L E C T URE

2
2
Trigonometric
Functions
1. TABLE REPRESENTING ALL TRIGONAL RATIOS (TRs) IN TERMS OF ONE TRIGONAL RATIO
sin cos tan cot sec cosec
sin sin 2
1 cos 2
tan
1 tan

+
2
1
1 cot +
2
sec 1
sec

1
cosec
cos 2
1 sin
cos

2
1
1 tan +
2
cot
1 cot

+
1
sec
2
cosec 1
cosec

tan
2
sin
1 sin

2
1 cos
cos

tan
1
cot
2
sec 1 2
1
cosec 1
cot
2
1 sin
sin

2
cos
1 cos

1
tan
cot
2
1
sec 1
2
cosec 1
sec
2
1
1 sin
1
cos
2
1 tan +
2
1 cot
cot
+

sec
2
cosec
cosec 1

2. T-RATIOS (OR TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS)

sin , cos , tan ,
p b p
h h b
= = =

cosec ,sec , cot ;
h h b
p b p
= = =
O
p
B

A
h
b
p + b = h
2 2 2
p perpendicular, b base and h stands for hypotenuse.
A.18 Trigonometric Functions
3. FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE
FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
(i)
1
sin
cosec
=

or
1
cosec
sin
=

(ii)
1
cos
sec
=

or
1
sec
cos
=

(iii)
1
cot
tan
=

or
1
tan
cot
=

(iv)
sin
tan
cos

or
cos
cot
sin

(v) sin
2
+cos
2
=1orsin
2
=1cos
2
orcos
2

=1sin
2

(vi) sec
2
tan
2
=1
or1+tan
2
sin
2

or
1
sec tan
sec tan
=
+
(vii) cosec
2
cot
2
=1or1+cot
2
=cosec
2

or
1
cosec cot
cosec cot
=
+
4. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF
TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
(i) 1 sin x 1
(ii) 1 cos x 1
(iii) < tan x <
(iv) < cot x <
(v) |sec x | 1 i.e., sec x 1orsecx 1
(vi) |cosec x| 1 i.e., cosec x 1orcosecx 1
(vii) sin
2
x +cosec
2
x 2, x R
(viii) cos
2
x +sec
2
x 2, x R
(ix) tan
2
x +cot
2
x 2, x R
(x) |sin x+cosecx | 2
(xi) |cos x+secx | 2
(xii) |tan x+cotx | 2
(xiii) If a sin x+b cos x=c, then (a cos xb sin x)
2

=a
2
+ b
2
c
2
5. SOME USEFUL RESULTS
(i) sin
2
+cos
4
=sin
4
+cos
2
=1sin
2
cos
2

(ii) sin
4
+cos
4
=12sin
2
cos
2

(iii) sin
6
+cos
6
=13sin
2
cos
2

(iv) sin
4
cos
4
=12cos
2

(v) sin
8
cos
8
=(sin
2
cos
2
)(12sin
2

cos
2
)
(vi) sec
2
+cosec
2
=sec
2
cosec
2
=tan
2
+
cot
2
+2
(vii)
1 1 sin
sec tan
sec tan 1 sin
+
= + =

(viii)
1 1 sin
sec tan
sec tan 1 sin

= =
+ +
(ix)
1 1 cos
cosec cot
cosec cot 1 cos
+
= + =

(x)
1 1 cos
cosec cot
cosec cot 1 cos

= =
+ +
(xi)
1 sin cos
sec tan
cos 1 sin

= =
+
(xii)
1 cos sin
cosec cot
sin 1 cos

= =
+
(xiii)
1 sin cos
sec tan
cos 1 sin

= =
+
(xiv)
1 cos sin
cosec cot
sin 1 cos

= =
+
Trigonometric Functions A.19
1. Show that
3 3
(1 tan cot )(sin cos )
sec cosec
+ +

Solution
L.H.S.=
3 3
3 3
sin cos
1 (sin cos )
(1 tan cot )(sin cos ) cos sin
1 1
sec cosec
cos sin
| |
+ +
|
+ +
\ .
=




3 3
3 3
sin cos
1 (sin cos )
(1 tan cot )(sin cos ) cos sin
1 1
sec cosec
cos sin
| |
+ +
|
+ +
\ .
=



2 2
3 3
3 3
(sin cos sin cos )(sin cos )
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
+ +
=
| |

|

\ .
3 3 3 3
3 3
(sin cos ) sin cos
sin cos (sin cos )

=

2 2 3 3
( ( )( ) ) a b ab a b a b + + =
2 2
sin cos = = R.H.S.
2. If cos
2
sin
2
=tan
2
,thenshowthattan
2

=cos
2
sin
2
.
Solution
Given, cos
2
sin
2
=tan
2

2 2 2
2 2 2
cos sin sin
cos sin cos

=
+
2 2 2
2 2 2
cos sin cos
cos sin sin
+
=



2 2
( cos sin 1) + =
Applying componendo and dividendo, we
get
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos sin cos sin cos sin
cos sin cos sin cos sin
+ + +
=
+ +
2
2 2 2
2cos 1
2sin cos sin

=

2
2 2
2
sin
cos sin
cos

=

2 2 2
tan cos sin , = as desired.
3. If
sin
sin
A
m
B
= and
cos
cos
A
n
B
= ,fndthevalueof
tan B; n
2
< 1 < m
2
.
Solution
Given
sin
sin sin
sin
A
m A m B
B
= = .........(1)
and
cos
cos cos
cos
A
n A n B
B
= = ..........(2)
By squaring (1) and (2) and adding, we get
2 2 2 2
1 sin cos m B n B = +
2
2 2
2 2
1 sin
cos cos
B
m n
B B
= + (Dividing by cos
2

B)
2 2 2 2
sec tan = + B m B n
2 2 2 2
1 tan tan + = + B m B n
2
2 2 2
2
1
1 ( 1) tan tan
1
n
n m B B
m
2

= =

2
2
1
tan
1
n
B
m

4. Eliminatebetween cosec sin , = a

sec cos = b.
Solution
Given cosec sin a = .............(1)
and sec cos b = .............(2)
From (1),
2
1 cos
sin
sin sin
a a

= =

.............(3)
From (2),
2
1 sin
cos
cos cos
b b

= =

..............(4)
Squaring(3)andmultiplyingby(4),weget
3 2 2 1/ 3
cos cos ( ) a b a b = = ............(5)
Squaring(4)andmultiplyingby(3),weget
3 2 2 1/3
sin sin ( ) ab ab = = ............(6)
A.20 Trigonometric Functions
5. Eliminateand between
cos cos , cos sin , sin . x r y r z r = = =
Solution
Given cos cos , cos sin x r y r = =

and
sin . = z r
Squaring and adding, we get
2 2 2
+ + x y z
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
cos cos cos sin sin r r r = + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos (cos sin ) sin r r = + +
2 2 2 2
(sin cos ) r r = + =

2 2
[ sin cos 1] + =
6. If
sin cos
and
sin cos
m n

= =

, than prove that
2
2 2
2
1
tan ; 1 .
1
m n
n m
n m

= < <

Solution
Given
sin
sin
m

............(1)
and
cos
cos
n

.............(2)
From (1),
sin
sin
m

= ............(3)
and from (2),
cos
cos
n

= .............(4)
Squaring(3)and(4)andadding,weget

2 2
2 2
sin cos
1
m n

= +
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos m n n m = +
Divide throughtout by cos
2

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
sin cos
cos cos cos
m n n m
= +

2 2 2 2 2 2
sec tan m n n m = +
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1 tan ) tan m n n m + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
tan tan m n m n n m + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
tan tan m n m n m n =
2 2
2
2 2
1
tan
1
m n
n m

2
2
2
1
tan .
1
m n
n m

(Proved)
7. If
4 4
sin cos 1 A A
a b a b
+ =
+
, then prove that
8 8
3 3 3
sin cos 1
( )
A A
a b a b
+ =
+

Solution
(a+b) (b sin
4
A+a cos
4
A)ab=0
or ab [sin
4
A+cos
4
A1]+a
2
cos
4
A+b
2

sin
4
A=0
or ab[12sin
2
A cos
2
A1]+a
2
cos
4
A+
b
2
sin
4
A=0
or (a cos
2
Ab sin
2
A)
2
=0
or
2 2
cos sin 1 A A
b a a b
= =
+

8 8 4 4
3 3 3 4 3 4
sin cos 1 1
. .
( ) ( )
A A a b
a b a a b b a b
+ = +
+ +

4 3
( ) 1
( ) ( )
a b
a b a b
+
= =
+ +
8. If sin x+sin
2
x+sin
3
x=1,then
cos
6
x4cos
4
x+8cos
2
x=........................
Solution
The given relation can be written as
sin x(1+sin
2
x)=1sin
2
x=cos
2
x
sin x(2cos
2
x)=cos
2
x
sin
2
x(2cos
2
x)
2
=cos
4
x
(squaring both sides)
(1cos
2
x)(44cos
2
x+cos
4
x)=cos
4
x
cos
6
x4cos
4
x+8cos
2
x=4.
9. If 8 sin = 4 + cos, then fnd the value of
sin.
Solution
8sin=4+cos
8sin4=cos
(8sin4)
2
=cos
2

(8sin4)
2
=1sin
2

64 sin
2
+1664sin=1sin
2

65 sin
2
64sin+15=0
65 sin
2
39sin25sin+15=0
Trigonometric Functions A.21
13sin(5sin3)5(5sin3)=0
(13sin5)(5sin3)=0

5 3
sin or .
13 5
=

3
sin
5
= infrstquadrant
and
5
sin
13
= in second quadrant
10. Prove that,
tan cot
sec cosec 1
1 cot 1 tan

+ = +

Solution
L.H.S.
tan cot
1 cot 1 tan

= +

sin cos
cos sin
sin cos cos sin
sin cos


= +


2 2
sin cos
cos (sin cos ) sin (cos sin )

= +

3 3
sin cos
cos sin (sin cos )

=


3 3 2 2
[ ( )( )] = + + a b a b a b ab

2 2
(sin cos ) (sin cos sin cos )
cos sin (sin cos )
+ +
=

1 sin cos
sec cosec 1
sin cos
+
= = +

EXERCISE 1
1. Prove that, sec
4
sec
2
=tan
4
+tan
2

2. Prove that,
sin 1 cos
2cosec
1+cos sin
+
+ =

3. Prove that,
2
cosec cosec
2sec
cosec 1 cosec 1

+ =
+
4. Prove that, (cosecsin

)(seccos)(tan
+cot)=1
5. If tan =
3
4
, then fnd all the trigonometric
ratios.
6. If sec + tan = 4, fnd the values of sin ,
cos,secandtan.
7. Prove that,
2
1 cos
(cosec cot )
1 cos
x
x x
x
+
= +

8. If sin x+sin
2
x=1,thenprovethatcos
2
x+
cos
4
x=1
9. If sec + tan = p, obtain the values of sec,
tanintermsofp.
10. Prove that, sin cot sin cosec 1 cos + = +
11. Prove that,
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
tan cosec 1
tan 1 sec cosec sin cos

+ =

12. Prove that,
2 2 2
(1 tan ) (1 cot ) (sec cosec ) x x x x + = .
EXERCISE 2
1. Prove that tan
2
sin
2
=tan
2
sin
2

2. Prove that
2
sec tan
1 2sec tan 2tan
sec tan

= +
+
3. Prove that
1 cos
(cosec cot )
1 cos
+
= +

A.22 Trigonometric Functions
4. Prove that
1 cos sin
sin 1 cos

=
+
5. Prove that cot
4
+cot
2
=cosec
4
cosec
2

6. Prove that (Sin A + cos A) (tan A + cot A) =

sec A+cosecA
7. Prove that
cos cosec sin sec
cosec sec
cos sin
A A A A
A A
A A

=
+
8. Prove that 2 sin
2
A+cos
4
A=1+sin
4
A
9. Prove that
1 1 1 1
cosec cot sin sin cosec cot
=
+
10. Prove that,
2
1 cos
(cosec cot )
1 cos
x
x x
x
+
= +

11. If sin x+sin

2
x=1,provethatcos
2
x +cos
4
x =1
12. Ifsec+tan=p,obtainthevaluesofsec,
tanintermsofp.
EXERCISE 1
5.
3 4 4 5 5
sin , cos , cot , cosec ,sec
5 5 3 3 4
= = = = =

3 4 4 5 5
sin , cos , cot , cosec ,sec
5 5 3 3 4
= = = = =

5
cosec ,
3
=

3 4 4 5 5
sin , cos , cot , cosec ,sec
5 5 3 3 4
= = = = =
6.
15 8 15 17
sin , cos , tan ,sec
17 17 8 8
= = = =
15 8 15 17
sin , cos , tan ,sec
17 17 8 8
= = = =

15 8 15 17
sin , cos , tan ,sec
17 17 8 8
= = = =
9.
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
sec , tan and sin =
2 2 1
p p p
p p p
+
= =
+

2 2 2
2
1 1 1
sec , tan and sin =
2 2 1
p p p
p p p
+
= =
+
EXERCISE 2
12. =
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
sec , tan and sin =
2 2 1
p p p
p p p
+
= =
+
and sin
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
sec , tan and sin =
2 2 1
p p p
p p p
+
= =
+
1. If
2sin 1 cos sin
then
1 cos sin 1 sin
a
y
+
=
+ + +

is equal to [UPSEAT, 99]
(a) 1/y (b) y
(c) 1y (d) 1+y
Solution
(b)
1 cos sin
1 sin
+
+

1 cos sin 1 cos sin
.
1 sin 1 cos sin
+ + +
=
+ + +

2 2
(1 sin ) cos
(1 sin )(1 cos sin )
+
=
+ + +

2 2
(1 sin 2sin ) (1 sin )
(1 sin )(1 cos sin )
+ +
=
+ + +

2sin (1 sin )
(1 sin )(1 cos sin )
+
=
+ + +

2sin
1 cos sin
y

= =
+ +
Trigonometric Functions A.23
2. If a cos
3
+3a cossin
2
=m and
a sin
3
+3a cos
2
sin=n, then (m+n)
2/3
+
(mn)
2/3
is equal to
(a) 2a
2
(b) 2a
1/3
(c) 2a
2/3
(d) 2a
3
Solution
(c) From the given relations, we get
m+n=a cos
3
+3a cossin
2
+3a
cos
2
sin+a sin
3

= a (cos + sin )
3
similarly, m n =
a(cossin)
3

(m+n)
2/3
+(mn)
2/3
=a
2/3

[(cos+sin)
2
+(cossin)
2
]
=a
2/3
[2 (cos
2
+sin
2
)]=2a
2/3

3. (m+2)sin+(2m1)cos=2m+1,if
(a) tan=3/4
(b) tan=4/3
(c) tan=2m/(m
2
1)
(d) tan=2m/(m
2
+1)
Solution
(b, c) The given relation can be written as
(m + 2) tan + (2m 1) = (2m + 1)
sec
(m + 2)
2
tan
2
+ 2(m + 2) (2m 1)
tan+(2m1)
2

=(2m+1)
2
(1+tan
2
)
[(m+2)
2
(2m+1)
2
] tan
2
+2(m+2)
(2m1)tan
+(2m1)
2
(2m+1)
2
=0
3(1m
2
) tan
2
+(4m
2
+6m4)tan
8m=0
[(m+2)
2
(2m+1)
2
] tan
2
+2(m+2)
(2m1)tan
+(2m1)
2
(2m+1)
2
=0
3(1m
2
) tan
2
+(4m
2
+6m4)tan
8m=0
(3tan4)[(1m
2
)tan+2m]=0
Which is true if tan =4/3 or tan = 2m/
(m
2
1)
4. If x=sectan and y=cosec+cot, then
(a)
1
1
y
x
y
+
=

(b)
1
1
y
x
y

=
+
(c)
1
1
x
y
x
+
=

(d) xy+xy+1=0
Solution
(b, c, d) We have
1 sin 1 cos
,
cos sin
x y
+
= =

By multiplying, we get

(1 sin )(1 cos )
cos sin
xy
+
=

xy+1

1 sin cos sin cos sin cos
cos sin
+ +
=


1 sin cos
cos sin
+
=

and

(1 sin )sin cos (1 cos )
cos sin
+
=

x y

2 2
sin sin cos cos
cos sin

=


sin cos 1
( 1)
cos sin

= = +

xy
Thus,
1
1 0
1
y
xy x y x
y

= + = =
+
and

1
1
x
y
x
+
=

5. If
2
1 sin 3sin cos , A A A + = then possible
values of tan A are [NDA-2005]
(a) 1,1/2 (b) 2,1/4
(c) 3,1/6 (d) 4,1/8
Solution
(a)
2
1 sin 3sin cos A A A + =
2 2 2
(sin cos ) sin 3sin cos A A A A A + + =
2 2
2
2sin 3sin cos cos 0
2tan 3tan 1 0
A A A A
A A
+ =
+ =

A.24 Trigonometric Functions
2 2
2
2sin 3sin cos cos 0
2tan 3tan 1 0
A A A A
A A
+ =
+ =
(tan 1)(2tan 1) 0 = A A
tan 1 0, 2tan 1 0 A A = =
tan A1=0,2tanA1=0
tan A=1,1/2
6. For what values of x is the equation 2sin =
x+1/x is valid? [NDA-2006]
(a) x=1
(b) all real values of x
(c) 1<x < 1
(d) x > 1 and x<1
Solution
(a) x
2
2xsin+1=0
2
2sin 4sin 4
2

= x

2
sin sin 1 =
Whichisvalidwhensin=1Thenx=1.
7. If x = r sin cos, y = r sin sin and z =
r cos, then x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
is independent of
which of the following? [NDA-2007]
(a) r only (b) r,
(c) , (d) r,
Solution
(c) x
2
+y
2
+z
2

=r
2
sin
2
cos
2
+r
2
sin
2
sin
2
+r
2
cos
2

=r
2
sin
2
(cos
2
+sin
2
)+ r
2
cos
2

=r
2
(sin
2
+cos
2
)=r
2
.
8. What is the value of
(seccos)(cosecsin)(cot+tan)?
[NDA-07]
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) sin (d) cos
Solution
(a) (sec cos) (cosec sin) (cot +
tan)

2 2 2
(1 cos ) (1 sin ) (1 tan )
cos sin tan
+
=


2 2 2
sin .cos .sec .cos
1.
cos .sin .sin

= =

9. If sin x+sin
2
x=1,thencos
6
x+cos
12
x+3
cos
10
x+3cos
8
x is equal to
[Pb. CET-2002; MPPET-2006]
(a) 1 (b) cos
3
x sin
3
x
(c) 0 (d)
Solution
(a) sin x+sin
2
x=1
sin x=1sin
2
x
sin x=cos
2
x
cos
6
x+cos
12
x+3cos
10
x+3cos
8
x
=sin
3
x+sin
6
x+3sin
5
x+3sin
4
x=
(sin x+sin
2
x)
3
=1.
10. The value of the expression
[Bihar EE-1990]
2
sin 1 cos sin
1
1 cos sin 1 cos
y y y
y y y
+
+
+
is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) sin y (d) cos y
Solution
(d) The given value
= 1 (1 cos y) +
2 2
1 cos sin
sin (1 cos )
y y
y y

=
cos y+0=cosy
11.
2
2
2sin tan (1 tan ) 2sin sec
(1 tan )
+
+
is equal
to [Roorkee-1975]
(a)
sin
1 tan

+
(b)
2sin
1 tan

+
(c)
2
2sin
(1 tan )

+
(d) None of these
Solution
(b) Given that expression
2
2
2sin
{tan (1 tan ) sec }
(1 tan )

= +
+
2 2
2
2sin
{tan tan 1 tan }
(1 tan )

= + +
+
2sin
1 tan

=
+
Trigonometric Functions A.25
12. If cot + tan = m and sec cos = n, then
which of the following is correct?
(a) m(mn
2
)
1/3
n (nm
2
)
1/3
=1
(b) m(m
2
n)
1/3
n (mn
2
)
1/3
=1
(c) n(mn
2
)
1/3
m (nm
2
)
1/3
=1
(d) n(m
2
n)
1/3
m (mn
2
)
1/3
=1
Solution
As given,
2
1
tan 1 tan tan
tan
m m + = + =

sec
2
=mtan .................(i)
and seccos=n
sec
2
1=nsec
tan
2
=nsec
tan
4
=n
2
sec
2
=n
2
mtan{by(i)}
tan
3
=n
2
m, [tan 0)
tan=(n
2
m)
1/3
................ (ii)
Also, sec
2
=mtan=m(n
2
m)
1/3
{by (i) and (ii)}
using the identity sec
2
tan
2
=1
m(n
2
m)
1/3
(n
2
m)
2/3
=1
m(mn
2
)
1/3
n (nm
2
)
1/3
=1
13.
2
2
4
sin
( )
xy
x y
=
+
is true, if and only if
[AIEEE-2002]
(a) xy 0 (b) x=y
(c) x=y (d) x 0,y 0
Solution
(c) Since,1

2
4
1
( )
xy
x y

+
2
2
4
sin given
( )
xy
x y
| |
=
|
+
\ .

x
2
+y
2
+2xy4xy 0
(xy)
2
0
Which is true for all real values of x and
y provided x+y 0,otherwise,
2
4
( )
xy
x y +

will be meaningless.
14. If y=sin
2
+cosec
2
,0,then
[AIEEE-2002]
(a) y=0 (b) y0
(c) y 2 (d) y 2
Solution
(d) Given that, y=sin
2
+cosec
2

y=(sincosec)
2
+2
y 2,0
15. If cos x=tany, cos y=tanz, cos z=tanx; than
prove that sin x=siny=sinz=2sin18
o
.
Solution
Making use of given relations, we have
cos
2
x=tan
2
y=sec
2
y1=cot
2
z1.
or
2 2
2
2 2
cos tan
1 cos
1 cos 1 tan
z x
x
z x
+ = =

or
2
2
2 2
sin
1 cos
cos sin
x
x
x x
+ =

or changingtosinx,weget(2sin
2
x)(1
2 sin
2
x)=sin
2
x
or 2 sin
4
x6sin
2
x+2=0orsin
4
x3sin
2
x+1=0
2
3 9 4 3 5 3 5
sin
2 2 2
x

= = =
We have rejected the value
3 5
2
+
as
it is > 1.
or
2
2
6 2 5 5 1
sin
4 2
x
| |

= =
|
|
\ .
5 1 ( 5 1)
sin 2. 2sin18
2 4

= = = x
By symmetry, we can say that sin x=siny=
sin z=2sin18
o
.
16. Show that,
cos (sin ) sin (cos ), 0
2

>
.
[IIT-JEE-1981]
Solution
sin cos 2
2

+ <
sin cos
2

<
cos (sin ) cos cos sin (cos )
2
| |
> =
|
\ .
A.26 Trigonometric Functions
1. Ifsin=
2
2
1
t
t +
,thencosisequalto
(a)
2
2
1
t
t
(b)
2
2
1
t
t +
(c)
2
2
1
1
t
t

+
(d)
2
2
1
1
t
t
+

2.
sin cos
1 cot 1 tan

+

is equal to
[Karnataka CET-1998]
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) cossin (d) cos+sin
3. If for real values of x,cos=x+
1
x
, then
[MPPET-1996]
(a) isanacuteangle
(b) isarightangle
(c) isanobtuseangle
(d) Novaluesofispossible
4. The equation sec
2
=
2
4
( )
xy
x y +
is only
possible when
[MPPET-1986; IIT-1996]
(a) x=y (b) x < y
(c) x > y (d) None of these
5. Which of the following relations is correct?
[WBJEE-91]
(a) sin 1< sin 1
o
(b) sin 1 > sin 1
o
(c) sin1=sin1
o
(d) sin1 sin1
180

=
6. Ifsin+cosec=2,thensin
2
+cosec
2
is
equal to
[MPPET-1992; MNR-1990;
UPSEAT-2002]
(a) 1 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) None of these
7. Iftan=
20
21
,coswillbe
[MPPET-1994]
(a)
20
41
(b)
1
21

(c)
21
29
(d)
20
21

8. If x=a cos
3
,y=b sin
3
,then
(a) (a/x)
2/3
+(b/y)
2/3
=1
(b) (b/x)
2/3
+(a/y)
2/3
=1
(c) (x/a)
2/3
+(y/b)
2/3
=1
(d) (x/b)
2/3
+(y/a)
2/3
=1
9. If x=sec+tan,thenx+
1
x
is equal to
[MPPET-1986]
(a) 1 (b) 2sec
(c) 2 (d) 2tan
10. If(1+sinA)(1+sinB)(1+sinC)=(1sinA)
(1sinB)(1sinC), then each side is equal to
(a) sin A sin B sin C
(b) cosA cosB cos C
(c) sin A cos B cos C
(d) cos A sin B sin C
11. If sin
1
+ sin
2
+ sin
3
= 3, then cos
1
+
cos
2
+cos
3
is equal to [EAMCET-1994]
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
12. Iftancot=aandsin+cos=b, then
(b
2
1)
2
(a
2
+4)isequalto [WB JEE-1979]
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 4 (d) 4
13. Iftan=
sin
1 cos
x
x


and tan

=
sin
1 cos
y
y


,
then
x
y
is equal to [MPPET-1991]
(a)
sin
sin

(b)
sin
sin

(c)
sin
1 cos

(d)
sin
1 cos

Trigonometric Functions A.27
14. Ifsec+tan=p,thentanisequalto
[MPPET-1994]
(a)
2
2
1
p
p
(b)
2
1
2
p
p

(c)
2
1
2
p
p
+
(d)
2
2
1
p
p +
15. If
2sin cos
and =
1 cos sin 1 sin
p q

=
+ + +
, then
[MPPET-2001]
(a) pq=1 (b) 1
q
p
=
(c) qp=1 (d) q+p=1
16. Theminimumvalueof9tan
2
+4cot
2
is
(a) 13 (b) 9
(c) 6 (d) 12
17. The maximum value of 4 sin
2
x+3cos
2
x is
[Karnataka CET-2003]
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 7
18. Which value of k, (cosx+sinx)
2
+k sin x cos
x1=0isidentity?
[Kerala (Engg.)-2001]
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 1
20. If sinx+sin
2
x=1,thencos
8
x+2cos
6
x+cos
4
x
is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 1
21. The least value of 2 sin
2
+ 3 cos
2
is
[MPPET-2010]
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c)3 (d)5
22. If
1
sec ,
4
A x
x
= + then the value of sec A +
tan A is [MPPET-2010]
(a) 3x (b)
3
x

(c)
2
x
(d) 2x
1. (c) Given
2
2
sin
1
t
t
=
+
By Pythagoras theorem
AC
2
=AB
2
+BC
2
(1+t
2
)
2
=(2t)
2
+BC
2
(1+t
2
)
2
=4t
2
+BC
2
BC
2
=(1+t
2
)
2
4t
2
=1+t
4
+2t
2
4t
2
=
1+t
4
2t
2
BC
2
=(1t
2
) BC=1t
2

2
2
1
cos
1
BC t
AC t

= =
+
Second Method
2
2
2tan
2
2
sin .
1
1 tan
2
t
t

= =

+
+
If tan
2
t

=
%
W W

&
$

2
2
2
2
1 tan
1
2
cos
1
1 tan
2
t
t

= =

+
+
2. (d) Given
sin cos
1 cot 1 tan

+


sin cos
cos sin
1 1
sin cos

= +




sin cos
sin cos cos sin
sin cos

= +



2 2
sin cos
sin cos cos sin

+

A.28 Trigonometric Functions

2 2
sin cos
sin cos sin cos

2 2
sin cos
sin cos



(sin cos )(sin cos )
(sin cos )
+

sin+cos
3. (d)Givenequationiscos=x+1/x
or x
2
xcos+1=0
for real value of x By B
2
> 4AC
A=1,B=cos,C=1
cos
2
>4(1)(1)or|cos|2
Whichisimpossiblebecause|cos|<1
Norealvalueofispossible.
4. (a) sec
2
1
2
4
1
( )
xy
x y

+
4xy(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
4xy0
(x y)
2
0.But(x y)
2
0
(x y)
2
=0 x=y
5. (a) 1 radian
180
=

degrees=57(approxi-
mately)
sinx is increasing function
1 < 1
c
, sin (1) < sin (1
c
)
6. (c)sin+cosec()=2

1
sin 2
sin
+ =

sin
2
2sin+1=0
(sin1)
2
=0
sin=1
=/2
sin
2
()+cosec
2
()=1+1=2
7. (c) Given
20
tan
21
= Squaring both sides
2
400
tan
441
=
By sec
2
=1+tan
2

2
400
sec 1
441
= +
or
2
441
cos
841
= or
21
cos
29
=
8. (c) Given x=a cos
3
,y=b sin
3

3 3
cos , sin
x y
a b
= =
taking cube root on both sides.

1/3 1/3
cos , sin
x y
a b
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
Now square and add
2 2
1 1
3 3
x y
a b
| | | |
| | | |
| |
+
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
=sin
2
+cos
2

2/3 2/3
1
x y
a b
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
9. (b)
1
x
x
+ = (sec+tan)+
1
sec tan +
=(sec+tan)+
2 2
(sec tan )
sec tan



1
2 sec( ) x
x
+ =
10. (b) Multiplying both sides by (1 sin A)
(1sin
2
B)(1sin
2
C)
Wehave (1sin
2
A)(1sin
2
B)(1sin
2
C)
=(1sinA)
2
(1sinB)
2
(1sinC)
2
(1sinA)(1sinB)(1sinC)=cos
A cos B cos C
Similarly,(1+sinA)(1+sinB)(1+sinC)
=cosA cos B cos C
11. (d)Givensin
1
+sin
2
+sin
3
=3
sin
1
=1=sin
2
=sin
3

1
=
2
=
3
=/2
cos
1
=cos
2
=cos
3
=0
cos
1
+cos
2
+cos
3
=0
12. (d)Given,tancot=a .. (1)
sin+cos=b .. (2)
Trigonometric Functions A.29
(2) b
2
=1+2sincos
b
2
1=sin(2) .................(3)
(1) a
2
=tan
2
+cot
2
2tancot
=tan
2
+cot
2
2
=a
2
+4=(tan+cot)
2
=a
2
+4
2
sin cos
cos sin
| |
= +
|

\ .
2
2 2
sin cos 2
sin cos sin2
| | + | |
= =
| |

\ .
\ .
2
4
( 1) b
=

(a
2
+4)(b
2
1)
2
=4
13. (b)
sin
tan
1 cos
x
x

=

(1x cos )tan=x sin

tan
sin cos tan
x

=
+
. (1)
Similarly,
sin
tan
1 sin
y
y

=


tan
sin cos tan
y

=
+
. (2)
(1)
(2)
x
y

tan sin cos tan

.
tan sin cos tan
| | +
=
|
+
\ .
sin cot cos
sin cot cos
+
=
+
sin (cot cot ) sin
sin (cot cot ) sin
+
= =
+
14. (b)sec+tan=p ..(1)

1
sec tan
p
= (2)
(1)(2)
1
2tan p
p
=
2
1
tan
2
p
p

=
15. (d)
2sin cos
1 sin cos 1 sin
p q

+ = +
+ + +
2 2
2sin 2sin cos sin cos cos
(1 sin cos )(1 sin )
+ + + +
=
+ + +
2
(1 sin cos ) (sin sin sin cos )
(1 sin cos )(1 sin )
+ + + + +
=
+ + +
(1 sin cos )(1 sin )
1
(1 sin cos )(1 sin )
+ + +
= =
+ + +
16. (d)Since,A.M.G.M.
Therefore,
2 2
2 2
9tan 4cot
9 tan 4 cot
2
+


2 2
9tan 4cot 2 36 12 + =
17. (b) f(x)=4sin
2
x+3cos
2
x=sin
2
x+3and
0|sinx|1
maximum value of sin
2
x+3is4.
18. (b) Given
(cos x+sinx)
2
+k sin x cos x1=0x R
cos
2
x+sin
2
x+2sinx cos x+k sin x cos
x1=0x
(k+2)sinx cos x=0x
k+2=0 k=2
19. (c) x sin
3
+y cos
3
=sin.cos (1)
xsinycos=0 ..(2)
Now, a
2
=tan
2
+cot
2
2tan.cot=tan
2

+cot
2
2
a
2
+4=(tan+cot)
2

2
2
sin cos
4
cos sin
a
| |
+ = +
|

\ .

2
2 2
sin cos 2
sin cos sin2
| | + | |
= =
| |

\ .
\ .
2
4
( 1) b
=

(a
2
+4)(b
2
1)
2
=4
20. (d) We have,
sin x+sin
2
x=1 sin x=1sin
2
x
sin x=cos
2
x
cos
8
x+2cos
6
x+cos
4
x
sin
4
x + 2 sin
3
x + sin
2
x = (sin x +
sin
2
x)
2
=1
21. (b) 2 sin
2
+3(1sin
2
)=3sin
2

leastvalue=31=2
22. (d) Let sec A+tanA=t

1
sec tan A A
t
=
By adding both
1
2sec A t
t
= +
1 1
2
2
x t
x t
+ = + t=2x or
1
2x
A.30 Trigonometric Functions
1. If5tan=4,then
5sin 3cos
sin 2cos

+
=
(a) 5/9 (b) 14/5
(c) 9/5 (d) 5/14
2. (sec
2
1)(cosec
2
1)=
[Karnataka CET-1998]
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) sec.cosec (d) sin
2
cos
2

3. The incorrect statement is [MNR-1993]

(a) sin=1/5 (b) cos=1
(c) sin=2 (d) tan=20
4. Which of the following relations is possible?
(a) sin=5/3
(b) tan=1002
(c)
2
2
1
cos ( 1)
1
+
=

p
p
p
(d) sec=1/2
5. If sin + cos = m and sec + cosec =
n, then n (m+1)(m1)= [MPPET-1986]
(a) m (b) n
(c) 2m (d) 2n
6. If cosecA+cotA=
11
2
, then tan A=
[Roorkee-1995]
(a) 21/22 (b) 15/16
(c) 44/117 (d) 117/43
7. If acos+bsin=m and asinbcos=
n, then a
2
+b
2
=
(a) m+n (b) m
2
n
2

(c) m
2
+n
2
(d) None of these
8. The value of 2(sin
6
+ cos
6
) 3(sin
4
+
cos
4
)+1is
[MPPET-1997; UPSEAT-2002]
(a) 2 (b) 0
(c) 4 (d) 6
9. (sec A + tan A 1) (sec A tan A + 1)
2 tan A= [Roorkee-1972]
(a) sec A (b) 2 sec A
(c) 0 (d) 1
10. Iftan+sin=mandtansin=n, then
[IIT-1970]
(a) m
2
n
2
=4mn
(b) m
2
+n
2
=4mn
(c) m
2
n
2
=m
2
+n
2
(d)
2 2
4 = m n mn
11. If 0 < x < and cos x + sin x =
1
2
, then the
value of tan x is [MPPET-2009]
(a)
2 7
3

(b)
4 7
3
+

(c)
1 7
3
+

(d)
2 7
3
+

Trigonometric Functions A.31
Important Instructions
1. The answer sheet is immediately below the
worksheet.
2. The worksheet is of 15 minutes.
3. The worksheet consists of 15 questions. The
maximum marks are 45.
4. UseBlue/BlackBallpointpenonlyforwriting
particulars/markingresponses.Useofpencilis
strictly prohibited.
1. Which of the following is equal to 1?
(a) cos
2
sin
2

(b) sec
2
cosec
2

(c) cot
2
tan
2

(d) sec
2
tan
2

2. The value of
cos sin
sec cosec
A A
A A
+ is
(a) sec
2
A+tan
2
A
(b) sec
2
Atan
2
A
(c) cot
2
Acosec
2
A
(d) cosec
2
A+cot
2
A
3.
2
1 cos
sin
+

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c)
1
1 cos
(d)
1
1 cos +
4.
1 sin
1 sin

+
is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) sec.tan (d) sectan
5. The equation (a+b)
2
=4ab sin
2
ispossible
only when
(a) 2a=b (b) a =b
(c) a=2b (d) None of these
6. sin
6
+cos
6
+3sin
2
cos
2
isequalto
[MPPET-1995, 2002; DCE-2005]
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 1 (d) None
7. If f(x)=cos
2
x+sec
2
x, then
[MNR-1996]
(a) f (x) < 1 (b) f (x)=1
(c) 1 < f (x) < 2 (d) f (x) 2
8. If sin + cos = a, then the value of
|sincos|is [Pb. CET-92]
(a)
2
2 a (b)
2
2 a +
(c)
2
2 a (d) None
9. Which of the following is possible?
(a) cos=
7
5
(b) sin=
2 2
2 2
a b
a b
+

(c) 5sec=4 (d) tan=45

10. If cosx+cos
2
x=1,thenthevalueofsin
12
x+
3sin
10
x+3sin
8
x+sin
6
x1isequalto
[VIT-2007]
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 1 (d) 0
11. Ifsin+cos=1,thensincosisequalto
[Karnataka CET-1998]
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 1/2
12. If(sec+tan)(sec+tan)(sec+tan)
= tan tan tan , then (sec tan )
(sec tan)(sectan)isequalto
[Krukshetra CEE-1998]
(a) cotcotcot
(b) tantantan
(c) cot+cot+cot
(d) tan+tan+tan
13. The value of 6(sin
6
+ cos
6
) 9 (sin
4
+
cos
4
)+4is [MPPET-2001]
(a) 3 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 3
14. If y=cos
2
x+sec
2
x, then
[MP PET-2004]
(a) y 2 (b) y 1
(c) y 2 (d) 1< y < 2
15. If sin + cosec = 2, the value of sin
10
+
cosec
10
is
[MP PET-2004]
(a) 2 (b) 2
10
(c) 2
9
(d) 10
A.32 Trigonometric Functions
1. (d) from 2nd trigonometric identities
1+tan
2
=sec
2

sec
2
tan
2
=1
2. (b)
cos sin
sec cosec
A A
A A
+
cos sin
1 1
cos sin
A A
A A
= +
=cos
2
A+sin
2
A=1=sec
2
Atan
2
A
3. (c) Given,
2
1 cos
sin
+

2
1 cos
1 cos
+
=

[ sin
2
=1cos
2
]
1 cos 1
(1 cos )(1 cos ) 1 cos
+
= =
+
4. (d) Given
1 sin 1 sin
1 sin 1 sin

+
2 2
2 2
(1 sin ) (1 sin )
1 sin cos

= =

2
1 sin
cos
| |
=
|

\ .
1 sin
sec tan
cos cos

= =

5. (b) Try yourself.
6. (c) sin
6
+cos
6
+3sin
2
cos
2

=(sin
2
+cos
2
)
3
3sin
2
cos
2
+3sin
2

cos
2
=1
Short Method
Put = 0, we get the values of expression
equal to 1. Again put = 45, the value re-
mains 1, it means that the expression is inde-
pendentofandisequalto1.
7. (d) f(x)=(secxcosx)
2
+2
f(x)2forallx.
8. (a)|sincos|
2
=(sincso)
2
=1sin2
andsin+cos=a
1+sin2=a
2
sin2=a
2
1
1sin2=2a
2
|sincos|
2
2 a =
9. (d) For option (a): cos cannot be greater
than 1.
For option (b): sin also cannot be greater
than 1
For option (c):
4
sec
5
= is also not possible
asseccannotbelessthen1.
Foroption(d):tancanassumeany real value.
option (d) is correct.
10. (d) cos x+cos
2
x=1
cos x=1cos
2
x=sin
2
x
sin
12
x+3sin
10
x+3sin
8
x+sin
6
x1
1.
a
b
c
d
2.
a
b
c
d
3.
a
b
c
d
4.
a
b
c
d
5.
a
b
c
d
6.
a
b
c
d
7.
a
b
c
d
8.
a
b
c
d
9.
a
b
c
d
10.
a
b
c
d
11.
a
b
c
d
12.
a
b
c
d
13.
a
b
c
d
14.
a
b
c
d
15.
a
b
c
d
Trigonometric Functions A.33
=cos
6
x+3cos
5
x+3cos
4
x+cos
3
x1
=(cos
2
x+cosx)
3
1=11=0
11. (a)Given,sin+cos=1
By squaring both sides, we get
(sin+cos)
2
=1
sin
2
+cos
2
+2sincos=1
1+2sincos=1
[ sin
2
+cos
2
=1]
2sincos=0sincos=0
12. (a) Given
(sec+tan)(sec+tan)(sec+tan)
=tantantan ........(1)
Let x = (sec tan ) (sec tan )
(sectan) ................(2)
By multiplying both equations (1) and (2),
we get
(sec
2
tan
2
)(sec
2
tan
2
)(sec
2
tan
2
)
=x.(tantantan)
1
tan tan tan
x = =

x=cotcotcot
13. (c) 6[(sin
2
)
3
+ (cos
2
)
3
] 9 sin
4
9
cos
4
+4
=6[(sin
2
+cos
2
)(sin
4
sin
2
cos
2
)+
(cos
4
)]9sin
4
+4
=3(sin
4
+cos
4
+2sin
2
cos
2
)+4
=3(sin
2
+cos
2
)
2
+4=3+4=1
14. (c) y=cos
2
x+sec
2
x may be written as
y=(cos
2
x+sec
2
x2)+2
or y=(cosxsecx)
2
+2
As (cos xsecx)
2
is0or+ve
y=2+(positiveorzero)
y2.
15. (a) We have,
sin+cosec=2

1
sin 2
sin
+ =

1
cosec
sin
(
=
(

sin
2
+1=2sin
sin
2
2sin+1=0
(sin1)
2
=0sin=1
Required value of sin
10
+cosec
10

10
10
1
(1) 2
(1)
= + =