LAB MANUAL/DLD

EXPERIMENT NO.1
TITLE: Study of IC-74LS153 as a Multiplexer.

AIM: A) Design and Implement 8:1 MUX using IC-74LS153 & Verify its Truth Table.

B) Design & Implement any given 4 variable function using IC74LS153. Verify its Truth-

Table.

APPARATUS:

Sr.No
1 2

Instrument
Digital Trainer Kit ICs used

Specifications

THEORY:
MULTIPLEXER: Multiplexer means many to one. A multiplexer is a circuit with many inputs but only one output .The selection of particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines. Normally there are n input lines and n select lines whose bit combination determines which input is selected. Its a special combinational circuit that is one of the most widely used standard circuits in digital design . The multiplexer (or data selector) is a logic circuit that gates one out of several inputs to a single output. The output selected is controlled by a set of select inputs. For selecting one out of n inputs for connection to the output, a set of m select inputs is required, where 2^m=n. Depending upon the digital code applied at the select inputs one out of n dat sources is selected and transmitted to a single output channel. Normally, a strobe(or enable) input (G) is incorporated which helps in cascading and it is generally active-low, which means it performs its intended operation when its LOW TYPES OF MUTIPLEXER 2:1 MUX 4:1 MUX 1

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8:1 MUX 16:1 MUX

DIFFERENT MULTIPLEXER ICs

IC no. 74157 74158 74153 74151A 74152 74150

Description Quad 2:1 MUX Quad 2:1 MUX Dual 4:1 MUX 8:1 MUX 8:1 MUX 16:1 MUX

Output Same as input Inverted input Same as input Complementary outputs Inverted inputs Inverted input

TRUTH TABLE FOR 8:1 MULTIPLEXER:

E 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S2 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

S1 X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

S0 X 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

I0 0 0 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

I1 0 X X 0 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X

I2 0 X X X X 0 1 X X X X X X X X X X

I3 0 X X X X X X 0 1 X X X X X X X X

I4 0 X X X X X X X X 0 1 X X X X X X

I5 0 X X X X X X X X X X 0 1 X X X X

I6 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 1 X X

I7 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 1

Z 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

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COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS

(1) f (A,B,C) = E A

(2) f (A,B,C) =

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(3) FULL ADDER USING 8:1 MUX A B C SUM(S) CARRY

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(4) f (A,B,C,D) = A B C D Y

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ADVANTAGES OF MUX 2. It reduces number of wires. 3. It reduces the circuit complexity and cost. 4. We can implement many combinational circuits. 5. It simplifies the logic design 6. It doesnt need the k maps and simplification

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLEXER 1. Used as a data selector to select one out of many data inputs. 2. Used for simplification of logic design. 3. In data acquisition system 4. In designing the combinational circuits. 5. In D/A converters. 6. To minimize the number of connections

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CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO.2
TITLE: BCD adder AIM: Design and implement 1 digit BCD adder using IC 7483 (Full Adder) APPARATUS:

Sr.No 1 2

Instrument Circuit Board ICs used

Specifications

THEORY: BCD adder is a circuit that adds 2 BCD digits and procedures a sum of digit also in BCD. BCD addition procedures can be summarized as follows, 1. Add 2 BCD number using binary addition. 2. If the 4-bit sum is greater than 9 or if carry is generated, the sum is invalid. To correct the sum, add 0110 to sum if carry is generated from this addition, add it to the next higher order BCD digit. 3. If the 4-bit sum is less than 9 or equal to 9, the sum is in proper BCD form Thus, to implement, BCD adder we require, a. c. A 4-bit binary adder for initial addition. Another 4-bit adder to add 0110 in the sum if the sum is greater than 9 or carry is
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b. Logic circuit to detect sum greater than 9.

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The logic circuit to determine sum greater than 9 can be determined by simplifying the boolean expression of the given truth table: -

TRUTH TABLE:-detection of invalid BCD:

Cout 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cout 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1

S3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1

S2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 S2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1

S1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 S1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1

S0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 S0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1

Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1

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KARNAUGH MAP :1. Cout = 0

1. Cout = 0

As shown in figure the BCD number are first added in the top 4-bit binary adder to produce a binary sum zero( i.e. when sum is greater than equal to 9 and Cout =0) nothing (i.e. zero) is added to the binary sum. When it is equal to 1 (i.e. when a sum greater than 9 or Cout=1) binary 0110 is added to the binary sum. The output generated from the bottom binary adder can be ignored, since it supplies information already available at the output carry terminal.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO.3
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TITLE: Asynchronous and synchronous counter. AIM: Functional verification of ripple counter IC 7490 and synchronous counter IC 74191 (MOD-N operation).

APPARATUS:

Sr. No.
1. 2. THEORY:

Instrument
Digital Trainer Kit ICs used

Specifications

BASIC INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF IC 7490

IC 7490 is a TTL MSI decade counter. It contains four master slave flip-flops and additional gating to provide a divide-by-two counter and a three stage binary counter which provides a divide by 5 counter. (MOD-5) IC 7490 is a MOD-10 or decade counter. It can be used for designing symmetrical Bi-quinary divide by 10 counter. In this application clock is applied to input B and QD output is connected to input A. the output is obtained at Q A output. It is a perfect square wave at a frequency equal to fclk/10. PIN NAME AND DESCRIPTION

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PIN NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Input B Ro(1), Ro(2) VCC RQ(1), RQ(2) QD, QC, QB GND QA Input A

DESCRIPTION Clock input to internal MODS ripple counter Gates, zero reset input. These are active low. When both are zero all output are zero. +5V DC These are gate set with nine output. Output of internal MOD counter. Logic GND acts as reference. Output of internal MOD-2 counter. Clock input to flip flop A which is negative edge triggered.

PINDIAGRAM :

IC 7490 AS DECADE COUNTER TRUTH TABLE FOR IC 7490 CLOCK 0 QD 0 QC 0

QB 0

QA 0

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

IC 7490 AS MOD-6 COUNTER TRUTH TABLE OF MOD-6 COUNTER:

CLOCK 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DIAGRAM:

QA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

QB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0

QC 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

QD 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

CIRCUIT

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SYMMETRICAL BI-QUINARY DIVIDED BY 10 COUNTER:

CLOCK 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

QD 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

QC 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

QB 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

QA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER IC 74191:IC 74191 is a 16 pin IC that is synchronous, 4-bit binary, up/down reversible counter. Synchronous operation is obtained by having all the flip-flops clocked simultaneously so that
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the outputs change simultaneously. This method eliminates the output counting spikes normally associated with an asynchronous (ripple) counter. INPUTS: 1) Clock input: The clock of this IC is a positive edge triggered. 2) Enable: The IC gets activated when this pin is connected to ground. 3) Up/Down: This input determines the direction of count. When low, the IC counts up and when high the IC counts down. 4) Load: The outputs of the IC may be preset to any level by placing low on the input load and entering the data. The output will change independent of the level of the clock input. 5) Data inputs A, B, C, and D: These are used to preset a particular data in the IC. 6) OUTPUTS QA, QB, QC, and QD: They are the outputs of the master slave JK flip-flops. 7) Max/Min: This is the special output IC. When the count is in up mode and reaches 15 i.e. 1111, which is over flow condition, then output of Max/Min goes high. When in down count mode and 0000 is present at output it is underflow condition and again the output goes high. Ripple clock: This is also special output of the IC. Just like Max/Min, output of ripple clock goes low for overflow and under flow conditions. But the only difference is that this output is low for only the negative clock cycles and not for entire clock cycles (normally high).

PIN CONFIGURATION OF IC 74191:

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PIN DESCRIPTION

PIN NUMBER Data input (PO to P3) Parallel load PL

DESCRIPTION 4 data inputs lines with P0 LSB and P3 as MSB Data present on input lines appears as output when P =0

Count enable input CE Output (Q0 to Q3) UP/down Clock input (CP) Terminal counter (TC) Ripple clock (RC)

It enables counting when CE =0 4 output with Q0 as LSB and Q3 as MSB If this input is low, up counting takes place and if high, down counting takes place. This is clock input for clock As the counter reaches max (15) or min (0), it is indicated by a `high pulse` on TC output. This is an active low output. It is normally high. As the counter reaches max (15) or min (0), it is indicated by a `high pulse` on ripple clock. It is used for cascading.

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TRUTH TABLE: Operating Mode PL Parallel Load L L Count Up Count Down Hold(no change) H H H Inputs U/D X X L H X CE X X L L H CP X X X P0 to P3 L H X X X Output

L H Count Up Count Down No Change

MOD-10 UP COUNTER FROM 6 TO 15 USING IC 74191

Decimal 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Binary 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Initially 0110 is given to data inputs DCBA. To count from 6 onwards, load is initially connected to ground and then to VCC. Pin 5 is grounded for up counting. IC 74191 uses positive edge triggered clock and hence for every clock pulse it starts incrementing output i.e. 6,7,8,9After 15,output tries to go to 0 and so OR gates are connected at output pins and
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output of OR gate is connected to load pin. Hence output of OR gate is 0 and hence load is activated and it loads at output pins.

KARNAUGH MAP:

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MOD-10 UP COUNTER FROM 6 TO 15 USING IC 74191 :

CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO.4
TITLE: Shift Register AIM : To verify function of Shift register IC 7495 and implementation of pulse train generator Using the IC. Observe the output using logic analyzer. APPARATUS:

Sr. No. 1. 2.

Instrument Digital Trainer Kit IC s used

Specifications

THEORY: In digital circuits, a shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same clock, which has the output of anyone but the last flip-flop connected to the "data" input of the next one in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the one-dimensional "bit array" stored in it, shifting in the data present at its input and shifting out the last bit in the array, when enabled to do so by a transition of the clock input. More generally, a shift register may be multidimensional, such that its "data in" input and stage outputs are themselves bit arrays: this is implemented simply by running several shift registers of the same bit-length in parallel.Shift registers can have both parallel and serial inputs and outputs. These are often configured as serial-in, parallel-out (SIPO) or as parallel-in, serial-out (PISO). There are also types that have both serial and parallel input and types with serial and parallel output. There are also bidirectional shift registers which allow shifting in both directions: LR or RL. The serial input and last output of a shift register can also be connected together to create a circular shift register.

SERIAL-IN, SERIAL-OUT:
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These are the simplest kind of shift registers. The data string is presented at 'Data In', and is shifted right one stage each time 'Data Advance' is brought high. At each advance, 0 0 0 0 the bit on the far left (i.e. 'Data In') is shifted into the first flip-flop's output. The bit on the far right (i.e. 'Data Out') is shifted out and lost. The data are stored after each flip-flop on the 'Q' output, so there are four storage 'slots' available in this arrangement; hence it is a 4-Bit Register. To give an idea of 0 1 1 0 the shifting pattern, imagine that the register holds 0000 (so all storage slots are 1 0 1 1 empty). As 'Data In' presents 1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0 (in that order, with a pulse at 'Data Advance' each time. This is called clocking or strobing) to the register, this is the 0 1 0 1 result. The left hand column corresponds to the left-most flip-flop's output pin, and 0 0 1 0 so on. 0 0 0 1 So the serial output of the entire register is 10110000 . As you can see if we were to 0 0 0 0 continue to input data, we would get exactly what was put in, but offset by four 'Data Advance' cycles. This arrangement is the hardware equivalent of a queue. Also, at any time, the whole register can be set to zero by bringing the reset (R) pins high. This arrangement performs destructive readout - each datum is lost once it been shifted out of the right-most bit. 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

SERIAL-IN, PARALLEL-OUT: Data is input serially, as described in the SISO section above. Once the data has been input, it may be either read off at each output simultaneously, or it can be shifted out and replaced.

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PROCEDURE: I) Symmetrical Schmitt trigger i) Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram

ii) Apply +VCC and VEE as +/-12V respectively. iii) Apply sine wave input with 10 V p-p, with freq = 1KHz iv) Observe the waveforms on Dual mode of the CRO and verify the UTP and LTP are according to the design and sketch the same. Observe the Hysteresis by keeping the CRO in X-Y mode & sketch the same.

PARALLEL IN SERIAL OUTPUT:

PARALLEL IN PARALLEL OUT:

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PIN DIAGRAM :

Operation mode Shift

inputs s Cp1 L 1->0 L 1->0

Cp2 ds x L X H 22

pn x Pn

Output Q0 Q1 L Q0 H Q0

Q2 Q1 Q1

Q3 Q2 Q2

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Parallel Load Mode Change

h 1->0 0->1 1->0 0->1 1->0 0->1 1->0 0->1

x L L H H L L H H

1>0 L L L L H H H H

x x x x x x x x x

Pn x x x x x x x x

P0

P1

P2

P3

No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change

IC 74194:

TRUTH TABLE: Operating Mode Reset Hold Shift Left MR S1

S0
L L L

DSR

DSL

Pn

Q0
L Q0 Q1 Q1

Q1
L Q1 Q2 Q2

Q2
L Q2 Q3 Q3

Q3
L Q3 L H

L H 23

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Shift Right H Parallel Load

L L H

H H H

L H Pn

L H P0

Q0 Q0 P1

Q1 Q1 P2

Q2 Q2 P3

IMPLEMENT ATION OF PULSE TRAIN:

Q2
1 1 0 0 0 1

Q1
1 1 1 0 0 0

Q0
0 1 1 1 0 0

D I/P
0 0 1 1 1 0

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Q0 Q1\Q2 Q3 00 01 11 10

00

01

11

10

CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO.5
TITLE: Two bit Comparator. AIM: Write a code for 2-bit Comparator using VHDL language and simulate the code.

APPARATUS: Sr. No. 1. Instrument

Specifications

THEORY: COMPARATOR : A digital comparator or magnitude comparator is a hardware electronic device that takes two numbers as input in binary form and determines whether one number is greater than, less than or equal to the other number. Comparators are used in a central processing units (CPU) and microcontrollers. TRUTH TABLE:

KARNAUGH MAP:

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1) A>B

2) A= B

CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
TITLE: ALU. AIM: Write a code for ALU using VHDL language and simulate the code APPARATUS:
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Sr. No. 1.

Instrument Xilinx ISE 9.1i software

Specifications

THEORY : The arithmetic logic unit executes arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operations compare numbers, letters and special characters. Relational operations (=, <, >) are used to describe the comparison operations used by the arithmetic logic unit. Operation Clear B-A A-B ADD XOR OR AND PRESET S2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 S1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 S0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Output 0000 B-A A-B A+B A XOR B A OR B A.B 1111

CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO.7
TITLE: D Flip Flop and JK Flip Flop. AIM: Write a code for D f/f and JK f/f (using synchronous and asynchronous reset inputs) UsingVHDL language and simulate the code.

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APPARATUS:

Sr. No.
1. THEORY:

Instrument
Xilinx ISE 9.1i software

Specifications

D FF: The Q output always takes on the state of the D input at the moment of a rising clock edge (or falling edge if the clock input is active low).It is called the D flip-flop for this reason, since the output takes the value of the D input or Data input, and Delays it by one clock count. The D flip-flop can be interpreted as a primitive memory cell, zero-order hold, or delay line. TRUTH TABLE:

Clock Rising edge Rising edge Non-Rising

D 0 1 X

Q 0 1 Qprev

Qprev X X

JK FF:
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The JK flip-flop augments the behavior of the SR flip-flop (J=Set, K=Reset) by interpreting the S = R = 1 condition as a "flip" or toggle command. Specifically, the combination J = 1, K = 0 is a command to set the flip-flop; the combination J = 0, K = 1 is a command to reset the flipflop; and the combination J = K = 1 is a command to toggle the flip-flop, i.e., change its output to the logical complement of its current value. Setting J = K = 0 does NOT result in a D flipflop, but rather, will hold the current state. To synthesize a D flip-flop, simply set K equal to the complement of J. The JK flip-flop is therefore a universal flip-flop, because it can be configured to work as an SR flip-flop, a D flip-flop, or a T flip-flop.

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CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
TITLE: UP/DOWN ripple counter. AIM: Write a code for Four bits UP/DOWN ripple counter using mode control using VHDL Language and simulate the code. APPARATUS:

Sr.No
1 THEORY:

Instrument
Xillinx ISE 9.1i software

Specifications

A counter that can change state in either direction, under control an updown selector input, is known as an updown counter. When the selector is in the up state, the counter increments its value; when the selector is in the down state, the counter decrements the count. BLOCK DAIGRAM :

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DETAIL DIAGRAM USING FF :

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CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO.9
TITLE: Four bit synchronous counters using flip flop AIM: Write a code for Four bit synchronous counters using flip flop using VHDL language And simulate the code.

APPARATUS:

Sr. No.
1.

Instrument
Xilinx ISE 9.1i software

Specifications

THEORY : When Counter is clocked such that each Flip Flop in the counter is triggered at the same time, the counter is called as Synchronous counter. BLOCK DAIGRAM :

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DETAIL DIAGRAM USING FF :

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CONCLUSION:______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

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