`k CTBT PzwZ ^vi Ki Ke? Di: 1996 gvji 24 Avei (129 Zg `k)| ck: fviZi mv_ Mv cvwb Pzw ^vwiZ nq Ke? Di: 1996 mvji 12 wWm^i| ck: 30 eQi gqv`x Mv cvwb PzwZ K K ^vi Kib? Di: evsjv`ki kL nvwmbv I fviZi `e Mov| ck: evsjv`k fviZ 25 eQi gqv`x Pzw kl nq Ke? Di: 1997 mvji 18 gvP| ck: KLb cveZ kvw Pzw ^vwiZ nq? Di: 1997 mvji 2 wWm^i| ck: cveZ kvw PzwZ K K ^vi Kib? Di: miKvii c mveK Pxc Bc Aveyj nvmbvZ Avyjvn Ges DcRvwZ`i c kvw evwnbxi cavb RvwZwi` evwawcq jvigv ev m jvigv| ck: evsjv`ki eZgvb ciivgx/c_g gwnjv ciivgx K? Di: W. `xcy gwb, 14Zg (c_g ciivgx L`Kvi gvkZvK Avng`)| ck: evsjv`ki eZgvb Z_v 24Zg ciiv mwPe K? Di: wgRvij Kvqm (c_g G.Gd.Gg Aveyj dZn)| ck: cveZ kvw Pzw Kv_vq ^vwiZ nq? Di: AvRvwZK mjb K, XvKv|

ck: we`k evsjv`ki KZwU wgkb Awdm iqQ? Di: 47wU| (AvM 2009 ch)| ck: evsjv`k KZwU `ki wgkb iqQ? Di: 46wU| ck: evsjv`k c_g Kvb `ki mv_ gx Pzw mv`b Ki? Di: fviZi mv_ (1972 mvji 19 gvP)| ck: Di AvgwiKvi Kvb Kvb `k evsjv`ki wgkb Awdm iqQ? Di: KvbvWv I hyivZ| ck: `wY AvgwiKvi Kvb `kwUZ evsjv`ki GKgv wgkb Awdm iqQ? Di: evwRj| ck: RvwZmsN evsjv`ki vqx wgkb Kv_vq? Di: wbDBqK (hyiv)| ck: RvwZmsN evsjv`ki c_g vqx cwZwbwai bvg Kx? Di: mq` Avbvqvij Kwig| ck: Kvb Kvb `k evsjv`ki GKvwaK wgkb iqQ? Di: hyiv (4wU), hyivR (3wU), fviZ (3wU), cvwK vb (2wU), Pxb (2wU), gvqvbgvi (2wU), mw` Avie (2wU) I mshy Avie AvwgivZ (2wU)| ck: Rbfv RvwZmsN Awdm evsjv`ki vqx cwZwbwai bvg Kx? Di: gvt Ave`yj nvbvb| ck: KgbIqj_fy `kmg~ni mevP chvqi KgKZvK Kx ejv nq?

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k I hyivi ga Ke nvbv Pzw ^vwiZ nq? Di: 1998 mvji AvM gvm| ck: evsjv`k gvqvbgvi j mxgv Pzw Ke ^vwiZ nq? Di: 1998 mvji 12 bf^i| ck: Ke evsjv`k j gvBb PzwZ ^vi Ki? Di: 1999 mvji 8 g (126Zg `k)| ck: evsjv`k Ke CTBT Pzw Abygv`b Ki? Di: 2000 mvji 8gvP (28 Zg `k)| ck: evsjv`k BDivcxq Kwgkb mnhvwMZv PzwZ Ke Kv_vq ^vwiZ nq? Di: 2000 mvji 22 g (evmjm)| ck: evsjv`k Ke RvwZ msN mgy` AvBb Abygv`b Ki? Di: 27 RyjvB 2001 (138 Zg `k)| ck: evsjv`k Ke wKqvUv cUvKj ^vi Ki? Di: 22 Avei 2001 (KvhKi Ki 16 deqvwi 2005)| ck: evsjv`k wbhy hyivi iv`~Zi bvg Kx? Di: Rgm Gd. gwiqvwU (mt 2007-)| ck: 2008 mvji Gwcj Kvb `ki `yZvevm Lvjv nq evsjv`k? Di:bi| ck: evsjv`k bewbhy (Ryb-2008) wewUk nvBKwgkbvi K?

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Di: wdb wbKvjvm Bfvbm (c~e wQj Avbvqvi Payix)| ck: eZgvb RvwZmsN evsjv`ki vqx cwZwbwa K? Di: W. G.K.Gg. Avyj gvgb, 13 Zg (RyjvB 2009eZgvb)|

Kvb GKwU wbw` bxwZi wfwZ I h_ Pvi gvag RvZxq ^v_i DbwZK HKe RbmgwK ivRbwZK `j ejv nq| 1. wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM cwZwZ nq 1906 mvji 30 wWm^i| 2. gymwjg jxMi cwZvZv beve mwjgyjvn| 3. gymwjg jxM cwZwZ nIqvi KviY gymjgvb`i ivR bwZK AwaKvi Av`vqi Rb|

ivRbxwZ I ivR bwZK `j

gymwjg jxM

1. evsjv`k RvgvqvZ Bmjvwg cwZwZ nq 1941 mvji 26 AvM| 2. RvgvqvZ Bmjvwgi cwZvZv mq` Aveyj Avjv gI`y`x| 3. RvgvqvZ Bmjvwgi g~j j Avjvni AvBb PvB, mr jvKi kvmb PvB (ivxqfve Zviv BmjvgK cwZv KiZ Pvq)| 4. 1991 mvji RvZxq msm` RvgvqvZ Avmb jvf Ki 18wU| 5. 1996 mvji msm` wbevPb 3wU Avmb jvf Ki|

RvgvqvZ Bmjvwg evsjv`k

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

6. 2001 mvj RvgvqvZ 4 `jxq 4. cwZvKvj AvIqvgx jxMi RvUi Ask wnme 17wU RqU mUvwi wQjb kL Avmb jvf Ki| gywReyi ingvb I L`Kvi 7. 2001 mvj c_g evii gZ gvkZvK Avng` (h_fve)| gvIjvbv gwZDi ingvb 5. 1950 mvji knx` wbRvgx I Avjx Avnmvb mvnivIqv`xi bZ gvnv` gyRvwn` Z AvIqvgx jxMi bvg nq RvgvqvZi KwebU gwZ cvwKvb AvIqvgx gymwjg jvf Kib| jxM| 8. RvgvqvZ Bmjvwgi Qv 6. 1955 mvj AvIqvgx jxM msMVbi bvg Bmjvwg _K gymwjg kwU ev` Qvwkwei| `Iqv nq| 7. 1957 mvj gvIjvbv fvmvbx KwgDwb cvwU AvIqvgx jxM ZvM Kib| 1. c~e cvwKvb 8. 1957 mvj gvIjvbv fvmvbx KwgDwb cvwU MwVZ h `j MVb Kib bvkbvi nq 1948 mvj fviZxq AvIqvgx cvwU (bvc)| KwgDwb cvwUi (C.P.I) Gi 9. kL gywRe Qq `dv NvlYv wZxq KsMm Abyvb| Kib 1966 mvj| 2. KwgDwb cvwU f 10. kL gywReyi ingvbi bZ nq cvwKvb KwgDwb Z 1971 mvji 16 cvwU (C.P.P) Ges c~e wWm^i evsjv`k ^vaxb cvwKvb KwgDwb nq| cvwU (E.P.C.P). 11. kL gywReyi ingvb 3. eZgvb mviv`k ^cwievi wbnZ nb 1975 KwgDwb cvwUi 18wU mvji 15 AvM| Dc`j AvQ| 12. evsjv`k AvIqvgx jxM 4. evsjv`ki `wY Ges `wY MVb Ki evKkvj| cwgvjK KwgDwb 13. AvIqvgx jxMi ivRbwZK cvwUi ^MivR ejv nq| wekvm agwbicZvev`| 5. KwgDwb cvwUi Qv 14. 1973 mvji 1g msm` msMVbi bvg evsjv`k Qv wbevPb miKvi MVb Ki gx| AvIqvgx jxM| evsjv`k AvIqvgx 15. 1991 mvj msm` wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM jxM 88wU Avmb cvq| 1. 1949 mvji 23/24 Ryb gvIjvbv Avyj nvwg` Lvb 16. 1996 mvj 146 wU Avmb cq miKvi MVb Ki G `jwU| fvmvbxi bZZ c~e 17. 2001 mvj AvIqvgx jxM cvwKvb AvIqvgx gymwjg 58wU Avmb jvf Ki| jxMi Rb| 18. AvIqvgxjxMi Qv msMVbi 2. c~e cvwKvb AvIqvgx bvg evsjv`k QvjxM| gymwjg jxMi eZgvb bvg 19. 2008 mvji wbevPb evsjv`k AvIqvgx jxM| AvIqvgx jxM miKvi MVb Ki| 3. cwZvKvj AvIqvgx jxMi mfvcwZ I mvaviY mv`K h_vg gvIjvbv fvmvbx I kvgmyj nK|

evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (BNP)

evsjv`k welqvejx 1. we.Gb.wc cwZwZ nq 1978 mvji m^i gvm| 2. we.Gb.wci cwZvZv mveK cwmWU wRqvDi ingvb| 3. we.Gb.wc c_gevi gZvq Avm 1979 mvj| 4. cwmWU wRqvDi ingvb wbnZ nb 1981 mvji 30 g| 5. we.Gb.wc kwkvjx nq Gikv` weivax Av`vjbi gvag eMg Lvj`v wRqvi bZZ| 6. 1991 mvji msm` wbevPb we.Gb.wc 140wU Avmb cq 2q evi miKvi MVb Ki| 7. evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `ji 19 `dv Kgm~Px wRqvDi ingvb KZK NvwlZ| 8. eMg Lvj`v wRqv c_g cavbgx nb 5g msm`| 9. 1996 mvj we.Gb.wc 116wU Avmb cq msm` weivax `j wnme Aevb Ki| 10. 2001 mvj 8g msm` wbevPb we.Gb.wc bZ Zvaxb Pvi`jxq RvU `yB ZZxqvsk Avmb cq miKvi MVb Ki| 11. we.Gb.wci Qv msMVbi bvg evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x Qv`j|

147

Ges 2001 mvj (aygv Gikv` Mc) 14wU Avmb jvf Ki| 5. `ki ZZxq eng `j wnme RvZxq cvwUi Qv msMVbi bvg RvZxq Qv mgvR|

1. Rvm` cwZwZ nq 31 Avei 1972| 2. Rvm`i cwZvZv wmivRyj Avjg| 3. 1972 _K 1975 mvj ch AvIqvgx jxMi GKgv cwZx wQj Rvm`| 4. AvIqvgx jxM miKviK gZvPzZ Kivi Rb Rvm` MYevwnbx Zwi Ki| 5. LvjKzvgvb fu~Bqvi bZ Z Rvm`i GKwU Ask evsjv`k mgvRZvwK `j (evm`) MVb Ki| 6. eZgvb Rvm` (ie), Rvm` (wmivR) I Rvm` (Bby) mwq f~wgKv cvjb Ki| 7. Rvm`i Qv msMVbi bvg evsjv`k RvZxq QvjxM|

RvZxq mgvRZvwK `j (Rvm`)

Bmjvwg HKRvU
1. Bmjvwg kvmbZ cwZwZ 1990 mvj| 2. Bmjvwg kvmbZ MwVZ 7wU `ji mg^q| 3. `ji g~j j LjvdZi Av`k GKwU Bmjvwg iv Kvqg Kiv| 4. 1996 mvji wbevPb HKRvU cvq 1wU gv Avmb| 5. 2001 mvj cvq 3wU Avmb (4 `jxq RvUi Ask wnme)| 6. Bmjvwg HKRvUi Qv msMVb RvgqZ Zvjvevq Avivweqv|

RvZxq cvwU

1. G.GBP.Gg Gikv` cwmWU Avym mvviK gZvPzZ Ki 1982 mvji 24 gvP| 2. RvZxq cvwU MwVZ nq 1986 mvji 1 Rvbyqvwi| 3. RvZxq cvwU gZv ZvM Ki 1990 mvji 6 wWm^i| 4. RvZxq cvwU 1990 mvj 35wU, 1996 mvj 32 wU

Abvb `j

148

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: 20.60 kZvsk (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: eZgvb evsjv`ki gv_vwcQy (wRwWwc) `kR Drcv`b KZ? Di: 621 gvwKb Wjvi (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: eZgvb evsjv`ki gv_vwcQy Avq (GNI) KZ? Di: 690 gvwKb Wjvi (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki RbmsLvi KZ Ask `vwi` mxgvi bxP evm Ki? Di: 40% (evsjv`k evsKi wicvU gZ 59%)| ck: `ki mePq ewk `vwi` mxgvi bxP evm Ki Kvb wefvMi jvK? Di: ewikvj wefvM| ck: mePq Kg `vwi` mxgvi bxP evm Ki Kvb Rjvi jvK? Di: Kzwqv| (Kg `vwi` mxgvq XvKv wefvM)| ck: gv_vwcQy Avq ejZ Kx eySvq? Di: Kvb `ki GK eQii gvU RvZxq AvqK H`ki RbmsLv viv fvM Kij cv fvMdjB gv_vwcQy Avq| ck: GKwU `ki A_ bwZK Dbqbi gvcKvwU Kx? Di: cKZ gv_vwcQy Avq| ck: evsjv`ki A_bxwZi AbMmiZvi KviY Kx Kx? Di: g~jabi Afve, chywi Afve I Kg `Zvi Afve| ck: evsjv`ki A_bxwZ cavbZ wKmi Dci wbfikxj? Di: e`wkK mvnvhi Dci|

1. 1992 mvj MYdvivg cwZv Kib evsjv`k msweavbi cwZ Ges mveK AvIqvgx jxM bZv W. Kvgvj nvmb| 2. MYdvivg GKwU evg D`vi bwZK ivRbwZK `j| 3. weK avivi cwZvZv mveK ivcwZ G.wKD.Gg. e`ivRv Payix|

ck: evsjv`ki A_bxwZ Kvb aibi? Di: wgk A_bxwZ| ck: wgk A_bxwZ Kx? Di: ivvq I ew gvwjKvbv LvZi cvkvcvwk Aevb| ck: A_bxwZi RbK K? Di: GWvg w_| ck: AvaywbK A_bxwZi RbK K? Di: cj mvgyqjmb| ck: evsjv`ki A_bxwZi cavb LvZ KvbwU? Di: Kwl| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq Avqi wmsnfvM Avm Kvb LvZ _K? Di: Kwl LvZ nZ 20.87 fvM (A_bwZK mgxv2008)| ck: RvZxq A_bxwZi wRwWwcZ K wl LvZi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 32 kZvsk ck: wRwWwcZ 2008-2009 mvgwqKfve mvweK Kwl LvZi Ae`vb KZ?

evsjv`ki A_bxwZ I A_ bwZK cwiKbv

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: ew kYxfy Ki`vZv`i Kigy Avqi mxgv KZ? Di: 1 j 65 nvRvi [20092010 A_eQii evRU Abymvi]| ck: VAT Kx? Di: Value Added TAX ev g~j mshvRb Ki| ck: VAT Pvjy nq KZ mvj? Di: 1991 mvji 1 RyjvB (civ Ki)| ck: cwiKbv Kwgkbi Pqvigvb wbqvM Kib K? Di: cavbgx| ck: cwiKbv Kwgkb Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi AvMviMuvIq| ck: cevwlKx cwiKbv cYqb Kib K? Di: cwiKbv Kwgkb| ck: Dbqb cevwlKx cwiKbvi ceZK K? Di: ivwkqvi mveK cwmWU vwjb| ck: cwiKbv Kwgkb Kvb gYvjqi Aaxb? Di: cwiKbv gYvjq (mfvcwZ cwiKbv gx)| ck: bvej weRqx AgZ mbi gZ evsjv`ki Dbqbi Dcvq Kx? Di: A_bwZK I mvgvwRK mgZv| ck: Avqi q gZvK Kx ejv nq? Di: Real Income. ck: Wvws Kx? Di: `kxq g~ji Pq Kg `vg we`k `e wew KivK Wvws ej| ck: c_g Gkxq A_bxwZi bvej weRqx AgZ mb LvwZgvb Kb?

149

Di: zav I `~wf welq gwjK Ae`vbi Rb| ck: A_bxwZZ Afve ejZ Kx eySvq? Di: Kvb `e mvgMx cvIqvi AvKvLvK eySvq| ck: A_bxwZZ Pvwn`v Kx? Di: Kvb `e ev mev cvevi AvKvvi cvZ `ewU q Kivi AvKvv, q Kivi gZv Ges A_ eq Kivi BQv _vKv K Pvwn`v ej| ck: GDP Kx? Di: Gross Domestic Product (gvU AfixY Drcv`b)| ck: GNP Kx? Di: Gross National Product (gvU RvZxq Drcv`b)| ck: evsjv`k kqvi evRvi wbqY Ki K? Di: XvKv K GP I PMvg K GP| ck: Kvb `ki `vwi` mxgv wKfve wbYq Kiv nq? Di: ^ gv_vwcQy Avq I Rxeb hvvi gvb w`q| ck: evsjv`ki weq Kii weK KvbwU? Di: g~j mshvRb Ki| ck: `vwi`i `yP f` KiZ nj Kx KiZ ne? Di: mq ew KiZ ne| ck: evsjv`k KZwU cevwlKx cwiKbv MnY Ki? Di: 5wU| ck: c_g cevwlKx cwiKbvi gqv` KZ? Di: 19731978| ck: w-evwlK cwiKbv KZwU? Di: 1wU (19781980)|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`k Dbqb dvivgi cavb mg^qKvix K? Di: wek evsK| ck: evsjv`k Dbqb dvivg ev GBW Kvei c_g eVK Kv_vq AbywZ nq? Di: dvi cvwim 1973 mvj| ck: evsjv`k Dbqb dvivgi m`m msLv KZ? Di: 26wU (16wU `k I 10wU msv)| ck: GBW Kvei mfvcwZZ Ki Kvb cwZvb? Di: wek evsK| ck: evsjv`k Dbqb dvivgi wbqwgZ eVK Kv_vq AbywZ nq? Di: dv| ck: FBCCI Gi cwZv Ke? Di: 1973 mvj| ck: evwYR bxwZ Kx? Di: h bxwZi gvag `ki Avg`vwb I ivwb evwYR Kiv nq| ck: GBW Kvei XvKv eVK Gi bvg cwieZb Ki Kx ivLv nq? Di: evsjv`k Dbqb dvivg| ck: evsjv`ki gvU ivwb Avqi EPZ Gi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 17% (m~ A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: B.wc.RW (EPZ) Gi wbqwZ msvwUi bvg Kx? Di: BEPZA. ck: BEPZA KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di: 1980 mvj (cavbgxi gYvjq)|

ck: evsjv`k gy evRvi A_bxwZ Pvjy nq KZ mvj? Di: 1991 mvj| ck: cg cevwlKx cwiKbvi gqv` KZ? Di: 19972002| ck: 2008-2009 A_ eQi evwlK Dbqb Kgm~wP (ADP) Abygv`b Kiv nq KZ? Di: 25,600 KvwU UvKv| ck: eZgvb evsjv`ki gvbyli gv_vwcQy FYi cwigvY KZ? Di: A_bwZK mgxv2008 Abymvi 147 gvwKb Wjvi Ges 7 gvP 2009, GbweAvi Pqvigvbi gZ 185 gvwKb Wjvi| ck: wek A_ bwZK dvivg wicvU 2008 Abyhvqx evsjv`ki Aevb KZ? Di: 111 Zg (143wU `ki ga hyiv c_g)| ck: Iqvj wU Rvbvj Gi gZ, A_bxwZi m~PK-2010 G evsjv`ki Aevb KZZg? Di: 137| ck: 30 gvP 2010 RvZxq A_bwZK cwil`i wbevnx KwgwU (ECNEC) KZwU BbwwUDU Ae gwib UKbvjwR (IM:) wbgvbi Abygv`b `q? Di: 5wU (dwi`cyi, gywM, Puv`cyi, wmivRM I evMinvU)|

evsjv`ki e`wkK evwYR, wewbqvM I B.wc.RW (EPZ)

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: miKvwi LvZ `k gvU EPZ KZwU? Di: 8wU (PMvg, XvKv, gjv, Kzwgjv, Ckiw`, bxjdvgvix, (Div) Av`gRx I KYdzjx)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g BwcRW KvbwU? Di: PMvg EPZ (1983 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki wZxq EPZ KvbwU? Di: XvKv EPZ (1987 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k wewbqvM evW KZ mvj MwVZ nq? Di: 1989 mvji 1 Rvbyqvwi| ck: evsjv`k mivmwi wewbqvMKvix meenr `k KvbwU? Di: gvwKb hyiv| ck: XvKvq wbhy `vZv `kjvi msMVbi bvg Kx? Di: UzqmW Mc (Tuesday ck: GKRb we`kx evsjv`k KZ Wjvi wewbqvM Kij G`ki bvMwiKZ cveb? Di: 5 j gvwKb Wjvi| ck: evsjv`k wewbqvMi cwZeKZvmg~n Kx Kx? Di: ivRbwZK AwwZkxjZv, AeKvVvgvMZ mgmv I ckvmwbK `xNm~wZv| ck: evsjv`k we`wk wewbqvM ewi Rb evsjv`k wgkbmg~n we`k Kx Kx myweav w`q _vKb Di: wewbqvMKvix`i Rb GKBm 6 gvmi wfmv c`vb| ck: evsjv`k e`wkK gy`vi wmsnfvM Avm Kvb LvZ _K?
Group).

151

Di: Zwi cvkvK _K| ck: eZgvb evsjv`ki mePq ewk FY c`vbKvix msv I `k KvbwU? Di: wek evsKi I.D.A (AvB.wW.G) hv 'Soft loan window' bvg cwiwPZ Ges `kwU Rvcvb| ck: evsjv`ki ivwb evwYR cmvi wbqvwRZ msv KvbwU? Di: ivwb Dbqb eyiv| ck: we`k evsjv`kx cY gjvi AvqvRb Ki Kvb msv? Di: ivwb Dbqb eyiv| ck: e`wkK evwYRi cmvii Rb `yZvevm wbqvM Kiv nq KvK? Di: BKbvwgK KvDwjviK| ck: evsjv`k UvKvi AsK mePq ewk Avg`vwb Ki Kvb `k _K? Di: Pxb| ck: evsjv`k mePq ewk e`wkK gy`v ARb Ki Kvb `k _K? Di: gvwKb hyiv| ck: evsjv`ki Zwi cvkvKi mePq eo evRvi KvbwU? Di: gvwKb hyiv (2qRvgvwb, 3q-weUb, 4_dv)| ck: evsjv`k Zwi cvkvKi 2q enr evRvi KvbwU? Di: BDivcxq BDwbqbfy `kmg~n| ck: evsjv`k BDivcxq BDwbqbi Kvb `k Qvov me `kB cY ivwb Ki? Di: jygevM|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`k wewbhvMKvix`i ga meenr cwZvb KvbwU? Di: KEPZ. ck: 20082009 A_ eQi (mvgwqK) miKvwi I emiKvwi wewbqvM KZ? Di: h_vg 4.63% I 19.55% (A_bwZK mgxv2009)| ck: evsjv`ki eng EPZ KvbwU? Di: KEPZ (2600 GKi cvq)| ck: KEPZ Zwii D`vM bq Kvb `k? Di: `wY Kvwiqvi Bqvs Iqvb Kvvwb| ck: evsjv`ki BwcRWmg~n wewbqvMKvix `k KZwU? Di: 33wU, evsjv`kmn (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: Local Consultative Group (LCG) evsjv`k Kx? Di: evsjv`k mnvqZv Ki Ggb `k I msv wbq MwVZ vbxq civgk Mc hvi m`m msLv 32| ck: 20082009 A_eQi (mvgwqK) wRwWwcZ wewbqvMi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 24.18% (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: 20082009 A_eQi (mvgwqK) wRwWwcZ RvZxq mqi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 32.37% (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki mv_ KZwU `ki evwYwRK mK iqQ? Di: 179wU (m~: msm` ckvi evwYRgx, 10 deqvwi-2010)|

ck: evsjv`ki ivwb Avqi wZxq mevP fvM Avm Kvb LvZ _K? Di: wPswo (wngvwqZ Lv`) [A_bwZK mgxv-2008 Abymvi 4.02%] ck: evsjv`k ivwb Avqi ZZxq mevP fvM Avm Kvb LvZ _K? Di: Pvgov _K| [A_bwZK mgxv-2008 Abymvi, Pvgov _K 2.09% Ges cvU RvZ `e _K 2.39% Avm] ck: cvBfUvBRkb evW KLb MwVZ nq? Di: 1993 mvj (cavbgxi gYvjq)| ck: XvKvq KLb c_g AvRvwZK wewbqvM mjb nq? Di: 67 wWm^i 1997| ck: Ke GBW Kvei bvg cwieZb Ki evsjv`k Dbqb dvivg bvgKiY Kiv nq? Di: 1997 mvj| ck: GBW Kvei KZZg eVK XvKv nq c_g? Di: 24Zg eVK (1997 mvj)| ck: KZ mvj GBW Kvei eVK AbywZ nq wb? Di: 1998 mvj| ck: `ki ZZxq EPZ KvbwU? Di: gsjv EPZ (1998 mvj) ck: evsjv`ki 4_ EPZ KvbwU? Di: Kzwgjv EPZ (1998 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki 5g EPZ KvbwU? Di: Cki`x EPZ (1998 mvj)| ck: `ki c_g emiKvwi EPZ KvbwU? Di: KEPZ, PMvg (10 Avei 1999)|

evsjv`k welqvejx

153

ck: evsjv`k Dbqb evsjv`ki evswKs dvivgi mekl eVK Ke Kv_vq AbywZ nq? eev I gy`vxwZ Di: 1516 deqvwi 2010, ck: evsK ejZ Kx XvKvq| eySvq? evsjv`ki cavb Di: GKwU Kvhvjq ev cwZvb hvi KvR cavb ivwb `e I A_MnY I iY, FY`vb I wewbqvM Kvhvw` Zv `k mb Kiv| Zwi cvlvK : hyiv I ck: weki mePq BDivcxq BDwbqbfy `kmg~n| cvPxb evsK KvbwU? Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `e : Di: mvb&mx evsK (L: hyivR, hyiv, ivwkqv, c~e 600 A Pxb Rvcvb, Kvwiqv, fviZ, cwZwZ)| ejwRqvg, cvjv| ck: weki c_g Pv : hyivR, hyiv, miKvwi evsK KvbwU? Rvgvwb, Rvcvb, dv, Di: evsK Ae fwbm (1157 ivwkqv I BZvwj| mvj BZvwjZ)| cvU I cvURvZ `e : hyiv, ck: weki c_g dv, BZvwj, Rvgvwb, Rvcvb, K`xq evsK KvbwU? fviZ, ivwkqv, nvwi I cvjv| Di: evsK Ae Bsjv (1694 KvMR I wbDRwcU : fviZ, mvj Bsjv)| cvwKvb, BivK, nvix I ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g cvjv| evsK KvbwU? n wkRvZ `e : hyiv, Di: wn`yvb evsK (1700 hyivR, BZvwj I gacvP| mvj)| Dcgnv`k c_g evsjv`ki cavb ck: evswKs eev Pvjy nq cavb Avg`vwb Kvb Avgj? `e I weZv `k Di: gvNj Avgj| Dcgnv`k c_g Lv`km : hyiv, KvbvWv, ck: gy`v AvBb cvk nq Ke? _vBjv, fviZ| Di: 1835 mvj| cwienb hvb I hcvwZ : Dcgnv`k c_g Rvcvb, fviZ, BZvwj, dv I ck: KvMRi gy`v Pvjy Kib K? Rvgvwb| Di: jW Kvwbs (1857 LwbR Zj : gacvP| mvj)| KjKv I hcvwZ : hyiv, Kvb evsKi hyivR, _vBjv, Rvcvb I ck: `vq-`vwqZ wbq evsjv`k WbgvK| evsK MwVZ nq? ivmvqwbK `e I Jlac : Di: U evsK Ae cvwK hyiv, hyivR, _vBjv, vb| Rvcvb I WbgvK| evsjv`ki cvwYR, flR Zj I Pwe : ck: K`xq evsKi bvg Kx? Awjqv, hyiv I kxjsKv| Di: evsjv`k evsK (cwZ kwdDj Kv`i)|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: nvDR wews wdbv Kcvikb cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1973 mvj| ck: evsjv`k Kwl evsK cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1973 mvj| ck: MvgxY evsK cv_wgKfve KvR i Ki Ke? Di: 1976 mvj (PMvgi Rveiv bvgK vb)| ck: gvU Zdwmjx evsK KZwU? Di: 48wU, kvLv 6900wU (gvP 2009 ch)| ck: emiKvwi evwYwRK evsK KZwU? Di: 30wU (we`kx evwYwRK evsK 9wU)| ck: evsjv`k c_g emiKvwi evsK KvbwU? Di: Avie evsjv`k evsK wjt (1982 mvj)| ck: MvgxY evsK cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1983 mvj (cwZvZv : W. gynv` BDbym)| ck: evsjv`k my`gy evsK KvbwU? Di: Bmjvwg evsK (1983 mvj)| ck: mvbvjx evsKi c~ebvg Kx wQj? Di: bvkbvj evsK Ae cvwK vb| ck: evsjv`ki miKvwi I emiKvwi evsK KvbwU? Di: icvjx evsK| ck: icvjx evsKi c~e bvg Kx wQj? Di: gymwjg Kgvwkqvj evsK wjt| ck: AMYx evsKi c~e bvg Kx wQj?

ck: evsjv`k evsK Ke cwZwZ nq? Di: 1971 mvji 16 wWm^i (weRq w`em)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g UvKv I gy`vi bKkvKvi K? Di: KwR gydv| ck: my`i nvi wbqY Ki Kvb evsK? Di: evsjv`k evsK| ck: evsjv`k evsKi c_g Mfbi K wQjb? Di: Av.b.g. nvwg`yjvn (1972 1974)| ck: evsjv`k evsKi cavb Kvhvjq Kv_vq? Di: gwZwSj, XvKv| ck: evsjv`k evsKi kvLv Awdm KqwU I Kx Kx? Di: 9wU h_v: m`iNvU, XvKv, PMvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, ewikvj, wmjU, eov I iscyi (cavb Kvhvjq eZxZ)| ck: evsjv`k bZzb bvU evRvi Pvjy Ki Kvb evsK? Di: evsjv`k evsK| ck: evsjv`k evsKi cwiPvjbv cwil`i m`m KZRb? Di: 9 Rb (1 Rb Pqvigvb I 8 Rb cwiPvjK)| ck: evsjv`k evsKi Mfbii gqv`Kvj KZ eQi? Di: 4 eQi| ck: evsjv`k c_g bvU Pvjy nq KZ mvj? Di: 1972 mvji 4 gvP| ck: evsjv`k c_g Kvb Kvb bvU evRvi Qvov nq? Di: 1 I 100 UvKvi bvU| ck: evsjv`k wk evsK cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1972 mvj|

evsjv`k welqvejx

155

Di: nvwee evsK| evsK (mvbvjx evsK, ck: RbZv evsKi RbZv evsK I AMYx evsK) c~e bvg Kx wQj? Ke wjwgUW icvwiZ Di: BDbvBUW evsK wjt| nq? ck: w` IwiqUvj Di: 15 bf^i 2007 mvj evsKi c~e bvg Kx wQj? (Zdwmwj evsK cwiYZ nq Di: Avj-evivKv Bmjvwg 3 wWm^i 2007)| evsK wj. (eZgvb ICB ck: evsjv`k evsK International Commercial Bank). Ke 1000 UvKvi bvU ck: ivvq LvZ evRvi Qvo? iwWKvk Pvjy Ki Kvb Di: 27 Avei 2008| evsK? ck: `ki eZgvb Di: RbZv evsK| gy`v xwZ KZ? ck: Kvb evsK c_g Di: 5.81% (deqvwi 2009, Uwjdvb evswKs Z_ : cwimsLvb eyiv)| weRbm MnY Ki Ges ATM ck: evsjv`k UvKv cwZ Pvjy Ki? Qvcvbvi Rb wekl aibi Di: vvW PvUvW KvMR Avg`vwb Ki Kvb evsK| `k _K? ck: evsjv`k Di: myBRvijv| ivvq evwYwRK evsK ck: 10 UvKvi cwjgvi KZwU? bvU Kvb `k Zwi Kiv Di: 4wU (mvbvjx evsK, nq? RbZv evsK, AMYx evsK I Di: Awjqv| icvjx evsK) ck: 500 UvKvi bvU ck: ivvq evsK ev Qvcvbv nq Kvb `k _K? mvbvjx evsKi c_g Di: Rvgvwb _K| gwnjv Dc-eevcbv ck: 1 I 5 UvKvi avZe cwiPvjK I gwnjv gy`v Zwi Kiv nq Kvb `k gnveevcK K? _K? Di: Avwbmv nvg`| Di: KvbvWv _K| ck: GKgv bvU ck: Kvb cwZvb Qvcvbvi Rb ` c_g Kgvm Kvhg i wmwKDwiwU wcwUs Ki? Kcvikb (evsjv`k) wjt Di: Iqv IqvBW Iqf Ke Kv_vq vwcZ nq? BbwwUDU (2000 mvj)| Di: 1989 mvj, MvRxcyi| ck: evsjv`k c_g ck: ` wmwKDwiwU zj evswKs Kvhg Pvjy wcwUs Kcvikb Ki Kvb evsK? (evsjv`k) wjt _K c_g Di: Avie evsjv`k evsK| gyw`Z bvU KvbwU? ck: evsjv`k evsKi Di: 10 UvKvi bvU| c_g gwnjv gnveevcK ck: evsKi my`i K? nvi KZ? Di: bvRbxb myjZvbv| Di: 5% (bf^i 2003 _K)| ck: evsK iU ejZ ck: evsjv`ki Kx eySvq? wZbwU ivvqZ evwYwRK

156

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: Ke K mec_g ^vaxb evsjv`k evRU NvlYv Kib? Di: 30 Ryb 1972 ZvRDwb Avng`| ck: evsjv`ki evRU Kvb cKwZi evRU? Di: NvUwZ evRU A_vr mve Avq Acv eq ewk| ck: 2006-2007 A_ eQii cvweZ evRU KZ wQj? Di: 69,740 KvwU UvKv| ck: 2008-2009 A_ eQii evRU Ke K ck Kib? Di: 9 Ryb 2008 GweGg wgRv AvwRRyj Bmjvg (A_ I cwiKbv Dc`v)| ck: ZveavqK miKvii c_g A_ Dc`v wnme m~Y evRU ck Kib K? Di: W. GweGg wgRv AvwRRyj Bmjvg (20082009 A_eQi)| ck: 2008-2009 A_ eQii cvweZ evRU KZ wQj? Di: 99,962 KvwU UvKv| ck: evsjv`ki evRU Kvb LvZK mePq ewk cvavb `qv nq? Di: wkv LvZK| ck: 2008-2009 A_eQii evRU wkvLvZ mevP eiv KZ? Di: 8,764 KvwU UvKv| ck: 2008-2009 mvj Kwl LvZ evRU KZ? Di: 4,285 KvwU UvKv| ck: 2008-2009 mvj ew Ki`vZvi Ki gyw mxgv KZ? Di: 1 j 65 nvRvi|

Di: K`xq evsKi iUK eySvq| ck: MvgxY evsK Kvb aibi evsK? Di: GKwU z` FY`vbKvix weklvwqZ evsK| ck: evsjv`k evsKi mveK Mfbi K? Di: W. mvjn Dwb Avng` (02/05/ 2005 30/04/2009)| ck: gy`vxwZi KviY Kx? Di: gy`v mieivn ew wK RvZxq Drcv`b nvm| ck: mvgwqKfve gy`vxwZ e Kiv hvq wKfve? Di: gy`vi mieivn wbqY Ki| ck: evsjv`k evsKi GKgv wbR^ Kvix wgDwRqvg ev gy`v hv`yNi AvbyvwbKfve hvv i Ki Ke? Di: 28 Gwcj 2009| ck: evsjv`k evsKi bewbhy 10g Mfbi K? Di: W. AvwZDi ingvb (9 g 2009-) ck: W. AvwZDi ingvb c~e Kvb c` AwawZ wQjb? Di: XvKv wekwe`vjqi wkK, A_bxwZwe` Ges Dbqb MelK| ck: evRU Kx? Di: miKvii wbw` A_eQii mve Avqeqi wnmve| ck: Dcgnv`k c_g evRU NvlYv Kiv nq Kvi mgq? Di: jW Kvwbs Gi mgq (1861 mvj)|

evsjv`ki evRU

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: 2008-2009 A_eQi evRU evwlK Dbqb Kgm~Px KZ? Di: 26,500 KvwU UvKv| ck: evsjv`k Avw_K eQi i nq KLb? Di: RyjvB-Ryb gvm| ck: evRU KZ cKvi? Di: wZb cKvi| ck: 2008-2009 A_eQi ch gvU KZwU evRU NvlYv Kiv nq? Di: 37wU (GKwU A eZxKvjxb evRU Qvov)| ck: evsjv`k mePq ewk evRU NvlYv Kib K? Di: weGbwci A_ I cwiKbv gx mvBdzi ingvb 12wU (wZxq vb AvIqvgx jxMi GGmGg wKewiqv NvlYv Kib 6wU)| ck: cwZ eQi RvZxq evRU Kvb mgqi ga cvk Kiv evaZvg~jK? Di: 30 Ryb| ck: Planning Commission Kvb gYvjqi Aaxb? Di: cwiKbv gYvjqi| ck: miKvii ivR^ Av`vqi j Ki mg~ni ga cZ Ki KvbwU? Di: AvqKi| ck: wek A_ bwZK g`v KvUvZ eZgvb miKvi NvwlZ A_ bwZK cYv`Zv cvKRi cwigvY KZ? Di: 3424 KvwU UvKv| ck: 2009-2010 A_eQi cvweZ evRU KZ? Di: 1 j 13 nvRvi 819 KvwU UvKv| ck: 2009-2010 A_eQi ADP Z eiv KZ? Di: 30,500 KvwU UvKv|

157

ck: 2009-2010 A_eQii evRU ck Kib K? Di: eZgvb gnvRvU miKvii A_ I cwiKbvgx Aveyj gvj Avyj gywnZ| ck: 2009-2010 A_eQii evRU mevP eq ne Kvb LvZ? Di: GKK LvZ wnme my` cwikva 15,808 KvwU UvKv hv gvU evRUi 13.9%| ck: 2009-2010 mvji 39 Zg evRU NvlYv Kiv nq Ke? Di: 11 Ryb 2009| ck: 2009-2010 mvji evRU gy`vxwZ KZ? Di: 6.5%| ck: 2009-2010 A_eQii mevP eiv Kvb LvZ? Di: wkv LvZ, 14 nvRvi 33 KvwU 21 jvL 47 nvRvi UvKv|

ck: evsjv`k Kwl MelYv BbwwUDUi bvg Kx? Di: Bangladesh Agricultural ck: evsjv`ki gvU Rwgi cwigvY KZ? Di: 3 KvwU 66 jvL 57 nvRvi GKi| ck: evsjv`k gvU Avev`hvM Rwgi cwigvY KZ? Di: 2 KvwU 1 j 85 nvRvi GKi| ck: Kwl KvRi Rb DchvMx gvwU KvbwU? Di: `uv-Avk gvwU/cwj gvwU|
Development Corporation (BADC).

evsjv`ki KwlR m`

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: ewikvj| ck: evsjv`k KqwU Kwl gvix AbywZ nq I Kx Kx? Di: 4wU h_v: (1) 1977 mvj (2) 1986 mvj (3) 1997 mvj I (4) 2008 mvj| ck: 1997 mvj icv wiZ eez Kwl cyiviK Ke RvZxq Kwl cyivi icvwiZ Kiv nq? Di: 2002 mvji bf^i gvm| ck: evsjv`k Ke Lv` ^qs m~YZv ARb Ki? Di: 2000-2001 A_eQi| ck: PZz_ ev mekl Kwl gvwi AbywZ nq Ke? Di: 1125 g, 2008 mvj| ck: weLvZ nvBweW avbi RbK K? Di: Pxbi AavcK BDqvb wjs wcs| ck: evsjv`k gvU Avev`x Rwgi KZ fvM avb Pvl Kiv nq? Di: 80 fvM (cvq)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Kvb Rjvq AwaK avb Rb? Di: eni ewikvj, XvKv, gqgbwmsn (mePq ewk), dwi`cyi, ivRkvnx, Kzwgjv, w`bvRcyi, bvqvLvjx, eov, I iscyi| ck: evsjv`ki cavb Lv`km Kx? Di: avb| ck: evsjv`ki avb cavbZ Kq kYxi I Kx Kx? Di: 4 kYxi h_v: AvDk, Avgb, eviv I Bwi| ck: Kvb gmyg avb ewk Drcvw`Z nq? Di: eviv gmyg|

ck: cZ ev civfve KZ fvM jvK K wli Dci wbfikxj? Di: 80 fvM| ck: 2008-2009 A_eQi mvweK Lv`km (20 g 09 ch) Avg`vwbi cwigvY KZ? Di: 28.86 j gwUK Ub (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki A_bxwZZ KwlLvZi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 20.8% [my : A_bwZK mgxv-2009] ck: evsjv`k GKgv AvwjK exR cixvMvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Cki`x, cvebv (DjL RvZxq exR cixvMvi MvRxcyi)| ck: evsjv`ki KlK cwZ Avev`x Rwgi cwigvY KZ? Di: 1.5 GKi| ck: evsjv`k gv_vwcQy Avev`x Rwgi cwigvY KZ? Di: .15 GKi| ck: Pvlvev`i myweav_ evsjv`ki FZzK Kqfve fvM Kiv nqQ I Kx Kx? Di: 2 fvM h_v: (1) iwe FZz (kxZKvjxb km) I (2) Lwic FZz (MxKvjxb km)| ck: AvYweK Kwl MelYv cwZvb webv (BINA) Ke cwZwZ nq? Di: 1972 mvj (evsjv`k Kwl wekwe`vjq)| ck: Kwl Dbqb ivcwZ cyivi c`vb Kiv nq Ke _K? Di: 1973 mvj _K| ck: evsjvi km fvvi ejv nq Kvb RjvK?

avb

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k avb MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Rq`ecyi (1970 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k avb MelYv BbwwUDUi bvg Kx? Di: Bangladesh Rice Research
Institute (BRRI). ck: BRRI

159

ck: mcwZ avb MelYv BbwwUDU D vweZ `ywU DbZ RvZi avbi bvg Kx Kx? Di: we-44, we-45| ck: evsjvgZx Kx? Di: we DvweZ avb| ck: evsjv`ki cavb A_Kix dmj Kx? Di: cvU| ck: evsjv`k cvU MelYv BbwwUDU cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1951 mvj (XvKvi ki evsjv bMi)| ck: cw_exi mePq eo cvUKj wQj KvbwU? Di: evsjv`ki Av`gRx cvUKj (1951 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki mePq ewk cvU Drcb nq Kv_vq? Di: iscyi Rjvq| ck: evsjv`ki Kx cwigvY RwgZ cvU Pvl Kiv nq? Di: 9.53 j GKi (gvU Rwgi 10% fvM cvq)| ck: cvUK KZ kYxZ fvM Kiv hvq? Di:wZb kYxZ h_v: (1) nvqvBU (2) Zvmv I (3) gmZv| ck: GKwU KuvPv cvUi MvBWi IRb KZ? Di: mvo wZb gY| ck: evsjv`k GKi cwZ cvUi djb KZ? Di: Mo 696 KwR| ck: cvUi exR ecb Kiv nq KLb? Di: deqvwiGwcj gvm| ck: weki cvU Drcv`b I ivwbZ evsjv`ki vb KZ?

cvU

KZK c_g DvweZ avb KvbwU? Di: AvB Avi-8 ck: evsjv`k Kwl MelYv BbwwUDU (BRRI) Ke Kv_vq vwcZ nq? Di: 1970 mvj Rq`ecyi (Kwli Dbqbi Rb)| ck: wekvBj, BwiUg, AvjvK-6201, mycvi ivBm, mvbvi evsjv-1, nvBexW nxiv Kx? Di: DbZgvbi Ges DP djbkxj RvZi avb| ck: Ddmx Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi AvaywbK avb Pvl| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq mePq ewk avb nq? Di: ewikvj| ck: avb Drcv`b cw_exZ evsjv`ki vb KZ? Di: PZz_ (2000-2001 A_eQi evsjv`ki vb wQj wZxq)| ck: evsjv`k GKi cwZ avbi djb KZ? Di: 687 KwR| ck: AvMvg I DP djbkxj avb webv-7 Gi DveK K? Di: wevbx Avjx AvRg| ck: cvwL Qvov gqbv Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi avb|

160

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: meyR cvU _K g Zwii cwqv Dveb Ki Kvb `k? Di: evsjv`k| ck: cvU Drcv`b eZgvb evsjv`ki vb KZ? Di: wZxq (c_g fviZ)| ck: wek Pvli Rwgi cwigvY wnme Mgi Aevb KZ? Di: c_g (wZxq-avb)| ck: evsjv`k Drcb DbZ RvZi Mgi bvg Kx? Di: AvKei, Kvb, ejvKv, `vqj, Avb`, eiKZ, ANvYx, mvbvwjKv, RvcvwUev`, Bwbqv-66, cvK-81| ck: evsjv`k mevwaK Mg Drcvw`Z nq Kvb Rjvq? Di: iscyi Rjvq (DjL `k kxZKvj Mg Pvl nq)| ck: Mg MelYv K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: bwkcyi, w`bvRcyi| ck: evsjv`k GKi cwZ Mgi Drcv`b KZ? Di: 831 KwR (bZzb D vweZ kZvx Mgi ni cwZ djb 4.55 gwUK Ub)| ck: evsjv`k 20072008 A_eQi Kx cwigvY Mg Drcv`bi jgvv aiv nq? Di: 8.4 j gwUKUb (m~: A_bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: evsjv`ki wZxq A_Kix dmj KvbwU? Di: Pv| ck: evsjv`k evwYwRK wfwZ c_g Pv Pvl i nq Ke Kv_vq? Di: 1857 mvj wmjUi gvjwbQovq|

Di: h_vg wZxq I c_g| ck: evsjv`ki ivwb Avqi KZ fvM cvU I cvURvZ `e _K Avm? Di: 2.39% [A_bwZK mgxv-2008]| ck: evsjv`ki wZbwU cavb cvU wk K` Kx Kx? Di: bvivqYM, Lyjbv I fie| ck: AvRvwZK cvU msv (IJO) KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di: 1984 mvji (m`i `i XvKv)| ck: cvUK Kx ejv nq? Di: mvbvjx Avuk| ck: International Jute Organization (IJO) Gi cwiewZZ bvg Kx? Di:International Jute Study Group ck: IJSG KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di: 2002 mvji 27 Gwcj (dvgMU, XvKv)| ck: cw_ex LvZ Av`gRx cvUKj Ke e nq hvq? Di: 2002 mvji 30 Ryb| ck: RyUb Kx? Di: 70 fvM cvU I 30 fvM Zzjvi mswgkb Zwi GK cKvi e| ck: RyUbi AvweviK K? Di: evsjv`ki W. gvnv` wQwKzjvn| ck: Zvlv wW-154 I-4, I 98-97 dvybx Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi Zvlv cvUi exR| ck: evsjv`k cvU eemvi cavb K` KvbwU? Di: bvivqYM|
(IJSG).

Mg I Pv

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k Pv evWi m`i`i Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvg (1977 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k Pv MelYv K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvi kxgj| ck: Pv Pvli Rb Kx f~wg cqvRb? Di: AwaK ewcvZ mg cvnvox Xvjy Aj| ck: evsjv`k gvU Pv evMvb KqwU? Di: 163wU| ck: evsjv`k Pv gvwjK`i msMVbi bvg Kx? Di: Tea Association of Bangladesh. ck: Kvb Rjvq mePq ewk Pv Rb? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvq (90wU Pv evMvb)| ck: wZxq I ZZxq Pv Drcv`bKvix Rjv Kx Kx? Di: wZxq nweM (23wU) I ZZxq PMvg (22wU)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Kvb vb Aviv Pv evMvb Zwii cwqv PjQ? Di: cMo, bxjdvgvix I KzuwoMvg Rjvq| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq AMvwbK Pv Drcv`b i nqQ? Di: cMo (2000 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki kl Pv evMvb KvbwU? Di: cMo Rjvq| ck: evsjv`k eQi Pv Drcv`bi cwigvY KZ? Di: 9 KvwU 550 jvL cvD (cvq)| ck: Pv ivwbKviK `kjvi ga evsjv`ki vb KZ? Di: 15Zg (Drcv`b 10g)|

161

ck: wek Pv Drcv`b I ivwbZ kxl `k KvbwU? Di: h_vg Pxb I kxjsKv| ck: evsjv`kx Kvvwb wbqwZ Pv evMvbi msLv KZ? Di: 26wU| ck: Pv ivwbKviK `kjv Kx Kx? Di: fviZ, kxjsKv, Rvcvb, Bivb, Zzi I ivwkqv| ck: evsjv`k Kvb `k mePq ewk Pv ivwb Ki? Di: cvwKvb (2q AvdMvwbvb)| ck: `k Drcvw`Z Pvqi KZfvM ivwb Kiv nq? Di: 65% (DjL evsjv`k _K 30wU `k Pv ivwb Kiv nq)| ck: 2009 mvj Kvb `k evsjv`kx AMvwbK ev Re Pv ivwb i nq? Di: Rvcvb| ck: `k cvq 100 fvM nvBweW exR eenvi nq KvbwUi? Di: fyUvi| ck: evsjv`ki Kwl RwgZ Kvb mvi ewk cqvM Kiv nq? Di: bvBUvwRbvm mvi| ck: MvQi cvZv nj` nq hvq Kvb Kvib? Di: bvBUvRbi Afve| ck: BDwiqv mvi bvBUvRbi cwigvY KZ? Di: 46%| ck: `ki eng K wl Lvgvi `bMi Kwl Lvgvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: wSbvB`n Rjvi gnkcyi|

wewea Z_

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: b`x Qvov gnvb`v Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi Avg| ck: gvnbfvM, jsov, MvcvjfvM wKmi bvg? Di: DbZ RvZi Avg| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq Avg Drcv`b nq ewk? Di: beveM Rjvq (cvq AaK)| ck: evsjv`k Avg MelYv K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: beveM| ck: Wvqg, Kzdix, KvwWbj I wm`yix Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi Avjy| ck: evsjv`ki AwZ cwiwPZ Lv` Mvj Avjy Kv_vq _K Avbv nq? Di: BDivci njv _K| ck: `ki Kvb Rjvq mePq ewk Avjy Drcv`b nq? Di: XvKv Rjvq| ck: nvcv Qvjv Kx? Di: evsjv`k AvYweK Kwl MelYv BbwwUDU KZK DvweZ AwaK djbkxj Qvjv| ck: Qvjvq cPzi cwigvY Kx _vK? Di: wfUvwgb| ck: ^Yv Kx? Di: GK cKvi Re mvi| ck: ^Yv mvi K Avwevi Kib? Di: W. mq` Avyj LvjK (1987 mvj)| ck: ^Yv mvii evwbK bvg Kx? Di: dvBUv nvigvb BbwWDmvi| ck: Cki`x-254 Kx?

ck: Kwl Z_ mvwfm KLb cwZwZ nq? Di: 1961 mvj| ck: Kwl Z_ mvwfmi gvwmK cwKvi bvg Kx? Di: Kwl K_v| ck: Zzjv Dbqb evWi m`i`i Kv_vq? Di: dvgMU, XvKv (1972 mvj vwcZ)| ck: ikg ewk Drcb nq Kv_vq? Di: ivRkvnx wefvMi beveM| ck: evsjv`k ikg evW Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ivRkvnxZ (1977 mvj)| ck: Kvb MvQK m~hi Kbv ejv nq? Di: Zzjv MvQK| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb wevbx mvi I exR wQUvbvi h Avwevi Kib? Di: GwUGg wRqvDwb| ck: Kvb Rjvq Zzjv ewk Rb? Di: hkvi| ck: icvjx I Wjdvm Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi Zzjv km| ck: HYV Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi Zzjv km| ck: mygvv I gvwbjv vb Qvov Kvb RvZxq kmi exRi bvg? Di: ZvgvK RvZxq| ck: `k exR kvab hi AvweviK K? Di: cdmi W. evnv`yi wgqv| ck: Kvb Rjvq ZvgvK ewk Rb? Di: iscyi| ck: Dw`i ivM cwZiva mvnvh Ki K? Di: cUvwkqvg|

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: vbxqfve DvweZ DbZRvZi Bz| ck: evsjv`k Bz MelYv K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Cki`x, cvebv| ck: evsjv`k ivevi Pvl i nq Ke? Di: 1961 mvj (ivgyZ)| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq Kv_vq ivevi Drcb nq? Di: PMvgi ivDRvb, gaycyi, cveZ PMvg I KevRvii ivgy bvgK vb| ck: ivevi Pvli Rb weLvZ vb KvbwU? Di: KevRvii ivgy (2630 GKi Rwg)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq ewk Avbvim Drcb nq? Di: cveZ PMvg I wmjU Rjvq| ck: evK DvweZ nvBweW Kijv Gi bvg Kx? Di: eyjeywj| ck: hyg Pvl Kiv nq Kvb GjvKvq? Di: cvnvox GjvKvq| ck: cvnvox GjvKv Avbvim Pvli dj Kx nq? Di: gvwUi DeiZv ew cvq| ck: evnvi, gvwbK, iZb, SzgKv, wm`yi, kveYx Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi UgUv| ck: evsjv`k D vweZ c_g nvBweW UgUvi bvg Kx? Di: wgUz (f~vi bvg DiY)| ck: b`x Qvov hgybv Kx? Di: gwiP|

163

ck: cv b`x Qvov Kvb RvZxq kmi bvg? Di: ZigyR| ck: evsjv`ki eng Kwl D`vb KvbwU? Di: MvRxcyi Rjvi Kvwkcyi| ck: AwMki, KvbvBeuvwk, gvnbeuvwk, exURev, AgZmvMi, gnimvMi, wmsMvcyix, exU Rev Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi Kjv| ck: evsjv`k Wvj MelYv K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Cki`xZ| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Kvb Rjvq cPzi bvwiKj Drcb nq? Di: ewikvj, Lyjbv, bvqvLvjx I hkvi| ck: eYvjx I Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi f~v| ck: meyR I wPv Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi cyuBkvK| ck: Biv, KZviv I Zvivcyix Kx? Di: DbZ RvZi eb| ck: evsjv`ki gkjv MelYv K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: eovq| ck: 2007-2008 A_eQi Lv`km Drcv`bi jgvv KZ wQj? Di: 336.32 jvL gwUKUb (A_bwZK mgxv2008)|

ck: Di: H2O

evsjv`ki cvwb m` I mP cK

cvwbi msKZ Kx?

164

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: avb| ck: evsjv`k cvwb Dbqb evW cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1959 mvj| ck: Kvb b`xZ euva `Iqvq wRK cK wechq `Lv hvq? Di: fviZ KZK Mv b`xZ dvivv euva `Iqvq| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo mP cK KvbwU? Di: wZv euva cK (195960 mvj)| ck: wZv mP cK evevqb Kvb b`xZ euva `Iqv nq? Di: wZv b`xZ (jvjgwbinvU)| ck: fviZ Kvb b`xZ euva `Iqvq wZv mP cK wechqi myLxb? Di: gnvb`v b`xZ (RjcvBwo Rjvq)| ck: `ki wZxq eng mP cK KvbwU? Di: gNbv-abvMv`v cK (19791987 mvj)| ck: gNbv-abvMv`v cK Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Puv`cyi Rjvi gZje _vbvq| ck: wW,Gb,wW cK Kx? Di: XvKv-bvivqYM-Wgiv cK| ck: evsjv`ki cvq cwiZ mP cK KvbwU? Di: UvsMb cK| ck: KYdzjx egyLx cK Kv_vq? Di: PMvg kni I Gi Avkcvki Aj| ck: MvgwZ cK Kv_vq? Di: Kzwgjv Rjvq|

ck: cvwb wKmi m^q MwVZ? Di: `yBfvM nvBWvRb I GKfvM AwRb AYyi mg^q| ck: fvix cvwbi msKZ Kx? Di: D2O (wWDUwiqvg AvBW)| ck: jeYi KuvPvgvj wnme Kx eeZ nq? Di: mvgyw`K cvwb| ck: ewi cvwbZ Kvb wfUvwgb _vK? Di: wfUvwgb we| ck: gvwUi wbPi cvwbK Kx ejv nq? Di: gnvKlxq Rj| ck: cvwbi PH gvb ejZ Kx eySvq? Di: cvwbi viZ| ck: evsjv`k gvU KZwU cvwb kvabvMvi iqQ? Di: 4wU| ck: evsjv`ki c_g cvwb kvabvMvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi Puv`bx NvU (1874 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki 2q I 3q cvwb kvabvMvi KvbwU? Di: h_vg bvivqYMi mvbvKv`v (1929 mvj) I bvivqYMi Mv`bvBj (1989 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g mP cK KvbwU? Di: Mv-KcvZv mP cK (1954 mvj wbgvb)| ck: Mv-KcvZv ev wR,K cK Kvb Rjvq AewZ? Di: Kzwqv I hkvi Rjvq| ck: wR-K cKi cavb dmj Kx?

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k mPi AvIZvq gvU Avev`x Rwgi cwigvY KZ? Di: 30% (cvq)| ck: evsjv`k cvwb m`i Pvwn`v mePq ewk Kvb LvZ? Di: Kwl LvZ| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv cvwb we`yr Drcv`b K`wU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ivvgvwUi KvvBZ (1962 mvj wbgvY)| ck: Iqvicv Kx? Di: RvZxq cvwb cwiKbv msv| ck: AvmwbK `~lYi cavb KviY Kx? Di: f~-ZvwK| ck: AvmwbKi msKZ I cvigvYweK fi KZ? Di: AS Ges 33| ck: evsjv`k c_g AvmwbK aiv co Kvb Rjvq? Di: PvcvB beveM Rjvq (1993 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki KqwU Rjv AvmwbK Avv? Di: 61wU Rjvi 321wU DcRjvq| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjv mevwaK AvmwbK Avv? Di: Puv`cyi Rjv (90%)| ck: AvmwbK `~ixKiYi chyw mbvwdvi Gi DveK K? Di: cdmi W. Aveyj mmvg| ck: evsjv`k AvmwbK cvIqv hvqwb Kvb wZbwU Rjvq? Di: LvMovQwo, ivvgvwU I ev`ieb Rjvq| ck: AvmwbK iva mbv wdvi D vebi Rb Kvb evsjv`kx wevbx hyivi wekl

165

mvwbZ bvMwiKZ jvf Kib? Di: AavcK Aveyj mmvg| ck: AvmwbK wbg~j evsjv`kK Kvb msv mvnvh c`vb Ki? Di: wek evsK| ck: evsjv`k cv AvmwbKi gvv KZ? Di: 1.01 wgwjMvg/wjUvi| ck: WHO Gi gZ AvmwbKi MnYhvM gvv KZ? Di: 0.01 wgwjMvg/wjUvi (evsjv`ki Rb .05 wgwjMvg/wjUvi)| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq mec_g AvmwbK wUUgU cvU vcb Kiv nq? Di: Uzwcvov ^v Kgc (MvcvjM)| ck: evsjv`ki PZz_ Ges meenr cvwb kvabvMvi KvbwU? Di: XvKvi mvq`vev` (2002 mvj)| ck: eZgvb mvq`vev` cvwb kvab cK `wbK cvwb Drcv`b gZv KZ? Di: 22.5 KvwU wjUvi (AvqZb 22 GKi)| ck: mvq`vev` cvwb kvab cK K K Avw_K mnvqZv `q? Di: wek evsK, dv, Rvcvb I evsjv`k miKvi (584 KvwU)| ck: f~-ci kZKiv KZfvM cvwb jeYv? Di: 97.5 fvM| ck: AvRvwZK cm` MelYv BbwwUDU (ILRI) Gi c~Yic wK?

c m`

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: XvKvi mvfvi| ck: evsjv`ki K`xq Mv cRbb I `y Lvgvi Kv_vq? Di: mvfvi| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq Mv-PviY f~wg iqQ? Di: cvebv I wmivRM| ck: evsjv`ki Mevw` cZ c_g b e`j Kiv nq Ke? Di: 1995 mvji 6 g| ck: Mii cvKjx KZ cKv wewk? Di: Pvi cKv wewk| ck: Mii Lvov ivM nq Kx viv? Di: fvBivm viv| ck: wek Ke Kv_vq c_g evW dzi AwZ cvIqv hvq? Di: 1997 mvj nsKs-G| ck: Mii ZoKv ivM nq Kx viv? Di: Avb_v bvgK evKUwiqv RxevYy viv| ck: evK KvqvUvi I Mv em Kx? Di: Mevw` ci GK cKvii ivM| ck: DbZ RvZi KqKwU Mi Kx Kx? Di: kvnxIqvj, wmwK, wdwRqvb, Rvimx| ck: 2008-2009 A_eQi c m` LvZi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 2.73% (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki QvMj cRbb K` Kv_vq? Di: wmjUi wXjvMo| ck: evsjv`k mePq ewk cvIqv hvq Kvb cKvii QvMj?

Di:International Livestock Reasearch Institute (m`i`i bvBevwi, Kwbqv)| ck: evsjv`ki eng c KvbwU? Di: nvwZ| ck: Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) Gi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di: mvfvi, XvKv (1984 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq c Kx? Di: iqj ej UvBMvi (my`iebi)| ck: mePq `ZMvgx cvYx Kx? Di: wPZv evN| ck: evsjv`k KZ cKvii bcvqx c `Lv hvq? Di: 105 cKvii| ck: evsjv`k KZ cRvwZi mixmc cvYx `Lv hvq? Di: 120 cRvwZi| ck: evsjv`k KZwU fUwibvwi KjR iqQ? Di: 3wU (wmjU, ewikvj I w`bvRcyi)| ck: BLRI Gi AvwjK K` KqwU? Di: 2wU (wmivRMi evNvevwo Ges ev`ievbi bvBsQwo)| ck: Mevw` ci RvZ Dbqb cvK fviZ Dcgnv`k Kvb wewUk c_g AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Kib? Di: jW wjbwj_ Mv| ck: wek c ^v msvi bvg Kx? Di: IAvBB| ck: evsjv`k Mevw` c MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di:evK ej ev Kvjv RvZi QvMj| ck: hgybv cvox QvMji Aci bvg Kx? Di: ivg QvMj| ck: Kvb b`xZ Kzwgi m`k Nwoqvj `Lv hvq? Di: cv b`xZ| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq AwaK Kzwgi evm Ki? Di: my`iebi cvwbZ| ck: `ki c_g Ges GKgv Kzwgi MelYv K` Kv_vq? Di: gqgbwmsni fvjyKvq| ck: cveZ PMvg h nwiY cvIqv hvq? Di: Barking Deer. ck: evsjv`ki nwiY cRbb K` Kv_vq? Di: KevRvi Rjvi PKvwiqv _vbvi WyjvnvRivq| ck: evsjv`k c nvmcvZvji msLv KZwU? Di: 330 wU| ck: evsjv`ki gwnl cRbb K` Kv_vq? Di: evMinvU| ck: ivbxZ, em, i Avgvkq, Kjiv Kx? Di: gyiMxi ivM| ck: mePq ewk wWg `q Kvb gyiMx? Di: jMnY (eQi 330wUi AwaK)| ck: gvsm I wWg cvIqv hvq Kvb aibi gyiMx _K? Di: ivW AvBjv iW Ges AvijK _K| ck: wWc wjUvi cwZ Kx? Di:

167

Nii wfZi ev eviv`vq ^ cwimi gyiMx cvjb cwZ| ck: WvK cM I ivcv Kx? Di:nuvmi ivM| ck: evsjv`k AwZw_ cvwL Avm Kv_v _K? Di: my`~i mvBiwiqv _K (AwZwi kxZi KviY)| ck: evsjv`k Kv_vq eb cvYx cRbb K` vcb Kiv ne? Di: KevRvi Rjvi WyjvnvRiv cvK| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv fUwibvwi wekwe`vjq Kv_vq? Di:PMvg (2006 mvj)| ck: evW dzi Rb `vqx fvBivmi bvg Kx? Di: Gvwfqvb Bbdzqv
(H5N1).

ck: gvQ Kvb RvZxq Lv`? Di: cvwYR Avwgl| ck: Avgv`i `bw`b Lv` cvwYR Avwgli KZUzKz gvQ _K Avm? Di: 60 kZvsk| ck: Kvb Kvb _K grm Drcv`b nq? Di: AfixY gy Rjvkq, e Rjvkq Ges mvgyw`K _K| ck: `k gvU Af ixY Rjvkqi cwigvY KZ? Di: 2 KvwU 30 jvL 35 nvRvi GKi (mgy` GjvKvq 1 jvL 66 nvRvi eM wK.wg.)| ck: Kvb gvQ gyL wWg iL evPv dzUvq? Di: Zjvwcqv gvQ (AvwdKv _K Avbv)| ck: 2007-2008 A_eQi grm I grm RvZ

grm m`

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: 'White Gold' Kx? Di: evsjv`ki wPswo m`| ck: 'Trust Sector' ejv nq KvK? Di: wngvwqZ Lv`K (eZgvb miKvi NvwlZ AMvwaKvi cv LvZK)| ck: wPswo MelYv K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Lyjbvi cvBKMvQvq| ck: 2008-2009 A_eQi wRwWwcZ grm LvZi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 4.57% (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: Mj`v wPswo, evM`v wPswo Kvb cvwbZ Pvl Kiv nq? Di:Mj`v wPswo ^v`y cvwbZ, evM`v wPswo jvbv cvwbZ| ck: wPswo Pvli Rb evsjv`ki Kvb AjK KzqZ wmwU ejv nq? Di: Lyjbv AjK| ck: 9 Ryb 2009 `ki 5g grm Afqvkg NvlYv Kiv nq KvbwUK? Di:kixqZcyii cv b`xi wbgvji 20 wK.wg. GjvKv (c~e Afqvkg Puv`cyi, jxcyi, fvjv I cUzqvLvjx)| ck: gvQ Pvli Rb Kvb gvmK eQii c_g aiv nq? Di: dvyb gvm| ck: iby cvbv KLb Qvov nq? Di: elvKvj| ck: `k `wbK gv_vwcQy gvQ mieivni cwigvY KZ? Di: cvq 28 Mvg (MnY 4 Mvg)| ck: ^v`y cvwbi gvQ MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq?

cY Drcv`b I ivwbi cwigvY KZ? Di:25.63 jvL gwUKUb Drcv`b Ges 75,299 gwUKUb ivwb Ki 3396 KvwU UvKv ARb nq (A_bwZK mgxv2009)| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq gvQ Kx? Di: Bwjk (wnjkv Bwjk evwbK bvg)| ck: Bwjk gvQ I b`xi gvQ MelYv K` Kv_vq? Di: Puv`cyi (Fishery Training ck: Kvb gvQ cyKzi euvP bv? Di: Bwjk gvQ| ck: evsjv`k _K Kvb gvQ ewk gvvq fviZ ivwb Kiv nq? Di: Bwjk gvQ| ck: evsjv`ki grm AvBb 23 m. wg. Gi Kg (RvUKv) `Ni iB/cvvk RvZxq gvQi cvbv gviv wbla KLb? Di: bf^i _K Gwcj gvm| ck: evsjv`ki grm cRvwZ MelYvMvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: gqgbwmsn (`ki GKgv MelYvMvi)| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv cvKwZK grm cRbb K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: nvj`v b`x| ck: RvUKv msiY mvn 2009 Gi kvMvb Kx? Di: RvUKv ivq Ask wbb, e`j hve Rji w`b| ck: mgy` ZxieZx Aji mePq eo A_ bwZK KgKv Kx? Di: wPswo gvQi Pvl|
Institute).

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: gqgbwmsn| ck: evsjv`ki ^v`y cvwbi gvQi cRvwZi msLv KZ? Di: 270wU| ck: evsjv`k KqwU miKvwi grm cRbb K` AvQ? Di: 112wU| ck: gvQ ivwbZ wek evsjv`ki Aevb KZ? Di: 7g| ck: evsjv`k Kvb `k grm ivwb Ki? Di:hyivR, hyiv, KvbvWv, dv, Rvgvwb, mw` Avie, KzqZ I fviZ BZvw`| ck: evsjv`k eZgvb KqwU grm nvPvix AvQ? Di:986wU, Gi ga miKvwi 113wU [m~ A_bwZK mgxv-2009]| ck: mvgyw`K grm I chyw K`i m`i `i Kv_vq? Di: KevRvi| ck: evsjv`k gvU ebf~wgi cwigvY KZ? Di: 25 nvRvi eMwKjvwgUvi [2.52 wgwjqb ni (cvq) m~: eb Awa`i]| ck: evsjv`k eb MelYv BbwwUDU (BFRI) cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1955 mvj (m`i `i PMvgi lvj kni)| ck: cw_exi eng gvbMvf eb KvbwU? Di: evsjv`ki my`ieb| ck: KZ mvj ebvj KvVKvUv wbwl AvBb Rvwi Kiv nq? Di: 1972 mvj|

169

ebR m`

ck: gvbMvf ejZ Kx eySvq? Di: jvbv cvwb ev Kuv`vi ga RM _vKv LuywUi gZ GK aibi kvm MnYKvix wkKo wewk MvQK gvbMvf ej| hgb: my`ieb I KevRvii DcKjxq Rjvf~wg| ck: cw_exi eng gvbMvf ebi weklZ Kx? Di: Bnv evsjv`ki RvZxq eb, cw_ex weLvZ UvBWvj ebf~wg Ges GKK wnme `ki eng eb| ck: my`iebi bvgKiY Kiv nq wKfve? Di: my`ix bvgK GK cKvi ei KviY| ck: GKK wnme evsjv`ki eng eb KvbwU? Di:my`ieb| (6017 eMwKjvwgUvi gZvi 5,575 eMwKjvwgUvi)| ck: my`ieb evsjv`ki KZwU RjvK k KiQ? Di: 5wU h_v: Lyjbv, evMinvU, mvZxiv, cUzqvLvjx I eibv| ck: my`iebi KZ kZvsk evsjv`k coQ? Di: 62 kZvsk| ck: cwiek I eb gYvjqi Aaxb Awa`i ev msv KZwU? Di:5wU (cwiek Awa`i, eb Awa`i, evsjv`k eb MelYv BbwwUDU, evsjv`k wk Dbqb Kcvikb, evsjv`k bvkbvj nvewiqvg)| ck: eb msiY AvBb cYxZ nq KZ mvj|

170 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: wefvM Abymvi `ki mePq ewk ebf~wg iqQ Kv_vq Kv_vq? Di: PMvg (43%) I Lyjbvq (38%)| ck: wefvM Abymvi `ki mePq Kg ebf~wg iqQ Kv_vq? Di: ivRkvnx (2%) [2009 mvj ch]| ck: evsjv`k miKvwi ebf~wg KZwU? Di: 17wU (miKvii wbqY 1.52 wgwjqb ni)| ck: evsjv`k 20082009 A_eQii ebR m` LvZi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 1.75% (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: DcKjxq meyR ebx ebvj KqwU Rjvq Kiv nqQ? Di: `wYvji 10wU Rjvq| ck: Aj wnme evsjv`ki eng eb KvbwU? Di: cveZ PMvg ebvj| ck: evsjv`ki `xNZg e KvbwU? Di: ejvg e (DPZv 240 dzU cvq)| ck: ejvg e Kv_vq Rb? Di:ev`ievb ebvj| ck: vxq cvZvSiv ebf~wgK Kq fvM fvM Kiv nq? Di:`yBfvM h_v: (1) gaycyi I fvIqvji Mo (4105 eM wK.wg.) (2) ei` Aji ebf~wg| ck: vxq cvZvSiv eb (hme MvQi cvZv eQi GKevi m~Y Si hvq) Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? Di: gqgbwmsn, UvvBj, MvRxcyi, iscyi I w`bvRcyi| ck: vxq cvZvSiv eb Kx Kx MvQ `Lv hvq?

1990 mvj Ges 2002 mvj| ck: my`iebK wek HwZni Ask wnme NvlYv Ki RvwZmsNi Kvb msv? Di: UNESCO 1997 mvji 6 wWm^i 522 Zg wek HwZni Ask wnme NvlYv Ki| ck: Kvb `ki cwieki fvimvg ivi Rb KZUzKz ebf~wgi cqvRb? Di: kZKiv 25 fvM| ck: miKvwi wnme evsjv`ki gvU f~wgi KZ kZvsk ebf~wg iqQ? Di: 17.04% (cvq)| ck: evsjv`ki ebf~wgK KqwU Aj wef Kiv nqQ I Kx Kx? Di: 4wU h_v: (1) cvnvox Aj 13,355 eM wK.wg. (cvq) (2) gvbMvf ebvj 7,412 eM wK.wg. (cvq) (3) kvjeb 1,214 eM wK.wg. (cvq) (4) MvgxY eb 2,711 eM wK.wg. (cvq)| ck: evsjv`ki KZwU Rjvq Kvb ivxq ebf~wg bB? Di: 28wU Rjvq| ck: cwieki fvimvg ivi Rb cqvRbxq ebf~wg iqQ KZwU Rjvq I Kx Kx? Di: 7wU Rjvq h_v: (1) Lyjbv (2) evMinvU (3) mvZxiv (4) PMvg (5) ivvgvwU (6) ev`ievb I (7) KevRvi| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq cwieki fvimvg ivKvix ebf~wgi cwigvY mePq ewk? Di: evMinvU (2,705.95 eM wK.wg.)|

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: eniv, nwiZwK, wnRj, KoB, wbg, KuvVvj, Avg BZvw`| ck: gaycyi ebvji cavb e Kx? Di: kvj (vbxqfve MRvix e bvg cwiwPZ)| ck: evsjv`ki Z Zxq eng ebvj KvbwU? Di: gaycyi ebvj| ck: evsjv`k gv_vwcQy Kx cwigvY IRb i qKvix c`v_ eenvi Kiv nq? Di: 2 Mvg (gvU 305 gwUK Ub eQi eeZ nq)| ck: 1989 mvji c~e cwiek I eb gYvjqi bvg Kx wQj? Di: eb gYvjq| ck: cwiek bxwZ KZ mvj NvlYv Kiv nq? Di: 1992 mvj (Afy LvZ 15wU)| ck: c_g wek awix mjb Kv_vq nq? Di: wiI wW RbvwiI, evwRj (1992 mvj)| ck: wZxq wek awix mjb Kv_vq nq? Di: wbDBqK, hyiv (1995 mvj)| ck: PMvg Aji ebvj Kx Kx e Rb? Di: mb, MRb, Rvij, Pvcvwjm, Mvgvi, euvk BZvw`| ck: wmjUi ebvji cavb e Kx Kx? Di: mb, gnMwb, Rvij BZvw`| ck: my`ieb evN MYbvq h cwZ eenvi Kiv nq Zvi bvg Kx? Di:

171

cvMgvK (cvMgvK 2004 Abymvi evNi msLv 419wU)| ck: Kvb RvZxq e ZvovZvwo ew cvq? Di: euvk RvZxq (Nvm)| ck: wPinwir cvZvSiv e Kx? Di:hme MvQi cvZv GKm Si hvq bv Ges cvZvjv wPimeyR _vK| hgb: Mvgvix, mb, Rvij, wkg~j, KoB| ck: my`ieb Kvb Kvb e ewk cvIqv hvq? Di:my`ix, MIqv, KIov, ay`j, Mivb, evBb, MvjcvZv BZvw`| ck: cwj Zwi nq Kvb KvV _K? Di: ay`j| ck: Kvb MvQi Qvj nBZ is Zwi Kiv nq? Di: Mivb| ck: ev I w`qvkjvBqi KvwV Zwi nq Kvb KvV _K? Di: MIqv| ck: my`iebi gqvjx`i ckv Kx? Di: gay msMn Kiv| ck: evIqvjx I gqvjxiv Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: my`ieb| ck: my`iebi cvwYR m` Kx Kx? Di:iqj ej UvBMvi, nwiY, evbi, Ki, Kzwgi, mvc, wewfb cRvwZi cvwL BZvw`| ck: MvjcvZv Kx KvR eeZ nq? Di: Nii QvBwb wnme eeZ nq? ck: my`ix MvQ KZ dzU `xN nZ cvi? Di: 40 _K 60 dzU `xN|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`ki Rjevqy Kgb? Di: mgfvevcb I bvwZkxZv| ck: evsjv`k AvenvIqv Awa`i Kvb gYvjqi Aaxb? Di: cwZiv gYvjqi| ck: evsjv`k eZgvb KZwU nvBWvjvwRKvj ivWvi kb iqQ? Di:5wU (XvKv, KevRvi, iscyi, gjfxevRvi I Lcycvov)| ck: evsjv`k AvenvIqv Awa`i Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi AvMviMuvIq| ck: evsjv`k AvR ch mewbg I mevP Zvcgvvi iKW KZ? Di: 1905 mvj w`bvRcyi mewbg 1.60 mjwmqvm Ges 1972 mvj ivRkvnxZ mevP 45.10 mjwmqvm| ck: evsjv`ki AvenvIqv Awdm KZwU? Di: 36wU| ck: evsjv`ki AvenvIqv K` KZwU I Kv_vq AewZ? Di: 4wU h_v: XvKv, PMvgi cZv, KevRvi I cUzqvLvjxi Lcycvov| ck: fMvwjKfve evsjv`k Kvb Rjevqy Aji AMZ? Di: vxq Rjevqy Aji| ck: N~wYSo I `yhvMi evsjv`ki GKgv c~evfvm K` KvbwU? Di: SPARSO (AewZ XvKvi AvMviMuvIq)| ck: SPARSO Gi c~Yic Kx?

ck: UvBWvj eb Kx? Di: h eb Rvqvii cvwbZ cvweZ nq Avevi fvUvq wKq hvq ZvK UvBWvj ev Rvqvi fvUvi eb ej| ck: my`ieb Qvov evsjv`ki Ab UvBWvj eb KvbwU? Di: KevRvii msiwZ PKvwiqv ebvj| ck: evsjv`k eeZ KvVi KZfvM my`ieb _K Avm? Di: 60 fvM| ck: cwiek ivq GKgv wZKi MvQ KvbwU? Di: BDwKcUvm (DcKvix MvQ wbg MvQ)| ck: evsjv`k Kvb RvZxq e bZzb Avg`vwb Kiv nqQ? Di:Bwcj Bwcj I bxjj gvni|

ck: AvenvIqv KvK ej? Di:f~-ci Kvb vbi KqK w`bi evqy cevn, Zvcgvv, Av`Zv ewcvZ cfwZi Mo AevK D vbi AvenvIqv ej| ck: Rjevqy Kx? Di:hKvb Aji mviv eQii wKsev `xN w`bi (30-40 eQii) AvenvIqvi Mo AevK Rjevqy ejv nq| ck: Aviex fvlvq gmyg ki A_ Kx? Di: FZz| ck: evsjv`ki Rjevqy Kvb Rjevqy bvg cwiwPZ? Di: vxq gmygx Rjevqy|

evsjv`ki AvenvIqv I Rjevqy

evsjv`k welqvejx Di:Space Research and Remot Sensing Organization (gnvKvk MelYv Ges `~i AbyaveY K`)| ck: evsjv`ki Rjevqyi cavb ewk Kx? Di: gmygx evqy| ck: gmygx evqy KvK ej? Di:FZz cwieZbi m m h evqyi w`K cwieZb nq ZvK gmygx evqy ej| ck: evsjv`k elvKvj cPzi ewcvZ nq Kb? Di: `wY-cwg gmygx evqyi Rb| ck: evsjv`ki evwlK Mo Zvcgvv KZ? Di: 270 mwUMW| ck: evsjv`ki evwlK Mo ewcvZ KZ? Di: 203 m.wg.| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Kvb gvm elvKvj? Di: Avlvp I kveY gvm| ck: evsjv`k elvKvj Mo ewcvZ KZ? Di: 309 m.wg.| ck: ^vfvweK AvenvIqvZ evsjv`ki Af ifvMi Zzjbvq Kvb vbi Zvci ZviZg Kg _vK? Di: mgy` ZxieZx Aji| ck: Kvb KviY evsjv`k cvKwZK `~hvM ceY `k? Di: fMvwjK Aevbi KviY| ck: evsjv`ki DZg vb KvbwU? Di: bvUvii jvjcyi| ck: evsjv`ki DZg Rjv KvbwU? Di: ivRkvnx| ck: evsjv`ki DZg gvm KvbwU? Di: Gwcj|

173

ck: evsjv`ki kxZjZg vb KvbwU? Di: kxgji jvjLvb| ck: evsjv`ki kxZjZg Rjv KvbwU? Di: wmjU| ck: evsjv`ki kxZjZg gvm KvbwU? Di: Rvbyqvwi| ck: evsjv`k Kvb Kvb FZzi cfve ewk? Di: kxZ, Mx I elv (`ki gvU FZz 6wU)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb FZzK ^Z FZz ejv nq? Di: elv FZzK| ck: evsjv`k kxZKvj I MxKvji Mo Zvcgvv KZ? Di: h_vg 20.10 mjwmqvg I 27.80 mjwmqvm| ck: MxY nvDRi cfve Kx nq? Di:evqygji Zvcgvv eo hvq, mgy`i ci DPZv eo hvq Ges IRb i dvUji mw Ki| ck: Mxb nvDRi wZi KviY Kx? Di: Kvi dvi Kveb ev CFC Mvm| ck: evqygji Kvb i IRbi wecyj DcwwZ j Kiv hvq? Di: vUvwqvi| ck: gmygx evqyi cfve G `k KLb ewcvZ nq? Di: Ryb gvm _K Avei gvm ch| ck: evsjv`k ewcvZi KZ fvM elvKvj nq? Di:80%| ck: Kvb FZzZ m~h Lvov fve wKiY `q? Di: MxKvj|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR

ck: Kvb Kvb Rjvi cevwnZ N~wYSowUi Dci w`q KKUvw iLv bvg Kx? AwZg KiQ? Di: wmWi (wmWi A_ PvL, Di: wSbvB`n _K XvKv nq GwU wmsnjx fvlv)| Kzwgjv Rjvi Dci w`q| ck: wmWi Avv ck: evsjv`ki cwiek `~MZ gvbyli Rb vY welqK msMVbi bvg Kx? Kvhg cwiPvwjZ Acvikb Di: Bangladesh Environment wm Gj-2 G AskMnYKvix Management Forum (BEMF). gvwKb RvnvRi bvg Kx ck: cwiek Av`vjbi Kx? m~PbvKvix K? Di:BDGmGm wKqvivmvR Di: Bsjvi WwfW nviv| Ges BDGmGm ZvivIqv (22 ck: gvUvjwRKvj bf^i-7 wWm^i 2007)| mvUjvBUi KvR Kx? ck: wmWi wZM Di: `yNv ci ci gN, ew, gvbyli mvnvhv_ So, mvBKvbi KbmvU di evsjv`k-2 Gi c~evfvm `qv| AvqvRb Kiv nq Ke ck: AvenvIqv Awa`i Kv_vq? N~wYSo mK Di:2 wWm^i 2007 mvj wkqvix msKZ Ges wec` hyivi wbDBqK msKZ `q KZ c~e? (kv UvBg wgDwRK I Di: AvNvZ Avbvi Kgc 24 ^`k mvi h_ Nv c~e wkqvix D`vM AvqvwRZ msKZ Ges 18 Nv c~e KbmvU ibv jvqjv, wec` msKZ `q| i_x`bv_ ivq, cevmx cc ck: eZgvb vi nvgRv cgyL wkx AKvhKi mvUjvBU mxZ cwiekb Kib| MvD wiwmwfs kb ck: 2008 mvj Kv_vq AewZ? evcmvMi m Di: XvKvi A`~i mvfvi| N~wYSo Kx? ck: jv mvU I Di: bvwMm (bvwMm bvqv Kx? A_ dzj, GwU D`y k)| Di: Kwg DcMn f~wg ck: 2008 mvj 27 Rwic KvR wbqvwRZ Avei evcmvMi m SPARSO Gi cK| N~wYSoi bvg Kx? ck: SPARSO KZ mvj, Di: ikwg (ikwg dvwm Kvb gYvjqi Aaxb k)| cwZwZ nq? ck: cw_exi KZ fvM Di: 1980 mvj cwZiv ewcvZ mgy`i Dci w`q gYvjqi Aaxb| cevwnZ nq? ck: evsjv`k fqven Di: 81%| N~wYSo AvNvZ nvb Ke ck: evsjv`k Ke? DcKjxq Rjvi msLv KZwU? Di: 1970 mvji 12 bf^i 19wU| Ges 1991 mvji 29 Gwcj| Di: N~wYSo ck: 15 bf^i 2007 ck: weRjx PMvg Aj evsjv`ki gaw`q AvNvZ nvb Ke?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: 17 Gwcj 2009| ck: 25g 2009 DcKj AvNvZ nvbv N~wYSo AvBjvi A_ Kx? Di: Wjwdb ev K RvZxq GK aibi cvYx| ck: DcKj cvweZ Kiv N~wYSo AvBjvi bvgKiY Ki Kvb `k? Di: gvjxc| ck: Kvb `kK wbie Lwbi `k ejv nq? Di: evsjv`kK| ck: evsjv`ki cavb cavb LwbR m` Kx Kx? Di:cvKwZK Mvm, Kqjv, Pzbvcv_i, PxbvgvwU, KuvPevwj, k cv_i, LwbR jeY| ck: wcGmwm (PSC) Gi c~Yic Kx? Di: Production Sharing Contract (cvKwZK Mvm Abymvbi Pzov Drcv`b eUb Pzw)| ck: Ke Kvb cwZvb evsjv`k Zj Abymvb KvR c_g i Ki? Di: 1909 mvj, SVOC (Standard ck: Ke Kv_vq c_g Abymvb Kzc Lbb Kiv nq? Di: 1910 mvj PMvgi mxZvKz| ck: evsjv`ki cavb LwbR m`i bvg Kx? Di: cvKwZK Mvm| ck: evsjv`ki cv_wgK evwYwRK Rvjvwbi cavb Drm Kx? Di: cvKwZK Mvm| ck: evsjv`ki c_g Mvm wU AvweZ nq KZ mvj?
Vacum Oil Company).

175

Di:

LwbR m`

1955 mvj (wmjUi nwicyi)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Mvm wd c_g AwMKv NU? Di: wmjUi nwicyi Mvm wd (1955 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k KZ mvj c_g Mvm Dvjb i nq? Di: 1957 mvj| ck: evsjv`k Pzbvcv_ii Drm Kv_vq? Di:UKi nvU I Rvdjs| ck: `k Ke Kv_vq mec_g cevj RvZxq Pzbvcv_i cvIqv hvq? Di: 1958 mvj, mUgvwUb xc| ck: mybvgMi QvZK Ke `ki wZxq Mvm AvweZ nq? Di: 1959 mvj| ck: nweMi iwk`cyi Ke `ki 3q Mvm AvweZ nq? Di: 1960 mvj| ck: `ki 4_ Mvm wnme wmjUi KjvmwUjv Ke Avwe Z nq? Di: 1962 mvj| ck: `ki 5g Mvm wnme we-evwoqvi wZZvm Mvm Ke AvweZ nq? Di: 1962 mvj| ck: wZZvm Mvm AvweZ Ki Kvb msv? Di: kjIqj| ck: `k mePq ewk Mvm Dvjb Kiv nq Kvb Mvm _K? Di: wZZvm|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: w`bvRcyi Rjvi cveZxcyi (AvqZb 1.44 eMwK.wg.)| ck: evsjv`ki KwVb wkjv cvIqv hvq Kv_vq Kv_vq? Di: iscyi Rjvi e`iM, wgVvcyKzi I w`bvRcyii cveZcyii gacvov| ck: evsjv`k Kv_vq Kqjvi gRy` AvQ? Di: w`bvRcyii eo cyKzwiqv, `xwNcvovi dzjevox, RqcyinvUi RvgvjM, beveMi wkeM, wmjUi jvjNvU I UKinvU| ck: `ki Kv_vq Kv_vq wcU Kqjvi mvb cvIqv wMqvQ? Di: dwi`cyii Pv`vwej Ges Lyjbvi Kvjv wej| ck: `ki meenr Kqjvi Lwb Kv_vq AewZ? Di: w`bvRcyi Rjvi bIqveM _vbvi `xwNcvovq| ck: `k AvweZ mekl Kqjvi Lwb KvbwU? Di: w`bvRcyi Rjvi bIqveM _vbvi cywUqvq| ck: eo cyKzwiqv Kqjv Lwb Kv_vq AewZ? Di: w`bvRcyi Rjvi cveZcyi _vbvi Pnvwj Mvg| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Kqjvi LwbZ mvbv I `v cvIqvi mvebv iqQ? Di:w`bvRcyii gacvov Kqjv LwbZ| ck: `ki Kvb Kqjv LwbZ icv cvIqvi mvebv iqQ? Di: w`bvRcyii `xwNcvov I bIMuvi cZxZjvq| ck: `k Kv_vq DbZgvbi Kqjv cvIqv MQ?

ck: XvKv kni Mvm mieivn Kiv nq Kvb Mvm _K? Di: wZZvm| ck: wZZvm-XvKv Mvm jvBbi `N KZ? Di: 90 wKjvwgUvi| ck: evsjv`k ej eeZ Rxevk Rvjvwb KvbwU? Di: cvKwZK Mvm| ck: Mvm Drcv`b mePq ewk nq Kvb ? Di: we`yr Drcv`b| ck: evsjv`k cvK wZK Mvmi cavb Dcv`vb Kx? Di: wg_b (CH4). ck: `ki 6 Mvm nweM Ke AvweZ nq? Di: 1963 mvj| ck: UKi nvU _K Pzbvcv_i Drcv`b i nq Ke? Di: 1965 mvj _K| ck: RqcyinvU Pzbvcv_i Drcv`b i nq Ke? Di: 1966 mvj (eQi 16 jvL Ub cvIqv hvq)| ck: evsjv`k Pzbvcv_i cvIqv hvq Kv_vq Kv_vq? Di: wmjUi UKi nvU, fvvi nvU, Rvdjs, jvjNvU, I evMvwjevRvi, RqcyinvU I KevRvii mUgvwUb| ck: cUvevsjv Ke cwZwZ nq? Di:26 gvP 1972 (eZgvb cUvevsjvi Aaxb 11wU Kvvwb cwiPvwjZ nq)| ck: gacvov KwVb wkjv Ke AvweZ nq? Di: 1973 mvj f~-ZvwK RwicKvj| ck: gacvov KwVb wkjv Kv_vq AewZ?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: RqcyinvUi RvgvjM| ck: `k cv mePq DbZgvbi Kqjvi bvg Kx? Di: weUzwgbvm Kqjv| ck: Kqjvi Lwb ev evqbi `vwqZ Kvi? Di: cUvevsjvi| ck: evsjv`k PxbvgvwU cvIqv hvq Kv_vq? Di: bKvbvi weRqcyi, bIMuvi cZxZjv I PMvgi cwUqvq| ck: KuvPevwji mevwaK gRy` Kvb Aj? Di: wmjU Aj| ck: cxUgvwU cvIqv hvq Kv_vq? Di: dwi`cyi| ck: `ki cUvwjqvg AvBb cvk nq Ke? Di: 1974 mvj| ck: evsjv`k wewfb Lwbi KvR Ki Kvb msv? Di:BAPEX (Bangladesh Petroleam ck: evsjv`k c_g LwbR Zj AvweZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1986 mvji 22 wWm^i (wmjUi nwicyi)| ck: evsjv`k c_g evwYwRK wfwZ Zj Drcv`b i nq Ke? Di: 1987 mvj| ck: evsjv`ki wZxq Zj Kv_vq AvweZ nq? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvi eigPj| ck: wmjUi nwicyi Zj Kx cwigvY Zj gRy` AvQ? Di:4 KvwU evij (cvq)|
Exploration & Production Company).

177

ck: 1993 mvj Zj I Mvm Abymvb mviv `kK KZwU eK fvM Kiv nqwQj? Di: 23wU| ck: nwicyi Zj _K cwZw`b Kx cwigvY Zj Drcv`b Kiv nZ? Di: 300 evij (cwZ evij 159 wjUvi)| ck: `k Zj Drcv`b e nq hvq Ke? Di: 1994 mvji 7 m^i| ck: nwicyi Zj i KZ b^i Kzc Zj cvIqv hvq? Di: mvZ bs Kzc| ck: evsjv`k Rvjvwb Zji Pvwn`v gUvbv nq Kx fve? Di: we`k _K Avg`vwb Ki| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq BDiwbqvg cvIqv MQ? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvi KzjvDov cvnvo (1994 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv Zj kvabvMvii bvg Kx? Di: Bvb widvBbvix, cZv, PMvg| ck: `ki cavb Rvjvwb Zji gRy` /wWcvjvKv_vq Kv_vq AewZ? Di: `jZcyi (Lyjbv), Mv`bvBj (bvivqYM), evNvevox (wmivRM) Ges dZzjv (XvKv)| ck: Drcv`b hvIqv Mvm i gvU msLv KZwU? Di: 17wU| ck: wMZ Mvm KZwU?

178 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: 28.4 wUwjqb NbdzU| ck: `k Dvjb hvM Mvmi gvU gRy`i cwigvY KZ? Di: 20.82 wUwjqb NbdzU (A_bwZK mgxv-2009 Abymvi)| ck: evsjv`ki Mvmi wmg jm KZ? Di: 21.20% [A_bwZK mgxv-2008]| ck: wevwiZ Mvm GjvKvq Kvb Kvvwb wWwjs Ki? Di: hyivi AwWUvj| ck: mviv `k Mvm Drcv`bi `wbK gZv KZ? Di: 795 wgwjqb NbdzU| ck: weweqvbv Mvm i nweMi bexM Kzc AvbyvwbKfve Mvm Drcv`b i nq Ke? Di: 18 gvP 2007| ck: cUvevsjvi Z_ gZ evsjv`k eZgvb Mvm KZwU? Di: 25wU| ck: mgyZvs Mvmwd Kv_vq AewZ? Di: LvMovQwoi gvwbKQwoZ| ck: `k gvU KZwU Mvmi KZwU Kzc nZ Mvm Drcvw`Z nQ? Di: 17wU Mvm i 79wU Kzc nZ| (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: 2006-2007 A_eQi cvKwZK Mvm Drcv`b nqQ KZ? Di: 5.456 wUwjqb NbdzU (A_bwZK mgxv2008)| ck: 2007-2008 A_eQi `k gvU Rvjvwb Pvwn`v KZ?

2wU h_v: QvZK Ges KvgZv| ck: gjfxevRvii gviQov I weweqvbv Mvm AvweZ nq Ke? Di: h_vg 1997 I 1998 mvj| ck: gviQov I weweqvbv Mvmi AvweviK msvi bvg Kx? Di: BDwbKj| ck: `ki c_g mvgyw`K Mvm i bvg Kx? Di: mvy| ck: evsjv`ki mgy` DcKj KqwU Mvm AvQ? Di: 2wU (mvy I KzZzew`qv)| ck: gviQov Mvm Kv_vq AewZ? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvi KgjM _vbvq| ck: `k AvweZ mekl Mvm KvbwU? Di: Kzwgjvi fvyiv (25Zg)| ck: evLivev`, jvjgvB I kxKvBj Mvm Kv_vq? Di: Kzwgjvq| ck: eZgvb `k gvU Mvm KZwU? Di: 23wU (cUvevsjvi Z_ gZ 25wU)| ck: Drcv`b hvqwb KZwU Mvm I Kx Kx? Di: 5wU h_v: eMgM, KzZzew`qv, mgyZvs, kvnevRcyi Ges fvyiv Mvm| ck: Kzwgjvi gyiv`bMii fvyiv MvmwU KZ bs eK AewZ? Di: 9bs eK| ck: `k AvweZ Mvmi gvU gRy` KZ?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: 37.05 j gwUK Ub (A_bwZK mgxv2008)| ck: eZgvb `k Rvjvwb Zj gRy` gZv KZ? Di: 8.53 j gwUK Ub (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: 2008 mvj Zj I Mvm Abymvb mviv `kK KZwU eK fvM Kiv nq? Di: 47wU (Gi ga Mfxi I AMfxi mgy` eK 28wU)| ck: `ki Zj weZiY I wecYb Kvvwb wZbwUi bvg Kx? Di: cv Aqj Kvs wjt, hgybv Aqj Kvs wjt I gNbv cUvwjqvg wjt| ck: KYdzjx Mvm wWwweDkb Kvvwb wj: Gi Awdwmqvj Kvhg i nq Ke? Di:15 Gwcj 2010 (m`i`i lvjkni, PMvg)| ck: evsjv`k wk weKvki cavb Aivq Kx? Di: chv cuywRi Afve| ck: UW BDwbqb ejZ Kx eySvq? Di: wk kwgK msNK| ck: Tax Holiday Kx? Di: wkvqb Drmvn c`vb AevnZ ivLvi j cYxZ weavb| ck: wk cwZvb Kq aibi? Di: 3 aibi (QvU, gvSvwi I eo)| ck: wewUk evsjvi cvUKj Ke Kv_vq emvbv nq? Di: 1855 mvj kxivgcyii KvQ welovq|

179

evsjv`ki wk

ck: evsjv`k mec_g cvUKj Kv_vq vcb Kiv nq? Di: bvivqYMi Av`gRx bMi (1951 mvj)| ck: Gwkqvi eng cvUKj KvbwU? Di: Av`gRx RyU wgjm, bvivqYM| ck: evsjv`k cvU wki cavb K`jv Kv_vq Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKv, bvivqYM I Lyjbvq| ck: evsjv`ki c_g KvMR Kj KvbwU? Di: KYdzjx ccvi wgjm| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo KvMR Kj KvbwU? Di: KYdzjx ccvi wgjm (vwcZ 1953 mvj)| ck: KYdzjx ccvi wgjm Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ivvgvwUi P`Nvbvq| ck: KYdzjx ccvi wgji KuvPvgvj wnme Kx eeZ nq? Di: euvk| ck: Lyjbv wbDR wcU wgj KuvPvgvj wnme Kx eeZ nZ? Di: my`iebi MIqv KvV| ck: cvebvi cvKkx (Di ei) KvMR Kji KuvPvgvj wnme Kx eeZ nq? Di: AuvLi Qveov| ck: evsjv`ki miKvwi wgjjvZ eZgvb Kx cwigvY KvMR Drcvw`Z nq? Di: 30 jvL gwUK Ub (cvq)| ck: `ki Kv_vq Kv_vq wk cvK Mo Zvjv ne?

180 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: wmjU KvMR Kji KuvPvgvj Kx? Di: bjLvMov I Nvm| ck: mvbvjx ccvi wgjm wjwgUW Kv_vq AewZ? Di: bvivqYM| ck: evsjv`k wkbxwZ c_g cYqb nq KZ mvj? Di: 1982 mvj| ck: `ki wkbxwZZ KqwU LvZK _v LvZ wnme aiv nq? Di: 4wU LvZK| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq Avq wk LvZi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 29.73%, 2008-2009 A_eQi (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: 2008-2009 A_eQi wRwWwcZ mevP LvZ gvbydvKPvwis LvZ Ae`vb KZ? Di: mvgwqKfve 17.78% (A_bwZK mgxv2009)| ck: evsjv`ki wk weKvk Kvb miKvwi msv FY c`vb KiQ? Di: evsjv`k wk FY msv| ck: `ki c_g emiKvwi wmwKDwiwU wcwUs cm Rvcvb evsjv`k wmwKDwiwU wcwUs cm ccvim wjt Kv_vq AewZ? Di: bvivqYMi icM| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo miKviLvbv KvbwU? Di: hgybv mvi KviLvbv (Rvgvjcyii ZvivKvw`Z)| ck: hgybv mvi KviLvbv Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 1991 mvji 26 wWm^i| ck: `ki GKgv `vbv`vi BDwiqv cZKvix mvi KviLvbv KvbwU?

wmivRM, biwms`x I bvivqYM| ck: meyR cvU _K g Zwii chyw Dveb Ki Kvb `k? Di: evsjv`k| ck: `ki mePq eo RvnvR wbgvY KviLvbv KvbwU? Di: Lyjbv wkcBqvW (vwcZ 1957 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k RvnvR wbgvY I givgZ KviLvbv KqwU? Di: 3wU h_v: (1) Lyjbv wkcBqvW (2) PMvg WKBqvW I (3) bvivqYM WKBqvW| ck: evsjv`ki eng jn I BvZ KviLvbvi bvg Kx? Di: PMvg xj wgjm, PMvg| ck: evsjv`k gwkb Uzjm KviLvbv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: MvRxcyi| ck: `ki c_g mvi KviLvbv KvbwU? Di: wmjUi dzM mvi KviLvbv (vwcZ 1961 mvj)| ck: Nvovkvj mvi KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z mvii bvg Kx? Di: BDwiqv (biwms`xZ AewZ)| ck: Nvovkvj mvi KviLvbvq KuvPvgvj wnme Kx eeZ nq? Di: wZZvm Mvm| ck: Lyjbv nvWevW wgji KuvPvgvj Kx? Di: my`ix KvV (vwcZ nq 1966 mvj)|

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: hgybv mvi KviLvbv (evwYwRK Drcv`b i 1 RyjvB 1992)| ck: Kvb `ki Avw_K mnvqZvq hgybv mvi KviLvbv I KvdKv cwZwZ nq? Di: Rvcvbi| ck: KAFCO Kx? Di: Karnofuly Fertilizer Company. ck: emiKvwi LvZ `ki mePq eo mvi KviLvbv KvbwU? Di: KAFCO ck: KvdKvZ Rvcvbi kqvii cwigvY KZ? Di: 44%| ck: cjvk mvi KviLvbv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: biwms`xZ| ck: wUcj mycvi dmdU (wUGmwc) mvi KviLvbv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvg| ck: Nvovkvj wRqv Ges PMvg mvi KviLvbvq KuvPvgvj wnme Kx eeZ nq? Di: cvKwZK Mvm| ck: AvMi wRqv mvi KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z mvii bvg Kx? Di: BDwiqv| ck: BDwiqv mvii KuvPvgvj Kx? Di: wg_b Mvm| ck: mviv `k wewmK Gi wkbMix iqQ KZwU? Di: 74wU (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki z` wki Dbqb Kvb msvwU KvR KiQ? Di:(BSCIC) Bangladesh Small and

181

ck: evsjv`k c_g Kqjv kvabvMvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: w`bvRcyii weivgcyi| ck: eZgvb Zwi cvkvK _K ivbx Avqi kZKiv KZ fvM Avm? Di: 75.63% [A_bwZK mgxv 2008 Abymvi, 2007-2008 A_eQi]| ck: evsjv`ki Zwi cvkvKi mePq eo gvKU KvbwU? Di: BDivcxq BDwbqb gvKU| ck: evsjv`k Zwi cvkvK wki eemvqx`i msMVbi bvg Kx? Di: evsjv`k MvgUm gvbydvKPvivm Ggcqvm Gmvwmqkb (wewRGgBG)| ck: evsjv`k Zwi cvkvK ivwb Ki Kx cwigvY e`wkK gy`v ARb Ki? Di: 400 KvwU gvwKb Wjvi (cvq)| ck: evsjv`ki Zwi cvkvK wkK Ke _K wk kwgKgy NvlYv Kiv nq? Di: 1 bf^i 1996| ck: evsjv`k GKKvj Kvb wki Rb wek weLvZ wQj? Di: XvKvB gmwjb (gvNj Avgj)| ck: ZuvZ e eqb wki Rb evsjv`ki Kvb Kvb vb weLvZ? Di: XvKv, biwms`x, UvvBj, Kzwgjv, cvebv I Kzwqv| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv ZuvZ cwkY BbwwUDU Cottage Industries Corporation. Kv_vq? ck: evsjv`ki Di: biwms`xZ| MvgUm kwgK`i ck: evsjv`ki GKgv KZfvM gwnjv? iqb wgjwU Kv_vq Di: 90 fvM| AewZ? Di: ivvgvwUi P`Nvbvq (KYdzjx iqb wgj)|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: Pvgov ivwbZ wek evsjv`ki AevZ KZ? Di: PZz_| ck: Pvgov MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi mvfvi| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo wmMviU Kvvwbi bvg Kx? Di: evsjv`k AvgwiKvb UvevKv Kvvdb| ck: cMwZ BvwR Kx? Di: evsjv`k gvUi Mvwo mshvRbi eng KviLvbv| ck: GUjvm evsjv`k wjt Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Ux, MvRxcyi (gvUi mshvRb KviLvbv)| ck: evsjv`k gwkb Uzjm KviLvbv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: MvRxcyi| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv A wbgvY KviLvbvwU Kv_vq? Di: MvRxcyi| ck: evsjv`k Uwjdvb wk msv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Ux I Lyjbvq| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo e`ywZK Zvii KviLvbv KvbwU? Di: Bvb Kejm&, PMvg (AciwU weAviwe Kejm&, Kzwqv)| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq jeY Drcb nq? Di:PMvgi euvkLvjx, KevRvi, eni ewikvji SvjKvwV I cUzqvLvjx, bvqvLvjx, jxcyi Ges Lyjbvq| ck: jvf wmwU Kx? Di: XvKvi Divq emiKvwi D`vM Mo IVv wk bMix| ck: Gwkqvi eng cvUKj Av`gRx RyU wgj Ke e nq hvq?

ck: evsjv`k wm Drcb nq Kv_vq? Di: ivRkvnxZ| ck: evsjv`k c_g wmgU KviLvbv KvbwU? Di: QvZK wmgU KviLvbv| ck: QvZK wmgU KviLvbvi KuvPvgvj Kx? Di: cvKwZK Mvm I Pzbv cv_i| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv mv`v wmgU KviLvbvi bvg Kx? Di: wmqvg wmgU KviLvbv, XvKv| ck: eZgvb `k mePq eo wmgU KvivLvbvi bvg Kx? Di: wmjUi kvn wmgU BvwR| ck: evMinvUi gsjv wmgU KviLvbv `ki KZ Zg wmgU KviLvbv? Di: PZz_| ck: `k miKvwi LvZ wmgU KviLvbv KZwU? Di: 5wU| ck: `ki `vB wmgU KviLvbvi eZgvb bvg Kx? Di: nvjwmg| ck: `k eZgvb wPwbi Pvwn`v KZ? Di:12.20 j gwUK Ub (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki meenr wPwb Kj KvbwU? Di: Ki Av Kvs wjt `kbv, PzqvWvv| ck: evsjv`k evwlK wPwb Drcv`bi cwigvY KZ? Di: 15wU wPwb Kj _K gv 2.10 j gwUK Ub (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: `k gv_vwcQy evwlK wPwb fvMi cwigvY KZ? Di: 2.80 KwR (cqvRb 14 KwR)|

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: 30 Ryb 2002| ck: Lyjbv wbRD wcU wgj e nq hvq Ke? Di: 30 bf^i 2002| ck: MAF Gi gvag evsjv`k GSP myweav cvq KZ mvj ch? Di: 31 wWm^i 2004| ck: `k c_g Uvqvi BvwR Kv_vq wbwgZ nq? Di: PMvg| ck: evsjv`k c_g cwjqvi wPcmi wk KviLvbv Kv_vq vwcZ nq? Di: bvivqYMi icM| ck: eZgvb gnvRvU miKvi 16wU LvZZ AMvwaKvi LvZ wnme wPwZ Ki Lmov wkbxwZ-2009 NvlYv Ki Ke? Di: 25 Gwcj 2009| ck: 1 Ryb 2009 DvabKZ Uv UKwbKvj Uwbs BbwwUDU Kv_vq AewZ? Di:Rq`ecyi, MvRxcyi| ck: 14 Ryb 2009 `ki meenr dvIqvi wgj Dvab Kiv nq Kv_vq? Di: bvivqYMi icM| ck: (26 Gwcj 2010) wRqv dvwUjvBRvi Kvvwb wjwgwUWi eZgvb bvg wK? Di:AvM dvwUjvBRvi Av KwgKvj BvwR wjwgUW| ck:

183

ck: XvKvq mec_g e`ywZK evwZi cPjb i nq Ke? Di: 7 wWm^i 1901 mvj| ck: evsjv`ki eng AvYweK we`yr Drcv`b K`i bvg Kx? Di: iccyi AvYweK we`yr K` (vwcZ 1961 mvj cvebvq)| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv cvwb we`yr K`i bvg Kx? Di: KvvB Rj we`yr K`, ivvgvwU| ck: KvvB Rj we`yr K` KZ mvj wbgvY Kiv nq? Di: 1962 mvj (230 gNvIqvU)| ck: cjx we`yr evW Ke cwZwZ nq? Di: 29 Avei, 1977| ck: we`yr weZiYi mv_ RwoZ cwZvb mg~n Kx Kx? Di:XvKv BjKwUK mvcvB A_vwiwU (Wmv), XvKv BjKwUK mvcvB Kvvwb wjt (WmKv) Ges cjx we`yZvqb evW ck: emiKvwi LvZ `k vwcZ c_g evR gvDUW we`yr K` KvbwU? Di: Lyjbv evR gvDUW (1998 mvj)| ck: Lyjbv evR gvDUW we`yr K`i Drcv`b gZv KZ? Di: 110 gNvIqvU| ck: emiKvwi fve wZxq we`yr K`i bvg Kx? Di: weRqi Avjv (vwcZ wmivRMi evNvevoxZ)| ck: weRqi Avjv Ke Kv_vq nZ Avbv nq? Di: 1999 mvj gvjqwkqvi jveyqvb xc nZ (130 gNvIqvU)|
(REB).

we`yr kw

(BPDB) Gi c~Yic Kx? Di:Bangladesh Power Development Board

wewcwWwe

(evsjv`k we`yr Dbqb evW)| ck: evsjv`k we`yr kwi Drm Kx? Di: cvKwZK Mvm, LwbR Zj, cvwb I Kqjv|

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`k eZgvb gvU we`yr Drcv`b gZv KZ? Di: 5262 gMvIqvU (m~ : A_bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq mi we`yr Drcv`b K` vcb Kiv nqQ? Di: biwms`x Rjvi Kwigcyi I bRicyi| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo we`yr K` Kv_vq? Di: Nvovkvj| ck: bvivqYMi wmwiM I wmjUi kvnwRevRvii we`yr Drcv`b gZv KZ? Di: h_vg 210 gNvIqvU I 60 gNvIqvU| ck: eZgvb `k we`yr Pvwn`v KZ? Di:5569 gMvIqvU (m~ : A_ bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: evZvm _K we`yr Drcv`b KviLvbvi bvg Kx? Di: DBwgj| ck: Wmvi wmg jm KZ? Di: 19.24% (2007-2008 A_eQi)| ck: `wY Gwkqvi Kvb `k c_g Zzl w`q evqvMvm we`yr K` Dvab Kiv nq? Di: evsjv`k| ck: Ux we`yr K`wU `xNw`b e _vKvi ci Avevi Ke Pvjy nq? Di: 2007 mvji 14 gvP (80 gMvIqvU)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq c_g evqywe`yr cK Pvjy Kiv nq? Di: dbxi mbvMvRxZ| ck: 2007-2008 mvj `k we`yr Drcv`bi cwigvY KZ? Di:4130 gMvIqvU| ck: 2007-2008 mvj `k gv_vwcQy evrmwiK

ck: mePq eo Zvc we`yr K` KvbwU? Di: Kzwqvi fovgviv (gvU Zvc we`yr K` 10wU)| ck: we`yZi eZgvb wmg jm KZ? Di: 7.15% (2007-2008 A_eQi)| ck: `ki Kv_vq evqy we`yr K` vwcZ nq? Di: PMvgi wgikivBqi gywiZ (225 wKjvIqvU)| ck: `k Drcvw`Z we`yr Kvb LvZ eeZ nQ? Di: wkLvZ 48%, AvevwmK LvZ 40%, evwYwRK LvZ 7% I Abvb LvZ 5%| ck: `k c_g Mvm PvwjZ we`yr K` KvbwU? Di: wmjUi nwicyi we`yr K` (360 gNvIqvU)| ck: `ki eni emiKvwi we`yr K` KvbwU? Di: gNbvNvU we`yr K` (450 gNvIqvU)| ck: `ki c_g Kqjv PvwjZ we`yr K`i bvg Kx? Di: w`bvRcyii eo cyKzwiqv (250 gNvIqvU)| ck: eZgvb gv_vwcQy we`yr eenvi KZ? Di: 172 wKjvIqvU AvIqvi (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: f~wg wfwK `ki meenr we`yr Drcv`b K` KvbwU? Di: bvivqYM| ck: eZgvb `ki KZfvM jvK we`yZi myweav cvq? Di: 45% (m~ : A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq miwe`yr cK Pvjy nq? Di: ivOvgvwUi RyivBQwo|

evsjv`k welqvejx we`yr Drcv`b K`i `wbK Drcv`b KZ? Di: 165 wKjvIqvU AvIqvi| ck: evsjv`k Ke Kvb msv cvigvYweK we`yr K` vcbi AbygwZ `q? Di: 24 Ryb 2007, Av RvwZK AvbweK kw msv (IAEA). ck: evsjv`k cigvYy kwi gvag Kx cwigvY we`yr Drcv`bi cwiKbv nvZ wbqQ? Di: 1000 gMvIqvU| ck: eZgvb weki KZwU `k cigvYy chyw eenvii gvag we`yr Drcv`b KiQ? Di: 30wU `k| ck: Kvb msv cjxZ we`yZvqbi `vwqZ wbqvwRZ? Di:AviBwe (REB)| ck: 2007-2008 (wWwcwWwmi) wmg jm KZ? Di:18.52% [m~: A_bwZK mgxv-2009] ck: we`yZi gvU Drcv`b gZv KZ (deqvwi-2009 ch)? Di: 5560 gMvIqvU miKvwi LvZ 3817 gMvIqvU Ges emiKvwi LvZ 1743 gMvIqvU (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: 2008-2009 (mvgwqK) A_eQi wRwWwcZ we`yr LvZi Ae`vb KZ? Di:1.29 kZvsk (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: 2008-2009 (mvgwqK) A_eQi we`yrLvZi cewi nvi KZ? Di: 3.64 kZvsk (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: 2010 mvj ch evevwqZe miKvwi I emiKvwi cK KZwU? Di:

185

miKvwi 15wU, emiKvwi 6wU Ges wgk 1wU| ck: miKvi KZ mvji ga cwZ Ni Ni we`yr cuQ `e ej NvlYv Kib? Di: 2020 mvji ga|

ck: evsjv`k Kvb cKwZi `k? Di: b`xgvZK `k| ck: kvLv-ckvLvmn evsjv`k b`-b`xi msLv KZ? Di: 230 wU [evsjv wcwWqv I wk wek Kvl Gi gZ 700] wU| ck: evsjv`ki cavb cavb b`-b`xi bvg Kx Kx? Di: c, gNbv, hgybv, ecy, KYdzjx, myigv, BQvgwZ, gaygwZ, wkemv, ci, ejki, ajkix, kxZjv cfwZ| ck: evsjv`k mePq ewk bve b`x KvbwU? Di: cv/gNbv| ck: evsjv`k-fviZ h_ b`x Kwgkbi AbZg cavb j Kx? Di: Awfb b`xi cvwbi mgmv mgvavb| ck: my`iebi cwg evsjv`k I fviZi gaKvi mxgvbv wbaviYKvix b`x KvbwU? Di: nvwoqvWvv| ck: `wY Zvjcw xcwU Kvb b`xi gvnbvq AewZ? Di: nvwoqvfvv b`xi| ck: evsjv`k I fviZK wefKvix b`x KvbwU? Di: nvwoqvfvv b`x (mvZxiv Rjvq)| ck: evsjv`ki `xNZg b`x KvbwU?

evsjv`ki cwienb I hvMvhvM/eev b`-b`x

186 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: 30 Zg, 2510 wK.wg. [m~ : evsjv wcwWqv]| ck: cv b`xi fviZxq Aski bvg Kx? Di: Mv b`x| ck: Mv b`xi cvwb cevn ewi Rb evsjv`ki cve Kx? Di: bcvj Rjvavi wbgvY| ck: cv b`xi kvLv b`x Kx Kx? Di:gaygwZ, Avwoqvj Luv, fie, KcvZv, MovB, Kzgvi, BQvgwZ, eovj, gv_vfvv| ck: cvi Dc-b`x Kx Kx? Di: gnvMv, Uvb, cybfiv, bvMi, KzwjL| ck: cv b`x weaZ Aji AvqZb KZ? Di: 34 nvRvi 188 eM wK.wg. (cvq)| ck: gNbv b`xi `N KZ? Di: 228 wK.wg. (KvKzwiqvMvRxcyi)| ck: gNbv b`xi Dcb`x Kx Kx? Di: kxZjv, MvgwZ, WvKvwZqv| ck: Kvb b`xi gvnbvq wbSzg xc AewZ? Di: gNbv b`xi| ck: evsjv`ki eng (cvwb aviY gZvq) b`xi bvg Kx? Di: gNbv| ck: Kvb b`x evsjv`ki fZi `yB fvM nq wKQy `yi cevwnZ nq cybivq wgwjZ nq? Di: gNbv| ck: myigv I Kzwkqviv b`x Kv_vq wgwjZ nq gNbv bvg aviY Ki? Di: fie evRvii wbKU (GLvb cyivZb ecyi mv_I wgwjZ nq)|

myigv 399 wK.wg. (Agjwm`-KvKzwiqv)| ck: evsjv`ki b`b`xi gvU `N KZ? Di: 24,140 wK.wg. [m~: evsjv wcwWqv]| ck: evsjv`ki `xNZg b`x cYvjx KvbwU? Di: myigv-gNbv b`x cYvjx (`N 669 wK.wg.)| ck: mybvgM, wmjU, QvZK Kvb b`xi Zxi AewZ? Di: myigv b`xi| ck: evsjv`ki b`xjvi ga mePq `xNc_ AwZg KiQ Kvb b`x? Di: myigv b`x| ck: evsjv`ki wZxq `xNZg b`x KvbwU? Di: cv 366 wK.wg. (Mv`vMvwo-Puv`cyi)| ck: cv b`xi Drcwj Kv_vq? Di: wngvjq ceZi Mvx wngevn _K| ck: cv b`x gNbvi mv_ wgwjZ nqQ Kv_vq? Di: Puv`cyi| ck: cv b`x hgybvi mwnZ wgwjZ nqQ Kv_vq? Di: Mvqvj`| ck: cv b`x Kvb Rjvi ga w`q evsjv`k cek KiQ? Di: beveM (eni ivRkvnx)| ck: cv b`xi c~e bvg Kx? Di: KxwZ bvkv| ck: fviZ Kvb b`xi Dci dvivv euva Zwi KiQ? Di: Mv b`x (cv b`x)| ck: `Ni w`K w`q Mv b`xi Aevb wek KZZg?

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: myigv I Kzwkqviv cybivq wgwjZ nq Kx bvg aviY Ki? Di: Kvjwb| ck: Kvjwb Kv_vq cybivq gNbv bvg aviY Ki? Di: fie evRvii wbKU| ck: gNbvi Drcwj Kv_vq? Di: Avmvgi jymvB cvnvo (Drcwj bvg eivK b`x)| ck: gNbv b`x Kvb Rjvi ga w`q `k cek KiQ? Di: wmjU Rjv| ck: evsjv`ki ck Zg b`x KvbwU? Di: hgybv| ck: hgybv b`xi c~e bvg Kx? Di: RvbvB b`x| ck: hgybv b`xi kvLv b`x Kx Kx? Di: ajkix, eywoMv| ck: hgybv b`xi Dcb`x Kx Kx? Di: wZv, KiZvqv, AvvB, aijv, evOvwj. `yaKzgvi| ck: hgybv b`xi Drcwj Kv_vq? Di: wngvjqi Kjvk ki gvbm mivei ` _K| ck: ecy b`i cavb kvLvi bvg Kx? Di:hgybv| ck: ecy b` Kvb Rjvi ga w`q evsjv`k cek KiQ? Di: KzwoMvg Rjv| ck: evsjv`ki `xNZg b` KvbwU? Di:ecy| ck: ecy b`i c~e bvg Kx? Di: jwnZ| ck: gqgbwmsn, Rvgvjcyi, wKkviM Kvb b`xi ZxieZx Rjv/kni? Di: cyivZb ecy| ck: `Ni w`K _K ecy b`i Aevb wek KZZg? Di:

187

22Zg, 2850 wK.wg. [m~: evsjv wcwWqv]| ck: evsjvi c_g gwnjv Kwe P`veZx h dzjkix b`xi Zxi em ivgvqY Kve iPbv Kib mB dzjkix b`xwU Kvb Rjvq AewZ? Di: wKkviM| ck: evsjv`ki LimvZv b`x KvbwU? Di: KYdzjx| ck: Kvb b`xZ euva w`q Kwg ` Zwi Kiv nq? Di: KYdzjx b`xZ| ck: KvvB Rj we`yr K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: KYdzjx b`xi Dci| ck: KYdzjx b`xi Drcw j Kv_vq? Di: Avmvgi jymvB cvnvo| ck: KYdzjx b`xi Dcb`x Kx Kx? Di: Px, nvj`v, KvvB, MvqvjLvjx, Kvmvjs| ck: KYdzjx b`x Kvb Rjvi ga w`q evsjv`k cek KiQ? Di: cveZ PMvg I PMvgi ga w`q| ck: PMvg, P`Nvbv, KvvB Kvb b`xi ZxieZx kni/vb? Di: KYdzjx| ck: evsjv`ki cavb b`x e`ijv Kx Kx? Di: bvivqYM (cavb), XvKv, Puv`cyi, ewikvj I Lyjbv| ck: evsjv`ki gvU Awfb ev Avt mxgv b`x KZwU? Di: 58wU (evsjv`k-fviZ 54wU, evsjv`k-gvqvbgvi 3wU)| ck: fviZ nZ evsjv`k Avmv b`x KZwU? Di: 55 wU| ck: gvqvbgvi nZ evsjv`k Avmv b`x KZwU I Kx Kx?

188 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: `vjvB b`x| ck: 1864 mvj XvKv kniK ivi Rb eywoMv b`xi Zxi Kvb euva `Iqv nq? Di: evKjv euva| ck: eywoMv Kvb b`xi kvLvb`x? Di: ajkix| ck: XvKv kni, jvjevMi Kjv Kvb b`xi Zxi AewZ? Di: eywoMv| ck: evsjv`ki Rjmxgvi Drcw I mgvw b`x Kx Kx? Di: mvy I nvj`v| ck: mvy b`xi `N KZ? Di: 270 wK.wg. (Drcw AvivKvb cvnvo)| ck: mvy b`x Kvb Rjvi gaw`q cevwnZ nqQ? Di: PMvg Ges ivvgvwU| ck: evsjv`k b`x MelYv BbwwUDU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: dwi`cyi| ck: iscyi, bxjdvgvix I jvjgwbinvU Kvb b`xi Zxi AewZ? Di: wZv b`xi| ck: wZv b`x evsjv`k cek KiQ Kvb Rjvi ga w`q? Di: bxjdvgvix Rjv| ck: evvjx b`x, KviLvbv b`x Kv_vq AvQ? Di: h_vg eov I cUzqvLvjx Rjvq| ck: wkx Gm.Gg. myjZvb 12 jvL UvKvq wk ^Mi bKv Zwi Ki Kvb b`xi eyK fvmvb? Di: wPv b`xi| ck: b`x wmKw Kviv?

3wU h_v: (1) bvd (2) gvZvgyix I (3) mvy| ck: evsjv`k I gvqvbgviK wefKvix b`x KvbwU? Di: bvd (`N 56 wK.wg.)| ck: evsjv`k nZ fviZ cekKvix b`x KZwU? Di: 1wU (KzwjL)| ck: evsjv`k nZ fviZ wMq cybivq evsjv`k cekKvix b`xjv Kx Kx? Di: AvvB, gnvb`v, c~Yfev, Uvb| ck: evsjv`ki Av RvwZK b`xi msLv KZwU? Di: 1wU (cv/Mv)| ck: Mv ecy, gNbvi mwwjZ b`x AeevwnKvi KZ Ask evsjv`ki Afy? Di: 7 kZvsk| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvi GKwU b`xi bvg gwnjv b`x? Di: w`bvRcyi| ck: Kwe Rxebvb` `vmi KweZvq avbwmuwo b`xwU Kvb Rjvi b`x? Di: ewikvj Rjvi| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvi bvgKiY GKwU b`xi bvg Kiv nqQ? Di: dbx| ck: Kvb b`xwU GKRb ewi bvg bvgKiY Kiv nq? Di: icmv (icmv jvj mvnvi bvg)| ck: iRZ iLv I jvwVKvov b`x Kv_vq AewZ? Di:h_vg gywM Rjv I my`ieb| ck: evsjv`k eZgvb mePq `~lY KewjZ b`xi bvg Kx? Di:eywoMv| ck: eywoMv b`xi c~e bvg Kx?

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: b`xi fvb hviv me^v I menviv| ck: b`x cqx Kviv? Di: b`xi Pi RvMj hviv Pvlvev` KiZ hvq| ck: Kvb euvai KviY evsjv`ki Di c~evj cwZ eQi Rwgi DeiZv b nq? Di: dvivv euvai KviY (dvivvq gvU 109wU MU AvQ)| ck: gRjyg RbbZv gvIjvbv fvmvbx Ke dvivv AwfgyL jsgvP Kib? Di: 1976 mvji 16 g (ivRkvnx _K)| ck: KcvZv I ci Kvb b`xi kvLv b`x? Di: fie b`xi| ck: b`x MelYv BbwwUDU Ke cwZwZ nq? Di: 1977 mvj| ck: Rvqvi fvUv nq bv Kvb b`xZ? Di: MvgZx b`xZ (MvgZxK Kzwgjvi `ytL ejv nq)| ck: fviZ KZK wbwgZe eivK b`xi Dci wUcvBgyL euva evsjv`ki wmjU Rjvi mxgv _K KZ wK.wg. `~i? Di: 100 wK.wg. (cvq)| ck: fviZi gwYcyi ivRi wUcvBgyL euvai `N KZ? Di: 500 wgUvi (hv mgy` mgZj _K 180 wg. DPuyZ)| ck: wUcvBgyL euva Ke wbwgZ ne? Di: 2012 mvji ga (Dvab nq 24 bf^i 2005)|

189

1. cv : wngvjq ceZi Mvx wngevn _K| 2. gNbv : Avmvgi jymvB cvnvo| 3. hgybv : Kjvk ki gvbm mivei ` _K| 4. ecy : wZeZi Kjvm ki gvbm mivei ` _K| 5. kxZjv : ecy b` _K| 6. KYdzjx : Avmvgi jymvB cvnvo| 7. MvgwZ : fviZi wcyiv cvnvo| 8. KiZvqv : wmwKgi ceZ Aj| 9. mvy : AvivKvb cvnvo nZ| 10. gnvb`v : wngvjqi gnvjw`ivg cvnvo nZ| 11. wZv : wmwKgi ceZ Aj| 12. gvZvgyix : jvgvi gvBfvi ceZ| 13. dbx : cveZ wcyiv cvnvo nZ| 14. nvj`v : LvMovQwoi e`bvZjx ceZk| 15. mvj`v : wcyivi cvnvo _K| 16. LvqvB : fviZ wcyivi AvVvigyov cvnvo _K| 17. gby : fviZi wgRvivgi cvnvo nZ| 18. gyix : fviZi wcyivi jymvB cvnvo nZ|

wewfb b`-b`xi Drcwj

190 vbi bvg ivRkvnx wkjvB`n gv`vixcyi kixqZcyi ivRevox AvwiPv NvU gvIqv NvU `jZw`qv NvU Mvqvj` cvK&kx bIqveM mvi`v fovgviv

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR b`xi bvg cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv cv gNbv gNbv gNbv gNbv gNbv I kxZjv KiZvqv KiZvqv AvvB AvvB AvvB wZv wZv wZv myigv vbi bvg UvvBj wmivRM gvwbKM bMievox evnv`yivev` NvU RMbv_M NvU eez mZz f~qvcyi gqgbwmsn Rvgvjcyi wKkviM PMvg P`Nvbv KvvB euva XvKv m`iNvU jvjevMi Kjv evsjv`k Pxb gx mZz eov b`xi bvg hgybv hgybv hgybv hgybv hgybv hgybv hgybv hgybv cyivZb ecy cyivZb ecy cyivZb ecy KYdzjx KYdzjx KYdzjx eywoMv eywoMv eywoMv eywoMv KiZvqv

wewfb b`xi ZxieZx iZc~Y kni/vb

nvwW exR AvM Puv`cyi fie wRqv mvi KviLvbv bvqvLvjx I WvKvwZqv/biwms `x gnvvbMo cMo bIMuv bvUvi MvBevv iscyi bxjdvgvix jvjgwbinvU wmjU

QvZK MvcvjM Uzxcvov evMinvU UKbvd KevRvi wcivRcyi fvjv I ZuZzwjqv bvivqYM

myigv gaygwZ gaygwZ gaygwZ bvd bvd ejki ejki kxZjv

evsjv`k welqvejx mybvgM myigv Nvovkvj

191 kxZjv

evsjv`k-wgqvbgvi Awfb b`x

(1) mvy (2) gvZvgyix (3) bvd

192

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: `ki gvU cY cwienbi KZ kZvsk moK c_ mb nq? Di: 15%| ck: ^vaxbZv DiKvj `k gvU moKi cwigvY KZ wQj? Di: 4000 wK.wg. (cvq)| ck: evsjv`k eZgvb gvU moK bUIqvKi `N KZ? Di: 2,41,280 wK.wg.| ck: BRTA Kx? Di: Bangladesh Road Transport ck: BRTA KZ mvj MwVZ nq? Di: 1988 mvj| ck: evsjv`ki `xNZg moK mZz KvbwU? Di: eez mZz (hgybv mZz)| ck: eez mZz `wY Gwkqvi KZ Zg mZz? Di: `wY Gwkqvi c_g| ck: eez mZzi `N I c KZ? Di: `N 4.8 wK.wg. Ges c 18.50 wgUvi| ck: hgybv mZzi wfw ci vcb Kiv nq Ke? Di: 1994 mvji 10 Gwcj (Lvj`v wRqv)| ck: hgybv mZzi wbgvY KvR i nq KZ mvj? Di: 16 Avei 1994 (AvbyvwbK Dvab 23 Ryb 1998 mvj kL nvwmbv)| ck: eez mZzi vwqZ KZ? Di: 120 eQi| ck: eez mZz wbgvY gvU eq KZ? Di: 696 wgwjqb gvwKb Wjvi| ck: eez mZzi f~wgK iva gZv KZ? Di: 7.5 wiLUvi j|
Authority.

evsjv`k-fviZ Awfb ev Av tmxgv b`x gvU 54/55wU| wKQy iZc~Y b`xi bvg GLvb DjL Kiv nj| h_v: (1) ivqgj (2) BQvgwZ-Kvwj`x (3) eZbv- Kv`vwjqv (4) fieKcvZv (5) gv_vfvv (6) Mv (7) AvvB (8) cyefev (9) ZuZzwjqv (10) UvvBj (11) bvMi (12) gnvb`v (13) fvjyKv (14) KiZvqv (15) eywo-wZx (16) wZv (17) aijv (18) `yaKzgvi (19) ecy (20) wbZvB (21) myigv (22) Kzwkqviv (23) MvgZx (24) dbx-WvKvwZqv (25) gix (26) dbx| ck: evsjv`k Kvb `ki mnvqZvq AwaK msLK moK mZz wbwgZ nq? Di: Pxbi| ck: hgybv mZz wbgvYi Rb c_g ivR bwZKfve `vex DvwcZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1954 mvj hydUi 21 `dvq| ck: hgybv mZz wbgvYi c_g `vex Kib K? Di: gvIjvbv Avyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx| ck: evsjv`k moK cwienb wbqvwRZ miKvwi msvi bvg Kx? Di: BRTC (evsjv`k moK cwienb Kcvikb)| ck: BRTC Kx? Di: Bangladesh Road Transport ck: BRTC cwZwZ nq? Di: 1961 mvj|
Corporation.

evsjv`k-fviZ Avtmxgv b`x mg~n

moK c_

KZ

mvj

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: eez mZz wbgvY A_ hvMvb `vZv msv Kvbjv? Di: wek evsK 200 wgwjqb Wjvi, G.wW.we 200 wgwjqb Wjvi, OECF (Japan) 200 wgwjqb Wjvi, evsjv`k miKvi 96 wgwjqb Wjvi| ck: OECF Kx? Di: Overseas Economic Cock: eez mZzZ Kvb aibi jvBb emvbv nqQ? Di: wgUvi MR, eWMR (wgkMR)| ck: eez mZz cKi cavb cKkjx K wQjb? Di: wf cvjvW (Bsjv)| ck: eez mZzi wbgvYKvix msv KvbwU? Di: `vB Bwwbqvwis G KbvKkb Kvvwb (Kvwiqv)| ck: eez mZzi iYveYi `vwqZ wbqvwRZ Kvvwb KvbwU? Di: RvgvBK (`wY AvwdKv)| ck: eez mZzZ moK jb KZwU? Di: 4wU| ck: eez mZzZ vb msLv KZwU? Di: 49wU (wcjvii msLv 50wU)| ck: eez mZz wbgvY KZ nvRvi evsjv`kx kwgK KvR Ki? Di: 4 nvRvi| ck: eez mZzZ mshvM iqQ Kx Kx jvBbi? Di: UwjhvMvhvM, we`yr, Mvm I ij jvBbi mshvM|
Operation Fund (Japan).

193

ck: LGD wbwgZ `ki `xNZg moK mZz KvbwU? Di: evMinvU Rjvi ivgcvj _vbvi kxdjZjv mZz| ck: XvKvq Uvw Kve Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 5 RyjvB 1998| ck: XvKv-KjKvZv evm mvwfm Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 6 Ryb 1999| ck: XvKv-KjKvZv evmi bvg Kx? Di: mnv` I kvgjx| ck: icmv mZzi wbgvY KvR Ke Dvab Kiv nq? Di: 30 g 2001 (kL nvwmbv)| ck: icmv mZzi (Lvb Rvnvb Avjx mZz) `N I c KZ? Di: `N 1361 wgUvi I c 16.65 wgUvi| ck: Ke K cv mZzi wfw ci vcb Kib? Di: kL nvwmbv 2001 mvji 4 RyjvB| ck: cvweZ cv mZzi Aevb Kv_vq? Di: cv b`xi gvIqv RvwRqv cqU| ck: cvweZ cv mZzi bZzb `N I c KZ? Di: `N 6.15 wK.wg. I c 18.20 wgUvi| ck: XvKv AvMiZjv evm mvwfmi bvg Kx? Di: gx (19 m^i 2003)| ck: evsjv`ki wZxq eng moK mZz KvbwU? Di: jvjb kvn mZz (gvU jb 2wU, vb 17wU)|

194

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di:

ck: jvjb kvn mZzi Aevb Kv_vq? Di: Kzwqv Rjvi fovgviv I cvebv Rjvi cvKwk cqU cv b`xi Ici| ck: K Ke jvjb kvn mZz Dvab Kib? Di: ZrKvjxb cavbgx eMg Lvj`v wRqv, 18g 2004| ck: jvjb kvn mZzi A_ hvMvb`vZv `k Kx Kx? Di: Rvcvb evsK di BUvibvkbvj 819.19 KvwU UvKv Ges evsjv`k miKvi 145.34 KvwU UvKv| ck: jvjb kvn mZzi `N I c KZ? Di: `N 1.8 wK.wg. I c 18.03 wgUvi| ck: jvjb kvn mZzi f~wgK cwZivaK gZv KZ? Di: 7 wiLUvi j| ck: jvjb kvn mZzi wbgvZv cwZvb KvbwU? Di: Pxbi gRi weR Bwwbqvwis eyiv| ck: XvKvi mv_ Lyjbv I wmjUi moK c_ `~iZ KZ? Di: 346 wK.wg.| ck: XvKvi mv_ UKbvdi moK c_ `~iZ KZ? Di: 475 wK.wg.| ck: XvKvi mv_ PMvgi moK c_ `~iZ KZ? Di: 278 wK.wg.| ck: mIR Kx? Di: moK I Rbc_ (Roads &

h_vg 269 wK.wg. I 275 wK.wg.| ck: `ki c_g dvBIfvi KvbwU? Di: gnvLvjx, XvKv (vbi msLv 18wU)| ck: K Ke gnvLvwj dvBIfvi Dvab Kib? Di: eMg Lvj`v wRqv 2004 mvji 4 bf^i| ck: gnvLvwj dvBIfvii `N KZ? Di: 1.012 wK.wg.| ck: 2008-2009 A_eQi wRwWwcZ cwienb msiY I hvMvhvM LvZi Ae`vb KZ? Di: 10.61% (A_bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: gnvLvjx dvBIfvii A_vqb Kvb Kvb `k? Di: wek evsK I evsjv`k miKvi (113 KvwU 52 j UvKv)| ck: `ki `xNZg dvBIfvi KvbwU? Di: XvKvi wjvbhvvevwo dvBIfvi| ck: wbgvYi w`K _K wLjMuvI dvBIfvi `ki KZZg dvBIfvi? Di: wZxq (vbi msLv 45wU)| ck: wLjMuvI dvBIfvii `N I c KZ? Di: `N 1.9 wK.wg. I c 14wgUvi| ck: wLjMuvI dvBIfvii wbgvY eq KZ? Highway) Di: 81.75 KvwU UvKv ck: XvKv _K (A_vqb vbxq miKvi ivRkvnx I ewikvji moK c_ gYvjq)| `~iZ KZ?

evsjv`k welqvejx

195

ck: `k moK I Rbc_ ck: mcwZ K (mIR) Awa`ii Aaxb gvU cvwb w`q Mvwo Pvjvbvi moKi cwigvY KZ? bZzb chyw Dveb Di: 22,378 wK.wg. (cvKv Kib? moKi cwigvY 16,274 Di: PMvgi Rqbvj wK.wg.) (m~ : A_ Ave`xb| bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: A_bwZK ck: hvvevwo-wj mgxv-2009 Abymvi `k vb dvBIfvii `N KZ? moK I Rbc` Awa`ii Aaxb Di: 8 wK.wg.| gvU moK KZ wK.wg.? Di: 20,890 wK.wg.|

evsjv`ki cavb cavb mZzmg~ni bvg

mZzi bvg cv mZz (cvweZ) hgybv mZz (eez mZz) jvjb kvn mZz evsjv`k Rvcvb gx mZz-2 Lvb Rvnvb Avjx mZz evsjv`k hyivR gx mZz evsjv`k Rvcvb gx mZz-1 evsjv`k Pxb gx mZz-5/ MveLvb mZz evsjv`k Pxb gx mZz-1/ eywoMv mZz eywoMv mZz-2 evsjv`k Pxb gx mZz-4/ KiZvqv mZz evsjv`k Pxb gx mZz-2 nvRx kixqZDjvn mZz `N 6.15 wK.wg. 4.8 wK.wg. 1.8 wK.wg. 1.41 wK.wg. 1.361wK. wg. 1.2 wK.wg. 930 wg. 918 wg. 847 wg. 725 wg. 577 wg. 460 wg. 450 wg. Aevb gvIqv, gywM UvvBjwmivRM KzwqvCki`x `vD`Kvw`Kzwgjv jebPvivLyjbv AvM-fie gywM SvjKvwV cvMjv, XvKv eveyevRvi, XvKv cMo kyM, gqgbwmsn gv`vixcyi b`xi bvg cv hgybv cv gNbvMvgZx icmv gNbv gNbv MveLvb eywoM v eywoM v KiZvqv ecy Avwoqvj Luv

ck: evsjv`k ij cwienb msvi bvg Kx? ck: mec_g Di: evsjv`k ijIq| mdjfve Bwbi mvnvh ck: c_g Ke Kv_vq ij PvjvZ mg_ nb K? ijc_ emvbv nq? Di: RR wdbmb|

ijc_

196 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: h_vg PMvg I XvKvq (c~e wQj ivRkvnx)| ck: evsjv`ki ijc_ Kq aibi I Kx Kx? Di: 3 aibi h_v: (1) wgUvi MR (2) eW MR (3) Wyqj MR| ck: evsjv`k c_g wgUviMR ijc_ Pvjy nq Kv_vq? Di: XvKv-bvivqYM| ck: evsjv`k ijIqi `N KZ? Di: 2835.04 wKjvwgUvi (eWMR 659.33 wK.wg., wgUvi MR 1800.88 wK.wg. Ges Wyqj MR 374.83 wK.wg.) (m~ : A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb wefvM eWMR ijIq jvBb mePq ewk? Di: ivRkvnx Ges Lyjbv wefvM| ck: `k ijIq kbi msLv KZ? Di: 441wU| (A_bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: evsjv`ki eng ijIq kb KvbwU? Di: XvKvi Kgjvcyi ijIq kb| ck: Kgjvcyi ijIq kbi cvUdgi `N KZ? Di: 918.4 wgUvi| ck: evsjv`k Av tbMi Ub mvwfm Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 1986 mvj| ck: eZgvb Pvjy AvtbMi Ub KZwU? Di: 48wU| ck: XvKv-PMvg KbUBbvi mvwfm Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 1987 mvj|

1825 mvj weUb (eeZ nq evxq Bwb)| ck: K Ke Dcgnv`k c_g ijMvox Pvjy Kib? Di: jW Wvjnmx 1853 mvj (nvIov _K Mjx)| ck: evsjv`k ijIqi mvweK m`i `i Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvq| ck: evsjv`k Ke Kv_vq c_g ijjvBb vwcZ nq? Di: 1862 mvj `kbv nZ Kzwqvi RMwZ ch| ck: KzwqvMvqvj` I XvKv bvivqYM ijc_ Pvjy nq Ke? Di: h_vg 1867 I 1885 mvj| ck: nvwW weR K wbgvY Kib? Di: jW nvwW (1915 mvj)| ck: nvwW weRi `N KZ? Di: 5894 dzU (cv b`xi cvKkx cqU)| ck: fie weR Kvb b`xi Dci AewZ? Di: gNbv (wbgvY nq 1937 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki Z Zxq `xNZg ijmZz KvbwU? Di: fie weR (c~e wQj 2q)| ck: fie weRi `N KZ? Di: 3005 dzU| ck: evsjv`k ijIq KqwU Aj wef I Kx Kx? Di: 2wU Aj| h_v: c~evj I cwgvj| ck: c~evj I cwgvji m`i`i Kv_vq?

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`ki emiKvwi Ub mvwfmi bvg Kx? Di: myeY Gcm (14 Gwcj 1998 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki `xNZg ij mZz KvbwU? Di: eez hgybv mZz (4.8 wK.wg.)| ck: hgybv mZzi `yB cvi Rjvi bvg Kx Kx? Di: UvvBj I wmivRM| ck: ijc_ XvKvLyjbvi `~iZ KZ? Di: 627 wK.wg.| ck: ijc_ XvKvPMvgi `~iZ KZ? Di: 346 wK.wg.| ck: ijc_ XvKvwmjUi `~iZ KZ? Di: 319 wK.wg.| ck: hgybv mZzi gvag XvKv-ivRkvnx Ub Pvjy nj `ki Kvb Rjvq c_g evii gZ Ub Pvjy nq? Di: UvvBj| ck: ijc_ XvKvivRkvnxi `~iZ KZ? Di: 369 wK.wg.| ck: hgybv mZzi Dci w`q c_g XvKv-ivRkvnx Ub Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 14 AvM 2003| ck: hgybv mZzi cwg cvo kbwUi bvg Kx? Di: RvgZjx (wmivRM)| ck: evsjv`k ijIqi GKgv iyc_ ev ivcIq Kv_vq AewZ? Di:wmjUi KvvwbM| ck: evsjv`ki KqwU Rjvq ijc_ bB? Di: 20wU Rjvq (DjL, ewikvj wefvM Kvb ijc_ bB)|

197

ck: ebvcvj cUvcvj gvjevnx UbwUi bvg Kx? Di: mvbvi evsjv| ck: XvKv-Lyjbv Av tbMi Ubi bvg Kx? Di: my`ieb Gcm (Pvjy nq AvM 2003)| ck: XvKv-jvjgwbinvU AvtbMi Ub mvwfmi bvg Kx? Di: jvjgwb Gcm (2004 mvj)| ck: XvKv-ivRkvnx bZzb AvtbMi Ub mvwfmi bvg Kx? Di: wm wmwU Gcm| ck: miKvi `ki hvMvhvM eevi Dbqb Kvb aibi Ub Pvjyi evcvi wmv MnY Ki? Di: BjKUv gvMbwUK jwfqkb Ub| ck: miKvi `ki GKgv miKvwi Bbjv KUBbvi wWc (AvBwmwW) XvKvi Kgjvcyi _K Kv_vq vcbi wmv bq? Di: MvRxcyii axivkg ij kbi KvQ| ck: `xN 43 eQi ci (1965 mvji) XvKv-KjKvZv Ub mvwfm Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 14 Gwcj 2008 (Ub mvwfmi bvg gx)| ck: 1 g 2009 eovw`bvRcyi iU PvjyKZ Ub mvwfmi bvg Kx? Di: `uvjbPvcv Gcm| ck: evsjv`k Kvb ZvwiL Uv Gwkqvb ij hvMvhvM vcb PzwZ hy nIqvi wmv MnY Ki?

198 Di:

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di:wegvbi mvgb wegvb PvjKi emvi vb| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi c_g AvRvwZK dvBU Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 4 gvP 1972 (XvKvjb-XvKv iU)| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi c_g AfixY dvBU Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 5 gvP 1972 (XvKvPMvg)| ck: evwqs 747 Kx? Di: mevwaK hvxenb gZv mb hvxevnx wegvb| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi c_g gwnjv cvBjU K? Di: KvwbR dvZgv ivKmvbv| ck: evsjv`ki cavb wegvb e`i KvbwU? Di: wRqv AvRvwZK wegvb e`i (1980 mvj Pvjy nq)| ck: KzwgUvjv wegvb e`ii bvg Ke wRqv AvRvwZK wegvb e`i ivLv nq? Di: 1983 mvj| ck: evsjv`k KZwU AvRvwZK wegvb e`i AvQ? Di: 3wU (XvKv, PMvg I wmjU)| ck: eZgvb evsjv`k KZwU wegvb e`i AvQ? Di: 14wU (3wU Av RvwZK, 6wU AfixY I 5wU j cvU)| ck: evsjv`k wegvb KZwU AvRvwZK iU PjvPj Ki? Di: 18wU| ck: evsjv`k wegvb KZwU AfixY iU PjvPj Ki?

15 Ryb, 2009 (gvU 42wU `ki ga 20wU `k ^vi Ki)| ck: Gwkqvb nvBIq Kx? Di:RvwZmsNfy msv ESCAP Gi cwiKbvaxb GKwU bUIqvK| ck: Gwkqvb nvBIqi `N KZ? Di:1,41,000 wK.wg.| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi evwYwRK bvg/evsjv`k wegvb msvi bvg Kx? Di: wegvb evsjv`k Gqvi jvB| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi cavb wbevnxi c`ex Kx? Di: eevcbv cwiPvjK| ck: evsjv`k wegvb msv Ke MwVZ nq? Di: 4 Rvbyqvwi 1972| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi cZxK/nvDR Rvbvji bvg Kx? Di: ejvKv| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi kvMvb Kx? Di: Your Home in the Sky (AvKvk kvwi bxo)| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi BbdvBU gvMvwRbi bvg Kx? Di: w`M (c~e bvg wQj hvx)| ck: Gqvi jvBbvi Kx? Di: hvxevnx enr wegvb| ck: Gqvi jvBb Kx? Di: wegvb PjvPji wbw` c_| ck: wegvb evsjv`k GqvijvBi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di: ejvKv feb, KzwgUvjv, XvKv| ck: KKwcU Kx?

AvKvk c_

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: 8wU (XvKv, PMvg, wmjU, KevRvi, ewikvj, ivRkvnx, mq`cyi I hkvi| ck: PMvg wegvb e`i _K mivmwi Av RvwZK dvBU Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 27 Avei 1992| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi DovRvnvRi msLv KZwU? Di: 6wU wWwm 10-30, 4wU 310-3000 Ges 3wU Gd-28 DovRvnvR| ck: evsjv`k wegvbi mekl AvRvwZK iU KvbwU? Di: _vBjvi wPqvsgvB| ck: c_g emiKvwi wegvb msv KvbwU? Di: Gviv ej Gqvi jvB| ck: Gviv ej Gqvi jvBi c_g dvBU Ke Kvb iU Pvjy nq? Di: 1995 mvj XvKv-ewikvj iU| ck: emiKvwi LvZ wegvb msv KZwU I Kx Kx? Di: 3wU h_v: (1) Gviv ej (2) Gqvi cvivevZ I (3) wR.Gg.wR. Gqvi jvB| ck: evsjv`k mekl AvRvwZK wegvb e`i KvbwU? Di: wmjU Imgvbx Av RvwZK wegvb e`i (1999 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k wegvb Kvb Kvb gnv`k hvq? Di: Gwkqv, BDivc, AvgwiKv I AvwdKv| ck: Gg.G nvbvb AvRvwZK wegvb e`ii bvg Kx? Di: kvn AvgvbZ Av RvwZK wegvb e`i, PMvg|

199

ck: wRqv Av RvwZK wegvb e`i BwgMkb mvwfm Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 12 gvP 2007| ck: mcwZ PvjyK Z `ywU bZzb emiKvwi wegvb msv Kx Kx? Di: Gqvi wmjU I BDbvBUW Gqvi IqR| ck: `xN 28 eQi ci 1 wWm^i 2008 Kvb wegvb e`i cybivq Pvjy nq? Di: VvKziMuvI| ck: Kvb evsjv`kx wegvb msvK wmvcyi emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj KZc 2009 mvj cyi Z Ki? Di: wegvb evsjv`k Gqvi jvB|

ck: evsjv`k mviv eQi bve gY b`xc_i `N KZ? Di: 5,200 wK.wg. (elvKvj 6,000 wK.wg.)| ck: evsjv`k KqwU mgy` e`i AvQ? Di: 2wU h_v: (1) PMvg I (2) gsjv mgy` e`i| ck: evsjv`ki cavb mgy` e`i KvbwU? Di: PMvg mgy` e`i (`ki cek vi)| ck: PMvg mgy` e`i AvbyvwbKfve Kvhg i nq KZ mvj? Di: 1888 mvj (cwZwZ 1187 mvj 25 Gwcj)| ck: PMvg mgy` e`i Kvb b`xi Zxi AewZ? Di: KYdzjx b`xi Zxi|

`ki bhvMvhvM/mgy` e`i I b`x e`img~n

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: PMvg| ck: evsjv`k wkwcs mgy`Mvgx RvnvR cwiPvjbvKvix msv/Kcvikbi RvnvRi msLv KZwU? Di: 13wU (10wU cYevnx, 1wU KUBbvievnx I 2wU jvBUviR UvsKvi)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g evwYwRK RvnvRi bvg Kx? Di: evsjvi `~Z| ck: Iqvb gwib wkcBqvW hvv i Ki Ke? Di: 1994 mvj (RvnvR wbgvY i 2000 mvj)| ck: AfixY KUBbvi wWcv (AvBwmwW) Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvq| ck: PMvgi Kv_vq KUBbvi Uvwgbvj vcb Kiv nQ? Di: wbDgywis, PMvg| ck: evsjv`ki c vweZ Mfxi mgy` e`iwU Kv_vq vcb Kiv ne? Di: mvbvw`qv| ck: evsjv`ki cavb b`x e`i mg~n Kx Kx? Di: bvivqYM, XvKvi m`iNvU, Puv`cyi, Mvqvj`, ewikvj, fie, `IqvbM, Lyjbv BZvw`| ck: `ki cavb b`x e`i bvivqYM Kvb b`xi Zxi AewZ? Di: kxZjv| ck: gNbv b`xi ZxieZx weLvZ b`x e`i KvbwU? Di: Puv`cyi| ck: evsjv`k _K ivwb nIqv c_g mgy` RvnvRi bvg Kx? Di: jv gwim| ck: cPwjZ wnme, evcmvMii AvqZb KZ? Di: 22 j eM wK.wg. (Mo MfxiZv 2.6 wK.wg.)|

ck: evsjv`ki wZxq eni mgy` e`i KvbwU? Di: gsjv mgy` e`i| ck: gsjv mgy` e`i Ke cwZwZ nq? Di: 1 wWm^i 1950| ck: ew gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ `ki GKgv bhvb DviKvix fvmgvb bi bvg Kx? Di: nvZx| ck: gsjv mgy` e`ii eo RvnvRi gvj Kv_vq Lvjvm Kiv nq? Di: Pvjbvq| ck: gsjv mgy` e`i Kvb b`xi Zxi AewZ? Di: ci b`xi Zxi| ck: evsjv`k bcwienb msvi bvg Kx? Di: Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation (evsjv`k AfixY b-cwienb Kcvikb| ck: BIWTC cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1958 mvj (m`i `i XvKvq)| ck: bcvj evsjv`ki Kvb mgy` e`i eenvi Ki? Di: gsjv mgy` e`i| ck: `ki Avg`vwb ivwb evwYRi KZ kZvsk PMvg e`ii gvag nq _vK? Di: cvq 92 kZvsk (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`k wkwcs Kcvikb KZ mvj cwZwZ nq/evsjv`k fviZ c_g b-UvbwRU Pzw ^vwiZ nq Ke? Di: 1972 mvj| ck: evsjv`k wkwcs Kcvikbi cavb Kvhvjq Kv_vq?

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: evsjv`k _K c_gevii gZv WbgvK RvnvR ivwb Ki Kvb msv? Di: Avb` wkcBqvW Av wkcIqR| ck: evsjv`ki RbMYK b`xc_ Kvb msv cwienb mev w`q _vK? Di: BIWTC. ck: evsjv`k Af ixY b-cwienb msvi gvU Rjhvbi msLv KZ? Di: 194wU (evwYwRK 141wU I mnvqK 53wU)| ck: evsjv`ki b Kgvvi`i Awfhvbi bvg Kx? Di: Acvikb RvKcU| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb RjvwU XvKvi mv_ mivmwi b`xc_ mshy bq? Di: ivvgvwU| ck: evsjv`ki cKkjx DvweZ c_g Awbggvb bhvbi bvg Kx I Kvb iU Pj? Di: gNbv ivYx, Puv`cyiXvKv iU| ck: evsjv`k fviZ b-UvbwRU Pzw bevqb nq Ke? Di: 24 gvP 2009|

201

Di: ebvcvj je`i (hkvi)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb j e`iwU emiKvwi LvZ Qo `Iqv nq? Di: UKbvd je`iK| ck: gvqvbgvii mv_ `ki evwYR cwiPvwjZ nq Kvb e`i w`q? Di: UKbvd je`i w`q| ck: evsjv`ki cavb j e`i Kx Kx? Di:ebvcvj (hkvi), wnwj (w`bvRcyi), fvgiv (mvZxiv), `kbv (PzqvWvv), AvLvDov (weevoxqv), Kmev (weevoxqv), eywogvwi (jvjgwYinvU), weij (w`bvRcyi), nvjyqvNvU (gqgbwmsn), mvbv gmwR` (beveM), wewei gvRvi (Kzwgjv), evsjvev`v (cMo), UKbvd (KevRvi)| ck: evsjv`ki wZxq eng j e`i KvbwU? Di: wnwj je`i (w`bvRcyi)| ck: `ki 14Zg j e`ii bvg Kx? Di:wejvwbqv, dbx (Dvab 4 Avei-2009)| `ki j e`img~n ck: jvjgwbinvU Rjvi ck: evsjv`k j e`i cvUMvg DcRjvi eywogvix KZc Ke MVb Kiv nq? j e`ii Kvhg i nq Di: 14 Ryb 2001| Ke? ck: evsjv`ki j Di:9 Gwcj 2010| e`ii msLv KZwU? Di: 14 wU| evsjv`ki cvnvo ck: Gwkqvi mePq ceZ I ceZk eng j e`i KvbwU? Di: hkvii ebvcvj| ck: evsjv`ki ck: evsjv`ki 14wU cvnvojv Kvb Aj j e`ii ga KvbwU AewZ? mivmwi miKvi KZK Di:cveZ PMvg, wbqY Kiv nq? ev`ievb, LvMovQwo, Di: ebvcvj j e`i| KevRvi, PMvg, wmjU, ck: evsjv`ki nweM, gjfxevRvi, mePq eo I cavb j e`i gqgbwmsn I Kzwgjvq| KvbwU?

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: evsjv`ki Kvb cvnvo BDiwbqvg cvIqv MQ? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvi KzjvDov cvnvo (1994 mvj)| ck: PMvgi mxZvKz AewZ P`bv_i cvnvo weLvZ Kb? Di: wn`y`i Zx_vbi Rb| ck: jvjgvB cvnvo Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Kzwgjv Rjvq (Mo DPZv 15 wg.)| ck: AvjywUjv cvnvo Kv_vq AewZ? Di: LvMovQwoZ| ck: `e ceZ Kv_vq AewZ? Di: gqbvgwZ cvnvo| ck: Kvb f~wgicwU evsjv`k `Lv hvq bv? Di: gvjf~wg|

ck: evsjv`ki cvnvomg~n MwVZ nq Kvb hyM? Di: Uviwkqvix hyM (fuvR ceZ kYxi)| ck: PMvg Aji cvnvomg~n wKmi Ask? Di: AvivKvb Bqvgvi Ask| ck: evsjv`ki cvnvomg~ni Mo DPZv KZ? Di: 610 wgUvi (2000 dzU)| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eni I DPuy cvnvo KvbwU? Di: Mviv cvnvo (gqgbwmsn Rjvq)| ck: evsjv`ki mevP ceZk KvbwU? Di: ZvwRs Ws (weRq)| ck: ZvwRs Ws Kvb cKwZi k Ges Gi A_ Kx? Di: gvigv k hvi A_ Mfxi AiYi cvnvo| ck: ZvwRs Ws ev weRq Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ev`ievb Rjvq (DPZv 4,039 dzU ev 1,231wg:)| ck: evsjv`ki wZxq mevP ceZk KvbwU? Di: ev`ievbi KIKvivWs (DPZv 4,035 dzU ev 1,230 wg:)| ck: evsjv`ki 3q mevP ceZk KvbwU? Di: ev`ievbi wP^yK ceZk| ck: gvigv DcRvwZiv Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: wP^yK cvnvoi cv``k| ck: evsjv`ki Kvjv cvnvo KvbwU? Di:wP^yK cvnvo|

evsjv`ki mgy` mKZ I BKvcvK

ck: mePq cvPxb cvK KvbwU? Di: evnv`yikvn cvK (cyivZb bvg wfvwiqv cvK)| ck: cw_exi eng mgy` mKZ KvbwU? Di: evsjv`ki KevRvi mgy` mKZ? ck: KevRvi mgy` mKZi `N KZ? Di: 155 wK.wg.| (evsjv wcwWqvi m~ gZ, 120 wK.wg.)|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: cvweZ chUb bMi vwcZ ne Kv_vq? Di: KevRvi| ck: KUKv mgy` mKZ Kv_vq AewZ? Di: my`ieb| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb mgy` mKZ _K m~hv`q Ges m~hv `Lv hvq? Di: KzqvKvUv mgy` mKZ (`N 18 wK.wg.)| ck: evsjv`ki mvMi Kbv ejv nq Kvb vbK? Di: KzqvKvUv mgy` mKZK| ck: KzqvKvUv mgy` mKZ Kv_vq AewZ? Di: cUzqvLvjxZ (MjvwPcv DcRjvi evBkw`qv Mvg)| ck: evsjv`ki mgy` DcKji `N KZ? Di: 711 wK.wg.| ck: Gwkqv gnv`ki eng BKvcvK I evUvwbKvj MvWb Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evsjv`ki mxZvKzi P`bv_ cvnvo (1996 GKi)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g BKvcvK KvbwU? Di: mxZvKzi P`bv_ cvnvo (vwcZ 2001 mvj)| ck: KevRvi knii A`~i AewZ Kvb mgy` mKZ? Di: cZv mgy` mKZ| ck: Bbvbx mgy` mKZ Kv_vq AewZ? Di: KevRvi| ck: P`bv_i cvnvo BKvcvK Kx Kx _vKe? Di: Rxe ewP msiY weij cRvwZi ccvwL wbq cvYxKzji AfqviY Mo

203

Zvjv evUvwbKvj MvWb Ges wP webv`bi dzji evMvb, K wg jK, wcKwbK U I MxY nvDR _vKe| ck: eez kL gywRe mvdvix cvK Kv_vq AewZ? Di: KevRvii Wyjv nvRivq (1999 mvj)| ck: UzKUzK BKv wfjR Kv_vq AewZ? Di: wKjvgyov, ivvgvwU| ck: `ki wZxq BKvcvKwUi bvg Kx? Di: gvaeKz gyivBQov BKvcvK| ck: gvaeKz gyevBQov BKvcvK Kv_vq AewZ? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvi eojLv _vbvi cv_wiqv cvnvo| ck: `ki c_g vggvb wk cvKi bvg Kx? Di: Avb` N~wY| ck: `ki 3q BKvcvK Kv_vq Mo Zvjvi wmv bIqv nq? Di: UvvBji gaycyi| ck: bovBji KvwjqvZ DvabKZ BKvcvKi bvg Kx? Di: AiwYgv BKvcvK|

ck: evsjv`ki meenr wej KvbwU? Di: Pjbwej (cvebv, wmivRM I bvUvi Rjvq)| ck: evsjv`k wgVv cvwbi gvQi Drm Kx? Di: Pjb wej (364 eMwK:wg)|

evsjv`ki wej I nvIo

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AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: `yejvi Pi weLvZ Kb? Di: grm AvniY, UKx Drcv`b I DcKjxq meyR ebxi Rb| ck: Pi gvwbK, Pi Revi, Pi wbRvg, Pi Rsjx, Pi Rwni Dwb, Pi dqR Dwb, Pi gbcyiv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: fvjv Rjvq| ck: Pzi KzKwo gyKwo, Pi gv`vR I Pi wbDUb Kv_vq AewZ? Di: fvjv Rjvi Pidvkb _vbvq| ck: Pi kxRbx I Pi kvnvevwb Kv_vq AewZ? Di:bvqvLvjxi nvwZqvq| ck: Pi MRvwiqv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: jxcyi Rjvi `wY| ck: Dwoi Pi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvgi mxc| ck: wbgj Pi I gixi Pi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: h_vg ivRkvnx I dbx Rjvq| ck: Pi AvjKRvvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di:jxcyii ivgMwZZ|

ck: Pjb weji ga w`q Kvb b`xwU cevwnZ nq? Di: AvvB| ck: wej WvKvwZqv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Lyjbv Rjvi Wygywiqv _vbvq| ck: evsjv`ki cwgv evwnbxi b`x ejv nq Kvb wejK? Di: WvKvwZqv wejK| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv mxgveZx Zvgvwej Kv_vq AewZ? Di: wmjU Rjvq| ck: evsjv`k Z_v `wY Gwkqvi mePq eo nvIo KvbwU? Di: nvKvjywK (AvqZb 20,400 ni)| ck: nvKvjywK nvIo Kv_vq AewZ? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvq| ck: Uvyqvi nvIoK UNESCO Iqv nwimvBW&m KZ Zg Ask wnme NvlYv Ki? Di: 1031 Zg (2000 mvj)| ck: Uvyqvi nvIo Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mybvgM| ck: 50wU weji mg^q MwVZ Uvyqvi nvIoi AvqZb KZ? Di: 9725 ni| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb b`xZ Pii msLv ewk? Di: hgybv b`xZ| ck: Kwg Dcvq wKfve evcmvMi Pi RvMvbv me? Di: m Wvg cwZZ| ck: `yejvi Pi, cvUwbi Pi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: my`iebi `wY DcKj|

evsjv`ki Pi

ck: evsjv`ki cavb cavb xcjv Kx Kx? Di:mU gvwUb, fvjv, mxc, nvwZqv, KzZzew`qv, gnkLvjx, Qouvxc, mvbvw`qv I `wY Zvjcw| ck: cw_exi eng exc KvbwU? Di: evsjv`k| ck: evsjv`ki eng e-xc KvbwU? Di: my`ieb|

evsjv`ki xcmg~n

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: `ki GKgv xc Rjv/evsjv`ki eng xc KvbwU? Di: fvjv (AvqZb 3,403 eM wK.wg.)| ck: mUgvwUb xc Kv_vq AewZ? Di: KevRvi Rjvi UKbvd mgy` DcKj nZ 37 wK.wg. `wY AewZ? ck: mUgvwUb ev bvwiKj wRwiv xci AvqZb KZ? Di: 10 eM wK.wg. (cvq) [m~ : chUb Kcvikb]| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv mvgyw`K cevj xc KvbwU? Di: mUgvwUb (KevRvi)| ck: mUgvwUb xc weLvZ Kb? Di: chUb K`, grm AvniY, Pzbv cv_i I Kvjv mvbv bvgK wewfb cKvi LwbR c`v_i Rb| ck: AmsL xc MwVZ ebvj KvbwU? Di: my`ieb| ck: evsjv`ki me`wYi xc ev vb KvbwU? Di: Quovxc (Quovxc bv _vKj mU gvwUb ne)| ck: 3 wK.wg. AvqZb wewk Quovxc Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mU gvwUb xc nZ 5 wK.wg. `wY| ck: `wY Zvjcw xc Kvb b`xi gvnbvq AewZ? Di: mvZxiv Rjvq nvwoqvfvv b`xi gvnbvq| ck: Kvb `k Ke `wY Zvjcw xcwU Rvic~eK `Lj Ki bq? Di: 1981 mvj fviZxq bevwnbx|

205

ck: 8 eM wK.wg. AvqZb wewk `wY Zvjcw xci Aci bvg Kx? Di: c~evkv ev wbDgyi xc| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv cvnvox xc/ceZ ewZ xc KvbwU? Di: gnkLvjx| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb xc gw`i AvQ I bvg Kx? Di: gnkLvjx xc Avw`bv_ gw`i| ck: mvbvw`qv xc Kv_vq I Kb weLvZ? Di: KevRvii cwg evcmvMi AewZ| GwU grm AvniY I AwZw_ cvwLi Rb weLvZ| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb xc evwZNii Rb weLvZ? Di: KzZzew`qv xc| ck: mxc Kv_vq AewZ? Di: KevRvii `wY| ck: mxc weLvZ Kb? Di: cvPxbKvj mvgyw`K RvnvR Zwii Rb weLvZ| ck: wbSzg xc Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evcmvMii eyK gNbv b`xi gvnbvq, nvwZqv nZ cvq 97 wK.wg. `wY| ck: 91 eM wK.wg. AvqZb wewk wbSzg xci cyivZb bvg Kx? Di: evDjvi Pi (grm AvniY mgy` mKZ I DcKjxq meyR ebxi Rb weLvZ)| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq mwq e-xc Aj? Di: eni dwi`cyi I ewikvj Aj| ck: `ki Kv_vq mwq e-xc AvQ? Di: bvqvLvjxi `wY evcmvMi| ck: GwjdvU cqU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: KevRvi|

206

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR Di: KevRvii wngQwo cvnvo| ck: mxZvKzi P`bv_i cvnvo Kx bvg cwiwPZ? Di: Mig cvwbi SiYv/D cmeb wnme| ck: `k kxZj SiYvi cvnvo Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Rvdjs (gjfxevRvi)|

ck: wniY cqU I UvBMvi cqU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: my`iebi `wY| ck: gsjv mgy` e`i _K wniY cqUi `~iZ KZ? Di: 73 wK.wg.| ck: gNbv b`x I evcmvMii mgj _K 7.2 gvBj Di Kvb xc AewZ? Di: fvjv Rjvi gbcyiv xc| ck: evsjv`ki gZ cvq e-xc KvbwU? Di: hkvi I Kzwqv Aj| ck: miKvi Kvb AjK 'Exclusive Tourist Zone' Mo Zvjvi wmv bq? Di: mUgvwUb xcK (mgy` mgZj _K Mo 3.6 wg. Dci AewZ)| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv RjccvZ KvbwU? Di: gvaeKz RjccvZ| ck: gvaeKz RjccvZi Drcwj Kv_vq? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvi eojLv _vbvi cv_vwiqv cvnvo _K| ck: jeYvQov Aski mnmaviv RjccvZi DPZv KZ? Di: cvq 30 wgUvi (mxZvKzi ceZgvjvq AewZ)| ck: jyjvBs ki RjccvZ I FRyK RjccvZ Kv_vq AewZ? Di: h_vg cveZ PMvg I ev`ievb| ck: gvaeKz Kvb mc`vqi Zx_vb? Di: wn`y mc`vqi (wkei Aci bvg gvaei bvgvbymvi GB vbi bvg)| ck: evsjv`ki kxZj cvwbi SiYv Kv_vq AewZ?

RjccvZ/SiYv

ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo `xwN KvbwU? Di: ivgmvMi (w`bvRcyi)| ck: ivgmvMi `xwN K Lbb Kib? Di: ivRv ivgbv_ (Rwg`vi)| ck: KvvB _K cvweZ ivvgvwU ev cveZ PMvgi DcZKvK Kx ejv nq? Di: fx fvwj| ck: mvy fvwj Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvg| ck: bvwcZ Lvwj fvwj Kv_vq AewZ? Di: KevRvi| ck: gvBbxgyL fvwj Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ivvgvwU| ck: nvj`v fvwj Kv_vq AewZ? Di: LvMovQwo| ck: ewjwkiv fvwj Kv_vq AewZ? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvq| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo jK KvbwU? Di: dqR jK| ck: dRq jK Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvgi cvnvoZjx| ck: dqR jKi cwZi bvg Kx?

evsjv`ki jK/ `xwN/DcZKv/n`

evsjv`k welqvejx Di: cKkjx Ggvn (hyivR)| ck: RvZxq msm`i cvki jKwUi bvg Kx? Di:wmU jK| ck: eMv jK Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ev`ievb Rjvi igv DcRjvi 20 wK.wg. `~i| ck: 36 GKi AvqZb wewk cvwK jK Kv_vq AewZ? Di: njyw`qv, ev`ievb| ck: `ki GKgv K wg ` KvbwU? Di: KvvB `| ck: KvvB `i AvqZb KZ? Di: 686.91 eM wK.wg.|

207

ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo D`vb KvbwU? Di: mvnivIqv`x D`vb (c~e bvg imKvm gq`vb)| ck: `ki mePq eo cvK KvbwU? Di: igbv cvK (XvKv kvnevMi cvk)| ck: XvKv wk cvK K KZ mvj cwZvZv Kib? Di: knx` cwmWU wRqvDi ingvb 1976 mvj| ck: `ki c_g cRvcwZ cvK Mo DVQ Kv_vq? Di: PMvg| ck: `ki Kvb vcZ I fvh cvKi bvg bRij ck: K`xq knx` vqvi Kiv nq? wgbvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvgi wWwm wnji Di: XvKv gwWKj KjR cvK| MBUi mvgb|

evsjv`ki D`vb/cvK/MvW b

ck: `ki c_g nvBUK cvK wbwgZ nq Kv_vq? Di: MvRxcyii KvwjqvKi _vbvq| ck: evsjv`k emiKvwifve cwZwZ mePq eo Ges AvKlYxq webv`b K` (cvK) KvbwU? Di: Avwjqvi dvUvwm wKsWg| ck: evsjv`ki RvZxq cvK KvbwU? Di: bvkbvj cvK (MvRxcyi)| ck: emiKvwifve cwZwZ `ki AZvaywbK wkcvKi bvg Kx? Di: Iqvvijv (XvKvi jkvb2)| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo MvWb KvbwU? Di: evUvwbKvj MvWb| ck: emiKvwi D`vM wbwgZ `ki c_g cvK KvbwU? Di: Wxgjv AvgyDRgU cvK (wmjUi njvjcyi)| ck: `k c_g Jla wk cvK vwcZ nq Kv_vq? Di: gywMi MRvwiqv DcRjvq| ck: BGCI KZK ^xKwZcv `ki c_g I GKgv evUvwbKvj MvWbi bvg Kx? Di: evsjv`k Kwl wekwe`vjq evUvwbKvj MvWb|

208

AvWfvW jvibvm Rbvij bjR ck: `ki mevP knx` wgbvi Kv_vq wbwgZ nq? Di: Rvnvxi bMi wekwe`vjq (DPZv 71 dzU, cwZ iweDj mvBb)| ck: gywRebMi wZ mai KZwU? Di: 23wU (gvU Rwgi AvqZb 38 GKi)| ck: gywRebMi wZ ma Kx Dk wbwgZ nq? Di: 1971 mvji 17 Gwcj MwVZ Avqx miKvii wZi Dk| ck: wZb bZvi wZ ma kvwqZ wZb bZv K K? Di: ki evsjv G.K. dRjyj nK, nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x I LvRv bvwRgywb| ck: RvMZ Pix Kvi bvg DrmM Kiv nq? Di: 1969 Gi MYAfyvbi mgq wbnZ knx` igZ Djvni| ck: ^vaxbZv hy KqKRb knx` eywRxexi bvg wjLyb? Di: gybxi Payix, knx`yjvn Kvqmvi, Avbvqvi cvkv, Rwni ivqnvb BZvw`| ck: wkv cwZvb vwcZ c_g fvhi bvg Kx? Di: AcivRq evsjv (g~j fvhi DPZv 12 dzU)| ck: AcivRq evsjv wKmi cZxK? Di: GKRb gwnjv Ges `yBRb cyil gywhvv `kgvZ Kvi ^vaxbZvi Rb BvZ KwVb `pZv wbq mvgb hvevi c`c| ck: XvKvi wjvb eez gbygUi 7wU cvcwo wKmi wZ? Di: 7Rb exiki wZ (DPZv 11 wgUvi)|

ck: 1952 mvji 21 deqvwi/evsjv 8 dvyb K K knx` nb? Di: mvjvg, eiKZ, iwdK, kwdK, Revi I bvg bv Rvbv Aviv AbK| ck: Kx Dk K`xq knx` wgbvi wbgvY Kiv nq? Di: 1952 mvji 21 deqvwii fvlv Av`vjb wbnZ`i wZi Dk| ck: K K`xq knx` wgbvii djK DbvPb Kib? Di: knx` kwdDii wcZv (23 deqvwi 1952)| ck: XvKvi mvfvii RvZxq wZ mai wfwci vcb Kiv nq KZ mvj? Di: 16 wWm^i 1972 (kL gywReyi ingvb)| ck: fvlv knx``i iY wbwgZ PZbvq GKzk gyivj wPi wkx K? Di: Gg.G. Avhxh| ck: RvZxq wZ ma Ke K Dvab Kib? Di: 1982 mvji 16 wWm^i mvBb gynv` Gikv`| ck: RvZxq wZ maK Kx ejv nq? Di: GKwU mwwjZ cqvm| ck: RvZxq wZ ma gvU KZ GKi RvqMvi Dci cwZwZ? Di: 109 GKi (gvU djK 7wU)| ck: RvZxq wZ mai cwZ K? Di: gCbyj nvmb| ck: RvZxq wZ mai DPZv KZ? Di: 150 dzU ev 46.5 wgUvi| ck: evsjv`ki cw_ex weLvZ cwZ K? Di: dRjyi ingvb Lvb ev Gd.Avi. Lvb|

evsjv`k welqvejx ck: wRqvDi ingvbi mgvwa Kgc KZ GKi RvqMvi Dci cwZwZ? Di: 74 GKi (gvU LiP 35 KvwU UvKv)| ck: XvKvi AvaywbK m`hgwZ I wekvjvKvi gmwR` KvbwU? Di: `IqvbevMx Rvg gmwR`| ck: KvbvWvi UiUvZ wbwgZe fvlv mai cwZ K? Di: bvRgyj RvqMxi`vi| ck: weRq wen fvh Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ewikvji AvgZjvq|

209

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
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Kw`q knx` wgbvi gywRebMi wZ ma RvZxq wZ ma ^vaxbZvi WvK AcivRq evsjv ^vcvwRZ ^vaxbZv Rq evsjv, Rq ZviY ^vaxbZv msMvg gv I wk wZb bZvi gvRvi gv`i Mie PviKjv BbwwUDU KuvKUvm wU.Gm.wm feb `vqj PZi ^vgx weeKvb` eMg ivKqv fvh kvcjv PZi ejvKv gywhy knx` wZ fvi evsjv`k evsK knx` eywRxex

vcZ

nvwg`yi ingvb Zvbfxi Kwei gCbyj nvmb ivkv mq` Avyjvn Lvj` kvgxg wkK`vi AvjvDwb eyjeyj kvgxg wkK`vi bfiv Avn` gvmy` Avn` gwd`yj Avjg Lvb gvhnvij Bmjvg nvwg`yvgvb Lvb KbvbUvBb WvBW AvwRRyj Rwjj cvkv kvgxg wkK`vi nvwg`yvgvb Lvb AvwRRyj Rwjj cvkv gYvj nK KvRx Avwidzj Bmjvg gvt kwdDj Kv`i gvdv nvib Kzym

cwZ

XvKv gwWKj KjR cvb gywRebMi (gnicyi) mvfvi, XvKv| MbKevox, mvfvi XvKv wek: Kjv feb PZi wU.Gm.wm. XvKv wekwe`vjq wU.Gm.wm. XvKv wekwe`vjq dzjvi ivW, XvKv wekwe`vjq gywRe nj, XvKv wekwe`vjq XvKv wek: KvRb nj msjM evsjv GKvWwg XvKv wekwe`vjq XvKv wekwe`vjq XvKv wekwe`vjq KvRb nj, XvKv wekwe`vjq RMbv_ nj, XvKv wekwe`vjq ivKqv nj, XvKv wekwe`vjq gwZwSj, XvKv wegvb Awdm, gwZwSj-XvKv wegvb evsjv`k Awdm, XvKv gwZwSj, XvKv wgicyi, XvKv

Aevb

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

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30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

eez gbygU dvqviv Imgvbx ggvwiqvj nj Agi GKzk/fvlv AgiZv mskK mvevm evsjv`k Mvb Rywewj UvIqvi evsjv`k Kwl wek: mvbvi evsjv cKkj wek: wZi wgbvi gy evsjv PZbv-71 ^vaxbZv wZ mgybZ ^vaxbZv AwbevY RW

wnwj mvgmyj Iqvim gvdv nvib Kzym wnwj gYvj nK gYvj nK nvwg`yvgvb Lvb mvgmyj Iqvim gvneye-Dj-nK I gvdv Kvgvj wmivRyj Bmjvg I gCbyj nvmb kvn Avjg Rwniwb Rvnvbviv cvifxb nvwg`yvgvb Lvb wbZzb Kzy gYvj nK cj iWjd kvgj Payix Lvqij Bmjvg nvwg`yvgvb iwk` Avng` gvt gCbyj G.K.Gg. BKej

wgicyi, XvKv ivRvievM, XvKv ivRvievM, XvKv ivRvievM, XvKv kvnevM, XvKv kvnevM, XvKv kvnevM, XvKv

wjvb wjvb Rvnvxi bMi wek: Rvnvxi bMi wek: ivRkvnx wek: ivRkvnx wek: gqgbwmsn Kwl wek: gqgbwmsn cjvkx, XvKv RvZxq wekwe`vjq Bmjvwg wek: Kzwqv Kzwqv cywjk jvBb XvKv mbvwbevm XvKv mbvwbevm Kzwgjv

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

RvMZ Pix msMvg weRq iYx dvqviv mvK dvqviv fvmvbx bfvw_qUi ^vaxbZv wRqv Av: wegvb e`i `~i evqZzj gvKviig Kgjvcyi ij kb RvZxq msm` feb knx` wRqv wZ Kgc Pxb gx mjb K`

Ave`yi ivvK Rqbyj Ave`xb Ave`yi ivvK wbZzb Kzy Avjx Bgvg nvwg`yvgvb Lvb jvivm myjZvbyj Bmjvg Aveyj nvmb gvnv` _vwiqvbx ee eyB jyB AvB Kvb gvmy`yi ingvb Lvb eBwRs BbwwUDU Ae AvwK: wWRvBb G wiPvR Ae Pvqbv wbZzb Kzy wbZzb Kzy AkvK KgKvi gYvj nK ivkv AvRg nK

mbvwbevm Rq`ecyi Piv v, MvRxcyi mvbviMuvI, bvivqYM ZRMuvI, XvKv cvc_, mvbviMuvI nvUji cvk weRq iYx, XvKv KvRx bRij Bmjvg GwfwbD, XvKv KzwgUvjv, XvKv wk GKvWwg, XvKv cyivbv cb, XvKv Kgjvcyi, XvKv ki evsjv bMi, XvKv ki evsjv bMi, XvKv ki evsjv bMi, XvKv

58 59 60 61 62 63

K`g dvqviv mvvb Kvjivx evDj fvi 71 Gi MY nZv I gywhyi cwZ ivbvi

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64 65

exi evvjx eez kL gywReyi ingvbi Ave fvh nvmvj eez exii cZveZb

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66 67

ivkv my`x ivq

ck: cnjv ekvLi HwZnevnx m~Pbv AbyvbwU Kv_vq AbywZ nq? Di: igbvi eUg~j| ck: evsjv beel/cnjv ekvL Pvjy Kib K? Di: mgvU AvKei (1556 mvj _K)| ck: evsjv`ki evDj mgvU K? Di: jvjb dwKi| ck: gvbeZvev`x gnv mvaK jvjb kvni Rb-gZz Ke? Di: 1774-1890 ck: jvjb kvni gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Kzwqvi `DoxZ| ck: jvjb dwKi/kvni Rxebi Dci wfw Ki wbwgZe wmbgvi bvg Kx? Di: AwPb cvwL| ck: evsjv fvlvi Avw` wb`kb Kx? Di: Phvc`| ck: Phvc` KZ mvj Avwevi Kiv nq? Di: 1907 mvj (AvweviK nicmv` kvx)| ck: cuvPvwj Mvbi kwkvjx Kwe K? Di: `vk iw_ ivq| ck: evsjv Uv Mvbi RbK K? Di: wbay evey| ck: gigx Kwe bvg cwiwPZ K? Di: nvmvb ivRv| ck: nvmvb ivRvi gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: wmjU|

evsjv`ki wk I mswZ

ck: evsjv fvlvq iwPZ Mvbi mgvU K? Di: KvRx bRij Bmjvg| ck: ab avb cy fiv Avgv`i GB emyiv MvbwUi MxwZKvi K? Di: wR`jvj ivq| ck: evsjv`ki myi mgvU ejv nq KvK? Di: Iv` AvjvDwb LuvK| ck: Iv` AvjvDwb Luv Kv_vq RbMnY Kib? Di: evYevoxqv Rjvi wkecyi Mvg| ck: Dcgnv`ki ivM mxZK mec_g cvvZ cwiwPZ Kivi AMcw_K K? Di: Iv` AvjvDwb Luv| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb mxZ AvRvwZK LvwZ ARb Kib? Di: Iv` AvqvZ Avjx Lvb| ck: GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di: 1952 mvji 3 Rvbyqvwi| ck: GwkqvwUK mvmvBwUi cwZvZv K? Di: mvi DBwjqvg Rv| ck: GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU _K cKvwkZ wekKvlwUi bvg Kx? Di: evsjv wcwWqv (10 L evsjv I BsiwRZ)| ck: gybxi Payixi Kei bvUKi g~j DcRxe welq Kx? Di: 52 Gi fvlv Av`vjb| ck: fvlv Av`vjbi Dci c_g Dcbvm KvbwU? Di: AviK dvyb (Rwni ivqnvb)| ck: GKzk deqvwii Dci wjwLZ c_g KweZv KvbwU?

Di:

Kuv`Z Avwmwb, duvwmi `vex wbq GmwQ (gvneyeyj Avjg Payix)| ck: RvZxq cm Kve cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1954 mvj| ck: evsjv GKvWwg cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1955 mvji 3 wWm^i| ck: evsjv GKvWwgi g~j febi cyivZb bvg Kx wQj? Di: eagvb nvDR| ck: Avgvi fvBqi i ivOvbv GKzk deqvwi MvbwUi MxwZKvi K? Di: Avyj Mddvi Payix| ck: Avgvi fvBqi i ivOvbv GKzk deqvwi MvbwUi eZgvb myiKvi K? Di: AvjZvd gvngy` (c_g myiKvi Avyj jwZd)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g KvUyb wmwiRi bvg Kx? Di: iKvUz| ck: evsjv`k cjx Dbqb GKvWwg (evW) cwZwZ nq Ke? Di:1959 mvj Kzwgjvi KvUevoxZ| ck: K evW cwZv Kib? Di:Aa AvLZvi nvwg` Lvb| ck: Iv` AvjvDxb LuvK Ke fviZi wekfviZx wekwe`vjq KZK `wkKvvg DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kib? Di: 1961 mvj| ck: GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU KZ mvj evsjv`k GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU bvg icv wiZ nq? Di: 1971 mvj|

ck: evsjv`ki cvZvKvq jvj I meyR viv Kx Kx eySvq? Di:jvj A_ ^vaxbZvhy knx``i i iwZ evsjv`k Ges meyR A_ wPi meyR km kvgj evsjv`kK eySvq| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv jvKwk hv`yNii eZgvb bvg Kx? Di: Rqbyj jvK I Kviwk hv`yNi (mvbviMuvq)| ck: evsjv`ki Av RvwZK LvwZmb wPwkx K? Di: wkvPvh Rqbyj Ave`xb| ck: wkvPvh Rqbyj Ave`xb Kv_vq RbMnY Kib? Di: wKkviM| ck: `~wfi Dci gvWvbv-43 QwewU K GuKQb? Di: wkvPvh Rqbyj Ave`xb| ck: Rqbyj Ave`xbi AuvKv weLvZ wPKg Kx Kx? Di: gbcyiv-70, gvWvbv43, msMvg, Muvqi eay, bevb, gBUvbv cfwZ| ck: weLvZ wZb Kbv QwewU K GuKQb? Di: Kvgij nvmvb| ck: XvKvi g c_g gwnjv Awfbx K? Di: Kvgibvnvi Payix| ck: Lyjbv, dwi`cyi I hkvi Aji weLvZ bZ KvbwU? Di: ayc bZ| ck: XvKv I gqgbwmsn Aji HwZnevnx bZi bvg Kx?

Di: Rvwi| ck: iscyi, ivRkvnx Aji weLvZ bZ KvbwU? Di: Szgyi bZ| ck: ej bZ evsjv`ki Kvb Aji bZ? Di: hkvi Aji| ck: evsjv`ki weLvZ gwbcyix bvP Kvb Aji? Di: wmjU Aji| ck: PUKv I fvIqvBqv evsjv`ki Kvb Aji Mvb? Di: iscyi Aji| ck: fvwUqvjx evsjv`ki Kvb Aji Mvb? Di: gqgbwmsn| ck: Mxiv evsjv`ki Kvb Aji Mvb? Di: PuvcvB beveM (ivRkvnx Aji)| ck: fvIqvBqv, fvwUqvjx, Rvwi, mvwi, gywk`x, BZvw` jvK msMxZi Abb mvaviY MvqK K wQjb? Di: Avevm Dxb Avng`| ck: evsjv`ki Av RvwZK LvwZ mb cjx MxwZi MvqK K K? Di: Avevm Dxb I Avyj Avjxg| ck: evsjv`ki k fvIqvBqv MvwqKv K? Di: di`mx ingvb| ck: wk^M Kx? Di:wkx Gm.Gg myjZvbi bovBji wbR evmfeb wk`i Rb GKwU wP AsKb cwZvbi bvg| ck: evsjv`k wkKjv GKvWwg cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1974 mvj (XvKvi mb evwMPvq)| ck: wk GKvWwg cwZwZ nq KZ mvj?

Di: 1977 mvj| ck: wk GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi cyivZb nvBKvU cvb| ck: evsjv GKvWwg cvb eBgjv i nq Ke _K? Di: 1978 mvj _K| ck: evsjv`ki Av RvwZK LvwZmb MvwqKv K? Di: ibv jvqjv| ck: evsjv`ki e fvlvwe` cwZ K wQjb? Di: W. gynv` knx`yjvn| ck: evsjv`ki jvK mvwnZi msMvnK Kviv? Di: W. gynv` knx`yjvn, Kwe Avym mvvi, W. Avkivd wmwKx, AavcK gbmyi Dwb Avng` I W. IqvwKj Avng`| ck: evsjv`ki Av RvwZK LvwZ mb bZ wkx K? Di: eyjeyj Payix| ck: evsjv`ki Av RvwZK LvwZmb hv`yKi K? Di: Ryqj AvBP| ck: evsjv`ki Av RvwZK LvwZ mb KvV Lv`vB wkx K? Di: AjK ivq| ck: evsjv`ki k KvUywb K? Di: iwdKzbex (ibex)| ck: Kwe kvgmyi ingvbK Kwe k Dcnvi `q Kviv? Di: ivBUvm Kve| ck: bRij PZi I bRij g Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evsjv GKvWwg cvb|

ck: Kwe feb Kv_vq AewZ? Di:avbgw, XvKv| ck: BDbv Kvb MvbK Ke weg~Z HwZn NvlYv Ki? Di: 2006 mvj, evDj Mvb| ck: evsjv mswZi Afy bq KvbwU? Di: cc| ck: evsjv`ki wewk jvjb MxwZ MelK K? Di: W. Avkivd wmwKx| ck: exik nvwg`yi ingvb wZma Zwi Kiv nq Kv_vq? Di: gjfxevRvi Rjvi KgjM _vbvi KuvVvjZjv bvgK vb| ck: gacvPi Kvb `k c_g fvlv knx``i iY knx` wgbvi wbwgZ nq? Di: Igvb| ck: `ki c_g emiKvwi AvKvBfm& nwiUR evsjv`ki BwZnvm Ke Kv_vq hvv i Ki? Di: 7 wWm^i 2007, ivRkvnxi KvRjvq| ck: evsjv`k GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU 12 L cKvwkZ eBwUi bvg Kx? Di: evsjv`ki mvswZK mgxvgvjv| ck: Kvb fvlv mwbKi bvgi c_g Kvb Mvgi bvgKiY Ges MvMvi I Rv`yNii Dvab Kiv nq? Di: fvlv knx` Avyj Revi| ck: biwms`xZ mvZRb exiki cwZ kv RvbvZ exik vggvb nvmcvZvj Gi Dvab Kiv nq Ke? Di: 1 deqvwi 2008|

ck: c_g gymwjg `k wnme Kvb `k AvMv Lvb GKvWwg vwcZ nq? Di: evsjv`k| ck: ^vaxbZv hy Rxeb `vbKvix mvZRb exiki iY wbwgZ ^vaxbZv PZi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: KPzZ, XvKv| ck: c_g evsjv`kx wnme K b AwfKl fvmb? Di: Gd Avi miKvi| ck: mcwZ DvabKZ wkv AwaKvi PZi fvhi cwZ K? Di: wbRvg Dwb| ck: `ki Kv_vq c_g Avw`evmx mjb AbywZ nq? Di: KevRvi mgy` mKZ| ck: Kv_vq exik gyw Avyi iDd vqvi vcb Kiv nq? Di: ivOvgvwUZ| ck: evsjv`k DcRvwZ`i eo Ask Kvb Mvwi Afy? Di: gjqW| ck: eZgvb `k emevmKvix DcRvwZi msLv KZ? Di: 12 j 6 nvRvi Rb (m~: evsjv`k GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU)| ck: evsjv`ki gvU RbmsLvi KZ fvM DcRvwZ? Di: 1.03%| ck: evsjv`k DcRvwZ`i Rb KqwU mvswZK cwZvb AvQ I Kx Kx? Di: wZbwU h_v : (1) UvBevj KvjPvi GKvWwg

evsjv`k DcRvwZ

(w`bvRcyi) (2) DcRvZxq mswZK GKvWwg wewiwkwi (bKvbv), (3) UvBevj KvjPvivj BbwwUDU (ivOvgvwU)| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb wefvM DcRvwZ bB? Di: Lyjbv wefvM| ck: DcRvwZiv mePq ewk evm Ki Kv_vq? Di: cveZ wZb Rjvq, cvq 50% (Av`ggvix wicvU-2001) ck: evsjv`k gvU KZwU DcRvwZ iqQ? Di: 45wU (Kgc)| ck: emvwe Kx? Di: cveZ PMvgi DcRvwZ`i HwZnevnx cavb mvgvwRK Drme| ck: evsjv`k Kvb DcRvwZ mePq ewk evm Ki? Di: PvKgv (2 j 53 nvRvi)| ck: PvKgv ki A_ Kx? Di: gvbyl| ck: PvKgv`i eleiY AbyvbK Kx ej? Di: weSz| ck: PvKgviv Kvb agvej^x? Di: e| ck: PvKgviv Kv_vq evm Ki? Di:PMvg, cveZ PMvg, ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev`ievb Rjvq| ck: wewUk ewYK`i wei Kvb PvKgv Rywgqv bZv we`vni cZvKv DwoqwQjb? Di: Ryv Lvb| ck: cveZ kvw Pzw ^vwiZ nq Ke?

Di: 2 wWm^i 1997| ck: evsjv`ki wZxq eni DcRvwZ Mvw KvbwU? Di: muvIZvj| ck: muvIZvjiv Kv_vq Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx, iscyi I eov Rjvq| ck: muvIZvj`i evm mePq ewk Kvb Rjvq? Di: w`bvRcyi| ck: evsjv`k gvZ ZvwK cavb DcRvwZ Kviv? Di: Mviv (Lvwmqv I muvIZvj)| ck: Mviviv Kvb Kvb Rjvq evm Ki? Di: gqgbwmsn, UvvBj, kicyi I bKvbv Rjvq| ck: Mviviv bMvxMZfve Kvb kYxi Afy? Di: gjqW| ck: Lvwmqv DcRvwZ Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: wmjU Rjvi mxgv eZx RqwKv cvnvo| ck: evsjv`k wcZ cavb DcRvwZ Kviv? Di: gvigv I nvRs| ck: gvigviv Kvb Kvb Rjvq evm Ki? Di: ev`ievb, KevRvi I cUzqvLvwj Rjvq| ck: nvRs DcRvwZ Kvb Kvb Rjvq evm Ki? Di: gqgbwmsn I bKvbv Rjvq| ck: gyis I ebRvMxiv Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: ev`ievb Rjvi Mfxi AiY| ck: gyis`i `eZvi bvg Kx? Di: Iis|

ck: gyis`i Drmei bvg Kx? Di: gyrmjvs| ck: ivLvBb DcRvwZ Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: cUzqvLvjx Rjvi KzqvKvUvq| ck: ivLvBb DcRvwZiv Kvb `k _K GmQ? Di: gvqvbgvii AvivKvb _K| ck: Avw`evmx ivLvBb`i eleiY AvbyvbK Kx ejv nq? Di: mvsMb| ck: cveZ PMvgi cvPxb Awaevmx Kvb DcRvwZiv (Ab DcRvwZi Zzjbvq)? Di: gyis| ck: ivReskx DcRvwZiv Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: iscyi Rjvq| ck: Kvb DcRvwZiv cyili Pq ewk eq gq`i weq Ki? Di: ZbPsMv| ck: ZbPsMv DcRvwZiv Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: ivOvgvwU Rjvq| ck: gwYcyix DcRvwZiv Kv_vq Kv_vq evm Ki? Di:wmjU, gjfxevRvi I nweM Rjvi Avmvg cvnvo Aj| ck: gMiv Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: LvMovQwo, ivOvgvwU, ev`ievb I cUzqvLvjx Rjvq| ck: jymvB DcRvwZiv Kv_vq evm Ki? Di: cveZ PMvg Rjvq| ck: wmjU Kvb Kvb DcRvwZiv evm Ki? Di: gwYcyix I Lvwmqv|

ck: KzwK`i Kv_vq `Lv hvq? Di: ivOvgvwU Rjvi mvRK fvwjZ| ck: Avym mvvii Avw`evmx I DcRvwZ`i wbq jLv eBjv Kx Kx? Di: AiY Rbc`, AiY ms wZ| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb DcRvwZ gymjgvb agvej^x? Di: cvOb DcRvwZ| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb DcRvwZi msLv Kg? Di: Lygx I PK DcRvwZ| ck: evsjv`k Kvb DcRvwZi cvwievwiK KvVvgv wcZZvwK? Di: gvigv I nvRs| ck: Kvb DcRvwZ c~YRb wekvmx? Di: Mviv| ck: Dcgnv`k Kvb cwZvb vcbi ga w`q hv`yNi PPv i nq? Di: GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU Ae ej (1784 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g hv`yNi KvbwU? Di: ivRkvnxi ei` hv`yNi| ck: ei` hv`yNi KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di: 1910 mvji 10 wWm^i| ck: ei` hv`yNi K cwZv Kib? Di: kir Kzgvi ivq| ck: ei` MelYv hv`yNi cwiPvjbv Ki Kvb cwZvb? Di: ivRkvnx wekwe`vjq (1964 mvj _K)| ck: eZgvb evsjv`k gvU hv`yNi KZwU?

evsjv`ki hv`yNi

Di:

103wU (2009 mvj ch)| ck: XvKv hv`yNi cwZwZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1913 mvji 7 AvM| ck: Kvi ccvlKZvq XvKv hv`yNi cwZwZ nq? Di: jW KvigvBKji| ck: XvKv hv`yNi RvZxq hv`yNi icv wiZ nq Ke? Di: 1983 mvj| ck: RvZxq hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi kvnevM| ck: gnvvbMo hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: eovq| ck: jvjb hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Kzwqvq| ck: Rqbyj AvU Mvjvix Kv_vq AewZ? Di:gqgbwmsn| ck: gqbvgwZ hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Kzwgjvq| ck: Avnmvb gwj hv`yNi icvwiZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1992 mvj (AewZ XvKvi Bmjvgcyi)| ck: Avnmvb gwj hv`yNii Ab bvg Kx? Di: XvKv gnvbMi hv`yNi| ck: Mvx wZ hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: bvqvLvjxi eMgM DcRjvq| ck: ki evsjv hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ewikvji PvLvi| ck: `ki GKgv jvKwk hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ?

Di:

bvivqYMi mvbviMuvq| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb AjK icmx evsjv ej NvlYv Kiv nqQ? Di: mvbviMuvqi hv`yNi GjvKvK| ck: `ki GKgv cvYx hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi wgicyi wPwoqvLvbvq| ck: evsjv`ki RvwZZvwK ev b-ZvwK hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvgi AvMvev`| ck: XvKv mbvwbevm AewZ mvgwiK hv`yNiwUi bvg Kx? Di: weRq KZb| ck: iKm& wgDwRqvg Kv_vq AewZ? Di: cMo Rjvq| ck: gywhy hv`yNi cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1996 mvj (XvKvi mb evwMPvq)| ck: wevb hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi AvMviMuvq| ck: cvvj hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi wR.wc.I. Z ck: XvKv bMi hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi bMi feb| ck: AvMiZjv loh gvgjvi mv_ RwoZ eez kL gywRe hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKv mbvwbevm| ck: eez wZ hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: avbgwi 32 bs ivW|

ck: wRqv wZ hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvgi mveK mvwKU nvDR| ck: evsjv`k ivBdjm hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi wcjLvbvq (wewWAvi nWKvqvUvi)| ck: evsjv`k cywjk hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvq cywjk nW KvqvUvi| ck: Imgvbx hv`yNi / b~i gwj hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: wmjU| ck: evsjv`k fvlv Av`vjb hv`yNi cwZwZ nq Kv_vq? Di: XvKvi avbgwi 10bs moKi 3/G evwoZ (17 deqvwi 2007) ck: knx` Avmv`i iY Kvb hv`yNii wfw ci vcb Kiv nq? Di: hv`yNi-69| ck: `k c_g Kwl hv`yNi Pvjy nq Kv_vq? Di: evsjv`k Kwl wekwe`vjq| ck: W. gynv` knx`yjvn wZ hv`yNi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evsjv GKvWwgZ|

eov Rjvi KiZvqv b`xi Zxi| ck: gnvvbMo Kvb ivRi ivRavbx wQj? Di: cy ivRi (gN I eski)| ck: Lv`vi cv_i wfUv, eivMxi wfUv I Mvwe` wfUv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: eovi gnvvbMo| ck: kxjv`exi NvU, jx`vii evmi Ni I ciivgi cvmv` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: eovi gnvvbMo| ck: weLvZ mvaK kvn& myjZvb ejLx I evev Av`g kvnxi gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: eovi gnvvbMo| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq gh wkjvwjwc cvIqv MQ? Di: eovi gnvvbMo| ck: evsjv`ki cvPxbZg kni cyeab KZ eQi AvM Mo IV? Di: cvq 2500 eQi c~e| ck: evsjv`ki mePq cvPxb e wenvi KvbwU? Di: w`bvRcyii mxZvKvU wenvi| ck: bIMuv Rjvi cvnvocyi e wenviwU Kx bvg cwiwPZ? Di: mvgcyi wenvi| ck: mvgcyi evsjv`ki wenviwU Kvb mgq K wbgvY Kib? HwZnvwmK I Di: Ag kZvxZ cvj eskxq iZc~Y vb ivRv agcvj| ck: evsjv`ki ck: fviZxq cvPxbZg HwZnvwmK Dcgnv`ki meenr e kni/vb KvbwU? wenvi KvbwU? Di: cyeab (eZgvb Di: mvgcyi wenvi| gnvvbMo)| ck: mZ cxii ck: gnvvbMo wfUv Kv_vq AewZ? Kv_vq AewZ?

Di:

Di:

mvgcyi wenvi (bIMuv Rjvi)| ck: kvjeb e wenvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Kzwgjv Rjvi gqbvgwZ I jvjgvB cvnvoi gaeZx vb| ck: kvjeb e wenviwU K wbgvY Kib? Di: 8g kZKi klva `e ivRv fe`e| ck: kvjeb wenvi weLvZ Kb? Di: cvPxb e wenvii asmvekl cvIqv hvq| ck: Kzwgjvi gqbvgwZZ cv asmvkmi ga meenr KvbwU? Di: Avb` wenvi| ck: Avb` wenvi K wbgvY Kib? Di: Ag kZK `e eskxq ivRv Avb` `e| ck: Avb` wenvi Kvb hyMi gy`v cvIqv MQ? Di: Avevmxq hyMi| ck: Avb` ivRvi `xwN Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Kzwgjvi gqbvgwZZ| ck: weRq wmsni `xwN Kv_vq AewZ? Di: dbx Rjvq| ck: ivgmvMi `xwN I ivggw`i Kv_vq AewZ? Di: w`bvRcyi| ck: mgZU ejZ cvPxbKvj Kvb AjK evSvq? Di: Kzwgjv I bvqvLvjx Aj| ck: cvPxb Mo bMixi Ask wekl evsjv`ki Kvb Rjvq AewZ? Di: PuvcvB beveM| ck: RM`j wenvi KLb wbgvY Kiv nqwQj?

Di:

750-1133 Lx: (cvj ivRv`i kvmb Avgj)| ck: cvPxb fvmy e wenvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: eovi gnvvbMo| ck: Pxbv cwievRK wnDqb mvs fvmy wenvi cwi`kb Ki Gi Kx bvg `b? Di: cv-wm-cv wenvi| ck: ivReb e wenvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ivOvgvwU Rjvi KvvB `i Zxi| ck: mxgv e wenvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: cUzqvLvjx Rjvq| ck: gnvgybx e wenvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvgi ivDRvb| ck: XvKkix gw`i wbgvY Kib K? Di: ivRv ejvj mb| ck: Beb eZzZv Kvb `ki Awaevmx wQjb? Di: Di AvwdKvi givi| ck: Beb eZzZv KZ mvj mvbviMuv gY Kib? Di: 1345 mvj (dLixb gveviK kvni mgq)| ck: Beb eZzZvi Kvb M evsjvi Acic cvKwZK m`hi eYbv cvIqv hvq? Di: wKZveyj invjv| ck: cvK gvNj Avgj XvKv knii cvPxbZg gmwR` KvbwU? Di:wewbZ wewei gmwR` (1457 mvj)| ck: wewbZ wewei gmwR`i wbgvZv K? Di: bvwmixb gvngy` kvn| ck: Kzmy^v gmwR` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: bIMuv (wMqvmDxb gvngy` kvni Avgji)|

ck: weLvZ mydx kvn gL`yg (it) gvRvi Kv_vq? Di: ivRkvnxZ| ck: 360 AvDwjqvi kni KvbwU? Di:wmjU| ck: nhiZ kvn Rvjvji gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di:wmjU (Zzii Awaevmx wQjb)| ck: evsjv`ki mePq eo gahyMxq gmwR` KvbwU? Di: evMinvUi lvU M^yR gmwR`| ck: weLvZ lvU M^yR gmwR`wU wbgvY Kib K? Di: nhiZ LvbRvnvb Avjx (it)| ck: lvU M^yR gmwR`i M^yR msLv KZ? Di: 81wU| ck: wR`vcxii gmwR`/gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evMinvU| ck: evi AvDwjqvi kni KvbwU? Di: PMvg| ck: evqRx` ev vgxi `iMvn Kv_vq AewZ? Di: PMvg| ck: nhiZ kvnRvjvj ag cPviv_ wmjU Avmb Kvi mgq? Di: kvgmyxb wdivR kvni mgq| ck: Nvov `xwN I Ahvav gV Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evMinvU| ck: nvmb kvnx gmwR` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evMinvU|

ck: Moi QvU mvbv gmwR` Kvi mgq wbwgZ nq? Di: AvjvDxb nvmb kvn (wbgvZv Iqvjx Avng`)| ck: Moi eo mvbv gmwR` I K`g imyj gmwR`i wbgvZv K? Di: AvjvDxb nvmb kvni cy bymiZ kvn| ck: Moi QvU mvbv I eo mvbv gmwR` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: evsjv`ki beveM Rjvq| ck: evNv gmwR` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ivRkvnxZ (bymiZ kvn)| ck: gvj`ni eo cvyqvi weLvZ Avw`bv gmwR` wbgvY Kib K? Di: wmKv`vi kvn| ck: KvvRxi gw`i Kv_vq AewZ? Di:w`bvRcyi| ck: ivgy gw`i Kv_vq AewZ? Di:KevRvii ivgy _vbvq| ck: eivMxi Pvj Kv_vq AewZ? Di: MvRxcyii kxcyi| ck: agmvMi `xwN Kv_vq AewZ? Di: Kzwgjvq| ck: K Ke UvvBji AvwZqv Rvg gmwR` wbgvY Kib? Di: 1608 mvj evqRx` Lvb cbxi cy mvwq` Lvb cbx| ck: mvbviMuv _K wmz ch MvUv ivWi wbgvZv K? Di: kikvn| ck: dZncyi wmw, eyj` `iIqvR I AgZmi

^Ygw`i wbgvY Kib K? Di: gyNj mgvU AvKei| ck: kvnevM Kvkxix gvRvi I gmwR` Ges BQvgwZ w`wN Kv_vq AewZ? Di: UvvBj| ck: nhiZ bMi I kvjvwKqv C`Mvn gvV Kv_vq AewZ? Di: wKkviM| ck: evsjv`ki eng C`i RvgvqvZ AbywZ nq Kv_vq? Di: kvjvwKqv C`Mvn gq`vb, wKkviM| ck: gviv Rjvi gvnv`cyi Kvi Avgj ivRavbx wQj? Di: ivRv mxZvivg ivqi Avgj| ck: XvKv KLb mec_g evsjvi ivRavbx nq? Di: 1610 mvj (mgvU Rvnvxii Avgj)| ck: XvKvi bvg Rvnvxi bMi K ivLb? Di: myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb| ck: Kvi bvgvbymvi mvbviMuvi bvgKiY Kiv nq? Di: Ckv Luvi x mvbv wewei bvg| ck: mvbviMuvIqi cvPxb bvg Kx? Di: m~eY Mvg| ck: mvbviMuv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKv _K PMvgi w`K 26 wK.wg. `~i bvivqYM| ck: evsjvi ivRavbx mvbviMuv vcb Kib K? Di: Ckv Luv| ck: cvbvg bMi Kv_vq AewZ?

Di: mvbviMuvIq| ck: mvbviMuvIqi Pvwiw`K w`q Kvb Kvb b`x cevwnZ? Di: kxZjv, gNbv, ecy I BQvgwZ| ck: mvbv wewei gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mvbviMuvIq| ck: cuvP wewei gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mvbviMuvIq| ck: cg cxii gvRvi Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mvbviMuvIq| ck: mvbviMuvI Kvb Avgj evsjv`ki ivRavbx wQj? Di:myjZvbx Avgj| ck: mvbviMuvI GK mgq Kv`i ivRavbx wQj? Di: evsjvi ^vaxb myjZvb`i| ck: mvbviMuvqi my`k gmwR`wUi wbgvZv K? Di: nvmb kvn| ck: wMqvmDxb Avhg kvni Kei Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mvbviMuvq| ck: gvNj Avgj XvKv knii cvPxbZg gmwR` KvbwU? Di: AvIjv` nvmb jbi Rvg gmwR`| ck: AvIjv` nvmb jbi Rvg gmwR`i wbgvZv K? Di: myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb| ck: w`jxi jvj Kjv K wbgvY Kib? Di: mgvU kvnRvnvb| ck: weLvZ Zviv gmwR`, XvKvi PKi gmwR`, mvZ M^yR gmwR` I QvU KvUiv wbgvY Kib K?

Di: myev`vi kvqv Lvb| ck: mvZ M^yR gmwR`i M^yR msLv KZwU? Di: 3wU (XvKvi gynv`cyi)| ck: weLvZ Zviv gmwR` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: cyivbv XvKv (AvigvwbUvjv)| ck: weLvZ QvU KvUiv I eo KvUiv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi PK evRvi| ck: eo KvUiv K wbgvY Kib? Di: kvn myRv| ck: nvmbx `vjvb K cwZv Kib? Di: 1642 mvj kvn myRvi b-mbvcwZ gxi gyiv`| ck: jvjevM GjvKvi Mvovcb nq Kvb Avgj? Di: gvNj Avgj| ck: jvjevMi Kjvi wbgvY KvR i Kib K? Di: hyeivR gvnv` Avhg| ck: jvjevM Kjvi wbgvY KvR kl Kib K? Di: kvqv Luvb (1678 mvj)| ck: jvjevM Kjvq my`i mgvwa jwU Kvi? Di: cwi wewei| ck: cwi wewe K wQjb? Di: kvqv Luvbi gq (Avmj bvg Bivb `yLZ&)| ck: jvjevMi Kjv Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi jvjevM| ck: jvjevM Kjvi cyivZb bvg Kx? Di: AvIiev` Kjv ev AvIiev` `~M| ck: XvKv MBU Gi wbgvZv K?

Di:

gxi Rygjv (AvIiRei cavb mbvcwZ)| ck: bvqvLvjxi eMgMi eRivkvnx gmwR`wU Kvi mgq wbwgZ nq? Di: beve gywk`Kzjx Luvi mgq| ck: wZb M^yR gmwR` I RMbv_ gw`i Kv_vq AewZ? Di: cvebv Rjvq| ck: XvKvi eK&kxevRvi nvmbx `vjvb Kb cwZv Kiv nq? Di: gnigi Drme AvbyvwbKfve Drhvcb Kivi Rb| ck: AvdMvb `~M Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi K`xq KvivMvii Afi (kikvn)| ck: nvRxM I mvbvKvw` `~M Kv_vq AewZ? Di: bvivqYM| ck: XvKv ^vaxb evsjv`ki ivRavbx nIqvi c~e KZ evi ivRavbx wQj? Di:wZbevi (1610, 1905, 1947)| ck: Avnmvb gwj Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi Bmjvgcyi eywoMv b`xi Zxi| ck: Avnmvb gwj K wbgvY Kib? Di: beve Avyj MwY (1872 mvj)| ck: Div MYfeb Kv_vq AewZ? Di: bvUvi Rjvq| ck: Div MYfeb c~e Kx wQj? Di: GwU ivRv cg`vbv_ ivqi evmfeb wQj|

ck: 1905 mvj Mov Pvgjx nvDRi eZgvb bvg Kx? Di: wmiWvc feb| ck: 1967 mvj ivLv bvg Mfbi nvDRi bvg Div MYfeb nq KZ mvj? Di: 1972 mvj kL gywReyi ingvb KZK| ck: Div MYfeb eZgvb Kx wnme eenvi Kiv nq? Di: miKvii Divjxq mwPevjq| ck: weLvZ UvBg gvMvwRbi `wZ Gwkqvi miv vcZ KvbwU? Di: evsjv`ki RvZxq msm`| ck: evsjv`k Pxb gx mjb K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi ki evsjv bMi| ck: cw_exi `xNZg mgy` mKZ KvbwU? Di: KevRvi mgy` mKZ| ck: XvKvi mePq cyibv cuvPZviKv nvUji bvg Kx? Di: XvKvi kivUb nvUj hvi c~ebvg nvUj BUvi KwUbUvb| ck: gvIjvbv fvmvbx bfvw_qUvii eZgvb bvg Kx? Di:eez kL gywReyi ingvb bfvw_qUvi|

ck: weki Kvb `k Ke c_g WvKwUKU cPwjZ nq? Di: eUb 1840 mvj| ck: WvKwUKUi ceZK K? Di: ivbv wnj| ck: Kvb `ki WvKwUKU m `ki bvg jLv _vK bv? Di: Bsjv| ck: UPU KZ mvj cwZwZ nq? Di: 9 Avei 1874 (evY Pzwi gvag)| ck: UPU Gi c~Y Awfew Kx? Di: Universal Postal Union. ck: UPU Gi m`i`i Kv_vq? Di: evY (myBRvijv)| ck: fviZel mec_g WvKwUKU Pvjy nq KLb? Di: 1875 mvj| ck: ^vaxb evsjv`k mec_g WvKNi Kv_vq vwcZ nq? Di: PzqvWvsMvq (14 Gwcj 1971)| ck: evsjv`k mec_g WvKwUKU Pvjy nq KLb? Di: 29 RyjvB 1971 (gywRebMi miKvii)| ck: gywRebMi miKvii WvKwUKUi wWRvBbvi K? WvK hvMvhvM Di: wegvb gwjK| ck: evsjv`k WvK ck: evsjv`k wefvMi cavb KgKZvi ewnweki mv_ WvK c`we Kx? hvMvhvM vcb Ki Ke? Di: gnvcwiPvjK (wWwR)| Di:20 wWm^i, 1971| ck: weki c_g ck: ^vaxbZvi ci WvKwUKUi bvg Kx? c_g WvKwUKU cKvwkZ Di: cwbevK| nq KLb? Di: 21 deqvwi 1972|

ck: ^vaxbZvi ci c_g cvKvW cKvk nq Ke? Di:18 Gwcj 1972 (c_g Lvg cKvk 19 RyjvB 1972)| ck: evsjv`ki c_g WvKwUKUi wWRvBbvi K wQjb? Di: wiw wPUwbk| ck: c_g WvKwUKU gy`YKvix cwZvbi bvg Kx? Di: digvU BUvibvkbvj wmwKDwiwU wcwUs cm (hyivR)| ck: evsjv`k Ke wek WvK msvi (UPU) m`mc` jvf Ki? Di: 7 deqvwi 1973| ck: evsjv`k WvKwefvMi gbvMvg Kx? Di: GKRb avegvb ivbvii Kuv` Svjvbv wPwVi evM, nvZ GKwU ejg Ges Gi gv_vq cRwjZ jb| ck: evsjv`k WvK wefvM KZK cKvwkZ gvwmK cwKvi bvg Kx? Di: WvK cevn| ck: evsjv`k WvK wefvM Kx Kx mvwfm c`vb Ki? Di: 2 aibi h_v : (1) g~j mvwfm I (2) GRx mvwfm| ck: wdjvUwj kwU Kvb wefvMi mv_ RwoZ? Di: WvK wefvMi| ck: evsjv`k WvK wefvMi kvMvb Kx? Di:mevB Av`k| ck: ^vaxbZvi c_g WvKwUwKU Kvb Qwe wQj? Di: K`xq knx` wgbvi|

ck: evsjv`k WvK wefvM KZK eeZ cvKvWi cwigvc Kx? Di: 5.5 3.25 Bw| ck: G.E.P Kx? Di: Guarrented Express Post (1984 mvj i) ck: evsjv`ki KZwU WvKNi G.E.P mvwfm Pvjy AvQ? Di: 164 wU (2009 mvj ch)| ck: evsjv`k WvK wefvMi m`i `i Kv_vq? Di: XvKvi wR.wc.I. Z (cyivbv cb)| ck: evsjv`k Ke _K cv KvW Pvjy nqQ? Di: 1986 mvj _K| ck: evsjv`k mv_ KqwU `ki Av-RvwZK gvwb AWvi mvwfm Pvjy iqQ? Di: 15wU| ck: IEMS Kx? Di: International Express Mail Service (1987 mvj)| ck: evsjv`ki mv_ KqwU `ki `ZZg Gcm gBj mvwfm Pvjy AvQ? Di: 49 wU `ki| ck: evsjv`ki mv_ KqwU `ki BbwmIiW cvkj mvwfm Pvjy AvQ? Di:50wU `ki| ck: weki Kvb `ki mv_ evsjv`ki WvK hvMvhvM bB? Di:BmivBj| ck: evsjv`ki GKgv cvvj GKvWwg Kv_vq AewZ? Di: ivRkvnxZ|

ck: evsjv`k WvK wefvM KZK mekl Pvjy mvwfmi bvg Kx? Di: BUj cv| ck: E. Post Kx? Di: Electronic Post (2000 mvj Pvjy)| ck: eZgvb WvKwUKU cKvwkZ nq Kv_vq _K? Di: ` wmwKDwiwU wcwUs Kcvikb (evsjv`k) wjt MvRxcyi| ck: eZgvb evsjv`k KZwU WvKNi AvQ? Di: 9,886 wU (kni 874 wU I Mvg 9,095 wU) [m~ : A_bwZK mgxv-2009]|

ck: evsjv`k eZgvb cwZ nvRvi KZRb Uwjdvb eenvi Ki? Di: 21 Rb| ck: weki c_g dvBevi AcwUKi mvegwib Kvej cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1983 mvj| ck: evsjv`k c_g emiKvwi msv wnme vcbi jvBm `Iqv nq KvK? Di: gvwKb Kvvwb World Tel K| ck: evsjv`k mec_g wWwRUvj Uwjdvb eev Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 4 Rvbyqvwi 1990| ck: evsjv`k Ke _K KvWdvbi eev Pvjy nq? Di: 3 m^i 1992| ck: evsjv`ki c_g mjyjvi Uwjdvb/c_g gvevBj Kvvwb KvbwU? Di: wmwUmj| ck: wmwUmji gvwjKvbv K? Di: The Pacific Bangladesh Telecom
Digital Telephone Exchange

ck: evsjv`k Zvi I Uwjdvb evWi eZgvb bvg Kx? Di: BTCL. ck: evsjv`ki Z_ hvMvhvM eev Kqfve wef I Kx Kx? Di: cuvP fvM (WvK, Zvi, Uwjdvb, eZvi I Uwjwfkb)| ck: evsjv`k UwjhvMvhvM mev Ltd. c`vbKvix msvi bvg Kx? ck: evsjv`k Di:we.wU.wm.Gj. (Bangladesh gvevBj dvb Kvvwb Kx Telecommunications Company Kx? Limited). Di: 6wU : MvgxY, ck: evsjv`k wmwUmj, evsjvwjsK, UwjMvd I Uwjdvb GKUj, UwjUK, Iqvwi`| evWi m`i `i Kv_vq? ck: evsjv`k Ke Di: XvKvq| c_g mjyjvi Uwjdvb ck: evsjv`k eev Pvjy nq? UwjMvd I Uwjdvb Di: 8 AvM 1993| (wUGwU) evW KqwU I ck: evsjv`ki KZ Rb Kx Kx? jvK wdW dvb eenvi Ki? Di: 4wU : (XvKv, PMvg, Di: 14 j| (A_bwZK ivRkvnx I Lyjbv)| mgxv-2009)

UwjhvMvhvM

ck: UKevsjv Kx? Di: cevmx evsjv`kx chywwe``i msMVbi bvg| ck: eZgvb wek KZ KvwU gvbyl gvevBj eenvi Ki? Di: 4.58 KvwU (A_ bwZK mgxv-2009)| ck: evsjv`k miKvi KZK PvjyKZ Ges wbqwZ gvevBji bvg Kx? Di: UwjUK| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb DcRjvq c_g wWwRUvj GP cwZv Kiv nq? Di: iscyii wgVvcyKzi| ck: `ki c_g evqv-UKbvjwR Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mvfvii MYKevox| ck: dv hi gvag Kx Kiv hvq? Di: K_v jLv I Qwe Av`vb c`vb Kiv hvq| ck: dv-Gi c~Y A_ Kx? Di: dvwwgwj| ck: Uj hi gvag Kx Kiv nq? Di: jLv Av`vb c`vb Kiv nq| ck: wfwWI dvbi gvag Kx Kiv hvq? Di: K_v ejv I wecixZ cv i ewi Qwe `Lv hvq| ck: evsjv`k Ke mvegwib Kvej hy nq? Di: 2006 mvji 21g (1g kb KevRvii wSjsRvq)| ck: mvegwib Kveji `N KZ? Di: 20,000 wK.wg. (evsjv`k ev 1260 wK.wg.)|

ck: evsjv`k mvegwib Kvej h KbmvwUqvgi gvag hvM`vb Ki Zvi bvg Kx? Di: South EastMiddle EastWest ck: wf-mvU Kx? Di: ewnweki mv_ WvUv Av`vb-c`vbi gvag| ck: `ki c_g BUvibU mev`vbKvix cwZvb KvbwU? Di: Information Sevrices Network ck: Kvb `k mePq ewk BUvibU eenvi Ki? Di: gvwKb hyiv (eZgvb Pxb)| ck: Ke Kv_vq MvgxY dvb Pvjy nq? Di: 1997 mvj biwms`xZ| ck: evsjv`k c_g evsjv dUi gvevBj Zwi Ki Kvb Kvvwb? Di: MvgxY dvb| ck: c_g evii gZ wZb cveZ Rjv ivOvgvwU, ev`ievb I LvMovQwoZ gvevBj dvb mvwfmi AvbyvwbK hvv i nq Ke? Di: 11 g 2008| ck: 13 Gwcj 2010 `wY Gwkqvi Kvb `k c_g gvevBj iwgUv mev Pvjy nq? Di:evsjv`k (evsjv wjsK)| ck: evsjv`k eZvi Gi c~ebvg Kx wQj? Di: iwWI evsjv`k| ck: evsjv`k eZvi vcb Kiv nq KZ mvj? Di: 16 wWm^i 1939|
(NST). Europe-4 (SEAMEWE4).

evsjv`k eZvi

ck: wewewm _K evsjvq Abyvb i nq Ke? Di: 11 Avei, 1941 (wnw` 1940 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k eZvi K` cPvwiZ c_g bvUK Kx? Di: ey`e emyi KvV VvKiv (Dvabx w`b)| ck: evsjv`k eZvii m`i `i Kv_vq AewZ? Di: XvKvi AvMviMuvI-G| ck: evsjv`k eZvii XvKv K`i mevP gZv KZ? Di: 1170 wKjvnvUR| ck: evsjv`ki c_g emiKvwi iwWI Pvbj KvbwU? Di: iwWI gUvIqf (eZgvb e)| ck: evsjv`k eZvii PMvg I ivRkvnx K` KLb Zv`i Kvhg i Ki? Di: 1954 mvj| ck: evsjv`k eZvii wmjU K` cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1961 mvj| ck: evsjv`k eZvii iscyi K` cwZwZ nq Ke? Di: 1967 mvj| ck: ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` Kv_vq vwcZ nqwQj? Di: PMvgi KvjyiNvU (26 gvP, 1971)| ck: evsjv`k eZvi KLb _K gaivwKvjxb wbwZ Abyvb mcPvi i Ki? Di: 15 Avei, 1992| ck: evsjv`k eZvi Kvb Kvb fvlvq Abyvb cPvi Ki?

Di:

6wU fvlvq h_v : evsjv, BsiwR, Aviex, D`y, wn`x I bcvjx| ck: Ke _K c_gevii gZ iwWI evsjv`k _K cwZ Nvq Lei cPvi i nq? Di: 1 deqvwi 1995| ck: `k iwWI wij Abyvb wQj KZwU? Di: GKwU (VvKziMuvI)| ck: VvKziMuvI eZvi K` KLb _K wbR^ Abyvb cPvi Ki? Di: 1 gvP, 1997| ck: evsjv`k eZvii ewikvj K` KLb Kvhg i Ki? Di: 12 Ryb, 1999| ck: evsjv`k eZvii AvwjK K` KZwU? Di:12wU| ck: evsjv`k eZvii gvU kb msLv KZwU I Kx Kx? Di:15wU h_v : XvKv-3wU (vqx K`), PMvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, wmjU, hkvi, eov, iscyi, Kzwgjv, VvKziMuvI, KevRvi ev`ievb I ivOvgvwU| ck: wewewmi eZgvb evsjv wefvMi cavb K? Di: mvwei gvdv (wiwjwRqvm cavb AvwKj Avng`)| ck: evsjv`k c_g emiKvwi iwWI Pvbj KvbwU? Di: iwWI UzW (c~e wQj iwWI gUvIqf Zv eZgvb e)| ck: emiKvwi LvZ `ki iwWI Pvbjjv Kx Kx?

Di:

iwWI dzwZ, iwWI Avgvi, iwWI Gwewm Ges iwWI UzW| ck: evsjv`k eZvii Kzwgjv K`i wbR^ Abyvb mcPvi i nq Ke? Di: 15 g 2009| ck: Uwjwfkb ki A_ Kx? Di: `~i`kb| ck: Uwjwfkb Avwevi Kib K? Di: Rb jwR eqvW| ck: wek c_g evii gZ Uwjwfkb mivmwi Qwe `Lvbv nq Kv_vq? Di: 1924 mvj Bsjv| ck: mec_g wUwf bvUK chvRbv Kib K? Di: 1930 mvj we.we.wm| ck: mec_g Kvi D`vM XvKvq wUwf mcPvii KvR i nq? Di: AvBqye Lvb (cvwK vbi)| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkb vwcZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 25 wWm^i 1964| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkbi c_g wUwf feb Kv_vq vcb Kiv nqwQj? Di: XvKvi wWAvBwU feb| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkbi c_g wkx K? Di: di`mx ingvb| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkbi c_g cPvwiZ bvUK KvbwU? Di: GKZjv `vZjv (1965 mvj)| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkb mec_g KZ gvBj cPvi gZv wbq Kvhg i Ki?

Uwjwfkb

Di: 10 gvBj| ck: wewUwfi c_g wUwf wmwiqvj KvbwU? Di: 1966 mvj cPvwiZ wiZ| ck: XvKvi ivgcyiv Uwjwfkb K` vwcZ nq KZ mvj? Di: 1975 mvj| ck: ivgcyiv wUwf febi bKkv cZ Kib K K? Di: myBWbi cLvZ cwZ wgvi wcUvi mjwms Ges evsjv`ki gvneyeyj nK| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkb bZzb Kzuwo Ke _K i nq? Di: 25 wWm^i, 1977| ck: bZzb Kzuwoi D`vv K? Di: knx` cwmWU wRqvDi ingvb| ck: evsjv`k iwOb Uwjwfkb Pvjy nq KZ mvj? Di: 1980 mvji 1 wWm^i| ck: iRZ Rqx I m~eY Rqx nq KZ eQi? Di: h_vg 25 eQi I 50 eQi c~wZZ| ck: cvwUbvg Rywewj Kx? Di: 75 eQi c~wZK ejv nq| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkbi iRZ Rqx Ke cvwjZ nq? Di: 25 wWm^i 1989| ck: evsjv`k wWm GwUbv eenvi Pvjy nq KZ mvj? Di: 27 Gwcj 1992| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkb Ke _K (CNN)

wm.Gb.Gb. Gi Abyvb mcPvi i Ki? Di: 29 m^i 1992 (eZgvb mcPvi e)| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkb Ke _K wewewm (BBC) Gi Abyvb mcPvi i Ki? Di: 1 Gwcj 1993 (eZgvb mcPvi e)| ck: evsjv`k Uwjwfkb c_g cvKR bvUK KvbwU? Di: cvPxi dwiq (1994 mvj)| ck: PMvg c~Yv Uwjwfkb K` vwcZ nq Ke? Di: 19 wWm^i 1996| ck: evsjv`k c~Yv Uwjwfkb K` KqwU? Di: 2wU h_v : XvKv I PMvg| ck: `ki c_g mvUjvBU wUwf Pvbj AvB Gi mvwaKvix cwZvb KvbwU? Di: Bgcm Uwjwdj| ck: evsjv`ki c_g emiKvwi Uwjwfkb Pvbj KvbwU? Di: GwUGb evsjv (15 RyjvB 1997)| ck: Av`vjZi ivq GKzk wUwfi mcPvi e nq hvq Ke? Di: 21 AvM 2002 (i 14 Gwcj, 2000)| ck: evsjv`ki emiKvwi wUwf Pvbjjv Kx Kx? Di: GKzk wUwf (e), GwUGb evsjv, GbwUwf, AviwUwf, Pvbj AvB, Pvbj Iqvb, evsjv wfkb, ekvLx wUwf, BmjvwgK

wUwf, `k wUwf, w`M wUwf, gvB wUwf| ck: miKvwi Uwjwfkb Pvbj KZwU? Di: 2wU (wewUwf I wewUwf Iqv)| ck: wewUwf Kvb mvj _K mvUjvBU c`wkZ nQ? Di: 11 Gwcj 2004| ck: wewUwfi KZwU zwWI iqQ? Di: 8wU (XvKv K`i 6wU I PMvg K`i 2wU) ck: wewUwfi KqwU DcK`/wij kb iqQ? Di: 14wU| ck: wUwf wigvUi DveK K K? Di: ievU AvWjvi I mnKgx BBb cwj| ck: XvKv gnvbMii evBi Ges PMvg c_g emiKvwi mvUjvBU Pvbji bvg Kx? Di: weRq| ck: jb wfwK wmjwU I evsjv fvlvq c~Yv wWwRUvj wUwf Pvbji bvg Kx? Di: Gm| ck: 14 Gwcj 2009 cqjv ekvL _K Pvjy nIqv wk`i c_g AbjvBb wUwfi bvg Kx? Di: WyMWywM| ck: 15 Gwcj 2010 `ki 12 Zg emiKvwi mvUjvBU Pvbj wnme hvv i Ki Kvb Uwjwfkb? Di:gvB wUwf| ck: f~-DcMn K` Kx? Di: AvRvwZK UwjhvMvhvMi gvag|

f~-DcMn K`

ck: evsjv`k KqwU f~-DcMn K` AvQ I Kx Kx? Di: 4wU h_v : (eZeywbqv f~-DcMn K`, Zvwjevev` f~-DcMn K`, gnvLvjx f~-DcMn K`, I wmjU f~-DcMn K`| ck: c_g f~-DcMn K` Kv_vq vwcZ nq? Di: eZeywbqv f~-DcMn K`, ivOvgvwUZ (1975 mvj)| ck: MvRxcyii Zvwjevev` f~-DcMn K` Ke vwcZ nq? Di: 1982 mvj| ck: XvKvi gnvLvjx f~-DcMn K`wU hvMvhvM Qvov Avi Kvb KvR eeZ nq? Di: AvRvwZK Uv GKP KvR| ck: evsjv`ki 4_ Ges mekl f~-DcMn K` KvbwU? Di: wmjU f~-DcMn K` (1997 mvj vwcZ)| ck: mec_g Ke K PjwP wbgvY Kib? Di: 1895 mvj jywgqvi ev`vi (hyivi)| ck: Dcgnv`k Ke Kv_vq c_g PjwP c`wkZ nq? Di: 1896 mvji 7 RyjvB (fviZi ev^Z)| ck: Dcgnv`ki PjwPi RbK K? Di: nxivjvj mb| ck: XvKvq c_g Ke, Kv_vq PjwP c`wkZ nq? Di: 17 Gwcj 1898, vDb w_qUvi nj|

evsjv`ki PjwP

ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g wbevK Qwe KvbwU, Ke wbwgZ nq? Di: Avwj evev I Pwjk Pvi 1904 mvj wbwgZ nq| ck: Avwj evev I Pwjk Pvi PjwPi cwiPvjK K? Di: nxivjvj mb| ck: nxivjvj mb KZjv ^ `N PjwP wbgvY Kib? Di: 40wU| ck: evsjv`k Ke wbevK PjwP wbgvY i nq? Di: 1927-28 mvj| ck: wbevK PjwPi D`vv Kviv wQjb? Di: XvKvi beve cwievi| ck: c_g wbevK Qwei bvg Kx? Di: myKzgvix (bvqK LvRv bmijvn)| ck: XvKvi beve cwievi KZK wbwgZ wZxq Qwe w` jv wKm Gi bvwqKv K? Di: cwZZv jwjZv (cwiPvjK RMbv_ KjRi wkK A^yR )| ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g mevK wPi bvg Kx? Di: RvgvB lx (wbwgZ nq 1931 mvj)| ck: RvgvB lx PjwPi cwiPvjK K? Di: Agi`bv_ Payix| ck: evsjvq c_g PjwP KvbwU? Di: mZev`x ivRv nwikP`| ck: c_g gymjgvb PjwPKvi K? Di: KvRx bRij Bmjvg| ck: KvRx bRij Bmjvg cwiPvwjZ PjwPi bvg Kx?

Di:

aycQvqv (wbwgZ 1931 mvj)| ck: bRiji Kvb `ywU Kve wbq PjwP wbwgZ nqQ? Di: LyKz I KvV weovjx Ges wjPzPvi| ck: KvRx bRij Bmjvg AwfbxZ PjwPi bvg Kx? Di: ae| ck: KvRx bRij BmjvgK wbq KvbvWvq wbwgZ PjwPi bvg Kx? Di: bRij (cwiPvjK wdwjc vij)| ck: weki c_g wdj AvKvBfi cwZvZv K? Di: dvi nbwi jvsjvqv (1935 mvj)| ck: evsjv fvlvq wbwgZ c_g Av RvwZK LvwZmb PjwP KvbwU? Di: c_i cuvPvjx| ck: mZwRr ivq cwiPvwjZ c_g Qwe KvbwU? Di: c_i cuvPvjx (c_g c`wkZ 1955 mvj)| ck: cw_ex weLvZ ek KqKwU PjwP wbgvY Ki h evOvjx mybvg ARb KiQb wZwb K? Di: mZwRr ivq| ck: evsjv`ki PjwPi RbK K? Di: Avyj Revi Lvb| ck: evsjv`ki c_g mevK PjwPi bvg Kx? Di: gyL I gyLvk (1956 mvji 3 AvM wbwgZ nq)| ck: gyL I gyLvk PjwPi cwiPvjK K? Di: Avyi Revi Lvb|

ck: BFDC Kx? Di:Bangladesh Film Development Corporation ev evsjv`k PjwP Dbqb msv| ck: BFDC KZ mvj wbwgZ nq? Di: 1958 mvj| ck: BFDC Z wbwgZ I 1g gywcv Qwe KvbwU? Di: AvwQqv (bvwqKv mywgZv `ex) ck: GdwWwmZ wbwgZ c_g Av RvwZK cyivicv Qwe KvbwU? Di: RvMv qv mvfiv| ck: RvMv qv mvfiv QwewU Ke gyw cvq? Di: 1959 mvj (cwiPvjK AvLZvi Rs Kvi`vi)| ck: Kvb Dcbvm Aej^b RvMv qv mvfiv Qwei wbgvY Kiv nq? Di: gvwbK e`vcvavqi cv b`xi gvwS| ck: RvMv qv mvfiv Qwei BsiwR bvg Kx? Di:'The day shall down' ck: evsjv`ki k PjwPKvi K? Di: Rwni ivqnvb| ck: Rwni ivqnvb cwiPvwjZ c_g PjwP KvbwU? Di: KLbv Avmwb| ck: evsjv`ki c_g iwOb PjwP KvbwU Ges Ke wbwgZ nq? Di: 1970 mvj Rwni ivqnvbi mg| ck: evsjv`ki Kvb PjwP mec_g RvZxq msMxZ MvIqv nq?

Di:

1970 mvj Rwni ivqnvbi wbwgZ Rxeb _K bIqv QweZ| ck: KuvPi `qvj weLvZ PjwPwU Kvi? Di: Rwni ivqnvbi| ck: 'Stop Genocide' cvgvY PjwPwUi cwiPvjK K? Di: Rwni ivqnvb| ck: Rwni ivqnvbi weLvZ Dcbvm nvRvi eQi ai wbwgZ PjwPi bvg Kx? Di: nvRvi eQi ai (cwiPvjK Kvwnbyi Avvi myP`v, AvRvwZK chvq cyivi cv)| ck: evsjv`k PjwP I cKvkbv Awa`ii cwZv Ke? Di:21 Ryb 1976| ck: evsjv`ki ^ `N PjwP KvbwU? Di: AvMvgx (cwiPvjK gvik`yj Bmjvg)| ck: evW G jvBd Gi wbgvZv K? Di: gvik`yj Bmjvg| ck: m~h `xNj evwo wmbgvi cwiPvjK K? Di: kL wbqvgZ Avjx| ck: kL wbqvgZ Avjxi m~h `xNj evwo Kvb cKwZi Qwe? Di: AvRvwZK cyivicv c~Y`N Qwe| ck: bvUMc w_qUvii AbZg cwZvZv K? Di: Avyjvn Avj gvgyb| ck: `k ^vaxb nIqvi ci miKvwi Aby`vb cvIqv c_g Qwe KvbwU? Di: m~h `xNj evwo|

ck: evsjv`k KqwU wmbgv zwWI AvQ? Di: 4wU| ck: wjwfs DB_ IqvUvi Gi wbgvZv K? Di: ZviK kvnwiqvi| ck: gywi Mvb wmbgvi wPKvi K? Di: jqvi jwfb| ck: ^ `N PjwP jvjmvjy Gi cwiPvjK K? Di: Zvbfxi gvKvj| ck: fviZ I ZvmL` AbywZ AvRvwZK PjwP Drme evsjv`ki Kvb Qwe h_vg wmbgv Ae ` Iqv I mvwUwdKU Ae gwiU ARb Ki? Di:kLbxj KvivMvi| ck: evsjv wmbgvi c_g gymjgvb Awfbx K? Di: ebvbx Payix (Qwewek eQi AvM)| ck: evsjv wmbgvi c_g Awfbx K? Di: c~wYgv mb| ck: evsjv wmbgvi Kvb Awfbx WiU wWMx jvf Kib? Di: eweZv (dwi`v Avvi)| ck: mZwRr ivqi Kvb QweZ Awfbq Ki evsjv`ki eweZv Av RvwZK mvb f~wlZ nb? Di: Akwb msKZ| ck: mZwRr ivq K wQjb? Di: fviZi weLvZ jLK, PjwPKvi Ges msMxZ cwiPvjK| ck: mZwRr ivq Kvb PjwPi Rb Avi cyivi cvb? Di: c_i cuvPvjx PjwPi Rb (1992 mvj)|

ck: myZivs Qwei bvwqKv K? Di: Keix| ck: wbii PjwPwU gvqyb Avng`i Kvb Dcbvm Aej^b wPvwqZ? Di: Rbg Rbg| ck: evsjv`ki c_g PjwP wnme 79 Zg Avi cyivii gbvbqbcv Qwe wbii Kvb Av RvwZK PjwP Drme miv cyivi jvf Ki? Di:Kivjv AvRvwZK PjwP Drme| ck: `ki c_g wk PjwPi bvg cwmWU Ges PjwP welqK c_g cwKv wmbgv Gi mv`K K? Di: dRjyj nK| ck: 1998 mvj MwVZ PjwP mi evWi Pqvigvb K? Di:Z_ mwPe (gvU m`m 15 Rb)| ck: c_g evii gZ Iqe mvBU c`wkZ evsjv wmbgvi bvg Kx? Di:fRv weovj (cwiPvjK kwn`yj Bmjvg LvKb) ck: `xcy bv^vi Uz wkZvl PjwPwU K wbgvY Kib? Di: gvik`yj Bmjvg| ck: 2002 mvj Avi cyivii Rb gbvbqbcv c_g evsjv Qwe KvbwU? Di: gvwUi gqbv (cwiPvjK ZviK gvmy`)| ck: gvwUi gqbv Av RvwZK Kx Kx cyivi jvf Ki? Di: dvi Kvb PjwP cyivi, givi gviKvkvm

cyivi, cvwK- vbi Kviv wdj cyivi| ck: 2005 mvj Avi cyivii Rb gbvbqbcv evsjv wmbgv KvbwU? Di: kvgj Qvqv (cwiPvjKgvqyb Avng`)| ck: 2006 mvj Avi cyivii Rb gbvbqbcv evsjv wmbgv KvbwU? Di: wbii (cwiPvjK Avey mvqx`)| ck: evsjv`ki Kv_vq PjwP bMix cwZv Kiv ne? Di: mvfvii Kweicyi| ck: exik gwZDi ingvbi Rxeb I AvZZvMi Kvwnbx wbq wbwgZ PjwP KvbwU? Di: AwZ Avgvi `k (wPbvU I iPwqZv exiki mnawgbx wgwj ingvb I wLwRi nvqvZ Lvb)| ck: `kg Av RvwZK mvsnvB PjwP Drme Kvb evsjv`kx miv cwiPvjKi cyivi cvb? Di: Mvjvg ievbx wece| ck: 2007 mvj Avi cyivii Rb gbvbqb cv evsjv Qwe KvbwU? Di: ^c Wvbvq cwiPvjK Mvjvg ievbx wece| ck: W. gynv` BDbymK wbq wbwgZ Z_wPi bvg Kx? Di:Rveiv _K Amjv| ck: W. gynv` BDbymi Rxeb I Kg wbq wbwgZe PjwPi bvg Kx? Di: mvgvi| ck: mcwZ 2009 mvj Kvb PjwP ZviKv

RvwZmsNi UNFPA Gi fQv `~Z wbhy nb? Di: gmygx| ck: eMg mywdqv Kvgvji Rxeb I Kgi Dci wbwgZ cvgvY wPi bvg Kx? Di: AcivwRZv| ck: gywhy RbmvaviYi msMvg I AwfZv wbq wbwgZ Z_wP gywi K_v Gi cwiPvjK K K? Di: ZviK gvmy` I Kv_wib gvmy`| ck: gywhyi cUf~wg wbq wbwgZ ^ `N w_jvi Qwe bimy`i Gi cwiPvjK K K? Di: ZviK gvmy` I Kv_wib gvmy`| ck: AvgwiKvq em evsjv`kK wbq wbwgZ wWwRUvj Qwe gvB dib `k Gi wbgvZv K? Di: Avwmd AvKei `q| ck: 2008 mvj Avi cyivii Rb gbvbqb cv evsjv Qwe KvbwU? Di: Avnv (cwiPvjK Gbvgyj Kwei wbSi)| ck: 2009 mvj Avi cyivii Rb gbvbqbcv evsjv`kx wmbgv KvbwU? Di:ei evBi (Mvjvg ievbx wece)|

bvwqKv : cwc (we`vnx cv) I c~wYgv (`qi K_v)| MvqK : Gm.AvB. UzUzj (hvq w`b : `qi K_v)| MvwqKv : Bfvi ingvb (`qi K_v`qi K_v)| 2007 : PjwP : ^cWvbvq AwfbZv : gvbv (gbi mv_ hy)| Awfbx : kveb~i (Avgvi cvYi ^vgx)| cvk AwfbZv : evvivR (gbi mv_ hy)| cvk Awfbx : wbcyb (Avgvi cvYi ^vgx)| MvqK : Rgm& (gbi mv_ hy)| MvwqKv : dvnwg`v bex (Avnv!)|

Uwjwfkb cyivi :

avivevwnK bvUK : kv KzwUi| AwfbZv : Pj Payix (2006 : Pvi duv`)| AwfbZv : dRjyi ingvb evey (2007 : b`icyii b`biv) avivevwnK AwfbZv : GwUGg kvgmyvgvb (2007 : Ni KzUzg)| avivevwnK Awfbx : Zwbgv nvwg` (2006 : mvbvi dzj)| Uwjwdj AwfbZv : G Avi gUz (2007 : gaygvjv I g`bKzgvi)|

2006 : MvqK : `e| MwqKv : AuvwL AvjgMxi| cc ZviKv : Rvb Avjg| 2007 : MvwqKv : ggZvR| cc ZviKv : wece| 35 I 36Zg evPmvm AvRxeb mvbbv : Kwkx cyivi kvnbvR ingZzjvn, PjwP AvKei mgq : 4 Gwcj 2009 cvVvb dviK, bvUK g. nvwg` I vb : evsjv`k Pxb gx mjb wgwWqv ewZ KvRx Rvdi K`, XvKv| wmwKx| PjwP cyivi : wekl mvbbv : wPbvqK 2006 : PjwP : `qi K_v| gvbv (giYvi)| bvqK : wiqvR (`qi K_v)| mgvR mevq : nvmvb Avng` Payix|

mxZ cyivi :

xov fvl : Payix Rvdijvn ck: aygKZz, kivdvZ| jvj I `wbK behyM mv`K K? evsjv`ki c cwKv Di: cwKvi KvRx bRij Bmjvg| ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g ck: vb hLvb msev`c KvbwU Ges Ke mxgve, eyw mLvb cKvwkZ nq? Avo, gyw mLvb Am Di: ej MRU, 1780 mvj e GB DwwU Kvb cKvwkZ nq| cwKvi c_g cvq jLv ck: ej MRU _vKZ? cwKvi mv`K K? Di:wkLv cwKvq| Di: Rgm AMvvm wnwK| ck: wkLv cwKvi ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g mv`Ki bvg Kx? evsjv msev`ci bvg Kx Ges Di: Aveyj nvmb (1927 Ke cKvwkZ nq? mvj c_g cKvwkZ)| Di: mgvPvi `cY, 1818 ck: W. gynv` mvj cKvwkZ nq| knx`yjvn mvw`Z cwKvi ck: kxivgcyi KjR bvg Kx? _K cKvwkZ mgvPvi Di: AvOyi| `cY cwKvi mv`Ki bvg ck: evmbv Kx? cwKvwU kL dRjyj Kwig Di: Rb KvK gvkgvb| cKvk Kib Kb? ck: dvU DBwjqvg Di: wn`y I gymjgvb`i ga KjR _K KZwU evsjv M mcxwZi eb `p Kivi cKvwkZ nq? Rb| Di: 14wU| ck: GKzk ck: Zevwabx deqvwii c_g msKjbi cwKvi mv`K I cKvkKvj mv`K K wQjb? KZ? Di: nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb| Di:Aq Kzgvi `, 1843 mvj ck: meyRc I mgKvj cKvwkZ nq (XvKvi cwKvi mv`K K K? cvPxbZg evsjv Di: h_vg cg_ Payix I mvvwnK)| wmKv`vi Avey Rvdi| ck: XvKv cKvk ck: evsjv`ki cavb Gi mv`Ki bvg Kx Ges msev` msvi bvg Kx? KZ mvj cKvwkZ nq? Di: evsjv`k msev` msv Di: KP` gRyg`vi, 1861 (evmm) (GQvov Gbv, mvj| BDGbwe, Avevm cfwZ)| ck: wekKwe ck: evsjv`ki iex`bv_ VvKzi mvw`Z mePq cyibv `wbK cwKvi bvg Kx? BsiwR cwKv KvbwU? Di: mvabv (1891 mvj)| Di: evsjv`k AeRvifvi| ck: mvIMvZ I ck: `wbK gvmjg fviZ cwKvi BdvK Gi cwZvZv K mv`Ki bvg Kx Kx? wQjb? Di: h_vg gvnv` Di: Zvdvj nvmb bvwmiDwb I gvRvj nK| (gvwbK wgqv)|

ck: evsjvfvlx Aji evBi cKvwkZ c_g evsjv msev`ci bvg Kx? Di: kwidzj nvmvb Lvbi `kevZv (cKvwkZ nq jb)| ck: evsjv`k msev`c cvVKi msLv KZ? Di: cwZ 200 Rb GKRb (cvq)| ck: evsjv`k mvvwnK cwKvi msLv KZ? Di: 450wU| ck: `k wgwWqv ZvwjKvfy gvU cwKvi msLv KZ? Di: 558 wU (wW Kvikb cv 1597wU)| ck: evsjv`k `wbK msev`ci msLv KZwU? Di: 595 wU (cvq) [Z_gxi gZ, 254wU Gi ga XvKv _K 74wU I gd^j _K 180wU, 8 Avei 2009] ck: ^vaxbZvi ci Avj gvngy` Kvb cwKvi mv`K wbhy nb? Di:`wbK MYK| ck: kvgmyi ingvb Kvb cwKvi cavb mv`K wQjb? Di:`wbK evsjv| ck: 25 Gwcj 2006 mvj wekLvZ Kvb msev`cwU XvKv _K Qvcv i nq? Di: BUvibvkbvj niv wUweDb| ck: iex` GKvWwg _K cKvwkZe MelYvagx gvwmK cwKvi bvg Kx? Di: iex`jvK|

bvg

mv`K

cKv kKvj

iZc~Y/weLvZ ccwKv

ej MRU w`K`k b mgvPvi `cY evvj MRU evY mewa m^v` Kgy` x mgvPvi Pw`K v msev` cfvKi mgvPvi mfvivR ` msev` iZvejx Zev wabx GWyK kb MRU msev` fvi mvvw nK evZv en c~wY gv XvKv cKvk Mvg evZv e `kb AvwRR ybnv i fviZx myavK

Rgm AMvvm wnwK Rb KvK gvkgvb DBwjqvg Kwi Mv wKkvi fvPvh ivRv ivggvnb ivq ivRv ivggvnb ivq fevbx P` e`vcvav q CkiP` kL Avjxgyjvn CkiP` Aq Kzgvi ` ijvj e`vcvav q CkiP` ijvj e`vcvav q wenvixjvj PeZx K P` gRyg`vi KvOvj nwibv_ ewg P` Pvcvavq gxi gvkviid nvmb wR`bv_ VvKzi kL Avyi

1780 1818 1818 1818 1821 1821 1822 1831 1831 1832 1843 1846 1848 1856

vi mvabv wjv nvdR Kvwnb yi evmbv `wbK Lv`g mvvw nK gvnv `x meyRc mIMvZ gvmj g fviZ a~gKZ z Kjvj (gvwm K) jvj gvwmK fviZx e `kb (be chvq) vbvz i wkLv `wbK AvRv` gvn bI `wbK Bnv ` `wbK behyM AvOyi

iwng iex`bv_ VvKzi Gg. IqvR` Avjx kL Avyi iwng gvnv` iIkb Avjx kL dRjyj Kwig gvnv` AvKivg Luv gvnv` AvKivg Luv cg_ Payix gvnv` bvwmi Dwb gvRvj nK KvRx bRij Bmjvg `xbk ib `vm KvRx bRij Bmjvg ^Y Kzgvix `ex gvwnZ jvj gRyg`vi kxK `vm Aveyj nvmb gvnv` AvKivg Luv Avyj Kvw`i Aveyj gbmyi Avng` KvRx bRij Bmjvg W. gynv`

1891 1895 1897 1898 1908 1910 1910

1914 1918 1920 1922 1923 1925

1859 1861 1863 1872 1874 1877 1889

1927 1935

1941 1943

mvwnZ c PZzi eMg msjvc mwbK mgKvj mvgev `x c~wY gv mvvw nK fviZx mvvw nK Lv`g mvvw nK gymwjg RMr ^`k mvwnZ cwKv

knx`yjvn wez ` gvqyb Kwei byiRvnvb eMg Aveyj nvmb kvn` Avjx wmKv`vi Avey Rvdi Lvb gynv` gCbDxb wenvixjvj PeZx ^Y Kzgvix `ex Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyxb Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyxb myKzgvi ivq XvKv wekwe`vjq (evsjv wefvM), gvt Avyj nvB RvnvxibMi wek: (evsjv wefvM) ivRkvnx wek: (evsjv wefvM) evsjv GKvWwg evsjv GKvWwg

1948 1948 1949

1954

Avjv `wbK Kvji K `wbK hyMvi `wbK BbwKjve `wbK fvii KvMR `wbK RbK `wbK mgKvj `wbK bqvw`M `wbK gvbeRwgb `wbK Avgvi `k `wbK evsjvevRvi `wbK w`bKvj `wbK msMvg `wbK msev` `wbK AvRKi KvMR `wbK A_bxwZ `wbK gvZ f~wg `wbK RbZv `v WBwj AeRvifvi (BsiwR) `v WBwj vi (BsiwR) `v WBwj BbwWcbW

Ave` Lvb mvjgv Bmjvg G.Gg.Gg. evnvDwb kvgj ` AvwZK Djvn Lvb gvmy` Mvjvg mviIqvi AvjgMxi gwnDwb gvneyev Payix gvn&gy`yi ingvb RvKvwiqv Lvb (fvicv) nvwdRyi ingvb (fvicv) Aveyj Avmv` Avng`yj Kwei KvRx kvn` Avn` Rvwn`yvgv b dviK kIKZ gvngy` Avyj gwZb BKej mvenvb Payix gvndzR Avbvg mq` gvneyeyj Avjg

fvlv mvwnZ c mvwnw ZKx Divwa Kvix jLv

eZgvb msev`c mg~n

msev`c `wbK BdvK `wbK c_g mv`K ivnvZ Lvb gwZDi ingvb

U (BsiwR) mvvwnK c~wYgv mvvwnK hvq hvq w`b

Gg. evKx wejvn kwdK ingvb

evsjv mvwnZ
cvPxbKvj _K eZgvb ch evsjv mvwnZi iZc~Y Z_ mg~n

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650 _K 1200 wL: ch mgqK evsjv mvwnZi cvPxb hyM ejv nq| (2) evsjv fvlvi/mvwnZi Avw` wb`kb-Phvc`| (3) Phvc`i iPbvKvj mg _K v`k kZvxi ga iwPZ nq ej cwZMYi aviYv| (4) 1907 mvj nicmv` kvx bcvji ivR`ievi _K Phvc` Avwevi Kib| (5) gvU 51wU Phvc` iwPZ nqwQj| (6) bcvji ivR `ievi _K mvo QPwjkwU Dvi Kiv me nqwQj| (7) W. mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq Phvc`i fvlvK evsjv cwZcb Kib| (8) Phvc`i gvU jLK/c`KZv wQj 24 Rb| (9) mevwaK Phvc` iPbv Kib Kvcv` 13wU| (10) Phvc` iPbvi msLvwaK wZxq vb fymyK (kvw `e) 8wU| (11) 1916 mvj nicmv` kvx Phvc`, PhvPh wewbq, mincv` I K cv`i `vnv Ges WvKvbe G PviwU cuyw_ GK nvRvi eQii cyivb evsjv fvlvq e Mvb I `vnv bvg MvKvi cKvk Kib|

(12) Phvc`i cv cuyw_Z 51wU Mvb wQj Ges 11 msLK c`wU UxKvKvi KZK evLv Kiv nqwb| (13) nicmv` kvxi cKvwkZ MvKvi PhvPh wewbq evsjv fvlvq jLv evKx wZbwU Acsk fvlvq| (14) 1927 mvj W. gynv` knx`yjvn Phvc`i aZ mK c_g AvjvPbv Kib? (15) Kvcv` Acsk fvlvq `vnvKvl iPbv Kib| (16) 1200 _K 1350 mvj ch Kvb DjLhvM mvwnZ mw nqwb ej GB mgqK evsjv mvwnZi AKvi hyM ej AvLvwqZ Kiv nq| (17) evsjv mvwnZi gahyM ejv nq 1200 _K 1800 wL: ch mgqK| (18) evsjv mvwnZi gahyMi c_g wb`kbeo Px`vmi kxK KxZb Kve| (19) kxKKxZb Kvei cUf~wg-ivav-Ki cgjxjv| (20) kxKKxZb K, ivav I eovwq bvgK 3wU Pwi AvQ| (21) kK f`qv KvewU ivRv jY mbi mfvKwi njvqya wgki| (22) Kwe Rq`e jY mbi mfv Kwe wQjb| wZwb MxZ Mvwe` KvewU ms Z fvlvq iPbv Kib| (23) we`vcwZ wgw_jvi Kwe wQjb Ges Aevvjx wQjb, evsjvfvlvq ee c`vejxi Avw` iPwqZv Kwe Px`vm| (24) wZbRb Px`vmi ga mePq cvPxb eo Px`vm(13701475) Zvi Avmj bvg Ab| (25) kvn gynv` mMxi c_g Moki wMqvm Dwb

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Avhg kvni ccvlKZv jvf Kib| evsjv mvwnZi c_g cYqvcLvb Kve kvn gynv` mMxii BDmyd RyjLv (14 _K 15 kZKi ga)| ivgvqY GKwU Avw` gnvKve (7 L wef)| msZ Kwe evjxwKi ivgvqY evsjvq c_g Abyev` Kib Kwe K wevm| iKbyxb evievK kvni wb`k Kwe Kwevm ivgvqY evsjvq Abyev` Kib| gahyM AvjvDwb nvmb kvn Ges Zuvi cy bymiZ kvni mgq evsjv mvwnZ mgw jvf Ki| eReywj wgw_jvi Dcfvlv-h fvlvq ee c`vejxi AwaKvsk iwPZ nqQ| KqKRb eReywj c` iPwqZvi bvg Mvwe` `vm, vb `vm, ejivg `vm, ivqkLi| gymjgvb c` KZv`i ga c_g Kwe kL Kwei| gahyM evsjv mvwnZi wZxq Abyev` M gvjvai emyi kxK weRq| kxKweRq Kvei Kwe gvjvai emy myjZvb iKbDxb eieK kvni KvQ _K YivR Lvb Dcvwa cqwQjb| ee gZev`i cPviK kx PZb `e| gahyMi Rxebx mvwnZi ga kx PZb`ei c_g RxebxB cavb hv KoPv bvg cwiwPZ| msZ fvlvq gnvfviZ iPbv Kib Kwe e`evm| evsjvfvlvq c_g gnvfviZ Abyev` Kib Kex` cigki|

(40) gj Kvei Avw` Kwe Kvbv nwi` (c~eei)| (41) gbmv mci AwavZv `ex| (42) gbmv gji Kvwnbx Aej^b Puv` mI`vMi PvvB bMii bvMwiK Zvi xi bvg mbKv Ges wZwb wkei f wQjb| (43) gj KvejvK ciwYK I gj G `yB fvM fvM Kiv nqQ| (44) Pxgj Kvei Avw` KwegvwbK `| (45) Pxgj Kvei k Kwe gyKz`ivg PeZx| (46) 1495 mvj gbmvweRq Kve iPbv Kib wec`vm wcwcjvB| (47) gymjgvb KweMY KZK dvimx _K evsjvq Abyw`Z cYqvcLvbi bvg BDmyd-RyjLv, jvqjxgRby, mqdzj gyjyK ew`Dvgvb, mcqKi BZvw`| (48) gahyMi wn`x _K evsjvq Abyw`Z Kve cveZx, mZxgqbv, jviP`vbx, gaygvjZx cfwZ| (49) agj Kvei Avw` Kwe gqyi f| (50) aggj avivq Av`k kZKi mekl Kwe Nbivg PeZx| (51) gj Kve avivi kl Kwe fviZ P` ivq YvKi| (52) MxwZ KweZv avivq mePq cvPxb Kwe Rq`e| (53) `jZ DwRi enivg Lvb Rbvgv I Kvievjvi Kvwnbx Ges jvBjx gRby Kve iPbv Kib| (54) c_g gwnjv Kwe P`veZx ivgvqY I cc~ivb Kve iPbv Kib| (55) gwmqv Aviex k Gi A_ kvK cKvk| (56) evsjv mvwnZ gwmqv avivi c_g

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Kwe kL dqRyjvnK gb Kiv nq| AvivKvbK evsjv mvwnZ ivmvs ev ivmv bvg DjL Kiv nqQ| AvivKvb ivRv`i mfvm` Gi ccvlKZvq iwPZ DjLhvM KvejvmZxgqbv, cveZx, mcqKi, mKv`vibvgv, mqdzj gyjyK ew`Dvgvb| Kwe AvjvIjK AvivKvb ivRmfvq ccvlKZv `vb Kib ivmvivRi cavbgx Kvikx gvMb VvKzi (AvjvIji cyiv bvg mq` AvjvIj)| Kwe AvjvIji c_g I k Kve cveZx| mZxgqbv I jviP`vbx `jZ KvRxi iPbv GwU iwPZ nq evsjv`ki evBi AvivKvbi e ivRv`i mfvq| Ab`v gj Kve iPbvi Rb fviZ P`K ZrKvjxb ivRv ivq YvKi DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kib| gqbvgwZi Mvbbv_ mvwnZi AbZg kvLv| jvK mvwnZK BsiwRZ 'Folk Lore' ejv nq| jvK mvwnZi cvPxbZg mw/evsjv KweZvi cvPxbZg Q`Qov| myjZvb gvngy`i mfvKwe Rq`e MxZ Mvwe` Kvei iPwqZv| auvav jvK mvwnZi AbZg cvPxb aviv| cev` gvbyli `xNKvji AwfZvi GKwU msw Awfew| gahyMi Kwe`i ga Avyj nvwKg (1620-1690) gvZfvlvi cwZ Mfxi AbyivM I fvjevmvi Rb iYxq nq AvQb| KweIqvjv`i ga MRjv B-K mePq cyibv ej gb Kiv nq|

(70) Avyj nvwKg gahyMi Kwe Ges Zvi weLvZ eevYx KweZvwU b~ibvgv Kve Mi AMZ| (71) KjKvZvq c_g ej w_qUvi vcb Kib nivwmg jeWd Ges c_g AwfbxZ bvUK `ywUi BsiwR bvg 'The Disguise' Ges (72) GUwb wdwix RvwZZ cZyMxR wLvb wQjb| (73) Aviex-dviwm ki AwZgvvq eenvii Rb KD KD cuyw_ mvwnZK `vfvlx cuyw_ bvg AwfwnZ Kib| (74) dwKi Mixeyjvn cyuw_ mvwnZi c_g ^v_K I Rbwcq Kwe wQjb| (75) evsjv mvwnZi AvaywbK hyM-1800 wL: _K eZgvb Kvj ch| (76) evsjv mvwnZ AvaywbK hyMi c_g chvq ejv nq 1800 wL: _K 1960 wL: ch| (77) dvU DBwjqvg KjR 1800 mvji 4 g jW Iqjm&wj cwZv Kib| (78) dvU DBwjqvg KjR evsjv wefvM c_g cewZZ nq 1801 mvj Ges c_g Aa DBwjqvg Kwi| (79) K_vcK_b (1801), BwZnvm gvjv (1812) DBwjqvg Kwii M` RvZxq M| (80) ivRv cZvcvw`Z Pwi (1801), wjwcgvjv (1802) ivgivg emy iwPZ M` M| (81) ivRv ivggvnb ivq evsjv mvwnZi BwZnvm evsjv M` ixwZK cvV cyKi evBi c_g eenvi Kib| (82) evsjv fvlvq ivggvnb ivq 30 Lvwb M wjLQb| (83) evsjv M` mvwnZi D e I weKvk dvU
'Love is the best Doctor'.

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DBwjqvg KjRi wekl Ae`vb iqQ| evsjv M`i RbK ejv nq CkiP` we`vmvMiK| CkiP` we`vmvMii nvZ evsjv M`i mvay ic Mo IV| CkiP` we`vmvMi Dcvwa cvb Dwbk eQi eqm| vw wejvm bvgK Abyev` MwU CkiP` bb Shakespeare Gi 'Commedy of Errors' M _K| 1841 wLv CkiP` we`vmvMi dvU DBwjqvg KjRi cavb cwb wbhy nb| 1851 mvj CkiP` we`vmvMi msZ KjRi Aa c` DbxZ nb| CkiP`i kKzjv Dcbvmi bvqK `y| e`vbZvi Rb RbmvaviY CkiP` we`vmvMiK `qvi mvMi Dcvwa `b| wk`i evsjv eYgvjv kLvevi c_g ^v_K M CkiP` we`vmvMii eY cwiPq hv 1855 mvj cKvwkZ nq| CkiP` we`vmvMi 1820 mvj cwgei g`bxcyi Rjvi exiwmsn Mvg RbMnY Kib Ges 1891 mvj wZwb gZzeiY Kib| CkiP` K hyM mwYi Kwe ejv nq Ges wZwb 1831 mvj msev` cfvKi cwKvi cwZvZv mv`K| gvBKj gaym~`b ` 1824 mvji 25 Rvbyqvwi hkvi Rjvi KcvZv b`i Zxi mvMi `uvwo Mvg Rb MnY Kib| gaym~`b ` mec_g cveZx bvUK Awgvi Q`i cqvM NUvb|

(97) gaym~`b ` 1843 mvj wLag MnY Kib Ges gvBKj Dcvwa cvb| (98) gvBKj gaym~`b `i c_g xi bvg ieKv (BsiR gwnjv)| ci weevn weQ` nq hvq| (99) gvBKj gaym~`b `i wZxq xi bvg nbwiqUv (divwm gwnjv)| (100) ivg bvivqY ZKiZi iZveZx bvUK BsiwRZ Abyev` Kib gvBKj gaym~`b `| (101) 1849 mvj gvBKj gaym~`b 'Captive lady' KveM iPbv Kib| (102) gaym~`b ` dvi fvmvB bMix em PZz`kvc`x KweZvejx iPbv Kib| (103) evsjv mvwnZi c_g UvRWx bvUK gvBKj gaym~`b `i K Kzgvix (1861 mvj)| (104) evsjv mvwnZi mec_g Ges mek gnvKve gvBKj gaym~`b `i gNbv`ea gnvKve hv Awgvi Q` iwPZ (1861 mvj)| (105) gnvKvei im mvaviYZ exiim kYxi nq _vK| (106) gaym~`b `i gNbv`ea gnvKvei Kvwnbx evjxwKi ivgvqY Kve _K bqv nq| (107) gaym~`b `K AbymiY Ki hviv Kve iPbv KiQb Zv`i AbZg ngP` e`vcvavq (108) gNbv`ea gnvKve gaym~`b gvbyli ewZi beRvMiY I gvbe fvMi weo^bvi Kvwnbx wjwce Kib| (109) ni ea gvBKj gaym~`bi GKwU Am~Y M` M|

(110) gvBKj gaym~`b ` 1873 wL: 29 Ryb gZzeiY Kib| (111) AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZi c_g Kve ijvj e`vcvavqi cwbx DcvLvb (1858 mvj)| (112) evsjv fvlvq c_g mvgvwRK bvUK ivg bvivqY ZKiZi KzjxbKzj me (1854 mvj)| (113) evsjv mvwnZi c_g ^v_K Dcbvm cvixPuv` wgi Avjvji Nii `yjvj (1958 mvj)| (114) cvixPuv` wgi cKZ bvg UKPuv` VvKzi| (115) evsjv mvwnZi f~`e gyLvcvavqB c_g HwZnvwmK DcKiY wbq Dcbvm jLb| (116) evsjv Uv Mvbi RbK wbay evey| (117) evsjv gy`vii RbK Pvjm DBjwKbm| (118) c_g cvbb KgKvi bvgK evOvwj evsjv gy`vi Lv`vB Kib| (119) evsjv mvwnZ wenvixjvj PeZxK fvii cvwL bvg `b iex`bv_ VvKzi| (120) `Iqvbv g`xbv cvjvi iPwqZv gbmyi eqvwZ| (121) ngP` e`vcvavq emsnvi gnvKve iPbv Kib| (122) VvKzi gvi Szwj Gi jLK `wYvib wg gRyg`vi| (123) evsjv Dcbvmi RbK ejv nq ewg P` PvcvavqK| (124) ewgP` Pvcvavq evi eQi eqm weq Kib Ges wZwb Kve PPvi ga w`q mvwnZ RMZ cek Kib| (125) ewgP`i c_g KveM jwjZv 1856 mvj cKvwkZ nq|

(126) ewgP`i c_g Dcbvm `~Mk bw`bx 1865 mvj cKvwkZ| (127) ewgP`i k ivgvwUK Dcbvm Kcvj Kzjv hv 1866 mvj cKvwkZ nq| (128) cw_K Zzwg c_ nvivBqvQ K_vwU ewgP`i (Kcvj Kzjv)| (129) Zzwg Aag ZvB ej Avwg Dg nBe bv Kb? DwwU ewgP`i Kcvj Kzjv Dcbvmi| (130) ewgP`i c_g mvgvwRK Dcbvm wele 1873 mvj cKvwkZ nq| (131) ewgP`i KqKwU HwZnvwmK Dcbvm `~Mk-bw`bx (1865), P`kLi (1875), ivRwmsn (1882)| (132) ewgP` Zvi Avb` gV Dcbvm `k cgK AZ my`ifve dzwUq ZzjQb| (133) evsjv mvwnZ c_g gymjgvb JcbvwmK Ges mvwnwZK gxi gkviid nvmb| (134) evsjv mvwnZ gymjgvb JcbvwmK iwPZ c_g Dcbvm gxi gkviid nvmbi iZveZx| (135) gxi gkviid nvmb 1847 mvj 13 bf^i Kzwqvi jvwnbxcvovq RbMnY Kib| (136) gxi gkviid nvmbi mevwaK cwm M welv` wmz hv 18881890 mvj cKvwkZ| (137) welv` wmz g~jZt gniigi welv`gq HwZnvwmK Kvwnbx Aej^b iwPZ hv M` Kve bvg I cwiwPZ| (138) gxi gkviid nvmb mvwnZ i Kzwqv Rjvi KzgviLvjxi MvgevZv

(1863) cwKvi mv`K nwibv_ gRyg`vi Iid KvOvj nwibv_ (1833-1896)| (139) gxi gkviid nvmb gvU 35wU M iPbv Kib| (140) evsjv mvwnZ MvRx wgqv bvg LvZ gxi gkviid nvmb| (141) 1874 mvj gxi gkviid nvmb mvw`Z cwKv AvwRRybnvi| (142) Mvwe` P` `vmK evsjv mvwnZ ^fve Kwe ejv nq| (143) KvqKvev` 1857 mvj XvKv Rjvi beveM _vbvq RbMnY Kib Ges wZwb evsjv mvwnZ gnvKwe wnme LvZ| (144) gnvKwe KvqKvev`-Gi cKZ bvg KvRg Avj Kvivqkx| (145) weZ wZ, AvRvb KweZv `ywU jLb KvqKvev`| (146) KvqKvev`i c_g KveM wein wejvc 1870 mvj cKvwkZ| (147) 1904 mvj cKvwkZ gnvkkvb gnvKvei Rb KvqKvev` gnvKwei ghv`v jvf Kib| (148) KvqKvev` g~jZt MxwZKwe wQjb| (149) evsjv Avgvi KweZvwU KvqKvev`i Awgqaviv KveMi AMZ| (150) gnvKwe KvqKvev` miKvii WvK wefvM PvKwi KiZb| (151) gymjgvb Kwe`i ga c_g MxwZKve iPbv Kib gvRvj nK| (152) ieZK, cfvm I Kzi bvgK qxgnvKve iPbv Kib Kwe bexbP` mb| (153) wekKwe iex`bv_ VvKzi 1861 mvji 7g (evsjv 1268 mbi 25 ekvL) KwjKvZvi

RvovmuvKvi VvKzi evwoZ RbMnY Kib| (154) iex`bv_i c_g Kve ebdzj, 1876 mvj cKvwkZ| (155) evwivwi covi Rb iex`bv_K 17 eQi eqm wejZ cvVvbv nq Ges `o eQi ci wcZvi Av`k cov Am~Y iL `k wdi Avmb| (156) 1882 mvj iwPZ iex`bv_i GKwU weLvZ KweZv wbSii ^cf hvi ga Zvi mg Kve I mvwnZ PPvi ciYv wbwnZ| (157) 1883 mvj 22 eQi eqm iex`bv_ VvKzi feZvwiYx `ex ev gYvwjbx `exK weevn Kib| (158) iex`bv_i c_g Dcbvm KiYv| GwU fviZxq 1877 mbi c_g msLvq cKvwkZ nq| (159) iex`bv_i HwZnvwmK Dcbvm e VvKzivYxi nvU (1883), I ivRwl (1887)| (160) iex`bv_ Zvi em bvUKwU bRijK DrmM Kib| (161) iex`bv_i wZ weRwoZ evsjv`ki vbwj wkjvB`n, mvnvRv`cyi, KzwVevwo, cwZmi BZvw`| (162) iex`bv_i KqKwU c mvwnZi bvg ivwkqvi wPwV, wQbc, wPwVc cfwZ| (163) evsjv mvwnZ fvby wmsn ejv nq iex`bv_K Ges wZwbB fvbywmsn VvKzii c`vejx wjLQb| (164) evsjv mvwnZi c_g ^v_K QvU MKvi iex`bv_| (165) evsjv mvwnZi c_g ^v_K QvU M iex`bv_ VvKzii `bv cvIbv|

(166) iex`bv_i KqKwU weLvZ QvUMKveywjIqvjv, ngx, gvj`vb, cqjv b^i, xic, cv gvvi, GKivw, wZb mx, AwZw_, Kzqvkv, myfv cfwZ| (167) 1901 mvj iex`bv_ wbRi mw evjcyi ePh AvkgK wekfviZx wekwe`vjq icvi Kib 1919 mvj| (168) evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZ Avgvi mvbvi evsjv evsjv 1312 mb c_g e`kb cwKvq cKvwkZ nq| (169) iex`bv_ VvKzii wcZvi bvg `e`bv_ VvKzi Ges Qji bvg i_x`bv_ VvKzi| (170) iex`bv_i wePviK MwU c_g BsiwRZ Abyw`Z nq| (171) MMb niKivi Mvbi myi AbyKiY iex`bv_ Avgvi mvbvi evsjv iPbv Kib| (172) iex`bv_i KqKwU mvgvwRK Dcbvmi bvg PvLi evwj (1903), bKvWywe (1906) `yB evb (1933) cfwZ| (173) iex`bv_i GKwU ivR bwZK Dcbvmi bvg Mviv hv 1910 mvj cKvwkZ nq| (174) Gwkq`i ga iex`bv_ VvKzi mec_g 1913 mvj MxZvwj Kvei Rb bvej cyivi cvb| (175) MxZvwj Kvei BsiwR Abyev`K iex`bv_ VvKzi Ges W.B. Yeates. (176) 1914 mvj KwjKvZv wekwe`vjq iex`bv_K WiU DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kib| (177) 1915 mvj ZrKvjxb fviZ miKvi iex`bv_ VvKziK mvi Dcvwa c`vb Kib|

(178) iex`bv_i MQ 3 L cKvwkZ Ges GZ 48wU M AvQ| (179) 1919 mvj Rvwjqvb IqvjvevM nZvKvi cwZev` iex`bv_ VvKzi wewUk miKvi c` bvBU Dcvwa eRb Kib| (180) fviZi RvZxq msMxZ iex`bv_ VvKzii RbMYgb AwabvqK| (181) iex`bv_ VvKzii KqKwU bZbvUi bvg PvwjKv, wPv`v, kvgv, wemRb, gvwjbx cfwZ| (182) 1940 mvj AdvW wekwe`vjq kvw wbKZb GKwU wekl mgveZb Abyvbi AvqvRb Ki iex`bv_K WiU wWwM c`vb Kib| (184) 1941 mvj iex`bv_ Zvi wbRi Rbw`b mfZvi msKU cewU cvV Kib| (185) 1941 mvji 7 AvM iex`bv_ cw_ex Qo Pj hvb| (186) gqgbwmsn MxwZKv I c~ee MxwZKvi msMvnK W. `xbk P` mb| (187) evsjv mvwnZ Kvwgbx ivqK `ytLev`x Kwe ejv nq| (188) cg_ Payixi Qbvg exiej| (189) cg_ Payix mvay ixwZZ meyR c cwKv mv`b KiZb| (190) gynv` Gbvgyj nK AvivKvb ivRmfvq evsjv mvwnZ MwU Avyj Kwig mvwnZ wekvi`i m h_fve jLb| (191) 1876 mvji 15 m^i kirP` Pvcvavq Mwj Rjvi `evb`cyi Mvg RbMnY Kib|

(192) kirP`i c_g cKvwkZ iPbv gw`i hv Kzjxb cyivicv M| (193) kirP`i KqKwU Dcbvmi bvg eKzi DBj, c_i `vex, f`v, wb wZ, kl ck, kli cwiPq, Pwinxb, kxKv, `e`vm, cjx mgvR cfwZ| (194) kiPrP`i kxKv AvZPwiZg~jK iPbv hv Pvi ce iwPZ nq| (195) eo w`w`, gR w`w`, we`yi Qj, ivgi mygwZ Gme M wjLQb kirP` Pvcvavq| (196) kirP` PvcvavqK evsjv mvwnZ AcivRq K_vwkx ejv nq| (197) 1914 mvj BmgvBj nvmb wmivRx b weRq gnvKvewU cKvk Kib| (198) evsjv mvwnZ mZ`bv_ `K Q`i hv`yKi ejv nq| (199) 1885 mvji mvji 10 RyjvB W. gynv` knx`yjvn Pwek ciMbv Rjvi ewminvU gnKzgvi cqviv Mvg Rb MnY Kib| (200) 1904 mvj W. gynv` knx`yjvn GUv cvk Kib| (201) 1915 _K 1919 mvj ch W. gynv` knx`yjvn IKvjwZ Kib| (202) 1921 mvji Ryb gvm XvKv wekwe`vjq ms Z I evsjv wefvM, evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi GKgv wkK wnme W. gynv` knx`yjvn hvM `b| (203) 1923 mvj W. gynv` knx`yjvn gvwmK Peace cwKv ei Kib Ges 1937 mvj ch mv`bv Kib| (204) 1931 mvj W. gynv` knx`yjvni c_g ce M fvlv I mvwnZ cKvwkZ nq|

(205) W. gynv` knx`yjvn XvKv wekwe`vjq I ivRkvnx wekwe`vjq Kjv Abyl`i Wxb wQjb| (206) W. gynv` knx`yjvn cvPi AbZg k fvlv wevbx Ges e fvlvwe` cwZ wnme cwiwPZ Ges wZwb AvVviwU fvlv RvbZb| (207) Buddhist Mystic Songs Gi g`bf W. gynv` knx`yjvn weiwPZ ce M| (208) evsjv GKvWwgi nq W. gynv` knx`yjvn Bmjvwg wekKvl mv`b Kib| (209) 1958 mvj W. gynv` knx`yjvn cwmWU cyivi cvb| (210) 1967 mvji 1 Gwcj W. gynv` knx`yjvn XvKv wekwe`vjq mvbm~PK GgwiUvm Aa c` wbhy nb| (211) W. gynv` knx`yjvn AavcK Avyj nvBqi m wgj Traditional Culture in East Pakistan iPbv Kib| (212) W. gynv` knx`yjvni cwiKbvq 1963 mvj cPwjZ evsjv elcw Zwi nq| (213) wZwb 1969 mvj 13 RyjvB XvKv gwWKj KjR nvmcvZvj gZzeiY Kib Ges ZvK XvKv wekwe`vjq KvRb nj GjvKvq mgvwnZ Kiv nq| (214) 1897 mvj Mvjvg gv dv ZrKvjxb hkvi Rjvi kjKzcv _vbvq RbMnY Kib| (215) Bmjvwg HwZn Mvjvg gvdv Kve PPvi g~j AbyciYv| (216) Mvjvg gvdvi Rxeb wewbgq KweZvwU eyjeywjvb Kve Mi AMZ|

(217) eyjeywjvb GKwU Ab~w`Z Kve msKjb (1949 mvj)| (218) Mvjvg gvdv iwPZ `ywU weLvZ Rxebx M wekbex Ges gi`yjvj| (219) 1960 mvj Mvjvg gv dv wmZviv-BBgwZqvR LZve Ges cwmWU c`K jvf Kib| (220) KvRx Bg`v`yj nK 1882 mvj Lyjbv Rjvi M`vBcyi Mvg RbMnY Kib| (221) KvRx Bg`v`yj nKi c_g mvwnZ Kg AuvwLRj| (222) 1921 mvj KvRx Bg`v`yj nK XvKv gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkvevW vwcZ nj mwPe c`i `vwqZ jvf Kib| (223) KvRx Bg`v`yj nKi k mvwnZ Kg mvgvwRK Dcbvm Avyjvn hvZ megvU 41wU cwiQ` AvQ| (224) KvRx Bg`v`yj nKi gZzi ci Zvi ez KvRx Avbvqvij Kvw`i Avyjvn Dcbvmi kl GMviwU cwiQ` wjLb| (225) Avyjvn Dcbvm Kvw`ii mv`bvq gvmjg fviZ cwKvq avivevwnKfve cKvwkZ nq Ges 1933 mvj MvMvi cKvwkZ nq| (226) Dwbk kZKi klfvM Ges wesk kZKi c_g fvMi AbZg gymwjg mvwnwZK kL dRjyj Kwig| (227) 1898 mvj Aveyj gbmyi Avng` gqgbwmsn Rjvi wkvj _vbvq RbMnY Kib| (228) Aveyj gbmyi Avng` gqgbwmsn RRKvU c_g IKvjwZ Kib|

(229) wiwjd IqvK MwU dzW Kbdvi Mi A MZ| (230) Ryi Kejv MwU Aveyj gbmyi Avng`i Avqbv Mi A MZ| (231) Aveyj gbmyi Avng` KwjKvZvi `wbK Bnv` cwKvi mv`K wQjb| (232) Aveyj gbmyi Avng` ivR bwZK Rxeb cwZv cqwQjb KlK cRv Av`vjbi gvag| (233) KvRx bRij Bmjvg 1899 mvji 25g (11 R 1306 ev) cwgei eagvb Rjvi Avmvbmvj gnKzgvi Pziwjqv Mvg RbMnY Kib| (234) QvU ejvq KvRx bRij Bmjvg `yLy wgqv bvg cwiwPZ wQjb| (235) KvRx bRij Bmjvg gqgbwmsn Rjvi `wiivgcyi nvBzj covbv Kib| (236) 1917 mvj c_g wekhy 49 b^i evOvwj cb hvM w`q KivwP hvb| (237) KvRx bRiji c_g cKvwkZ jLv evDyji AvZKvwnbx| (238) 1921 mvj KvRx bRiji we`vnx KweZvwU gvmjg fviZ cwKvq c_g cKvwkZ nq| (239) 1922 mvj KvRx bRij Bmjvgi c_g Kve M AwMexYv cKvwkZ nq| (240) KvRx bRiji c_g cKvwkZ KweZv gyw| (241) 1922 mvj KvRx bRijK Avb`gqxi AvMgb Ges we`vnxi KwdqZ aygKZzi kvi`xq msLvq cKvwkZ nIqvi Rb h_vg GK eQi I Qq gvm Kviv fvM KiZ nq|

(242) 1924 mvj KvRx bRij Bmjvg kx AvkvjZv mbvi m weevn eb Ave nb| (243) Avbvqvi cvkv I Kvgvj cvkv KweZv `ywU KvRx bRiji AwMexYv Kve Mi AMZ| (244) KvRx bRiji GKwU cgg~jK iPbv wkDwjgvjv| (245) 1930 mvj cjqwkLv KveM cKvwkZ nj bRijK Qqgvm Kviv fvM KiZ nq| (246) Av`vjZ KvRx bRij Bmjvgi iPbvi bvg ivRe`xi Revbe`x| (247) enig Rj em bRij Bmjvg B`y cqvY KweZv jLb| (248) KvRx bRij Bmjvg Aveyj gbmyi Avng`i Avqbv Mi f~wgKv jLb| (249) KvRx bRij Bmjvgi KqKwU Dcbvmi bvg euvabnviv (1927), e_vi `vb (1927), gZzzav (1930)| (250) KvRx bRij BmjvgK wekKwe iex`bv_ em bvUKwU DrmM Kib| (251) 1933 mvj cKvwkZ weli euvkx KveMwU KvRx bRij wgmm Gg. ingvbK DrmM Kib| (252) evsjv fvlvq KvRx bRij Bmjvg mec_g Bmjvwg Mvb I MRj iPbv Kib| (253) 1942 mvji AvM gvm KvRx bRij Bmjvg `yivivM evwaZ Avv nb| (254) evsjv`ki RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRij Bmjvg Ges wZwb evsjv mvwnZ we`vnx Kwe bvg cwiwPZ wZwb fviZ miKvi KZK 1960 mvj

cf~lY Ges iex` fviZx wekwe`vjq KZK 1969 mvj wW-wjU Dcvwa jvf Kib| (255) 1972 mvj 24g KvRx bRij vqxfve XvKvq Avbv nq KjKvZv _K Ges mw`bB KvRx bRijK RvZxq Kwe wnme AwfwnZ Kiv nq| (256) 1974 mvj XvKv wekwe`vjq KvRx bRij Bmjvgmn Wi gynv` knx`yjvn I Iv` Avjx AvKei LvbK Wi Ae wjUviPvi DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kib| (257) 1976 mvj KvRx bRij BmjvgK evsjv`ki bvMwiKZ c`vb Kiv nq Ges wZwb GKzk c`K f~wlZ nb| (258) KvRx bRij Bmjvgi cKvwkZ Mi msLv 51wU| (259) 1976 mvji 29k AvM (1383 evi 12 fv`) we`vnx Kwe KvRx bRij Bmjvg gZzeiY Kib Ges DbvK XvKv wekwe`vjq RvZxq gmwR`i cvk mgvwnZ Kiv nq| (260) 1899 mvj Rxebvb` `vm ewikvj kni RbMnY Kib| (261) Rxebvb` `vm AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZi Kjvj hyMi Kwe Ges icmx evsjvi Kwe bvg cwiwPZ| (262) Rxebvb` `vm BsiwR mvwnZ Gg.G cvk Kib| (263) Rxebvb` `vm wbmM I wbRbZvi Kwe wnmeI cwiwPwZ| (264) ebjZv mb KveMwU 1942 mvj cKvwkZ nq| (265) Rxebvb` `vm ebjZv mb Gi welqe GMvi Gjvb cv Gi Uz njb KweZv _K MnY Kib| (266) Rxebvb` `vmi weLvZ KveMjv SivcvjK

(c_g) ejv-Aejv-Kvjejv, gnvcw_ex, mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi, a~mi cvywjwc cfwZ| (267) 1954 mvji 14 Avei Rxebvb` `vm KjKvZvq GK Uvg `yNUbvq AvnZ nb Ges 22 Avei gZzeiY Kib| (268) 1903 mvj RmxgDxb dwi`cyi Rjvi Zv^yjLvbv Mvg RbMnY Kib| (269) evsjv mvwnZ Rmxg DxbK cjx Kwe ejv nq| (270) Kei KweZvwU Rmxg Dxbi ivLvjx KveMi| (271) wekwe`vjq AaqbKvjB RmxgDxbi Kei KweZvwU cewkKv evsjv msKjbi Afy nq| (272) Rmxg Dxbi bKkx Kuv_vi gvV KveMwU wewfb we`kx fvlvq Abyw`Z nqQ| (273) Rmxg Dxbi bKkx Kuv_vi gvV Gi BsiwR Abyev`Ki wkivbvg 'The (274) Avmgvbx KweZvwU Rmxg Dxbi jLv| (275) Rmxg Dxbi GKgv Dcbvm evev Kvwnbx| (276) RmxgDxbi KqKwU bvUKi bvg e`i gq, gaygvjv, cjxeay, Mvgi gq, IMv cyaby cfwZ| (277) 1976 mvj 14 gvP Rmxg Dxb XvKvq B Kvj Kib| (278) Aveyj dRji KgRxebi i zj wkKZvi ga w`q| (279) Aveyj dRj PMvg wekwe`vjqi DcvPvh wQjb| (280) evsjv mvwnZ wekl Ae`vbi Rb Aveyj dRj Av`gRx cyivi (1967), evsjv GKvWwg cyivi
Field of the Embroidered Quilt' (Abyev`K E.M. Milford)|

(1968), cwmWU cyivi (1968) Ges mgKvj cyivi (1978) cvb| (281) Aveyj dRj iwPZ GKwU Rxebx M mvsevw`K gywReyi ingvb hv 1970 mvj cKvwkZ nq| (282) wewk mvwnwZK I wkvwe` Aveyj dRj Aa wgbvZ Avjxi Avwg `vjvj ejwQ eBwU mK ejb GwU GKwU HwZnvwmK `wjj nq _vKj| (283) Aa wgbvZ Avjx XvKv wekwe`vjq nZ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ Gg.G mY Kib| (284) Avyj Kvw`ii Kve M w`jiev, Di em| (285) Avyj Kvw`i gvn bI cwKvi mv`K wQjb| (286) evsjv mvwnZ Qv`wmK Kwe wnme LvwZ iqQ Avyj Kvw`ii| (287) KiwUqv mv`Z KjRi cwZvZv Bevnxg Luv Ges wZwb cwZvZv Aa (1926-1947) ch | (288) gynvt gbmyi Dxb nvivgwb msKjb Kib| (289) 1918 mvji 10 Ryb diiL Avng` gviv Rjvi gvSAvBj Mvg RbMnY Kib| (290) 1942 mvj diiL Avng` Zvi Avcb LvjvZv evb mq`v Zqev LvZzbK weevn Kib| (291) 1944 mvj cKvwkZ mvZ mvMii gvwS diiL Avng`i weLvZ Kve M| (292) 1954 mvj diiL Avng` gvwmK gvnv`xi fvicv mv`K wQjb| (293) 1966 mvj nvZgZvqx Mi Rb Av`gRx cyivi Ges cvLxi

evmv Mi Rb BDbv cyivi jvf Kib| (294) 1966 mvj diiL Avng` cvwKvb miKvi KZK c` wmZviv-BBgwZqvR LZve cZvLvb Kib| (295) diiL Avng` 1977 mvj GKzk c`K 1980 mvj ^vaxbZv w`em cyivi I 1984 mvj 1400 wnRixi Rb BmjvwgK dvDkb cyivi cvb| (296) evsjv mvwnZ Bmjvwg iubmvi Kwe ejv nq diiL Avng` K| (297) gZzi c~e ch wZwb evsjv`k eZvii wbR^ wkxZ envj wQjb| (298) 1922 mvj mq` Avjx Avnmvb hkvi Rjvi AvjvKw`qv Mvg Rb MnY Kib| (299) 1956 mvj cKvwkZ evsjv mvwnZi BwZe (AvaywbK hyM) mq` Avjx Avnmvb, gynv` Avyj nvB mnhvM iPbv Kib| (300) 1971 mvj mq` Avjx Avnmvb PbvK Qbvg cwiwPZ wQjb| (301) 1971 mvj `ki gywhy mq` Avjx Avnmvb AskMnY Kib Ges ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K`i k mwbK wnme mwq f~wgKv cvjb Kib| (302) 1975-1977 ch mq` Avjx Avnmvb ivRkvnx wekwe`vjqi DcvPvh wQjb| (303) jvjmvjy DcbvmwU BsiwR I divmx fvlvq Abyw`Z nq (mq` Iqvjx Djvni) (304) mq` Iqvjx Djvni `yB Zxi MwU Av`gRx cyivicv| (305) iex`bv_ VvKzii wbKU _K mq` gyRZev Avjx

c_g mvwnZ mwi AbyciYv jvf Kib| (306) 1948 mvj cKvwkZ mq` gyRZev Avjxi c_g M `k-we`kZ Kveyj wekwe`v: Aavcbv PjvKvjxb wewfb AwfZvi K_v eYbv Kiv| (307) 1962 mvj cKvwkZ iv cvi bvUKwU gybxi Payixi| (308) iv cvi bvUKi cUf~wg cvwbc_i 3q hy| (309) 1966 mvj cKvwkZ evqvbi fvlv Av`vjbi Dci wfw Ki iwPZ Kei bvUKwU gybxi Payix KvivMvii Afi em iPbv Kib| (310) 1971 mvji 14 wWm^i wZwb Avj e`i evwnbx KZK AcniY nb Ges wbLuvR nb| (311) gybxi Payix, Rwni ivqnvb I knx`yjvn Kvqmvi cZKB knx` eywRxex wQjb| (312) gvZvni nvmb Payix gymwjg mvwnZ mgvR (1926) I wkLv (1972) msMVbi m cZfve mswk wQjb Ges Rxeb `kb wZwb evUv ivmj I KvBf ej Gi Abymvix| (313) gvwbK e`vcvaq gvKmev`x avivi jLK wQjb| bgwmm wnswUs QU, AvBbi Aivj bvUKjvi iPwqZv b~ij gvgb| (314) Avey BmnvKi c_g M Awfkvc KvRx bRij Bmjvgi behyM cwKvq cKvwkZ nq| (315) Avey BmnvKi m~h `xNj evwo Mvg evsjvi cUf~wgZ iwPZ GKwU weLvZ PjwPvqb Dcbvm|

(316) Kwe Avj gvngy`i cK Z bvg gxj Avym Kzi Avj gvngy`| (317) Dcgnv`k I c Avj gvngy`i `yBwU weLvZ Dcbvm| (318) wZZvm I bvjK KweZv `ywU wjLQb Avj gvngy`| (319) bvjK KweZvwU Avj gvngy`i jvK jvKvi Kvei| (320) ^vaxbZvi ci Avi gvngy` `wbK MYK cwKvi mv`K wbhy nb| (321) 1950 mvj AvjvDxb Avj AvRv`i c_g MM RM AvwQ XvKv KjRi 2q eli Qv _vKvKvjxb Aevq cKvwkZ nq| (322) KYdzjx Dcbvmi g~j DcRxe DcRvZxq`i Rxeb cYvjx| (323) AvjvDwb Avj AvRv`i weLvZ Dcbvm ZBk b^i ZjwPK wbq emyiv PjwP wbwgZ nq| (324) AvjvDwb Avj AvRv`i weLvZ QvUM QvZv| (325) knx`yjvn Kvqmvii `ywU weLvZ Dcbvmi bvg mvis e Ges mskK| (326) kvgmywb Aveyj Kvjvg BZvwji bvMwiKZ MnY Kib Ges gZzi c~e ch 20 eQi hver BZvwjZ wQjb| (327) 1933 mvj Rwni ivqnvb dbx Rjvi gRycyi Rb MnY Kib| (328) Rwni ivqnvbi Avmj bvg gvnv` Rwnijvn| (329) Rwni ivqnvbi fvlv Av`vjbi Dci wfw Ki c_g Dcbvm AviK dvyb| (330) ckvMZfve kvgmyi ingvb mvsevw`K wQjb

Ges wZwb bvMwiK Kwe wnmve LvZ| (331) ^vaxbZv Zzwg kvgmyi ingvb e`x wkwei _K KveMi AMZ|

evsjv mvwnZ c_g

(1) evsjv mvwnZi Avw` wb`kb : Phvc` iPwqZv : jyBcv, Kvcv, mincv`mn Aviv AbK iPbvKvj : 650-1200 wL: ga| (2) gahyMi c_g wb`kK : kxK KxZb Kve iPwqZv : eo Px`vm iPbvKvj : 14k kZK| (3) evsjv mvwnZ gahyMi c_g Abyev` M/evsjvq iwPZ 1g cYvqcLvb : BDmyd RvjLv| iPwqZv : kvn gynv` mMxi iPbvKvj : 14k15k kZK| (4) evsjv mvwnZi c_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe : kvn gynv` mMxi| (5) evsjv mvwnZi c_g gymjgvb gnvKwe : AvjvIj (1607-1680)| (6) evsjv fvlvi c_g evKiY : cZyMxR evsjv evKiY iPwqZv : gvbyqj `v Avmymvg iPbvKvj : 1734 (7) Qvcvi Ai c_g evsjv eB : Kcvi kvi A_f` iPwqZv : gvbyqj `v Avmymvg| iPbvKvj : 1738 (8) evsjv mvwnZ BsiwRZ c_g evsjv evKiY : A
Grammar of the Bengali Language

iPwqZv : bv_vwbqj evwm nvjnW

iPbvKvj : 1778 (9) c_g evsjv bvUKi Awfbq nq : ej w_qUvi AwfbqKvj : 1795 (10) evsjv mvwnZi c_g gyw`Z M : K_vcK_b iPwqZv : DBwjqvg Kix iPbvKvj : 1801 (11) evsjv fvlvq iwPZ c_g ce M : e`v iPwqZv : ivRv ivggvnb ivq iPbvKvj : 1815 c_g evsjv Ai Lv`vBKvix : cvbb KgKvi| m~Y evsjv Aii c_g bKkvKvix : Pvjm DBjwKbm (12) evsjv fvlvq cKvwkZ c_g mvgwqKx : w`K`kb cKvkK : kxivgcyi wgkbvixMY Rb KvK gvkgvb Gi bZ Z cKvk Kib| cKvkKvj : 1818 (13) evsjv mvwnZ evOvwj KZK c_g evsjv evKiYi bvg : Mwoq fvlvi evKiY iPwqZv : ivRv ivggvnb ivq iPbvKvj : 1826 (14) gymjgvb mvw`Z c_g cwKv : mgvPvi mfvivR` mv`K : kL Avjxgyjvn cKvkKvj : 1831 (15) evsjv fvlvi c_g gwjK UvRWx : KxwZwejvm iPwqZv : hvM`bv_ iPbvKvj : 1852 (16) evsjv fvlvq iwPZ c_g bvUK : f`vRyb bvUKvi : Zvivc` wkK`vi iPbvKvj : 1852 (17) evsjvq iwPZ c_g mvgvwRK bvUK : KzjxbKzj me^ bvUKvi : ivg bvivqb ZKiZ| iPbvKvj : 1854

(18) evsjv fvlvq iwPZ wk`i c_g eYgvjv : eY cwiPq (1g I 2q fvM) iPwqZv : CkiP` we`vmvMi iPbvKvj : 1855 (19) evsjv mvwnZ c_g hwZ wPi eenviKvix/AbwZj Q` mshvRbKvix : Cki P` we`vmvMi (20) evsjv mvwnZi c_g Dcbvm : Avjvji Nii `yjvj iPwqZv : cvwiPuv` wg iPbvKvj : 1858 (21) evsjv fvlvq c_g cnmb bvUK : GKB wK ej mfZv I eyov kvwjKi Nvo iuv| iPwqZv : gvBKj gaym~`b ` iPbvKvj : h_vg 1858 I 1859 mvj| (22) AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZi c_g Kve : cwbx DcvLvb iPwqZv : ejvj e`vcvavq iPbvKvj : 1858 mvj| (23) evsjv mvwnZi c_g BwZnvm M : efvlv I mvwnZ| (24) XvKvi c_g evsjv QvcvLvbv : evsjv cm (AvwRgcyi) cwZvZv : my`i wg cwZvZvKvj : 1860 mvj| (25) XvKv _K cKvwkZ c_g M : bxj`cb iPwqZv : `xbez wg iPbvKvj : 1860 mvj| (26) evsjv mvwnZi c_g UvRWx bvUK : K Kzgvix bvUKvi ; gvBKj gaym~`b ` iPbvKvj : 1861

(27)

evsjv mvwnZi c_g Ges mek gnvKve : gNbv`ea iPwqZv : gvBKj gaym~`b ` iPbvKvj : 1861 (28) evsjv mvwnZi c_g ivgvwUK Dcbvm : KcvjKzjv iPwqZv : ewg P` Pvcvaq iPbvKvj : 1866 (29) evsjv mvwnZi c_g ^v_K bvUKvi : gvBKj gaym~`b ` (30) evsjv mvwnZi c_g mbU iPwqZv : gvBKj gaym~`b ` (31) evsjv mvwnZ c_g AvaywbKZvi RbK : gvBKj gaym~`b ` (32) evsjv mvwnZi c_g MxZ Kwe : wenvixjvj PeZx (1835-1894) (33) evsjv mvwnZ c_g PwjZ ixwZ cqvMKvix : cg_ Payix (1868-1946) (34) evsjv mvwnZi c_g gymjgvb DcbvwmK : gxi gvkviid nvmb Dcbvm : iZveZx iPbvKvj : 1969 mvj| (35) evsjv mvwnZi c_g gymjgvb bvUKvi : gxi gvkviid nvmb Dcbvm : Rwg`vi `cY iPbvKvj : 1873 mvj| (36) evsjv mvwnZi c_g gwnjv DcbvwmK : ^YKzgvix `ex Dcbvm : gevi ivR iPbvKvj : 1877 mvj| (37) evsjvq KziAvb kixdi c_g Abyev`K : fvB wMwiP` mb Abyev`Kvj : 1881-1886 mvj|

(38)

evsjv mvwnZi c_g mPZb QvU MKvi : ^YKzgvix `ex (39) evjv mvwnZ c_g ^v_K QvUM : `bv cvIbv iPwqZv : iex`bv_ VvKzi (40) evsjv mvwnZ gymjgvb KZK c_g gnvKve : gnvkkvb iPwqZv : gnvKwe KvqKvev` iPbvKvj : 1904 (41) c_g exq mvwnZ mjb nq : KvwkgevRvi mjbKvj : 1906 mvj| (42) evsjv mvwnZ c_g bvej weRqx M : MxZvwj iPwqZv : iex`bv_ VvKzi iPbvKvj : 1913 mvj| (43) c_g bvBU Dcvwa cZvLvbKvix : iex`bv_ VvKzi cZvLvbi eQi : 1919 KviY : RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZvKvi cwZev` (44) evsjv fvlvq c_g Bmjvwg Mvb I MRj iPbv Kib : KvRx bRij Bmjvg| (45) c_g gymwjg evsjv M` jLK : kvgmyxb gyn` wmwKx| (46) c_g gymwjg gwnjv Kwe : gvngy`v LvZzb wmwKx| (47) evsjv `wbKi c_g gwnjv mvsevw`K : jvqjv mvgv`

iPwqZv cKvkKvj gvBKj gaym~`b ` 1861 ngP` e`vcvavq 1875 ngP` e`vcvavq 1877 bexb P` mb 1883 bexb P` mb 1893 bexb P` mb 1896 KvqKvev` 1904 gynv` nvwg` Avjx 1904 BmgvBj nvmb 1914 wmivRx c_xivR hvMx`bv_ emy 1915 [GQvov msZ Kwe evjxwKi ivgvqY Ges e`evmi gnvfviZ c_g evsjvq Abyev` Kib h_vg KwZevm I Kex` cigki] bvUKi bvg 1. KKzgvix 2. cvqw 3. wmivRDjv 4. kvnvRvb 5. Kvgvj cvkv 6. b weRqx gymv 7. midivR Luv 8. iv cvi

gnvKvei bvg gNbv`ea e msnvi (1g) e msnvi (2q) ieZK Kzi cfvm gnvkkvb Kvkg ea b weRq

evsjv mvwnZi gnvKve

evsjvi weLvZ HwZnvwmK bvUK

bvUKvi gvBKj gaym~`b ` iex`bv_ VvKzi wMixk P` Nvl wR`jvj ivq Bevwng Luv Bevwng Lwjj kvnv`vr nvmb gybxi Payix

bvUKi bvg 1. KzjxbKzj me^ 2. eyov kvwjKi Nvo iuv 3. maevi GKv`kx 4. Rwg`vi `cY 5. wPiKzgvi mfv 6. ewcxi 7. gvbwP 8. evwcKv we`vq 9. bqv Lv`vb 10. wPwV 11. cQ` cU : 1 2 3 mvwnwZKi bvg Cki P` ivRv ivg gvnb ivq Cki P`

evsjv fvlvq iwPZ weLvZ mvgvwRK bvUK

bvUKvi ivg bvivqY ZKiZ gvBKj gaym~`b ` `xbez wg gxi gvkvid nvmb iex`bv_ VvKzi mq` IqvjxDjvn Avwbm Payix AgZjvj emy byij gvgj gybxi Payix AvmKvi Beb kvBL

wewk mvwnwZK`i c_g M

Mi ail KveM ce Abyev` M Mi bvg ceva cfvKi e`v M eZvj iPbvK vj 1858 1815 1847

4 5 6

we`vmvMi cvwiPv` wg ivg bvivqY ZKiZ gvBKj gaym~`b `

Dcbvm bvUK BsiwR iPbv bvUK Kve gnvKve Kve Dcbvm (BsiwR) Dcbvm bvUK KveM KveM ce Dcbvm bvUK KveM KweZv Kve QvU M Dcbvm

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

ijvj e`vcvaq ewg P` Pvcvaq `xbez wg bexb P` mb Mvwe` P` `vm gvZvni nvmb Payix gxi gvkvid nvmb KvqKvev` iex`bv_ VvKzi

cweskwZ Avjvji Ni `yjvj KzjxbKzj me^ Captive lady kwgv wZjvgv m e gNbv`ea cwbx DcvLvb Rajmohon's Wife `yMkbw`bx bxj`cY AvKvk iwbx cm~b mswZi K_v iZveZx em Kzgvix wein wejvm wn`y gjvi Dcnvi ebdzj wfLvwibx eD VvKzivYxi nvU evjxK cwZfv ZvivevC Abj cevn gw`i gwZPzi fvlv I mvwnZ gnr Rxeb mweZv Kvgvj cvkv gnvgvbyl

1858 1854 1849 1859 1860 1861 1858 1862 1865 1860 1871 1859 1869 1873 1870 1874 1875 1877 1877 1881 1873 1900 1905 1904 1931 1926 1927 1940

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24

wR`jvj ivq BmgvBj nvmb wmivRx kirP` Pvcvaq eMg ivKqv Wi gynv` knx`yjvn gvt jyrdi ingvb mZ`bv_ ` Bevwng Luv gynv` IqvR`

bvUK bvUK Kve M M fvlvKve ce KveM bvUK RxebxM

25 26 27 28

Avjx wef~wZ f~lY e`vcvaq Mvjvg gv dv Aveyj gbmyi Avng` KvRx bRij Bmjvg

Dcbvm Dcbvm QvU M KweZv M KveM Dcbvm bvUK KveM KveM Dcbvm M KveM KveM Dcbvm KveM M Dcbvm KveM KveM Dcbvm Dcbvm M Dcbvm ce bvUK MM KweZv

gvnwmb c_i cuvPvjx ici bkv Avqbv gyw nbv AwMexYv euvabnviv wSwjwgwj SivcvjK ivLvjx PwPi gvwUi cw_ex `k we`k w`jiev gqbvgwZi Pi cvb`xi gvwS e`xi ebv gwZPzi (1g L) Kwo wKbjvg ivw kl c~iex w`q

1929 1920 1935 1919 1919 1922 1927 1930 1928 1927 1934 1934 1948 1933 1930 1936 1930 1904

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Rxebvb` `vk Rmxg Dxb Aveyj dRj mq` gyRZev Avjx Avyj Kvw`i e` Avjx wgqv gvwbK e`vcvaq ey`e emy eMg mywdqv Kvgvj wegj wg Avnmvb nvexe wmKv`vi Avey Rvdi diiL Avng` kIKZ Imgvb W. bxwjgv Bevwng mq` IqvjxDjvn mq` Avjx Avnmvb gynv` Avyj nvB gybxi Payix kvn` Avjx myKv fvPvh

1946 1940 1944 1943 1958 1951 1948 1953 I 1954 1961 1954

mvZ mvMii gvwS ewb Av`g wek kZKi gq bqbPviv jvjmvjy KweZvi K_v mvwnZ mswZ iv cvi GKB mgZj Qvoc

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

Avey BmnvK knx`yjvn Kvqmvi Avbvqvi cvkv kvgmyi ingvb Rvnvbviv Bgvg e`ixb Igi Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjvn& Rwni ivqnvb Avyj Md&dvi Payix AvjvDwb AvRv` Avj

Dcbvm Dcbvm ce KveM MM ce KveM M QvU M Dcbvm

m~h `xNj evwo mvis eD Bmjvgi BwZnvm 1g Mvb 2q gZzi AvM MKQ mswZi msKU mvZ bix nvi m~hMnb K c P`xci DcvLvb gvbwP ZBk b^i ZjwP RM AvwQ givi hv`y Ni GK gwnjvi Qwe wegyL cvi jvKjvKvi vUvKvm welqK RwUjZv wPjKvVvi mcvB myePb wbevmb cgvsi i PvB bw`Z biK Iiv K`g Avjx fvjevmvi M bgwmm Dc`Z DcKj

1955 1962 1955 1959 1969 1955 1955 1959 1960 1961 1960 1950 1958 1959 1963 1968 1973 1987 1974 1970 1972 1978 1977 1948 1979

59

KveM Dcbvm M bvUK Dcbvm KveM KveM bvUK Dcbvm bvUK KveM Dcbvm bvUK Dcbvm bvUK KveM

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

mq` kvgmyj nK nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb Avj gvngy` ggZvR Dwb Avng` AvKZvivgvb Bwjqvm Avyjvn Avj gvmy` wbgj`y b gvqyb Avng` gvgybyi ikx` Bg`v`yj nK wgjb byij gvgb i` gyn` knx`yjvn&

Kwe mvwnwZK`i Dcvwa

bvg (1) we`vcwZ (2) gvjvai emy (3) kxKi b`x (4) gyKz`ivg PeZx (5) AvjvIj (6) evnivg Lvb (7) fviZ P` (8) P`veZx (9) ivggvnb ivq (10) binwi (11) ki PeZx (12) webq K gyLvcvavq (13) myfvl gyLvcvavq (14) Cki P` (15) Cki P` we`vmvMi (16) ivg bvivqY (17) gaym~`b ` (18) wenvix jvj PeZx (19) `xbez wg (20) ewg P` Pvcvaq (21) gxi gkvid nvmb (22) Mvwe` P` `vk (23) wez ` (24) myax`bv_ ` (25) ngP` (26) wMwim P` (27) Avyj Kwig (28) gyKz` ivg `vm (29) iex`bv_ VvKzi (30) kirP` Pvcvavq (31) BmgvBj nvmb wmivRx (32) eMg ivKqv (33) W. gynv` knx`yjvn (34) mZ`bv_ ` (35) hZx`bv_ evMPx (36) byibmv LvZzb (37) gwRei ingvb (39) Mvjvg gvdv (38) gvRvj nK (40) KvRx bRij Bmjvg evqiY (41) Rxebvb` `vm Kwe (42) Rmxg Dxb (43) mq` gyRZev Avjx (44) Avyj Kvw`i

Dcvwa wgw_jvi/c`vejxi Kwe bivR Lvb Kwe` cigki Kwe Kb gnvKwe `jZ DwRi ivq bvKi c_g gwnjv Kwe ivRv PeZx Nbkvg hvhvei c`vwZKi Kwe hyM mwYi Kwe M`K RbK/we`vmvMi ZKiZ gvBKj/AvaywbKZvi RbK fvii cvwL ivq evnv`yi mvwnZ mgvU 1g gymjgvb DcbvwmK ^fve Kwe gvKmev`x Kwe KvwmK Kwe evsjvi wgb fvB mvwnZ wekvi` PviY Kwe wekKwe/bvBU/Kwei AcivRq K_vwkx ^cvZzi Kwe gymwjg bvix/ RvMiYi AM`~Z fvlv wevbx/ e fvlvwe` cwZ Q`i hv`yKi `ytLev`i Kwe mvwnZ mi^Zx/ mvwnZ iZ we`v webv`bx Kve myavKi kvwcyii Kwe we`vnx Kwe/RvZxq Kwe/evsjvi icmx evsjvi Kwe/ wZwgi nbbi cjx Kwe ig jLK Qv`wmK Kwe

(45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50)

mywdqv Kvgvj diiL Avng` myKv fvPvh kvgmyi ingvb Rvnvbviv Bgvg mgi mb

k gwnjv Kwe gymwjg iubmvi Kwe wKkvi Kwe Kwek knx` Rbbx bvMwiK Kwe Qbvg eo Px`vm AvjvIj UKPuv` VvKzi Zvg cuPv Aea~Z Rivm ciivg evb f mZmy`i `vm KvjKU bxnvwiKv `ex MvRx wgqv Nbkvg fvbywmsn ggvwQ ebdzj `wnxb KvqKvev` exiej myb` bxj jvwnZ kIKZ Imgvb Rwni ivqnvb nvqvr gvngy` PbvK/k mwbK

wewk Kwe mvwnwZKi Qbvg

bvg (1) Ab eo (2) mq` AvjvIj (3) cvwiPuv` wg (4) Kvjx cmb wmsn (5) KvjxKvb` (6) PviP` gyLvcvavq (7) ivR kLi emy (8) bxnvi ib (9) gvwnZ jvj gRyg`vi (10) mgik emy (11) AwP Kzgvi mb (12) gxi gvkvid nvmb (13) binwi PeZx (14) iex`bv_ VvKzi (15) wegj Nvl (16) ejvB Puv` gyLvcvavq (17) gaym~`b gRyg`vi (18) KvRg Avj Kvivqmx (19) cg_ Payix (20) bvivqY Mvcvavq (21) mybxj Mvcvavq (22) kL AvwRRyi ingvb (23) gvnv` Rwnijvn (24) W. gwbivgvb (25) mq` Avjx Avnmvb

evsjv mvwnZi weLvZ Kwe I mvwnwZK`i mvwnZKg

mq` AvjvIj nvUnvRvix, PMvg (1607-1680) Avyj nvwKg m`xc, PMvg KveM : ncqKi, wmKv`vibvgv, mqg~j gyjyK ew`Dvgvb, Zvndv| Abyev` Kve : cveZx ev c`ygver Abvb : `jZ KvRxi Amgv Kve mZx gqbv I jviP`vbx mgv Kib| KveM : byibvgv, knibvgv, bmxqr bvgv, Kvievjv, wknve Dwb bvgv, BDmyd RyjLv, Pvwi gvKvg f`, jvjgwZ mqdzjgyjyK|

(1620-1690) fviZ P` ivqYvKi eagvb (17121760) ivRv ivggvnb ivq Mjx, KjKvZv (1772-1833)

KveM : Ab`vgj, mZ cxii cuvPvjx, imgyix, PxbvUK, bvMvK, MvK| M : e`vM (1815) e`vmvi (1815), fvPvhi mwnZ wePvi (1817), Mv-^vgxi mwnZ wePvi (1818), ceZK I wbeZKi m^v` (1818), Mvoxq evKiY (1826)| cwKv : gxivZ Dj AvKevi, m^v` Kgy`x, evY mewa| KveM : BDmyd RyjLv, Avgxi nvgRv, mZcxii cuyw_, mvbvfvb, Rbvgv| Abyev` M : eZvj cweskwZ (1847), kKz jv (1854), mxZvi ebevm (1860), vw wejvm (1869) cvVcyK : eY cwiPq (1855), K_vgvjv gnvKve : gNbv`ea (1861)

kvn gynv` Mixeyjvn Mjx, KjKvZv 17k kZK Cki P` we`vmvMi g`bxcyi, cwge Rb 26 m: 1820 gyZz 29 RyjvB 1891 gvBKj gaym~`b ` mvMi`uvwo, hkvi Rb : 25 Rvby: 1824 gZz : 29 Ryb 1873 ijvj e`vcvavq eagvb (18271887 `xbez wg wenvixjvj PeZx KjKvZv (1835-1894) bexb P` mb

KveM : wZjvgv me (1860), eRvbv (1861), exivbv (1862), PZz`kc`x KweZvejx (1866), (Awgvi Q` iwPZ c_g Kve)| bvUK : kwgv (1858), cveZx (1860) K Kzgvix (1861), gvqvKvbb| cnmb : GKB wK ej mfZv (1858), eyov kvwjKi Nvo iuv (1859)| Am~Y M`M : ni ea| Kvnbx Kve : cwbx DcvLvb (1858) Kg`ex (1862), k~i my`ix (1868), KvxKveix (1879), Kzgvi me, FZz msnvi| cwKv : msev` im mvMi, GWyKkb MRU, mvvwnK evZven| bvUK : bxj `cY (1860)| cnmb : maevi GKv`kx (1866) weq cvMjv eyov (1866)| MxwZKve : mvi`v gj, emy`ix, ez weqvM, mxZ kZK, cg cevwnbx| icK Kve : ^c `kb cwKv : c~wYgv, Aeva ez, mvwnZ msvw| KveM : AeKvk iwbx (1871), cjvkxi hy

PMvg (1847-1909) gxi gvkvid nvmb Kzwqv (1847-1911

Mvwe` P` `vm Rq`ecyi, MvRxcyi (1855-1918) ewg P` Pvcvaq Pwek ciMbv (1838-1894)

(1875), fviZ DQvm, qxgnvKve : ieZK (1887),Kzi (1893), cfvm (1896)| bvUK : em Kzgvix (1873), Rwg`vi `cY (1873) ejv MxZvwfbq (1889), Dcbvm : iZveZx (1869), D`vmxb cw_Ki gbi K_v (1890), welv` wmz (1891), MvRx wgqvi evbx (1899), ivwRqv LvZzb, euvav LvZv, wbqwZ Kx AebwZ| cnmb : Gi Dcvq Kx (1875), fvB fvB GBZv PvB| ce : MvRxeb (1889), wewe Kzjmyg (1890), Avgvi Rxebx, gymjgvb`i evsjv wkv, wewe Lv`Rvi weevn, nRiZ Igii agRxeb jvf| KveM : MvivB exR (1873), mxZ jnix (1887), cbvix (1907), gvmjg exiZ (1907) cwKv : AvwRRybvnvi| KveM : cg I dzj (1294), Kzzg (1298), Kix (1302), dzjiYy (1303), eRqx (1312), kvK I mvbv (1316) kvKvQvm| Dcbvm : Rajmahan's Wife (1862), `~Mkbw`bx (1865), Kcvj Kzjv (186), gYvwjbx (1869) wele (1873), P`kLi, ivRwmsn, `ex PayivYx (1874), iRbx (1877), Bw`iv, ivavivYx, hyMjvyixq, K Kvi DBj (1878), Avb` gV (1882), mxZvivg (1888)| KveM : jwjZv (1856), gvmb (1856), ce M : jvK inm (1874), mvg, KgjvKvi `i (1875), wevb inm (1875), K PwiZ (1876), wewea ce (1887), e`ki KlK| gnvKve : gnvkkvb (1904) KveM : wein wejvm (1870), Kzmyg Kvbb (1873), wkegw`i (1921), Awgqaviv (1923), gnig kixd (1932), cgi dzj, cg cwiRvZ, cgi ivYx, kkvb f, g`vwKbx aviv, evsjv Avgvi| MxwZKve : Akgvjv (1895)| KveM : ebdzj (1876), mv msMxZ, (1882), cfvZ mxZ (1883), gvbmx, mvbvi Zix (1894), wPv (1896), Pvjx, wYKv (1900), Lqv, MxZvwj (1910), ejvKv (1915), c~iex (1925), fvby wmsn VvKzii

KvqKvev` (KvRg Avj Kzivqkx) XvKv, (18571951) iex`bv_ VvKzi Rb : 1861 mvj 7g (25 ekvL 1268 ev) KjKvZvi

RvovmuvKvi VvKzi evoxZ| gZz : 1941 mvji 7 AvM, 22 kveY 1348 ev

Aq Kzgvi gq Kzwqv (18611930) wR`jvj ivq (1863-1913) b`xqv gvnv` AvKivg Luv (1868-1968)

c`vejx, DrmM, msMxZ, kvgjx, cfve, gqv, cyb, jLb, wewPZv, Qovi Qwe, beRvZK, Rbw`b, mvbvB, Mm, kl jLv (gZzi ci cKvwkZ) bvUK : i`P (1881), APjvqZb (1911), wPiKzgvi mfv, AiciZb, Zvcmx, WvKNi, i Kiex (1924), gyaviv, gyKzU, Kvji hvv, ivRv I ivYx, Zvmi `k (1933), em| bUxi c~Rv, cwivY, wemRb| Mvbi msKjb : MxZweZvb Dcbvm : e VvKziivYxi nvU (1877), ivRwl, PvLi evwj, bKvWywe, Mviv (1910), PZzi (1916), Ni evBi (1916), kli KweZv (1929), hvMvhvM, `yBevb, Kibv, gvj, Pvi Aavq wPbvU : wPv`v (1892), PvwjKv (1999), kvgv, wemRb, gvwjbx QvUM : MQ, Mm, wZbmx, wfLvwibx| ce : Kvjvi (1939), mfZvi msKU (1941), ^`k, wek cwiPq, mgvR, wkv, ag msKjb, mvwnZ, mvwnZi c_, wewP ce| gY Kvwnbx : ivwkqvi wPwV (1919), Rvcvb hvx (1931), wPwVc| Rxeb K_v : Avgvi Qj ejv, Rxeb wZ, we`vmvMi PwiZ, ey`e HwZnvwmK M : wmivRDjv (1898), mxZvivg ivq (1898), gxi Kvwmg (1906), wdwix ewYK (1922)| bvUK : ivbv cZvc wmsn (1905), byiRvnvb (1908), gevicZb (1909) ZvivevC| ce M : gvdv PwiZ (1923), mgvR I mgvavb, gvmjg evsjvi mvgvwRK BwZnvm (1965)| Abyev` : KviAvb kixdi c_g I wZxq L (1931), Avg cvivi evsjv Abyev`| cwKv : `wbK AvRv`, `wbK Lv`g, mvvwnK gvnv`x| MM : Pvi Bqvix K_v (1916), AvZx (1919) bxjjvwnZ (1941) c`PviY (1919), M msMn (1941)| ce M : nvjLvZv (1877), exieji nvjLvZv (1916), ivqZi K_v (1926)| KveM : mbU cvkr (1913) cwKv : meyR c (1914)| MM : beK_v, lvokx, Mvwj, (1913),

cg_ Payix hkvi (1868-1946

cfvZKzgvi

gyLvcvavq Mjx (1873-1962)

kirP` Pvcvavq Mjx Rb : 15 m: 1876 gZz : 16 Rvby: 1938

BmgvBj nvmb wmivRx wmivRM (1880-1931)

eMg ivKqv cvqive`, iscyi (1880-1932) mZ`bv_ ` Pwek ciMbv (1882-1922)

W. gynv` knx`yjvn Pwek ciMbv (1885-1969)

Mwe_x (1916), ccy, Mnbvi ev, nZvk cwgK, wejvwmbx, bZzb e, hyeKi cg, RvgvZv evevRx| Dcbvm : bexb mbvmx, igvmy`ix, iZxc, Rxebi g~j, wmu`yi KUv| cwKv : gvbmx I ggevYx| Dcbvm : cwiYxZv (1914), weivR e (1914), eKi DBj (1916), cjx mgvR (1916), `e`vm (1917), `v (1918), `bv cvIbv (1923), c_i `vex (1926), klck (1931), kli cwiPq, wec`vm (1935), eo w`w`, gR w`w`, P`bv_, kxKv (Pvi L) Pwinxb, f`v, beweavb, wbwZ| MM : eo w`w`, gR w`w` (1915), Qwe (1920), we`yi Qj (1924), ivgi mygwZ, Abyivav, ^vgx, Kvkxbv_| ce : bvixi g~j, mZvkqx, ^`k I mvwnZ| wewUk ivRivl evRqv : c_i `vex (Dcbvm) bvUK : lvokx, igv, weRqv| KveM : Abjcevn (1900), DQvm (1907), Dvab (1907) b weRq (1914), gnvwkv| Dcbvm : ZvivevC (1908) ivqbw`bx (1918), b~ixb (1923), wdivRv eMg (1923), Rvnvbviv| msMxZ M : mxZ mxebx (1916) cgvwj (1916)| Dcbvm : civM (1924), Aeiva evwmbx (1931)| ceM : gwZPzi, wWwjwmqv nZv| BsiwR iPbv : Sultana's Dream. KveM : mweZv (1900), mwY (1905), eby I exYv (1906), dzji dmj (1911), Kz I KKv (1912), Zzwji wjLb (1914), gwYgylv (1915), A Avexi (1916), we`vq AviwZ (1924) Kve mqb (1930) Dcbvm : Rb `ytLx (1912) fvlvM : fvlv I mvwnZ (1931), evsjv fvlvi BwZe (1965), evsjv mvwnZi K_v (`yB L), evsjv`ki AvwjK fvlvi Awfavb evsjv evKiY mvw`Z M : we`vcwZ kZK, Bmjvwg wekKvl| Abev` M : KviAvb kixd, w`Iqvb-B-nvwdR, ievBqvr-B-Igi Lqvg, wkKIqvn I RIqve-B-

GqvKze Avjx Payix dwi`cyi (18881940) W. gvt jyrdi ingb hkvi (1889-1936) Gm. IqvR` Avjx Mjx (18901951) Bevwng Luv UvvBj (18941978)

wkKIqvn| cwKv : gvwmK Peace ZKexi I Avyi| ce M : agi Kvwnbx (1914) kvw aviv (1919), gvbe gyKzU (1922)| ce M : gnr Rxeb (1926), DbZ Rxeb (1927), gvbe Rxeb (1927) cxwZi Dcnvi| Dcbvm : ivqnvb| mvwnZ Kg : gymwjg mswZi Av`k (1927), gvmyKi `ievi (1930), `ieki `vqv (1931) MvbvWvi kl exi (1940) Bivb Zzivbi M (1941), AvKeii iv mvabv (1949), fwelZi evOvjx, myjZvb mvjvDwb| bvUK : Kvgvj cvkv (1927) Avbvqvi cvkv, Igi dviK, Kvdjv| Dcbvm : e-eMg (1958)| gY Kvwnbx : Bv^yj hvxi c, bqv RMZi c_, bqv Pxb GK Pi| ce : Bmjvgi ggK_v| Dcbvm : c_i cuvPvjx (1929), AciwRZv (1931), `w cxc, AviYK, gNgvjvi `ehvb, wewP RMr, BQvgwZ, hvve`j, AwfhvwK, Akwb msKZ| RxebxM : gnvgvbyl gvnmxb (1940) gifvi (1941), QvU`i nhiZ gyn`, wm`vev` wn`vev`| Abyev` M : ^Yvbw`bx (1948)| KveM : iivM (1924), nvmbvnbv (1938), Kve Kvwnbx, mvnviv, ewY Av`g, eyjeywj vb (1959)| Dcbvm : ici bkv, fvv eyK, GKgb GK cvY| M`M : wekbex, gi`yjvj, Avgvi wP vaviv| Dcbvm : mZ wg_v (1953), Ave nvqvZ, Rxeb zav| ce : cvK evsjvi KvjPvi, Avgvi `Lv ivRbxwZi ck eQi, ki evsjv _K eez| QvUM (ig) : Avqbv (1935), dzW Kbdvi, Avmgvbx c`v, Mvwjfvii mdibvgv| KveM : AwMexYv (1922), `vjbPuvcv (1923), weli euvwk (1924), fvvi Mvb (1924), QvqvbU (1924), c~ei nvIqv (1925), menviv (1926), wSOdzj (1926), wmz wn`vj (1927), wRwi (1928), mqb

wef~wZf~lY e`vcvavq Pwek ciMbv (1894-1950) gvnv` IqvR` Avjx mvZxiv (1896-1954) Mvjvg gv dv wSbvB`n (1897-1964)

Aveyj gbmyi Avng` gqgbwmsn (1897-1979) KvRx bRij Bmjvg (evsjv`ki RvZxq I we`vnx Kwe)

Rb : 1899 mvji 25 g (11 R 1306 ev) cwgei eagvb Rjvq Pziwjqv Mvg| gZz : 1976 mvji 29 AvM (12 fv` 1383 ev) XvKvq|

Rxebvb` `vm ewikvj (18991954) Rmxg Dwb dwi`cyi (19031976)

Aveyj dRj PMvg (1903-1983)

mq` gyRZev Avjx

(1928), mv (1929), PeuvK (1929), gifvi (1957), bZzb Puv`, kl mIMvZ, So| Dcbvm : euvab nviv (1927), gZzzav (1930), KznwjKv| bvUK : Avjqv (1931), wSwjwgwj, cyZzji weq| M : e_vi`vb (1922), wii e`b (1931), wkDwjgvjv (1931), cvMvLiv, wRbi ev`kv| ce : `yw`bi hvx (1922), ivRe`xi Revb e`x| (1923), hyMevYx, a~gKZz| Mvb : eyjeywj, Mvbi gvjv, jevwMPv, bRij MxwZKv mxZ M : P`we`y| wewUk KZK evRqv mvwnZKg : AwMexYv, fvvi Mvb, dwYgbmv, weli euvwk, hyMevYx, ivRe`xi Revb e`x, P`we`y| Kvevbyev` : ievBqvZ-B-nvwdR (1930), Kve Avgcviv (1927), ievBqvZ-B-Igi Lqvg (1953) wPKvwnbx : we`vcwZ, mvcyo| KveM : Siv cvjK ( 1928), a~mi cvywjwc (1936), ebjZv mb (1942), gnvcw_ex (1944) mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi (1948), icmx evsjv (1957), ejv Aejv Kvjejv (1961)| M`M : KweZvi K_v (1954)| KveM : ivLvjx (1927), bKkx Kuv_vi gvV (1929), evjyPi (1930), nvmy (1932), mvRb evw`qvi NvU (1934), GK cqmvi euvwk, gvwUi Kvbv, gv h Rbbx Kuv`, njy` eiYx| gY Kvwnbx : Pj gymvwdi (1952), h `k gvbyl eo AvZRxebx : Rxeb K_v, VvKzi evwoi Avwbvq, wZicU| bvUK : e`i gq, gaygvjv, cjxeay, Mvgi gq| bvUK : ^q^iv, AvjvKjZv, GKwU mKvj, Kvq` AvRg, cMwZ| Dcbvm : PwPi (1934), Rxeb c_i hvx, ivOv cfvZ, mvnwmKv, c`xc I cZ| ce : mvwnZ mswZ I Rxeb (1965), mgKvjxb wPv, feyw| AvZRxebxg~jK : iLvwP, jLKi ivRbvgPv, `yw`bi w`bwjwc| MM : gvwUi cw_ex, wZi AvZnZv| MM : cZ (1952), gqyi Kx, PvPv Kvwnbx (1959), Awekvm, kebg, aycQvqv,

Avmvg (19041974) Avyj Kvw`i evYevwoqv (1906-1984) e` Avjx wgqv cvebv (19081979) gvwbK e`vcvavq cvebv (19081995) ey`e emy Kzwgjv (19081974) eMg mywdqv Kvgvj ewikvj (19111999) wegj wg KjKvZv (19121991) Avnmvb nvexe wcivRcyi (1917-1985) wmKv`vi Avey Rvdi Lyjbv (19191975) diiL Avng` gviv (19181974) kZKZ Imvgb Mjx (19191998) mZwRZ ivq KjKvZ (19211992)

Rj Wvvq, PZzi, cik cv_i, e wewP| gY Kvwnbx : `k we`k (1949)| KveM : w`jiev (1933) Di em (1967)| MelYv M : Q` mgxY (1979) cwKv : gvn bI| KveM : gqbvgZxi Pi (1932), AbyivM, A vPj, cvb`xi Pi, Kve wew_Kv, bxo , zwaZ awix, AiY Mvayjx, iceZx ivRKbv KveM : cyZzj bvPi BwZK_v, w`evivwi Kve| Dcbvm : cv b`xi gvwS (1936), Rbbx, BwZ K_vi cii K_v, kniZjx, mvbvi Pq `vgx| KveM : e`xi ebv (1930), KveZx, Zc^x I Zixbx, em RvMZ vi, wbRb ^vi| KveM : muvSi gvqv, gvqv KvRj, D`v cw_ex, AwfhvwK gb I Rxeb| MM : Kqvi KuvUv (1937) Wvqwi : GKvii Wvqwi (1989) Dcbvm : Kwo w`q wKbjvg, x, GKK `kK kZK, mvne wewe Mvjvg, Gi bvg msmvi| KveM : ivwkl (1947), Qvqv nwiY, mviv `ycyi, gN ej P hvev, Avkvi emwZ| Dcbvm : AiY bxwjgv (1962)| KveM : cmb cni (1965), wZwgivw K (1965), eix ewZ| Dcbvm : bZzb mKvj, gvwU Avi Ak| bvUK : kKz DcLvb (1958), wmivRDjv (1965), gnvKwe AvjvIj (1965)| Dcbvm : mvZ mvMii gvwS (1944), wmivRvg gybxiv (1952), bdi I nvZg (1963), gyZi KweZv (1963), AvRv` Kiv cvwKvb, cvwLi evmv, diiL Avng`i k KweZv nvZgZvqx (1966) bvUK : Avgjvi gvgjv, KuvKi gwb| Dcbvm : ewY Av`g (1943), Rbbx, xZ`vmi nvwm, Rvnvbvg nZ we`vq, bKo AiY, Rb hw` Ze e, mveK Kvwnbx, ci djK| KveM : ev`kvnx AvswU, mvbvi Kjv, Kjvm Kjvvix, iqj ej inm, djy`vi Mvq`vwMwi| PjwP : c_i cuvPvjx (1955), AcivwRZ (1956), cik cv_i (1957), RjmvMi (1958), Acyi

W. bxwjgv Bevnx (1921) mq` IqvjxDjvn PMvg (1922-1971) mq` Avjx Avnmvb gviv (1922-

gynv` Avyj nvB gywk`vev` (1919-1969) gybxi Payix (knx` eywRxex) gvwbKM (1925-1971) kvn` Avjx wmjU (1925-) myKv fvPvh KjKvZv (19261947) Avey BmnvK kixqZcyi (19262002)

msmvi (1959), `ex (1960), wZb Kbv (1961), KvbRNv (1962), Awfhvb (1962), gnvbMi (1963), bvqK (1966), cx evBb evNv evBb (1969) AvMK (1991)| AwRZ cyivi : Avi, fviZ iZ| Dcbvm : GK c_ `yB euvK, c_ cv wek kZKi gq, `yq `yq Pvi| bvUK : igbv cvK, kvnx GjvKvi c_ c_| Dcbvm : jvjmvjy (1948) Puv`i Agvemv (1964), Kuv`v b`x Kuv`v (1968)| bvUK : ewcxi (1960), Zi f (1964)| MM : `yBcxi (1965) bqb Pviv (c_g M) (1951)| KveM : AbK AvKvk, GKK mvq em, mnmv mPwKZ, Avgvi cwZw`bi k, Pvnvi `iek, iRbxMv| Abyev` : BUgvbi KweZv, BwWcvm| mgjvPbvg~jK M : Kwe gaym~`b, iex`bv_| mvw`Z M : cveZx (1968), gaygvjZx (1971)| ce M : mvwnZ I mswZ (1954) wejZ mvo mvZk w`b (1958), Zvlvgv` I ivRbxwZi fvlv (1960), fvlv I mvwnZ (1960), awb wevb I evsjv awbZ 1964)| bvUK : iv cvi (1962), Kei (1966), wPwV, `KviY, cjvkx evivK I Abvb (1969)| Abyev` bvUK : KD wKQy ejZ cvi bv, icvi KUv, gyLiv igbx ekxKiY| MM : GKB mgZj, wRevBji Wvbv| KveM : Qvoc (1947), wgVKov, MxwZQ, Nyg bB, c~evfvm| Dcbvm : m~h `xNj evwo (1955), gnvcZ, nvig, Rvj| Dcbvm : msmK, mvis eD (1962)

knx`yjvn Kvqmvi dbx (knx`eywRx ex) (19261971

Avbvqvi cvkv gywk`vev`(1 928-1971)

Dcbvm : bxo mvbx (1968), wblywZ ivZi Muv_v (1968), wbicvq nwiYx (1970), ivBdj ivwU AvIivZ (1973)|

kvgmyi ingvb, XvKv (1929- )

Rvnvbviv Bgvg, (knx` Rbbx) gywk`vev` (1929-1994)

Avyjvn Avj gyZx kivdzxb (1930-1998) e`ixb Igi (1931 ) AvjvDwb Avj AvRv` wKkviM (1932 )

KveM : c_g Mvb wZxq gZzi AvM (1959), i` KivwUZ, wea bxwjgv, wbR evmf~g, e`x wkwei _K, evsjv`k ^c `L, DU DUi wcV PjQ ^`k, kvgmyi ingvbi k KweZv| M` iPbv (AvZRxebx g~jK) : wZi kni wZ K_v : GKvii w`bjv (1986)| MM : MKQ (1969), mvZwU Zvivi wSwjwgwj, wbtm Rxeb, Kvbmvii mvZ emevm, cevmi w`bwj| wevb welqK M : Gmv wevbi ivR (1955), AevK cw_ex, inmi kl bB, Rvbv ARvbvi `k, Avwevii bkvq, mvMii inmcyix, G hyMi wevb| ce M : mswZi msKU, c~e evsjvi fvlv Av`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZ, hyvc~e evsjv`k, hyvi evsjv`k| QvUM : RM AvwQ (1950), gMbvwf, avb Kbv, DRvb Zi, hLb mKZ, QvZv| bvUK : givi hv`yKi (1958), gvqvex cni, B`xi gq, abev`, msev` klvsk| ce : wkxi mvabv (1958) KveM : gvbwP (1961), fvii b`xi gvnbvq, m~h Rvjvi mvcvb| KveM : mvZ bix nvi (1955), KLbv is KLbv myi, Avwg wKse`xi K_v ejwQ, Kgji PvL, mwnz cZxv, Avgvi mgq, ew I mvnmx cyili Rb cZxv| M : m~hMnY (1955), Rwni ivqnvbi M mgM| Dcbvm : Zv (1955), kl weKji gq (1960) nvRvi eQi ai (1964), eid Mjv b`x (1969), AviK dvyb (1968), Avi KZw`b (1970)| PjwP : Rxeb _K bIqv, Stop Genoside, Let there be light, KuvPi `qvj, mg, KLbv Avmwb (c_g), mvbvi KvRj, Avbvqviv, ejv| Dcbvm : P` xci DcvLvb, bxj hgybv, my`i n my`i, evsjv`k K_v Kq| QvUM : Kc, mgvUi Qwe| bvUK : cvqi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq, byij`xbi mviv Rxeb| Dcbvm : GK gwnjvi Qwe, mxgvbv Qvwoq, Ljvivg Lj hv, Abycg w`b, `qvji `k| KvebvU : jvK jvKvi, Kvji Kjm, mvbvjx Kvweb, gvqvex c`v `yj IVv,

Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjvn ewikvj (19322001) Rwni ivqnvb (dbx) (1935-1972)

Avyj Mvd&dvi Payix ewikvj (1934-) mq` kvgmyj nK KzwoMvg (1935) Avj gvngy` evYevwoqv

(1936) AvLZvivgvb Bwjqvm MvBevv (1943-1997) Avyjvn Avj gvgyb (1943-) wbgj`y b (1945-) gvqyb Avng` bKvbv (1948-) gvgybyi iwk` (1948) i` gynv` knx`yjvn (1956-1991) Zmwjgv bvmwib

eLwZqvii Nvov, A`ev`x`i ivbvevbv, Avie iRbxi ivRnuvm| MM : cvbKwoi i, mifi KvQ civwRZ| Dcbvm : wPjKvVvi mcvB (1987), Lvevebvgv (1993)| MM : Ab Ni Ab ^i (1976), Luvqvix, `ya fvZ DrcvZ (1984), `vRLi Ig| bvUK : myePb wbevmb, GLb `ytmgq| KveM : cgvsi i PvB, bv cwgK bv wecex, KweZv I AwggvswmZ igYx, Zvi AvM PvB mgvRZ, `~i n `ytkvmb, i Avi dzjwj| Dcbvm : bw`Z biK (c_g), kLbxj KvivMvi, GB me w`b ivw, Zvgv`i Rb fvjevmv, eexwn, Aqvgq| bvUK : Iiv K`g Avjx (1978), Iiv AvQ ejB, GLvb bvi, mgq Amgq, mgZU, wMwbwcM, mycfvZ XvKv, ^ci kni, BwZ Avgvi evb| KveM : Dc`Z DcKj (1979), wdi PvB ^Y Mvg, gvbyli gvbwP, gwjK gyLvk, Qveiv| KvebvU : wel ei exR (1992)| jv, wbevwPZ Kjvg, hvebv Kb hve, wbevwPZ Ai evwni|

evsjv mvwnZi cwZwbwaZKvix iPbv I Zvi Pwi

MKvii bvg eo Px`vm gyKz`ivg PeZx fviZ P` Cki P` we`vmvMi cvixPuv` wg gvBKj gaym~`b ` iPbv kxKKxZb Pxgj Ab`vgj (gj Kve kKzjv Avjvji Ni `yjvj (Dcbvm) KKzgvix (bvUK) Pwi eovB, ivav dzjiv, fvo `, gyivix kxj Ckix cvUbx, nxivgvwjbx, we`v I my`i kKzjv VK PvPv, evvivg, evey ivg evey KKzgvix, fxgwmsn, wejvmeZx, g`vbKx, Zcw^bx|

gNbv`ea Kve (gnvKve) KcvZv b` (PZz`kc`x KweZvejx) Zvg cuvPvi bv (cnmb) bxj`cY (bvUK) Rwg`vi `cY (bvUK) welv` wmz (Dcbvm) `yMkbw`bx (Dcbvm) P`kLi (Dcbvm) KcvjKzjv (Dcbvm) wele (Dcbvm) KKvi DBj (Dcbvm) Avhvb (Kve mgM) I Avnvb (Awgqaviv) gnvkkvb (gnvKve) wPv`v (KvebvU) wemRb (KvebvU) APjvqZb (bvUK) WvKNi (bvUK) i Kiex (bvUK) wPiKzgvi mfv (bvUK) QywU (QvUM) KveyjxIqvjv (QvUM) cv gvvi mgvw b bxo cqjv b^i jveiUix

gNbv`, exievn, wPv`v, iveb, mxZv, jY, ivg, wefxlY|

Kvjx cmb wmsn `xbez wg gxi gkvid nvmb ewgP` Pvcvavq

`byevby Zvivc, bexb, gvae, Av`yix

Avqkv, wZjvgv P`kLi, kevwjbx, `jbx eMg, cZvc KcvjKzjv, beKzgvi Kz`bw`bx, nxiv, m~hgyLx, bM`bv_ gi, ivwnbx, nijvj, Mvwe`jvj

KvqKvev`

iex`bv_ VvKzi

wPv`v, ARyb AcYv, Rqwmsn, jNycwZ cK Agj bw`bx, ib dwUK ingZ, LyKx iZb gbqx Pvi Awbjv gvwnbx, b`wKkvi

ngx GKivw RxweZ I gZ AcwiwPZv Avc` `bv cvIbv (QvUM) PvLi evwj (Dcbvm) Mviv (ivR: Dcbvm) PZzi (Dcbvm) kli KweZv (Dcbvm) Ni evBi (Dcbvm) hvMvhvM (Dcbvm) cvqw (bvUK) wbik hvv (mvbvi Zix) 1400 mvj (wPv) ejvKv (ejvKv) I `yB weNv Rwg (KweZv) dzji g~j (`kx I wejvZx _K) Kvb Kvb `k (eYy I exYv) Ges cvi cwZ (Kz I KKv) _K wkDwj gvjv (bvUK) Avwg mwbK (`yw`bi hvx) we`vnx (AwMexYv), AMcw_K (wRxi) Pj Pj Pj (mv), Mvwn Zvnv`i Mvb (mv), Kvvix uwkqvi (menviv), bvix (mvgev`x), memvPx (dwYgb&mv), wmz, `vwi` (wmz wn`vj) _K bIqv nqQ| heb `vI ivRwUKv

ngx, Acy myievjv Kv`w^bx KjvYx bxjK gn`, webvw`bx Mviv, myPwiZv, jwjZv `vwgbx, mZxk, kx wejvm AwgZ, jveY, kvfbjvj wbwLjk, wegjv, gRivYx gaym~`b, Kzgyw`bx

cfvZ Kzgvi gyLvcvavq mZ`bv_ ` KvRx bRij Bmjvg

(gvMx)

wkDwjgvjv

cg_ Payix

Rxebvb` `vm

Rmxg Dxb

kirP` Pvcvavq

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cv b`xi gvwS (Dcbvm) cvMwZnvwmK (QvUM) cvk dj (QvUM) Avgiv wZbRb (QvUM) e`xi e`bv KweZvwU e`xi e`bv _K c_ Rvbv bvB (QvUM) bqbPviv (QvUM) ewcxi (bvUK) jvjmvjy (Dcbvm) cv`UxKv (PvPv Kvwnbx) I eBKbv (cZ) _K bIqv ZvnviB gb co (muvSi gvqv) mvZ mvMii gvwS (mvZ mvMii gvwS) Agi GKzk (wegyL cvi) Qvoc (Qvoc) Avgvi c~e evsjv (GKK mvq em) iv cvi (bvUK) Kei (bvUK) AvZRv I GKwU Kiex MvQ (QvU M)

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jvK hvi eo ej eo mB nq| Ci P` (12) cvwL me Ki ie, ivw cvnvBj Kvbb Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj| g`b gvnb ZKvjvi (13) e `k `wLqvwQ e b``j wK G ni Zv wgU Kvi Rj?KcvZv b`, gvBKj gaym~`b ` (14) Rwbj gwiZ ne, AgiK Kv_v ne? gvBKj gaym~`b ` (15) gnvvbx gnvRb, h c_ Ki MgY nqQb cvZt iYxq| Rxeb mxZ, ngP` e`vcvavq (16) gv`i Mie gv`i Avkv Av gwi evsjv fvlv Av gwi evsjv fvlv, AZzj cmv` mb| (17) eveyB cvwLi WvwK, ewjQ PovB ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . Zzwg KZ K cvI iv` ew So ^vaxbZvi myL, iRbxKv mb (18) wec` gvi iv Ki G bn gvi cv_bv wec` Avwg bv hb Kwi fq| AvZvb, iex`bv_ VvKzi (19) bxj beNb AvNvp MMb wZj VuvB Avi bvwni IMv, AvR Zviv hvmb Nii evwni| Avlvp, iex`bv_ VvKzi (20) AvwR nZ kZ el ci K Zzwg cwoQ ewm Avgvi KweZv Lvwb KZnj fi| 1400 mvj, iex`bv_ VvKzi

(21) D`qi c_ wb Kvi evYx fq bvB, Ii fq bvB wbtkl cvY h Kwie `vb q bvB Zvi q bvB| iex`bv_ VvKzi (22) `eZvi hvnv w`Z cvwi, w`B ZvB wcqRb wcqRb hvnv w`Z cvwi ZvB `e `eZvi| ee KweZv, iex`bv_ VvKzi (23) gwiZ PvBbv Avwg my`i f~eb gvbei gvS Avwg euvwPevi PvB| Kwo I Kvgj, iex`bv_ VvKzi (24) GbwQj mv_ Ki gZznxb cvY giY ZvnvB Zzwg Ki Mj `vb| iex`bv_ VvKzi (25) ^vaxbZv nxbZvq K euvwPZ Pvq, n K euvwPZ Pvq? `vmZ kLjv ej K cwie cvq n K cwie cvq| ^vaxbZv, ijvj e`vcvaq (26) Avnv, Kx gayi IB Avhvbi awb gg gg mB myi evwRj Kx mygayi AvKzj nBj cvY, bvwPj agbx| Avhvb KvqKvev` (27) KzKzii KvR KzKzi KiQ Kvgo w`qQ cvq ZvB ej KzKzi Kvgovb Kx gvbyli kvfv cvq| mZ`bv_ ` (28) gayi Pq I AvQ gayi m Avgvi GB `ki gvwU Avgvi `ki c_i a~jv LuvwU mvbvi PvBZ LuvwU| LuvwU mvbv, mZ`bv_ `

(29) RvU hw` gvU GKwU cqmv Lv` wKwbI zavi jvwM `ywU hw` RvU dzj wKb wbI n AbyivMx| mZ`bv_ ` (30) cvwie bv K_vwU ewjI bv Avi, Kb cvwie bv Zvnv fve GKevi ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . GKevi bv cvwij `L kZevi| cvwie bv, Kvjx cmb Nvl (31) bn Avkivd hvi AvQ ay esk cwiPq, mB Avkivd Rxeb hvnvi cyY Kggq Mvjvg gvdv (32) my`i n `vI, `vI my`i Rxeb nDK `~i AKjvY mKj Akvfb| kL dRjyj Kwig (33) Kv_vq ^M Kv_vq biK K ej Zv e`~i ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... cxwZ I cgi cyY euvab he wgwj cii, ^M Avwmqv `uvovq ZLb Avgv`i Kuyo Ni| ^M I biK, kL dRjyj Kwig (34) h Rb w`em gb nil Rvjvq gvgi evwZ Av Mn Zvi, `wLe bv Avi wbkx_ c`xc evwZ| wgZewqZv, KP` gRyg`vi (35) wPimyLx Rb g Kx KLb ew_Z e`b eywSZ cvi Kx hvZbv wel eywSe m wKm

Kfy Avkx wel `skwb hvi| mgew_, KP` gRyg`vi (36) abavb cy fiv Avgv`i GB emyiv Zvnvi gvS AvQ GK `k mKj `ki miv abavb cy fiv, wR`jvj ivq (37) Mvwn Zvnv`i Mvb gvbyli Pq eo wKQy bvB, bn wKQy gnxqvb| gvbyl, KvRx bRij Bmjvg (38) wek hv wKQy gnvb mw wPi KjvYKi AaK Zvi KwiqvQ bvix AaK Zvi bi| bvix, KvRx bRij Bmjvg (39) n `vwi`, Zzwg gvi KiQ gnvb Zzwg gvi w`qvQ Lxi mvb KUK gyKzU kvfv| `vwi`, KvRx bRij Bmjvg (40) Mvwn Zvnv`i Mvb weki mv_ Rxebi c_ hviv AvwR Avqvb| KvRx bRij Bmjvg (41) _vKe bvK e Ni `Le Gevi RMrUvK Kgb Ki NyiQ gvbyl hyMvii N~wYcvK| msK, KvRx bRij Bmjvg (42) Kb cv v nI nwi `xN c_ D`g wenb Kvi cyi gbvi_, KuvUv nwi v Kb Kgj ZzwjZ `ytL webv myL jvf nq Kx gwnZ| KP` gRyg`vi (43) Avq Pj Avq, i aygKZz Auvavi euva AwMmZz `yw`bi GB `yMwki Dwoq ` Zvi weRq KZb|

KvRx bRij Bmjvg (44) cii KviY ^v_ w`qv ewj G Rxeb gb mKwj `vI, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Avcbvi K_v fywjqv hvI| myL, Kvwgbx ivq (45) AvcbvK jq weeZ iwnZ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... mKji Zi mKj Avgiv cZK Avgiv cii Zi| civ_, Kvwgbx ivq (46) bvB wKi myL? bvB wKi myL? G aiv Kx ay welv`gq hvZb Rwjqv Kuvw`qv gwiZ Kewj Kx bi Rbg jq Kvwgbx ivq (47) GKUz Lvwb ni K_v, GKUz fvjevmv MoZ cvi GB `ywbqvq kvw myLi evmv| GKUz Lvwb, Aveyj nvmb wgqv (48) Pj gymvwdi Mvwn, G Rxeb Zvi e_v AvQ ay e_vi `vmi bvwn| gymvwdi, Rmxg Dxb (49) evsjvi gyL Avwg `wLqvwQ, ZvB Avwg cw_exi ic `wLZ PvB bv Avi| ebjZv mb, Rxebvb` `vm (50) me cvwL Ni Avm me b`x dzivq G Rxebi me jb`b; _vK ay AKvi, gyLvgywL ewmevi ebjZv mb| ebjZv mb, Rxebvb` `vm (51) Zvgvi hLvb mva Pj hvI-Avwg GB evsjvi cvi iq hve; `wLe KuvVvj cvZv SwiZQ fvii evZvm| evsjvi Zxi, Rxebvb` `vm

(52) Avevi Avwme wdi, avbwmuwowUi Zxi, GB evsjvq nqZv gvbyl bqnqZv ev kLwPj kvwjKi ek| Avevi Avwme wdi, Rxebvb` `vm (53) GmQ bZzb wk ZvK Qo w`Z ne vb, RxY cw_exZ e_, gZ asmc-wcV Pj hZ ne Avgv`i| Qvoc, myKv fvPvh (54) h wk f~wg nj AvR iv Zvi gyL Lei cjyg m cqQ Qvoc GK| myKv fvPvh (55) G wekK G wki evmhvM Ki hve Avwg beRvZKi KvQ G Avgvi `p AxKvi| Qvoc, myKv fvPvh (56) KweZv Zvgvq w`jvg AvRK QywU, c~wYgvi Puv` hb Sjmvbv iwU| myKv fvPvh (57) ej bv w`w` Kv_vq MQ, Avme Avevi Ke? Kvj h Avgvi bZzb Ni cyZzj weq ne| KvRjv w`w`, hZx`gvnb evMPx (58) n Kwe, bxie Kb dvyb h GmQ aivq, em ewiqv Zzwg je bv Kx Ze e`bvq? ZvnviB gb co, eMg mywdqv Kvgvj (59) KweZvq Avi Kx wjLe? hLb eyKi i wjLwQ GKwU bvg evsjv`k| knx` iY, gvnv` gwbivgvb

(50) Avgvi gvqi mvbvi bvjK nvwiq Mj kl n_vq LuywR nv_vq LuywR mviv evsjv`k| bvjK, Avj gvngy` (61) Rxe cg Ki hBRb, mB Rb mweQ Cki| ^vgx weeKvb` (62) eD K_v KI eD K_v KI K_v KI Awfgvwbbx, Ku` Ku` ma ma hve KZ hvwgbx KvRx bRij Bmjvg (63) we`wk fvlv Kwibv NYv, jvMe Pjvi c_; gvZfvlv mevi Da, ivLe gb Mu_| gv: gvvwdRyi ingvb|

(1) nhiZ kvn gL`yg (in:) (615 ) : nhiZ Avyj Kv`i wRjvbx (iv.) Gi cy AvRjv kvn Gi wZxq m vb nhiZ kvn gL`yg (in:) 615 wnRixZ evM`v` RbMnY Kib| wZwb Bmjvg cPvii Dk evsjv`ki ivRkvnxi evNv bvgK vb Kjv wbgvY Kib Ges vqxfve emevm Kib| GB vbwU eZgvb gL`yg bMi bvg LvZ| (2) AZxk `xci (981-1053) : AZxk `xci/Avw`bv_ P` Mf 982 mvj gywM Rjvi eRhvwMbx Mvg RbMnY Kib| kxjiwZi KvQ e ag `xwZ nj Zvi bZzb bvg nq AZxk `xci| 1041 mvj wZwb wZeZi ivRvi Abyiva wngvjq AwZg Ki ag cPvii Rb wZeZ MgY Kib| (3) nhiZ kvnRvjvj (in:) (1271- ) : nhiZ kvnRvjvj (i:) 1271 mvj Kzwbqvq RbMnY Kib| GB

evsjv`ki gnvb ewZ

AbZg gymwjg mvaK 700 AbyPimn Bmjvg cPvii Dk w`jxi ev`kvn AvjvDwb wLjRxi mgq fviZxq Dcgnv`k Avmb| GK hy wZwb wmjUi kvmK Mo Mvwe`K civwRZ Kib Ges wmjU emwZ vcb Ki Bmjvg cPvi I gvbe mevq AvZwbqvM Kib| gnvb GB mvaK wmjUB wPi wb`vq kvwqZ AvQb| (4) nhiZ Lvb Rvnvb Avjx (in:) PZz`k kZK GB weLvZ mvaK Zzi _K evsjv`k Bmjvg cPvii Dk Avmb| wZwb evNinvU vqxfve emevm i Kib| wZwb gvbyli KjvY iv v, NvU, w`Nx wbgvYmn AbK RbwnZKi KvR Kib| GB mvaKi AvMgY H GjvKvi gvbyl Av Av Bmjvgi cZvKvZj AvmZ i Ki wZwb gyKzUnxb mgvU bvg cwiwPZ wQjb| (5) wZZzgxi (1782-1831) : wZZzgxi 1782 mvj Pwek ciMYv Rjvi evivmvZ gnKzgvi Puv`cyi Mvg RbMnY Kib| mgvR msviK I msMvgx wZZzgxi bxjKi, Rwg`vi I BsiR kvmbi wei we`vn NvlYv Kib| 1831 mvj wZwb bvwiKj evwoqvq GKwU euvki Kjv wbgvY Kib Ges bvwiKj evwoqvi hy BsiR mbvcwZ KYj zqvUi bZZ 40 Rb mxmn knx` nb| (6) nvRx kixqZ Djvn (17811840) : nvRx kixqZDjvn 1781 mvj gv`vixcyi Rjvi evnv`yicyi Mvg RbMnY Kib| kvwlZ I ewZ gvbyli AwaKvi Av`vqi G KvjRqx bZv divqRx Av`vjbi cev wQjb| wZwb divqRx Av`vjbi gvag wewUk

kvmbi wei MY Av`vjb Mo Zvjb| (7) gvBKj gaym~`b ` (1824-1873): gaym~`b ` 1824 mvj hkvi Rjvi mvMi`uvwo Mvg GK Rwg`vi cwievi RbMnY Kib| wZwb evsjv mvwnZ AvaywbKZvi RbK| 1861 mvj evsjv mvwnZi mec_g Ges mek gnvKve gNbv`ea iPbv Kib| K Kzgvix, kwgv, eyov kvwjKi Nvo iuv, PZz`kc`x KweZvejx Zvi Abb mw| (8) beve Avnmvb Djvn (1846-1901): beve Avyj MwYi cy beve Avnmvb Djvn 1846 mvj XvKvi beve cwievi RbMnY Kib| 1901 mvj beve Avnmvb Djvni A_ mvnvh XvKvq c_g we`yr K` vwcZ nq| 1901 mvj wZwb XvKvq gZzeiY Kib| (9) gxi gkviid nvmb (1847-1912): evsjv mvwnZi c_g gymjgvb DcbvwmK gxi gkviid nvmb 1847 mvj Kzwqv Rjvi jvwnbx cvovq RbMnY Kib| weLvZ Dcbvm welv` wmz mn Rwg`vi `cY, iZveZx, MvRx wgqvi evbx, D`vmxb cw_Ki gbi K_v Zvi DjLhvM iPbv M| (10) nvmb ivRv (1855-1922) : weLvZ evDj MvqK nvmb ivRv 1855 mvj mybvgM RbMnY Kib| Zvi MvIqv weLvZ Mvbjv evsjvi gvbyli `qK AvRI k Ki| (11) mvi RM`xk P` emy (1858-1937) : mvi RM`xk P` emy 1858 mvji 30 bf^i gywM Rjvi

evwoLvj Mvg Rb MnY Kib| 1884 mvj wZwb jb wekwe`vjq _K wW.Gm.wm wWMx jvf Kib| Dw`i h cvY AvQ Zv G gnvb wevbxB c_g cgvY Kib| gvBvIqf Zi I e`ywZK Zii mdj MelYv Ges iwWI Dveb Ki wZwb mvdj ARb Kib| 1937 mvji bf^i gvm wZwb cijvKMgY Kib| (12) cdzj P` ivq : (18611944) cdzj P` ivq A_vr wcwm ivq 1861 mvji 2 AvM Lyjbv Rjvi cvBK MvQvq RbMnY Kib| wZwb gvwKDivm bvBUvBU Gi AvweviK Ges ej KwgKvj G dvgvwmDwUKvj IqvKm Gi cwZvZv| wewk G imvqbwevbx ew Rxeb AweevwnZ wQjb| (13) beve mwjgyjvn (18661915) : gymwjg RvMiYi AbZg AM`~Z, mgvR meK I ivRbxwZwe` beve mwjgyjvn 1866 mvj XvKvi beve cwievi RbMnY Kib| wcZvi bvg beve AvnmvbDjvn| 1906 mvj wZwb wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM cwZv Kib| Zuvi D`vM XvKvq AvRKi cKkj wekwe`vjq I XvKv wekwe`vjq vwcZ nq| 1915 mvji 16 Rvbyqvwi wZwb cijvKMgY Kib| (14) ki evsjv G.K. dRjyj nK (1873-1962) : dRjyj nK 1873 mvj ewikvj Rjvi PvLvi GKwU mv gymwjg cwievi RbMnY Kib| 1915 mvj wZwb KlK cRv Av`vjbi m~Pbv Kib Ges 1940 mvj wZwb Awef evsjvi cavbgx wbhy nb| 1940 mvj jvnvi cve Dvcb Kib

Ges gnvRbx AvBb cvk Kivmn FY mvwjkx AvBb ceZb Kib| 1955 mvj wZwb cvwKvbi ^ivgx I 1956 c~e cvwK vbi Mfbi wbhy nb| 1962 mvji 17 Gwcj nvRvi eQii k G KwZ mvb gZzeiY Kib| (15) gvIjvbv Avyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx (1880-1976) : evsjvi gRjyg RbbZv gvIjvbv fvmvbx 1880 mvj wmivRM Rjvi avbMov Mvgi weLvZ gymwjg cwievi RbMnY Kib| wZwb 1949 mvj c~e cvwKvb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi cwZvZv mfvcwZ wQjb| gvIjvbv fvmvbx AvRxeb wbhvwZZ I wbcxwoZ gvbyli AwaKvi Av`vqi msMvg Ki MQb| wZwb 1976 mvji wWm^i gvm gZzeiY Kib| (16) eMg ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb (1880-1932) : gymwjg bvix RvMiYi AbZg cw_Kr eMg ivKqv 1880 mvj iscyi Rjvi cvqive` Mvg RbMnY Kib| myjZvbvi ^c, gwZPzi, Aeivaevwmbx BZvw` Zvi mvwnZ Kgi Abb Ae`vb| (17) W. gynv` knx`yjvn (1885-1969) : W. gynv` knx`yjvn 1885 mvj cwgei cqviv Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb mvwnwZK MelK I e fvlvwe` cwZ wQjb| 1961 mvj evsjv fvlvq MelYvi Rb wZwb evsjv GKvWwg cyivi jvf Kib| 1963 mvj cPwjZ evsjv elcw W. gynv` knx`yjvn cwiKbvq Zwi nq| evsjv`ki AvwjK fvlvi Awfavb, fvlv I mvwnZ, evsjv fvlvi BwZe cfwZ Zvi Abb mw|

(18) nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x (1892-1963) : nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x 1892 mvj cwgei g`bxcyi Rjvq RbMnY Kib| 1943 mvj wZwb Awef evsjvi ^v gx, 1943 mvj Lv` gx Ges 1946 mvj cavbgx wbhy nb| 1950 mvj knx` mvnivIqv`xi bZ Z AvIqvgx jxMi bvg nq cvwKvb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| 1954 mvj wZwb cvwK vbi AvBbgx Ges 1956 mvj cavbgxi ghv`v jvf Kib| (19) m~hmb (1894-1934) : evsjvi wecex exi m~hmb (gvvi `v) 1894 mvj PMvg Rjvi bqvcvov Mvg RbMnY Kib| 1930 mvji 18 Gwcj wZwb `jej wbq PMvg AvMvi jyb Kib| wZwb AvRxeb wewUk kvmbi wei jovB Ki MQb| wewUk miKvi evsjvi G m~h mvbK 1934 mvji 12 Rvbyqvwi duvwm `b| (20) Aveyj gbmyi Avng` (1898-1979) : ivRbxwZwe`, mvsevw`K, AvBb eemvqx, K_v mvwnwZK I cvewK Aveyj gbmyi Avng` 1898 mvj gqgbwmsn Rjvi avwbLvjvZ RbMnY Kib| wZwb cvwKvbi K`xq gxmfvi m`m wQjb| wZwb Avgvi `Lv ivRbxwZi cvk eQi I cavbgxZi `k gvm wjL ek RbwcqZv ARb Kib| 1960 mvj wZwb evsjv GKvWwg cyivi cvb| (21) KvRx bRij Bmjvg (1899-1976) : Kwe, mvsevw`K, mxZ iPwqZv, myiwkx, M`Kvi, MKvi, Abyev`K, DcbvwmK,

bvUKvi I PjwPKvi KvRx bRij Bmjvg 1899 mvji 24k Pwek ciMYv Rjvi Pyiwjqv Mvg Rb MnY Kib| KvRx bRiji mw AwMexYv, fvvi Mvb, dwYgbmv, weli euvwk, hyMevYx, ivRe`xi Revb e`x I P`we`y Mi Rb wZwb eevi KvivMvi Ave nb Ges Gme mvwnZ Kg wewUk miKvi KZK evRqv nq| wZwb evsjv`ki RvZxq Kwe I we`vnx Kwe Ges iY mxZi iPwqZv| wZwb 1976 mvj evsjv`ki bvMwiKZ MnY Kib Ges 1976 mvji 29 AvM XvKvq gZzeiY Kib| (22) Rmxg Dwb (19031976) : cjx Kwe Rmxg Dwb 1903 mvj dwi`cyi Rjvi Zv^yjLvbv Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb KgRxeb Z_ I cPvi Awa`ii KgKZv wQjb| wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qv _vKvevq Zuvi iwPZ Kei KweZv cewkKv cixvq wmjevmi Af~ nq| Zuvi bKkx Kuv_vi gvV Kve MwU wewfb fvlvq Abyw`Z nq| wZwb GKzk c`K I ^vaxbZv w`em c`K jvf Kib| (23) Wv. gvnv` Bevnxg (1911-1989) : weLvZ wPwKrmvwe` Wv. gvnv` Bevnxg 1911 mvj gywk`vev` Rjvq RbMnY Kib| wZwb Gwkqv gnv`ki eng WvqvewUm nvmcvZvj XvKvi kvnevM eviWg Gi cwZvZv| wZwb 1989 mvji 6 m^i gZzeiY Kib| (24) eMg mywdqv Kvgvj (1911-1999): evsjv mvwnZi k gwnjv Kwe eMg mywdqv Kvgvj 1911 mvji 20 Ryb ewikvj Rjvi kvq

vev` Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb muvSi gvqv, gvqv KvRj, D`v cw_ex bvgK KveMi cYZv| 1999 mvji 20 bf^i wZwb gZzeiY Kib| (25) Zdvj nvmb gvwbK wgqv (1911-1969) : Zdvj nvmb gvwbK wgqv 1911 mvj wcivRcyi Rjvi fvvwiqv _vbvq RbMnY Kib| 1953 mvj Zvi mv`bvq mvvwnK BdvK `wbK icvwiZ nq| wZwb knx` mvnivIqv`x I kL gywRei ivRbwZK mnKgx wQjb| (26) mq` Avjx Avnmvb (1912-2002) : cLvZ Kwe, MelK I wkvwe` mq` Avjx Avnmvb 1912 mvji 26 gvP gviv Rjvi AvjvKw`qv Mvg RbMnY Kib| evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZi wZwb BsiwRZ Abyev` Kib| 1960 mvj evsjv GKvWwgi gnvcwiPvjKmn chvqg RvnvxibMi, ivRkvnx I PMvg wekwe`vjqi wfwm wQjb| wZwb 1989 mvj wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkbi Pqvigvb I RvZxq AavcK wbevwPZ nb| (27) wkvPvh Rqbyj Ave`xb (1914-1976) : evsjv`ki k wPwkx Rqbyj Ave`xb 1914 mvji wKkviM Rjvq RbMnY Kib| MvgxY igYx, igYxi Pzj euvav, gvWvbv-1943, BZvw` Zvi DjLhvM wPKg| Zuvi D`vM Pvi I KviKjv BbwwUDU Ges mvbviMuvqi Rqbyj jvK I Kviwk hv`yNi cwZwZ Kib| (28) eexi Gg.G.wR. Imgvbx (1918-1984):

Gg.G.wR. Imgvbx 1918 mvj mybvgM Rjvq RbMnY Kib| 1967 mvj wZwb mbvevwnbx _K Aemi MnY Kib Ges 1970 mvj ivRbxwZZ hvM`vb Kib| 1971 mvji gywhy wZwb mk I gywevwnbxi mevwabvqK wnme KvR Kib| 1972 mvj ZrKvjxb miKvii gx wQjb| (29) eez kL gywReyi ingvb (1920-1975): kL gywReyi ingvb 1920 mvj MvcvjM Rjvi Uzwcvovq RbMnY Kib| wZwb 1949 mvj AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi hyM mv`K I 1953 mvj mvaviY mv`K wbhy nb| 1954 I 1956 mvj wZwb ZrKvjxb miKvii gx wbhy nb| 1966 mvj jvnvi c~e cvwK vbi mvqkvmbi Rb 6 `dv NvlYv Kib| wZwb evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hyi mevwabvqK wQjb| 1975 mvji 15 AvM wZwb GK mvgwiK Afyvb mcwievi wbnZ nb| (30) dRjyi ingvb Lvb (19291982): evsjv`ki k cwZ Gd.Avi Lvb 1929 mvji 3 Gwcj XvKvq RbMnY Kib| vcZ Kjvq AmvaviY KwZZi AwaKvix Gd.Avi Lvb cw_exLvZ wmqvm UvIqvii bv cYqb Kib| 1982 mvji 26 gvP wZwb Rvq BKvj Kib| (31) AgZ mb (1933-) : 1933 mvji 1 bf^i AgZ mb fviZi kvw wbKZb RbMnY Kib| wZwb KvgweR wekwe`vjq wUwbwU KjRi A_bxwZi AavcK| Zuvi cwK wbevm evsjv`ki gvwbKM Rjvq| `~wf welq gwjK MelYvi

Rb wZwb 1998 mvj c_g Gkxq wnme A_bxwZZ bvej cyivi jvf Kib| (32) Rwni ivqnvb (19331972) : evsjv`ki k PjwPKvi I wewk jLK Rwni ivqnvb 1933 mvj dbx Rjvq RbMnY Kib| Zvi DjLhvM Mjv nvRvi eQi ai, eid Mjv b`x, kl weKji gq, AviK dvyb, Rxeb _K bqv, c RbvmvBW, jU `qvi we jvBU, KuvPi `qvj Zvi DjLhvM PjwP| 1972 mvj wZwb ` ZKvix`i nvZ wbggfve cvY nvivb| (33) knx` cwmWU wRqvDi ingvb (1936-1981) : wRqvDi ingvb evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `ji cwZvZv Ges RbMYi mivmwi fvU wbevwPZ c_g cwmWU| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv Av`vjb Zvi f~wgKv AbK| wZwb evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv cPvi Kib| (35) W. gyn` BDbym (1940- ) : wewk A_bxwZwe` PMvg wekwe`vjqi mveK AavcK W. gyn` BDbym 1940 mvji 28 Ryb PMvg Rjvi cuvPjvBb RbMnY Kib| wZwb 1975 mvj MvgxY evsK cwZv Kib| wZwb 1984 mvj gvMmm cyivi Ges 1986 mvj BDbv cyivimn AmsL cyivi jvf Kib| mevcwi wekevcx Zuvi `Iqv z`FY Z cqvMi gvag cw_exi AbK `k ^vej^x nIqvq 2006 mvj

wZwb kvwZ weki mePq mvbRbK cyivi bvej cyivi jvf Kib evsjv`ki c_g ew wnme| (35) eMg Lvj`v wRqv (1945- ) : eMg Lvj`v wRqv knx` ivcwZ wRqvDi ingvbi mnawgYx, mveK cavbgx Ges eZgvb evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `ji Pqvicvmb| wZwb evsjv`ki wZb gqv`i cavbgx wQjb| eZgvb wZwb Avcvlnxb bx wnme cwiwPZ| (36) kL nvwmbv (1947- ) : kL nvwmbv evsjv`ki cwZ kL gywReyi ingvbi Kbv, eZgvb cavbgx Ges evsjv`k AvIqvgx jxMi mfvbx| wZwb `ki `yB gqv`i cavbgx| wZwb Rbbx I MYZi gvbm Kbv wnme cwiwPZ|

wewewmi kvZv Rwic meKvji miv 20 evOvwj

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 kL gywReyi ingvb wekKwe iex`bv_ VvKzi KvRx bRij Bmjvg ki evsjv G.K dRjyj nK bZvwR myfvl P` emy eMg ivKqv mvLvIqvZ wevbx RM`xk P` emy Cki P` we`vmvMi gvIjvbv Avyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx ivRv ivggvnb ivq knx` wZZzgxi jvjb kvn mZwRZ ivq

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

AgZ mb fvlv knx`MY W. gynv` knx`yjvn ^vgx weeKvb` AZxk `xci knx` ivcwZ wRqvDi ingvb nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x

(1) W. AgZ mb (1998 mvj bvej weRqx A_bxwZwe`)| (2) eMg Lvj`v wRqv (evsjv`ki wZb gqv`i cavbgx)| (3) kL nvwmbv (evsjv`k eZgvb cavbgx Z_v `yB gqv`i cavbgx)| (4) gvqyb Avng` (DcbvwmK I PjwPKvi)| (5) W. gynv` Rvdi BKevj (mvBwdKkb jLK I kvnRvjvj wekwe`vjqi AavcK) (6) W. gynv` BDbym (MvgxY evsKi cwZvZv)| (7) W. Kvgvj nvmb (evsjv`ki msweavbi cwZ I AvBbRxex)| (8) iwe ksKi (fviZi weLvZ mZvi ev`K)| (9) mif Mvyjx (fviZxq wKUvi)| (10) mybxj Mvcvavq (cwgei DcbvwmK)|

gyavivi Rwic RxweZ miv 10 evOvjx

wewewmi Rwic miv evsjv Mvb

(1) Avgvi mvbvi evsjv Avwg Zvgvq fvjevwm ... ... MxwZKvi I myiKvi : wekKwe iex`bv_ VvKzi; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1905 mvj| (2) gvbyl gvbyli Rb, Rxeb Rxebi Rb... ... wkx, MxwZKvi I myiKvi : fycb nvRvwiKv (fviZ); iPbvi mgqKvj : 1978 mvj| (3) Mvbi Kwj : Avgvi fvBqi i ivOvbv GKzk deqvwi ... ... wkx : Avyj jwZd; MxwZKvi : Ave`yj Md&dvi Payix; myiKvi : c_g Avyj jwZd Ges cieZxZ AvjZvd gvngy`; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1952 mvj| (4) Mvbi Kwj : Kwd nvDRi mB AvvUv AvR Avi bB ... ... wkx : gvbv ` (fviZ); MxwZKvi : Mwi cmb gRyg`vi; myiKvi : mycY Kvw Nvl; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1983 mvj| (5) Mvbi Kwj : GK mvMi ii wewbgq evsjvi ^vaxbZv ... ... wkx : kvnbvR ingZDjvn&; MxwZKvi : Mvwe` nvj`vi; myiKvi : Avcj gvngy`; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1971 mvj| (6) Mvbi Kwj : Avwg evsjvi Mvb MvB ... ... wkx : gvngy`yvgvb evey; MxwZKvi : cZzj gyLvcvavq; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1993 mvj| (7) Mvbi Kwj : gviv GKwU dzjK euvPve ej hy Kwi ... ... wkx : Avcj gvngy`; MxwZKvi : Mvwe` nvj`vi;

myiKvi : Avcj gvngy`; iPbvi mgqKvi : 1971 mvj| (8) Mvbi Kwj : Zzwg AvR KZ `~i ... ... wkx : RMbq wg; MxwZKvi : cYe ivq; myiKvi : myej `vm ; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1946 mvj| (9) Mvbi Kwj : GK b`x i cwiq ... ... wkx : kvnbvR ingZDjvn; MxwZKvi I myiKvi : Lvb AvZvDi ingvb; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1973 mvj| (10) Mvbi Kwj : abavb cyfiv, Avgv`i GB emyiv ... ... wkx : mgeZ K; MxwZKvi I myiKvi : wR`jvj ivq; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1905 mvj| (11) Mvbi Kwj : gyQ hvIqv w`bjv Avgvq h ... ... wkx : ng gyLvcvavq (fviZ); MxwZKvi : Mwi cmb gRyg`vi; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1958 mvj| (12)Mvbi Kwj : mvjvg mvjvg nvRvi mvjvg ... ... wkx I myiKvi : Avyj Revi; MxwZKvi : dRj Lv`v; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1971 mvj c~Yv cKvk| (13) Mvbi Kwj : Rq evsjv evsjvi Rq ... ... MxwZKvi : MvRx gvhnvij Avbvqvi; myiKvi : Avbvqvi cvifR; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1969 mvj| (14) Mvbi Kwj : LuvPvi wfZi AwPb cvwL ... ... wkx : dwi`v cvifxb; MxwZKvi I myiKvi : jvjb dwKi; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1973 mvj|

(15)

Mvbi Kwj : GKevi hZ `bv Avgvi QvU mvbvi Muvq ... ... wkx : kvnbvR ingZDjvn; myiKvi : Avbvqvi cvifR; MxwZKvi : MvRx gvRnvij Avbvqvi| (16) Mvbi Kwj : Kvivi H jn KcvU, f dj Kii jvcvU ... ... wkx, MxwZKvi I myiKvi : KvRx bRij Bmjvg; iPbvi mgqKvj : 1921 mvj| (17) Mvbi Kwj : GB cv GB gNbv GB hgybv myigv ... ... wkx : dwi`v cvifxb; MxwZKvi I myiKvi : Avey Rvdi| (18) Mvbi Kwj : Pj Pj Pj Da MMY evR gv`j ... ... wkx , MxwZKvi I myiKvi : KvRx bRij Bmjvg; iPbvi mgqKvj :evsjv 1335 mvj (cKvwkZ)| (19) Mvbi Kwj : GKZviv ZzB `ki K_v eji Gevi ej ... ... wkx : kvnbvR ingZDjvn; myiKvi : mZ mvnv; MxwZKvi : MvRx gvhnvij Avbvqvi| (20) Mvbi Kwj : Zzwg Kx `LQ Kfy Rxebi civRq ... ... wkx : Avyj Revi; myiKvi : mZ mvnv; MxwZKvi : gvt gwbivgvb|

evsjv`ki c_g
c_g Avqx ivcwZ : mq` bRij Bmjvg c_g ivcwZ : kL gywReyi ingvb

c_g cavbgx : ZvRDwb Avng` c_g ciivgx : L`Kvi gv vK Avng` c_g ^ivgx : G.GBP.Gg Kvgivgvb c_g A_gx : Kvb gbmyi Avjx c_g cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi : wePvicwZ gvnv` Bw`m evsjv`k evsKi c_g MfYi : G.Gb. nvwg`yjvn c_g wKvi (MY cwil`) : kvn Avyj nvwg` c_g wKvi (RvZxq msm`) : gvnv` Djvn c_g mbvevwnbx cavb : Gg.G.wR Imgvbx c_g cavb wePvicwZ : G.Gm.Gg mvqg c_g AvBwRwc : G.G. LvjK XvKv wekwe`v: c_g fvBm Pvji : mvi wc.R. nvUm XvKv wekwe`v: Dcgnv`i c_g fvBm Pvji : mvi Gd. ingvb c_g GUwb Rbvij : Gg.GBP. L`Kvi c_g evRU NvlYvKvix : ZvRDwb Avng` c_g RvZxq cZvKv DvjbKvix : Av.m.g. Avyi ie evsjv`kK ^xKwZ`vbKvix c_g `k : fviZ c_g evwYR RvnvR : evsjvi `~Z c_g iYZix : we.Gb.Gm. cv c_g DcRvZxq iv`~Z : kiwe`y kLi PvKgv c_g Bswjk Pvbj AwZgKvix : eRb `vm RvZxq dzUej `ji c_g AwabvqK : RvKvwiqv wcUz

RvZxq wKU `ji c_g AwabvqK : kvgxg Kwei XvKv wmwU Kcvikbi c_g gqi : evwivi Aveyj nvmbvZ XvKv wmwU Kcvikbi c_g wbevwPZ gqi : gvnv` nvwbd ZveavqK miKvii c_g cavb Dc`v : wePvicwZ kvneyxb Avng` c_g mwPe : Gm.G. Kwig c_g gwcwil` mwPe : GBP.wU. Bgvg

evsjv`ki c_g gwnjv

c_g gwnjv ciivgx : W. `xcy gwY c_g gwnjv ^ivgx : mvnviv LvZzb c_g gwnjv cavbgx : Lvj`v wRqv c_g gwnjv weivax `jxq bx : kL nvwmbv c_g gwnjv iv`~Z : gvngy`v nK Payix c_g gwnjv mwPe : RvwKqv AvLZvi c_g gwnjv KzUbxwZwe` : Zvnwgbv nK Wwj c_g gwnjv evwivi : wgmm iveqv f~uBqv c_g gwnjv wePvicwZ : bvRgyb Aviv myjZvbv c_g gwnjv weMwWqvi : myivBqv eMg c_g gwnjv Gm.wc : eMg iIkb Aviv c_g gwnjv cvBjU : KvwbR dvZgv c_g gwnjv Iwm : ivwk`v cvifxb

c_g gwnjv mvW Ae Abvi jvfKvix : gviwRqv Bmjvg (bevwnbx) c_g gwnjv exi cZxK LZve jvfKvix : Kvb mZviv eMg c_g gwnjv GwWkbvj wWAvBwR : dvZgv eMg Aj DBgb dvBU cwiPvjbvKvix 1g gwnjv : Kvb mvnvbv c_g gwnjv Aa : AavwcKv W. nvmb Aviv c_g gwnjv cv wfwm (XvKv wekwe`v:) wRbvZzb bmv Zvnwg`v eMg c_g gwnjv wcGmwmi Pqvigvb : wRbvZzb bmv Zvnwg`v eMg c_g gwnjv RvZxq AavcK : W. mywdqv Avng` c_g gwnjv Kvg&m Kwgkbvi : nvwmbv LvZzb c_g gwnjv bvUvwi cvewjK : Kvgibvnvi jvBjx c_g gwnjv wewUwfi gnvcwiPvjK : di`m Aviv c_g gwnjv evsjv GKvWwgi gnvcwiPvjK : W. bxwjgv Bevnxg c_g gwnjv Wxb : eMg AvwRRybmv c_g gwnjv wmG wWwM jvfKvix : myivBqv RvbvZ c_g gwnjv Ki Kwgkbvi : di`m Aviv c_g gwnjv f~-Zwe` : Rvwdqv AvLZvi c_g gwnjv evOvjx gymwjg wPwKrmK : Wv. Rvniv eMg KvRx c_g gwnjv U wUDe wk wPwKrmK : Wv. dvwZgv cvifxb c_g U wUDeavix gwnjv : wdivRv eMg

c_g gwnjv Ub PvjK : mvjgv LvZzb ivvq evsKi c_g gwnjv gnveevcK : Avwbmv nvwg` (mvbvjx evsK) evsjv`k evsKi c_g gwnjv gnveevcK : bvRbxb myjZvbv evswKs LvZ c_g gwnjv eevcbv cwiPvjK : Avwbmv nvwg` (Kgvm) c_g gwnjv gymwjg Awfbx : ebvbx Payix XvKvi g c_g gwnjv Awfbx : Kvgibvnvi|

evsjv`ki eng

eng wefvM : PMvg eng nvUj : mvbviMuvI eng Rjv : ivOvgvwU eng cvK : igbv cvK eng _vbv : kvgbMi eng wej : Pjbwej eng kni : XvKv eng euva : KvvB euva eng BDwbqb : eMgM (bvqvLvjx) eng nvIo : Uvyqvi nvIo eng Mvg (Gwkqvi) : evwbqvPs (nweM) eng xc : fvjv eng mgy` e`i : KevRvi eng e-xc : my`ieb eng moK mZz : eez mZz eng Zj : nwicyi eng ij mZz : eez mZz eng Awdm : evsjv`k mwPevjq eng wekwe`vjq : XvKv wekwe`vjq eng wekwe: (AvqZb) : ivRkvnx wekwe`v:

eng nvmcvZvj : XvKv gwWKj KjR nvmcvZvj eng Pz nvmcvZvj : PMvg Pz nvmcvZvj eng gwWKj KjR : XvKv gwWKj KjR nvmcvZvj eng cvwb kvabvMvi : mvq`vev` eng WvqvewUm nvmcvZvj : eviWg, XvKv eng ijkb : Kgjvcyi ijkb eng wegvb e`i : wRqv Av RvwZK wegvb e`i eng gmwR` : evqZzj gvKviig gmwR` eng MvMvi : cvewjK jvBewi eng wmbgv nj : gwYnvi (hkvi) eng wWqvg : eez wWqvg eng wPwoqvLvbv : wgicyi wPwoqvLvbv eng wPwbKj : Ki G Kvs (Kzwqv) eng cvUKj : Av`gRx RyU wgj (eZgvb e) eng KvMRKj : KYdzjx KvMRKj eng mvi KviLvbv : hgybv mvi KviLvbv eng Zvc we`yr K` : fovgviv Zvc we`yr K` eng Rjwe`yr K` : KvvB Rj we`yr K` eng ijIq Rskb : Cki`x, cvebv eng Nv : ivgy _vbvi e wenvi Nv eng RvnvR wbgvY I givgZ KviLvbv : Lyjbv wkcBqvW eng KbUBbvi RvnvR : evsjvi `~Z eng mP cK : wZv euva cK eng eb : my`ieb

eng ebvj : PMvgcveZ PMvgi ebvj eng Zdwmjx evsK : mvbvjx evsK eng evsK : evsjv`k evsK (gwZwSj)|

evsjv`ki k

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wewfb mgqi c`Kmg~n GKzk c`K - 2008

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GKzk c`K - 2009

2008

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1. evsjv`ki Ljva~jv wbqYKvix gYvjq hye I xov gYvjq| 2. XvKv dzUej jxM 1948 mvj _K i nq| 3. evsjv`ki AvRvwZK dzUej cwZhvwMZv AvMv Lvb MvKvc, cwmWU MvKvc, eez MvKvc| 4. ^vaxbZv Di evsjv`k RvZxq dzUej `ji c_g AwabvqK RvKvwiqv wcUz| 5. evsjv`ki dzUej BwZnvmi k Ljvqvo hv`yKi mvgv`| 6. we.K.Gm.wc. A_ evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvb| 7. evsjv`k dzUej dWvikb (evdzd) MwVZ nq 15 RyjvB 1972| 8. evsjv`k RvZxq dzUej `j 1973 mvj gvjqwkqvq AbywZ 17Zg gvi`Kv dzUej UzbvgU c_g Av-RvwZKfve AskMnY Ki| 9. weKGmwc AewZ mvfvii wRivbxZ| 10. evsjv`k c_g we`kx KvP wbhy nb 1978 mvj Rvgvwbi Iqvbvi eKj ndU (gvU we`kx KvP 12Rb)| 11. dWvikb Kvc dzUej cwZhvwMZv i nq 1980 mvj 12. 1981 mvj _K cwmWU MvKvc dzUej cwZhvwMZv i nq| 13. XvKvi c_g wefvM dzUej jxM ^vaxbZvvi

Ljva~jv dzUej

mevP Mvj`vZv kL gvnv` Avmjvg| 14. RvZxq dzUej jxMi Ljvjv XvKv, PMvg, ivRkvnx I Lyjbvq AbywZ nq| 15. 1986 mvji 14 Gwcj we.K.Gm.wc cwZwZ nq| 16. evsjv`k 1986 mvj c_g wekKvc dzUeji evQvB ce AskMnY Ki| 17. 1996 mvj _K eez dzUej cwZhvwMZv i nq| 18. c_g RvZxq dzUej jxM Pvwqb XvKv Avevnbx| 19. 2002 mvj wekKvc dzUeji evQvBcei 10bs Mci Ljv mw`Aviei gvnv` web dvnv` wWqvg AbywZ nq (evsjv`k `ji)| 20. 2002 mvji wekKvc dzUeji evPvBce evsjv`ki AwabvqK AvjdvR Avng` Ges cwkK RR KvUvb| 21. 1999 mvj KvVgyyZ AbywZ Ag mvd Mgm evsjv`k dzUej c_g Av RvwZKfve Pvwqb nq| 22. Ag mvd Mgm evsjv`k dzUej ^Yc`K jvf Ki| 23. Ag mvd Mgm evsjv`k bcvjK (1-0) Mvj civwRZ Ki| 24. Ag mvd Mgmi dvBbvj evsjv`ki Mvj`vZv AvjdvR| 25. 2003 mvj mvd dzUej evsjv`k gvjxcK (UvBeKvi 5-3 Mvj) civwRZ Ki| 26. 2004 mvj AbywZ evsjv`ki c_g gwnjv dzUej UzbvgU XvKv

Rjv `j evsjv`k AvbmviK (1-0) Mvj civwRZ Ki| 27. 2005-06 mvj RvZxq dzUej jxM Pvwqb gvnvgWvb (ivbvm Avc Avevnbx)| 28. wekweLvZ dzUej ZviKv dvi wRbw`b wR`vb MvgxY evsKi wbgY 2006 mvji 6 bf^i evsjv`k Avmb| 29. 2009 mvj wmwUmj mycvi Kvc dzUej XvKv gvnvgWvb XvKv AvevnbxK 1-0 Mvj nvwiq 1 KvwU UvKv g~ji Kvc ARb Ki| 30. 2009 mvj evsjv`k dzUeji bewbhy KvP evwRji GWmb wmjfv wWWv 31. 2009 mvj XvKvq AbywZ 11Zg Gm.G Mgmi jvMv RvZxq cvwL `vqj Gi wWRvBb KiQb wPwkx gwbivgvb| 1. evsjv`k wKU KUvj evW (wewmwmwe)-Gi eZgvb bvg evsjv`k wKU evW (wewmwe)| 2. 1973 mvj wewmwmwe MwVZ nq| 3. 1975 mvj `k c~Yv wKU evW MwVZ nq| 4. 1974-75 mvj `k RvZxq wKU cwZhvwMZv i nq| 5. 1976 mvji 29 wWm^i ^vaxbZvi ci XvKvq c_g Bsjvi gwiwjevb wKU Kve LjZ Avm| 6. 1977 mvji 26 RyjvB evsjv`k AvBwmwmi

wKU

mnhvMx m`m `k wbevwPZ nq| 7. 1979 mvj Bsjv AbywZ c_g AvBwmwm UwdZ evsjv`ki AwabvqK kwdKzj nK nxiv| 8. 1997 mvj evsjv`k AvBwmwm Pvwqb nq (KwbqvK 2 DBKU) civwRZ Ki| 9. 1997 mvji 15 Ryb evsjv`k GKw`bi AvRvwZK wKU Ljvi ghv`v jvf Ki| 10. 1997 mvj evsjv`k wKU wekKvc Ljvi hvMZv ARb Ki| 11. wZxq Gwmwm UwdZ evsjv`k gvjqwkqvK civwRZ Ki Pvwqb nq| 12. wZxq Gwmwm UwdZ evsjv`k `ji AwabvqK Avwgbyj Bmjvg eyjeyj gvb Ae ` UzbvgU wbevwPZ nb| 13. 1999 mvji 17 g wekKvc wKU evsjv`k `ji AwflK NU| 14. 1998 mvji 16g GKw`bi Av-RvwZK wKU gvP evsjv`k c_g KwbqvK nvwiq Rqjvf Ki| 15. 1999 mvji wekKvc evsjv`k wbDwRjvi wec c_g Lj| 16. wekKvc evsjv`ki c_g AwabvqK Avwgbyj Bmjvg eyjeyj| 17. wekKvk c_g ej gvevwejvmn b ivb AvDU nb kvnwiqvi bvwdR| 18. wekKvc c_g evDvixmn nvd mzwi

Kib gnive nvmb Awc (Iq BwRi wei) 19. wekKvc c_g Ifvi evDvix gvib nvwmeyj nvmb kv| 20. 1999 mvji wekKvc c_g Rq Avm Ujvi wei| 21. wekKvc c_g DBKU jvf Kib gyij Bmjvg gy| 22. 1999 mvj Bsjvi wekKvc evK Uz evK nvd mzwi Kib wgbnvRyj Avew`b bvby Ges KvP wQjb MWb MxwbR (Iq BwR) 23. 1999 mvji wekKvc evsjv`k cvwKvbK 62 ivb nvwiq Kvb U cwqs `ki wec c_g Rqjvf Ki| 24. 2000 mvji 26 Ryb evsjv`k U wKUi 10g m`mi ghv`v jvf Ki| 25. 2000 mvj wZxq evii gZ evsjv`k Gwkqv Kvci AvqvRb Ki| 26. 10-14 bf^i, 2000 XvKvi eez wWqvg evsjv`k wKU `ji fviZi wei c_g AwflK U AbywZ nq| 27. AwflK U fviZ 9 DBKU evsjv`kK civwRZ Ki| 28. AwflK Ui Avvqvi wQjb Bsjvi WwfW kdvW Ges Iq BwRi wf evKbvi 29. AwflK U evsjv`ki KvP MWb wMwbR I AwabvqK bvBgyi ingvb `yRq| 30. AwflK U evsjv`ki c c_g AakZ ivb Kib nvweeyj evkvi|

31.

AwflK U evsjv`ki c kZivb Kib Avwgbyj Bmjvg eyjeyj (145)| 32. 2001 mvj we`ki gvwUZ evsjv`k c_g U wmwiR AskMnY Ki| 33. 2001 mvj Avkivdzji AwflK U weki mePq Kgeqmx wKUvi wnme mzwi (kxjsKvi wec)| 34. 2002 mvj U evsjv`ki c_g wKUvi wnme nvweeyj evkvi mygbi nvRvix Kve cek| 35. 2003 mvj gvnvt iwdK `wY AvwdKvi wec 77 ivb 6 DBKU jvf Kib| 36. 2003 mvj U wKU AjvK Kvcvwji nvUwUK| 37. 2003 mvj Ag wekKvc evsjv`ki c_g evUmgvb wnme AakZ ivb Kib gvnv` Avkivdzj (wbDwRjvi wei)| 38. Ag wekKvc wKU evsjv`ki AwabvqK Lvj` gvmy` cvBjU Ges KvP cvwKvbi gnwmb Kvgvj wQjb| 39. 2004 mvj Abya-19 wekKvc wKU cU ce AwjqvK nvwiq evsjv`k Pvwqb nq| 40. evsjv`k c_g `ki evBi IqvbW wmwiR Rqx nq Kwbqvi wei| 41. evsjv`k 35 Zg gvP wR^veyqK 226 ivb civwRZ Ki c_gevii gZ U gvP Rqjvf Ki| 42. 18 Ryb 2005, evsjv`k wek Pvwqb AwjqvK 5 DBKU nvivq|

43. evsjv`k AwjqvK nvivq Bsjvi KvwWd knii mvwdqv MvWb| 44. wekKvc wKU-2007 G evsjv`k c_g gvP fviZK nvivq 5 DBKU| 45. wekKvc wKU 2007 G evsjv`k `wY AvwdKvK nvivq 67 ivb| 46. wekKvc wKU 2007 G evsjv`k `ji AwabvqK wQjb gvnv` Avkivdzj| 47. beg wekKvc wKU 2007 G evsjv`k `ji KvP wQjb nvqvBU gyi (Awjqv)| 48. evsjv`k IqvbW wKUi kZZg gvP fviZK 15 ivb civwRZ Ki| 49. evsjv`kx GKgv evjvi wnmve IqvbW wKU nvwUK Kib gvnv` kvnv`vr nvmb (21 Zg nvwUK)| 50. weki meKwb U mzwiqvb/ U evsjv`ki mevP ivbi Bwbsm Ljb gvnv` Avkivdzj (158 ivb)| 51. 2007 mvj AvBwmwm ivswKs-G kxl `k evjvi vb cvIqv c_g evsjv`kx Avyi ivvK| 52. c_g evsjv`kx wnme IqvbW wKU kZZg DBKU wkKvix gvnv` iwdK (1g) I gvkivwd web gZyRv (2q)| 53. 2008 mvj AvBwmwm wKU evsjv`ki mvwKe Avj nvmvb AjivDvi wnme kxlvb AwaKvi Ki| 54. 9 Avei 2008 IqvbW wKUi 188 Zg gvP

evsjv`k wbDwRjvi wei 41 Zg Rq cvq| 55. xov gYvjqi Aaxb wkv cwZvb wZbwU h_v : xov cwi`i, RvZxq xov cwil` I we.K.Gm.wc| 56. MvgxY dvb-c_g Avjv xov cyivi-2009 G elmiv wKUvi wbevwPZ nb mvwKe-Djnvmvb| 57. Nivqv wKUi mePq RgRgvU Avmi wcwgqvi wWwfkb wKU jxM 200809 gmyg 12wU AskMnYKvix `ji ga Pvwqb Avevnbx Ges ivbvm Avc m~hZiY Kve| 58. evsjv`ki eZgvb wKUi KvP Awjqvi wRwg wmW (11Zg)| 59. AvBwmwm Pvwqb Uwd-2009 G Av RvwZK Kvbv UzbvgU AwflK nIqv evsjv`kx Avvqvi Gbvgyj nK gwb| 60. GKw`bi gvP evsjv`ki `ZZg mzwiqvb mvwKeDj-nvmvb, wR^veyqi wei 63 ej| 61. 9-13 RyjvB 2009 evsjv`k c_g we`ki gvwUZ Iq BwRi wei (60Zg) U gvP Rqjvf Ki| 62. wR^veyq fb~Z IqvbW wmwiR evsjv`k wR^veyqK 4-1 eeavb civwRZ Ki| 63. (bf^i, 2009) evsjv`ki fb~Z evsjv`k

wR^veyqK 41 eeavb civwRZ Ki|

evsjv`ki U AwabvqKMY
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ck: K Ke Qq `dv NvlYv Kib? Di: kL gywReyi ingvb 1966 mvji 23 gvP, jvnvi| ck: AvMiZjv loh gvgjvi wePviKgjxi bZv wQjb K? Di: wePvicwZ Gm.G. ingvb (gvU Avmvgx kL gywRemn 34 Rb)| ck: evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv w`em KvbwU? Di: 1971 mvji 26 gvP (cwZ eQi 26 gvP)| ck: 1973 mvj cwZwZ iWwmU mvmvBwUi 1g Pqvigvb K? Di: wePvicwZ G.K.Gg. byij Bmjvg|

wewea evsjv`k

ck: eez kL gywRe dvi RywjI Kzwi c`K jvf Kib Ke? Di: 1972 mvj| ck: eez kL gywReyi ingvb mvgwiK Afyvb wbnZ nb Ke? Di: 15 AvM 1975| ck: 26 gvPK RvZxq w`em NvlYv Kiv nq KZ mvj? Di: 1980 mvj| ck: evsjv`k-fviZ b`x mxgvbv wbq 1g eVK nq Ke? Di: 1980 mvj| ck: knx` ivcwZ wRqvDi ingvb Ke wbnZ nb? Di: 30 g 1981| ck: h_ A_ bwZK Kwgkb MwVZ Ke?

Di: 1982 mvj| ck: ZveavqK miKvii Aaxb `k c_g wbevPb nq Ke? Di: 27 deqvwi, 1991| ck: msm`xq cwZi miKvi eevi ceZb nq Ke? Di: 6 AvM 1991 (v`k mskvabxi gvag)| ck: ZveavqK miKvi wej RvZxq msm` cvk nq Ke? Di: 27 gvP, 1996 (ivcwZi Abygv`b 28 gvP, 1996)| ck: bcvj evsjv`k UvbwRU Pzw ^vwiZ nq Ke? Di: 1 m^i 1997| ck: Kvb evsjv`kx muvZvi mec_g Bswjk Pvbj AwZg Kib? Di: eRb `vm (gvU 6 evi)| ck: eRb `vm Ke gviv hvb? Di: 1 Ryb 1998| ck: Ke K KzqvKvUvq chUb nwjW nvgm Dvab Kib? Di: 1998 mvj, kL nvwmbv| ck: 21 deqvwi AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`em wnme UNESCO Abygv`b `q Ke? Di: 17 bf^i 1999| ck: Awfbq wbqY AvBb evwZj nq Ke? Di: 14 Rvbyqvwi 2000| ck: Rb wbivcv AvBb ivcwZ ^vi Ki Ke? Di: 14 Rvbyqvwi, 2000| ck: kL nvwmbvK efvlv Kbv DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kiv nq Ke?

Di: 22 deqvwi 2000| ck: evsjv`k CTBT Pzw Abygv`b Ki Ke? Di: 8 gvP 2000 (28Zg `k)| ck: Awfbq wbqY AvBb evwZj nq Ke? Di: 30 Rvbyqvwi 2001| ck: wkLv wPib Ke Kv_vq vqxfve vcb Kiv nq? Di: 31 gvP 2001 mvnivIqv`x D`vb| ck: `ki c_g I meenr kvwwbevm Ke Kv_vq Dvab Kiv nq? Di: 19 Gwcj 2001 dwi`cyii UvcvLvjvq| ck: kL nvwmbvK KlKiZ Dcvwa f~wlZ Kiv nq Ke? Di: 27 Gwcj 2001 (Lv` ^qsm~YZv ARb I Kwl Ae`vbi Rb K lKjxM GB Dcvwa `b| ck: Ke Kviv kL nvwmbvK `kiZ DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kib? Di: 17 g 2001, evsjv`k QvjxM| ck: evsjv`k c_g UwUDe eexi Rb nq Ke? Di:29g, 2001 (icKvi Wv. cvifxb dvZgv)| ck: RvZxq bvUkvjv Ke Kv_vq Dvab Kiv nq? Di: 14 Ryb 2001, wkKjv GKvWwg cvb| ck: RvwZi wcZvi cwievii m`mMYi wbivcv wej RvZxq msm` cvk nq Ke? Di: 20 Ryb, 2001 (ivcwZi Abygv`b 21 Rb 2001)|

ck: Ke K c_g cv mZzi wfw ci vcb Kib? Di: 4 RyjvB 2001, kL nvwmbv| ck: evsjv`k vggvb gywhy hv`yNi Ke Kv_vq Dvab Kiv nq? Di: 10 RyjvB 2001, wek mvwnZ K`| ck: mveK gvwKb cwmWU wRwg KvUvi Ke evsjv`k GmwQjb? Di: 2 AvM 2001| ck: wRwg KvUvi Kb NDI I KvUvi mUvii cwZwbwa nq evsjv`k GmwQjb? Di: cvK-wbevPbx cwZ cheY KiZ| ck: XvKv kni cwjw_b evM eenvi wbwl nq Ke? Di: 1 Rvbyqvwi 2002| ck: mviv evsjv`ki cwjw_b evM eenvi wbwl nq Ke? Di: 1 gvP 2002| ck: mviv `k 'Operation clean heart' i nq Ke? Di: 16 Avei 2002| ck: RvZxq msm` `Z wePvi UvBeybvj wej mskvabx AvKvi cvk nq Ke? Di: 24 bf^i 2002| ck: ivRavbx XvKv _K Uz vK w_ Bjvi AUvwiv e nq hvq Ke? Di: 1 Rvbyqvwi 2003| ck: mveK gvwKb ciivgx Kwjb cvIqj Ke evsjv`k mdi Avmb? Di: 19 Ryb 2003 (c_g GmwQjb nbwi wKwmvi 1974 mvj)|

ck:

mZ nq Kvb `ki mv_? Di: gvwKb hyivi| ck: LvqvB mP cKwU Kv_vq AewZ? Di: nweM| ck: kvw evwnbxi cwZvZv K? Di:RvwZ` bvivqY evwawcq mvUz jvigv (wZwb wQjb eZgvb cavb m jvigvi eo fvB)| ck: 2004 mvj miKvi `ki Kvb miwUK Uv mi wnme NvlYv Ki? Di: Information Tecnology ev AvBwU miK| ck: Kv_vq Gwkqvb BDwbfvwmwU Ae DBg Gi wfw ci vcb Kiv nq? Di: PMvgi cvnvoZjxZ (13 Rvbyqvwi 2004)| ck: `ki mevP feb wmwU mUvi Gi wfw ci vcb Kiv nq Ke? Di: 19 Rvbyqvwi 2004 mvj XvKvi gwZwSj (37 Zjv)| ck: emiKvwi wegvb msv wR.Gg.wR. Gqvi jvB Ke mivmwi PMvgKjKvZv dvBU Pvjy Ki? Di: 8 m^i 2004| ck: wewewmi kvZv Rwic meKvji mek evOvwj wbevwPZ nb K? Di: eez kL gywReyi ingvb| ck: mvm `gb Kivi Rb ivei cvkvcvwk XvKv gnvbMi Mvq`v cywjki

evsjv`k Trade and Investment Framwork Agrement (TIFA) bvgK evwYR PzwZ

beMwVZ wekl `jwUi bvg Kx? Di: wPZv ev GwjU dvm (23 m^i 2004 mvj _K)| ck: Avwg GvIqvW-2004 jvf Kib K? Di:GwUGb evsjvi wk wKkvi`i Abyvb AvgivI cvwi (Rqi bvqK Puv`cyii Aveyj Lvqi) ck: `ki c_g bfvw_qUvi fvmvbx bfvw_qUvi KZ ZvwiL Dvab Kiv nq? Di: 25 m^i 2004| ck: cvkvK wk GSP ev MPA myweav kl nq Ke? Di: 31 wWm^i 2004| ck: mveK ciivgx Avym mvgv` AvRv` Ke gZzeiY Kib? Di: 27 Gwcj 2005| ck: weUbi Av`vjZ Kvb evsjv`kx wKkvixi wnRve civi evcvi ivq `q? Di: mvwebv eMg| ck: Acvikb mvK eb Kx? Di: mybvwg qwZZ evsjv`k, kxjsKv I gvjxc mvnvhi Rb h Awfhvb cvVvq| ck: 2005 mvj dvgMU _K Ux exR ch bZzb moKi bvgKiY Kiv nq Kx? Di: exiDg wRqvDi ingvb moK| ck: RxweZ ew`i ga k evvwj K wbevwPZ nb? Di: fviZi AgZ mb| ck: weki Kvb Uwjwfkb evsjv`k GKwU

RvwZi Afy`q kxlK cvgvY wP cPvi Ki? Di: Avj-RvwRiv (3 Ryb 2005)| ck: evsjv`k c_gevii gZ KZZg Av RvwZK MwYZ AwjwqvW Ask MnY Ki? Di:2005 mvj RyjvBZ gwKvi KvbKzb 46Zg Avt MwYZ AwjwqvW| ck: `ki c_g AbjvBb iwWI GKzk iwWI wjwgUW Gi hvv i nq Ke? Di:1 RyjvB 2005| ck: RvZxq msm` Ki bvqcvj AvBb cvm nq Ke? Di:10 RyjvB 2005| ck: mvvwnK QywU `yBw`b KvhKix nq Ke? Di: 9 m^i 2005| ck: wej MUm evsjv`k mdi Avmb Ke? Di:5 wWm^i 2005| ck: evsjv`k Kvb gvwKb Mvq`v msvi kvLv Lvjv nQ? Di:gvwKb Mvq`v msv FBI. ck: Kvb we`kx Kvvwb UwjUK Gi kqvi wKb wbqQ? Di:mshy Avie AvwgivZi avex Mci Iqvwi` UwjKg| ck: evsjv`k RvwZmsNi Kvb msvi 3 eQi gqv`i Rb m`m wbevwPZ nq? Di: RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvi KvDwji 2005-08 gqv`i Rb| ck: evsjv`k mvegwib Kvej cixvg~jK Pvjy Ki Ke?

Di:

23 Gwcj 2006 (KevRvii wSjsRvq)| ck: `k c_g evii gZ Ki bvqcvj wbqvM Ges Kvhg i nq Ke? Di: 1 RyjvB 2006 (c_g bvqcvj Lvqivgvb Payix)| ck: AvaywbK Kwe kvgmyi ingvb gviv hvb Ke? Di:17 AvM 2006| ck: exik wmcvnx knx` gvdv Kvgvji bvg wWqvg vcb Kiv nqQ Kv_vq? Di: XvKvi gyM`v cvovq| ck: cvq nuU evsjv`ki 64wU Rjv gYKvix cwievRK`i bvg Kx? Di: iwKeyj nvmvb Lvb iwK I Bmjvg Dwb Lvb UzUzj| ck: miKvi `ki Kv_vq c_g Szj mZz wbgvYi wmv bq? Di: wmjU| ck: evsjv`ki c_g `wnxb AvBbRxex K? Di: Gwcwc Lv`gyj Bmjvg| ck: Kgjvcyi ijkb gywhy knx` ij KgPvix`i iY wbwgZ wZ i bvg Kx? Di: m~hKZb| ck: winve Kx? Di: wiqj GU G nvDwRs Gmvwmqkb Ae evsjv`k| ck: vBwKs dvm Kx? Di: wbwl NvwlZ cwjw_b kwcs evM wbqYi Rb wekl Awfhvb| ck: Ke AvBfwi Kv RvwZmsN kvwiv wgkb 6 Rb evsjv`kx mbv wbnZ nb?

Di: 25 AvM 2006| ck: Kvb wekwe`vjq RvZxq Kwe bRij Bmjvgi Rxeb I mwKgK AvewkK cvV wnme Afy Ki? Di: Awjqvi ejevbi wfvwiqv wekwe`vjq| ck: c_gevii gZ Kvb evsjv`kx A_bxwZwe` kvwZ bvej cyivi-2006 jvf Kib? Di: W. gynv` BDbym| ck: W. gynv` BDbym KZZg evOvwj, Dcgnv`ki KZZg Ges KZZg gymjgvb wnme bvej cyivi cvb? Di:h_vg 3q evOvwj, Dcgnv`ki 7g Ges 9g gymjgvb wnme bvej cvb| ck: MvgxY evsKi c 2006 mvj kvwZ bvej cyivi MnY Kib K? Di: ivRkvnx Rvbi avBbMi wkeM kvLvi FYMnxZv Zvmwjgv eMg| ck: KZ ZvwiL XvKvi weGmBwm feb AwMKv NU? Di: 26 deqvwi 2007| ck: evsjv`k KZZg `k wnme RvwZmsN `ybxwZ weivax Kbfbkb Abygv`b Ki? Di:86 Zg (27 deqvwi 2007)| ck: IqvKv_b Kx? Di:23-25 gvP 2007 mvj RvMv evsjv`k wkivbvg weki `xNZg mgy` mKZ ai UKbvd _K KevRvi 100 wK.wg. c_ nuvUvi Kgm~Px|

ck: gvP 2007 evsjv`k c_gevii gZ Kvb wRwbmwU ivwb i Ki? Di:gvsm (mshy Avie AvwgivZ)| ck: `ki c_g bvix wP cwiPvjK gbRy Aviv eMg ieKv gviv hvb Ke? Di:3 Ryb 2007| ck: `k c_gevii gZ RvZxq Rb wbeb w`em cvwjZ nq Ke? Di: 3 RyjvB 2007| ck: cevmx evsjv`kx`i A_vqb cwZwZ BDbvBUW Gqvi IqRi c_g hvv i nq Ke Kv_vq _K? Di: 10 RyjvB 2007, XvKvwmjU-XvKv _K| ck: ijUwi widgm Kwgkb MwVZ nq Ke? Di: 3 bf^i 2007| ck: ijUwi widgm Kwgkbi Pqvigvb K? Di: ZveavqK miKvii mveK Dc`v I gx cwil` mwPe W. AvKei Avjx Luvb (17 m`m wewk)| ck: Dcgnv`ki c_g gymwjg gwnjv wPwKrmK Wv. Rvniv eMg KvRx Ke gviv hvb? Di:7 bf^i 2007 (97 eQi eqm)| ck: Ke Kvb Pzwi ga w`q ivvq wZbwU evwYwRK evsK (mvbvjx, RbZv, AMYx) Kvvwb wnme hvv i Ki? Di: 15 bf^i 2007, fim Pzwi ga w`q| ck: 15 bf^i 2007 mvj wmWi wZM gvbyli mvnvhv_ KbmvU di evsjv`k-2 Gi AvqvRb nq Ke Kv_vq?

Di:

2 wWm^i 2007 hyivi wbDBqK| ck: 2007 mvj evsjv`ki Kvb Kwkx cvwKvb Uwjwfkbi AvRxeb mvbbv cyivi jvf Kib? Di: kvnbvR ingZzjvn| ck: Rywbqi wgm AvgwiKv bviv Avjxi cwZK wbevm Kv_vq? Di: evsjv`ki bKvbvi g`b _vbvq| ck: c_g evii gZ Kvb evsjv`kx mvqwUwdK G UKbvjwR Avi cyivi jvf Kib? Di:dwi`cyii AvgwiKv emevmKvix KwDUvi Bwwbqvi bvwdR web Rvdi| ck: Abb mvwnZ cyivi-1414 K cvb? Di: K_v mvwnwZK gKeyjv gyi| ck: exik nvwg`yi ingvbi Kei (gZ`n) fviZi wcyivi Avgevmv _K mvgwiK ghv`vq `k wbq Avmv nq Ke? Di:10 wWm^i, 2007 (mgvwnZ Kiv nq 11 wWm^i 07 wgicyi eywRxex Kei vb)| ck: evsjv`k mcwZ Kvb msvi KvhKix cwil`i m`m wbevwPZ nq? Di: AvRvwZK mgy` msv (IMO)-Gi 2008-09 gqv`| ck: evsjv`k 2007 mvj 10 wWm^i Kvb `ki mv_ ZKi cwinvi Pzw ^vi Ki? Di: myBRvijv|

ck: UNDP Gi gvbe Dbqb m~PK wicvU2007 Abyhvqx evsjv`ki Aevb KZZg? Di: 140Zg| ck: AvRvwZK gvZfvlv w`em Dcj c_g evii gZ Kvb `k evsjv`ki K`xq knx` wgbvii Qwe m^wjZ WvK wUKU cKvk Ki? Di: gvwKb hyiv| ck: weki cwiek ivi Av`vjb Ae`vbi Rb RvwZmsN KZK c` Champion of the Earth-2008 cvb K? Di: evsjv`ki W. AvwZK ingvb| ck: AWvi Ae Mvb ivR-2008 mvbbv c`K cvb K? Di: mvC` Avng`| ck: bvej weRqx W. gynv` BDbymi mekl cKvwkZ eBwUi bvg Kx? Di: "Creative a World Without ck: Ke biwms`xZ mvZRb exiki cwZ kv RvbvZ exik vggvb nvmcvZvj Dvab Kiv nq? Di: 1 deqvwi 2008| ck: RvZxq bvix Dbqb bxwZgvjvq gvZ ZKvjxb QywU KZ gvm c ve Kiv nqQ? Di: 5 gvm (c~e wQj 4 gvm)| ck: 2008 mvj Kv_vq hyM Rb gw`ii mvb cvIqv hvq? Di: bIMuv Rjvi cvnvocyi| ck: 'University of British Colombia' Kvb evsjv`kxK
Poverty and Fester of Capitalism".

Wi Ae jR wWMx c`vb Ki? Di: bvej weRqx W. gynv` BDbymK| ck: Ke evsjv`k wbevPb Kwgkb mwPevjq cavbgxi Kvhvjq _K c_K nq? Di: 9 gvP 2008| ck: mvqvU (SWAT) Kx? Di: Spicial Weaponds and Tractis A_vr gnvbMi Mvq`v cywjki wekl `j| ck: mveK mbvevwnbxi cavb Rbvij gCg BD Avng`i PvKwii gqv` GK eQi ew Kiv nq Ke? Di: 6 Gwcj 2008| ck: Abbv mvwnZ cyivi-1415 jvf Kib K? Di: SYv `vm cyiKvq| ck: evsjv`k _K c_g evii gZ K gnvKvk gYi myhvM cvb? Di: Kzwqv Rjvi KzgviLvjx _vbvi cvw wWMx KjRi Qv iwdKzj Bmjvg| ck: 2008 mvj Kvb evsjv`kx Rvcvbi dzKzIqv AvIqvW jvf Kib? Di: dwi`v cvifxb| ck: c_g evsjv`kx wnme K gvDU wKwjgvviv Rq Kib? Di: kvwdbv knbvR| ck: Gmv evsjv`k Mwo ivW kv-Gi hvv Ke Kv_vq i nq? Di:30 g 2008 cMoi ZuZzwjqvq (50 w`b 55wU Rjvq Nyi XvKvZ Gm kl nq)| ck: fviZi mbvevwnbx cavb

Rbvij `xcK Kvcyi evsjv`k mdi Avmb Ke? Di: 27 RyjvB 2008| ck: evsjv`k c_g wngvwqZ Y wk (hvi bvg Aiv) RbMnY Ki Ke? Di: 19 m^i 2008| ck: Qwemn fvUvi ZvwjKv AvbyvwbKfve cKvk Kiv nq Ke? Di: 14 Avei 2008| ck: wek A_ bwZK dvivg wicvU2008 Abyhvqx evsjv`ki Aevb KZ? Di:111 Zg (143wU `ki ga)| ck: 2007-08 A_eQi evsjv`k wegvb KZ UvKv jvf Ki? Di:19 KvwU 11 j UvKv| ck: wUAvB (TI) Gi wicvU-2008 Abyhvqx `ybxwZM `kjvi ga evsjv`ki Aevb KZ? Di: 10g| ck: RvwZmsNi evwYR Dbqb msv (UNCTAD) Gi wek wewbqvM cwZe`b-2008 Abyhvqx evsjv`ki Aevb KZZg? Di: 121 Zg (141 wU `ki ga)| ck: ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, wmjU I ewikvj wmwU Kcvikbi gqiiv Kvb chvqi ghv`v cveb? Di: cwZgxi ghv`v| ck: evsjv`k evsK Kvb ZvwiL 1000 UvKvi bvU evRvi Qvo? Di: 27 Avei 2008| ck: 1-2 bf^i 2008 mvj RvwZmsNi eZgvb gnvmwPe evb Kx gyb KZZg gnvmwPe wnme evsjv`k Avmb?

Di:

PZz_ (1g-KzUIqv nBg 1973 mvj, 2q-cviR ` Kzqjvi-1989, 3q-Kwd Avbvb-2001 mvj)| ck: GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU Kvb ewK djvwkc-2008 c`vb Kib? Di:evKi cwZvZv dRj nvmvb Ave`K| ck: KvR Avc-2008 weRqx nb K? Di: gqgbwmsni mvwbqv myjZvbv wjRv| ck: miKvi Kvb ZvwiLK RvZxq Kwl w`em NvlYv Kib? Di: cnjv AMnvqY| ck: beg RvZxq msm`-2008 Gi Rb KZwU ivRbwZK `j wbevPb Kwgkb wbeb Kib? Di: 39wU| ck: RvZxq gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb Ke AvbyvwbKfve hvv i Ki? Di: 1 wWm^i 2008 [c_g Pqvigvb wePvicwZ (Ae:) Avwgij Kwei Payix] ck: cvq `yB eQi ejer _vKvi ci Riix Aev cZvnvi nq Ke? Di: 17 wWm^i 2008| ck: Electronic cash Resister (ECR) cv_wgKfve wmwU Kcvikb GjvKvq Pvjy nq Ke? Di: 1 Rvbyqvwi 2009| ck: evsjv`ki gv_vwcQy Avq KZ? Di: 599 gvwKb Wjvi ev 41,103 UvKv (A_bwZK mgxv-2008)| ck: evsjv`ki gv_vwcQy `kR Drcv`b ev wRwWwc (GDP) KZ?

Di:

554 gv: Wjvi ev 38,056 UvKv (A_bwZK mgxv2008)| ck: beg RvZxq msm` wbevPb-2008 AbywZ nq Ke? Di: 29 wWm^i 2008| ck: kL nvwmbv wZxq evii gZ evsjv`ki cavbgx wnme kc_ MnY Kib Ke? Di: 6 Rvbyqvwi 2009| ck: evsjv`k mekl KvK mvbm~PK bvMwiKZ c`vb Ki? Di: 2008 mvj BZvwji dv`vi gvwibv wiMbK (1g-1976 mvj fviZi KvRx bRij BmjvgK, 2q-Iq-BwRi MWb wMwbRK, 3qBsjvi fvjwi UBji, 4_fviZi W. AgZ mbK1999 mvj)| ck: fviZi we`k welqK gx cYe gyLvwR evsjv`k mdi Avmb Ke? Di: 12 deqvwi 2009| ck: evsjv`k Kvb Kvb `ki mv_ gvwb jvwis Pzw Ki? Di: bcvj, gvjqwkqv I wdwjcvBb| ck: Ke _K evsjv`k wfKwUg mvcvU mUvi Pvjy Kiv nq? Di: 17 deqvwi 2009| ck: c_g evOvwj bvix wnme K jbi UvIqvi nvgjUm KvDwji gqi wbevwPZ nb? Di: Dgv Avvi| ck: gwiwWqvb Pvbj AvB z` MvbivR2008 G miv wkx wbevwPZ nb K? Di: Ryqj ivbv| ck: Acvikb iej nvU i nq Ke?

Di: 1 gvP, 2009| ck: `y`Ki bZzb gnvcwiPvjK wnme wbqvM Kiv nq KvK? Di: Ae: weMwWqvi Rbvij Rve` AvjxK (4 gvP, 09)| ck: evsjv`ki Pv evWi Pqvigvb K? Di: gRi Rbvij ij Avwgb (5 gvP, 09)| ck: Ke wek evsKi fvBm cwmWU Bmvej Gg qiiv wZb w`bi mdi XvKv Avmb? Di: 7 gvP, 09| ck: gvt wRjyi ingvb Ke evsjv`k vDUi cavb wnme kc_ MnY Kib? Di: 8 gvP, 09| ck: gxmfvi eVK Ke Uv Gwkqvb ijIq hvMvhvM Ges mvK `kjvi ga Aciva wbqY Pzw Abygvw`Z nq Ke? Di: 9 gvP 09| ck: Ke evsjv`kx wKUvi Avyi ivvKi Dci _K AvBwmwm AvivwcZ evwjs AvKkb wblavv Zzj bq? Di: 11 gvP, 2009| ck: evsjv`k iW wmU mvmvBwUi 15Zg Z_v eZgvb Pqvigvb gvnv` wmivRyj AvKeiK wbqvM `Iqv nq Ke? Di: 11 gvP, 09| ck: Ke Lv` wbivcv Rvi`vi KiZ evsjv`k miKvii mv_ wek Lv` Kgm~Pxi (WFP) Gi KZ KvwU UvKvi Pzw nq? Di: 12 gvP, 2009 mvj 1242 KvwU UvKv|

ck: Ke evsjv`k Z_v `wY Gwkqvi eng kwcs gnj XvKvi emyiv wmwU Kgc fqven AwMKv msNwUZ nq? Di: 13 gvP 2009| ck: `wY Gwkqvi meenr kwcs gnj emyiv wmwUi cwZ K? Di: gvt dqRyjvn (emyiv 17 weNv RwgZ 19Zjv)| ck: 14 gvP 2009 wm.AvB.wW. (CID) Gi cavb wnme wbqvM cvb K? Di: mq` kvnRvnvb ivR| ck: Special Branch (SB) Gi cavb K? Di: Rvf` cvUvqvix (14gvP, 09)| ck: RvwZmsN evsjv`ki c_g vqx cheK mvBwq` Avbvqvij Kwig (Gm.G.Kwig) Ke Kv_vq BKvj Kib? Di: 17gvP, 2009 wbDBqKi wifviWj wbR evmfeb| ck: 17-18 gvP 2009, evsjv`k-fviZ b`x mxgvbv wbq c_g eVK AbywZ nq Kv_vq? Di: fviZi bqvw`jxZ| ck: evsjv`kwgqvbgvii ga j mxgv KZ wK.wg.? Di: 200 wK.wg. (Z_m~ : `wbK hyMvi 18 gvP, 09)| ck: Ke XvKv I PMvg kqvi evRvi KZ UvKvi mevP jb`bi iKW nq? Di: 19 gvP 2009, cvq 712 KvwU UvKvi| ck: Ke beg RvZxq msm`i msiwZ bvix Avmb 45 Rb webv

cwZw`Zvq wbevwPZ nb? Di: 19 gvP, 2009| ck: 22 gvP, 09 evsjv`k bewbhy Pxbi iv`~Z K? Di: Svs wRqvwb| ck: ivwkqv h_fve evsjv`k cigvYy we`yr K` vcbi AvbyvwbK cve w`qQ Ke? Di: 22 gvP, 2009| ck: RvZxq wUs 2009 Pvwqb nq Kvb Kve? Di: PMvg ivBdjm Kve (gvU iKW nq 4wU)| ck: miKvi Ke AvbyvwbKfve wkvbxwZ cYqb KwgwU MVb Kib? Di: 8 Gwcj 2009 (mfvcwZ AavcK Kwei Payix)| ck: bewbhy cavbgx kL nvwmbv cavbgx wnme c_g mw` Avie mdi Kib Ke? Di: 20 Gwcj 2009| ck: 2009 mvj Mvgvb cyivicv evsjv`kx K? Di: mq`v wiRIqvbv nvmvb (wZwb BELA) Gi wbevnx cavb)| ck: cwiek Awa`ii Z_ Abyhvqx 2009 mvj Kvb kni weki mevwaK evqy`~lY bMi? Di: XvKv (cwZ wKDweK wg. a~wjKYv 463 gvBvMvg)| ck: evsjv`k wKkvi wKkvix mskvab K` KZwU? Di: 3wU (MvRxcyii Kvbvevox, Ux Ges hkvii cvji nvU)| ck: evsjv`ki cavbgxi ^vgx wewk cigvYy wevbx W. Gg IqvR` wgqv Ke BKvj Kib? Di: 9 g, 2009|

ck: `xN 57 eQi ci Ke knx` eiKZi wWwM mb` nvi Kiv nq? Di: 22 g, 2009| ck: evsjv`k cwimsLvb eyiv (BBS) gZ 2008-09 A_eQi `ki Mo gv_vwcQy Avq KZ? Di: 690 gvwKb Wjvi (2007-08 A_eQii cvvj Mo gv_vwcQy Avq aiv nq 599 gvwKb Wjvi, ci nq 608 gvwKb Wjvi)| ck: 2009 mvj XvKvq AbywZe 11Zg

Gm.G Mgm-Gi jvMv RvZxq cvwL `vqj Gi wWRvBb KiQb K? Di: wPwkx gwbivgvb| ck: evsjv GKvWwgi c_g cwiPvjK I gnvcwiPvjK wQj K K? Di: h_vg W. gynv` Gbvgyj nK Ges W. gvhnvij Bmjvg| ck: jvK ckvmb cwkY K` Kv_vq AewZ? Di: mvfvi, XvKv|