**************************************************************

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{
W

KK
W

WJ

WJ
K

WJ

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--

K
K

W{

W{

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--

W{

WJ

K (Waber )

W H J

H.dl = I

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--

E1.1)

I1

I2

I3

dl

W{
H

H.dl = I
W
H.l = I
W :

I
r

W{

W l = 2r r l

H .l = I

(A/m)

H=

2r

EF l H

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--

N W2

W{

I N
W

H r

H.l = I
r NI
W l = 2r

H=

NI
Hl = NI
2r

NI

K Hl K

H = NI
l

K I N

W B EFJ
W A

Wb
=
B
E{F
Tesla 2
A
m
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--

B
H

W
B = H E{F

KEF

0 = 4x107 H m B = 0 H W H B
K B =

f (H )

W
B=

()

. r
KEF r = 1

r
K 6000 2000

K r

B = f (H ) H r
K

K r

NI W Rm EFJ
W

Rm =

NI
E{F

Rm = NI = NI = NI = l
A

BH
HA

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--

l
E{F
A

= r 0 A l
W R =

1
l
Rm (henry) A.t
A
Wb

A l

WJ

Rmeq = Rm1 + Rm 2 + Rm3 + E{F

WJ
1

meq

m1

m2

m3

+ E{F

W H.l = NI
H 1 l1 = B1 l1 = l1

A R
1

m1

Rm = NI E{F

K Rm

K
K

W Rm NI
NI
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--

= Rm

WE{F

If

W{

KEF
W NI

Rc =
g

NI
Rc + R g

A
0

l c NI = H c l c + H g l g =

A
r

K l g
Bc =

B
B g = Bc =

www.almohandiss.com

W Ac Ag W

--

E F = NI F

E A t F

NI

Rm = l
A
1

E henry F

E Volt F

I = V
R

( Waber F

B =
A

E A F

R =

E F

J = I
A

E 2 F
m
E Tesla F

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--

K K

K
W J

A
N=250

W{

K N {

B

B= 0 r

B= 0H

{
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--

B
I H

H
K B =

f ( H )

B
Rm
K

W J

F
EF
KE

KEF
WJ {

E{F
I KE I = 0 F H = 0 B = 0

KE{F21
B
Bmax
Br

-H s

3
4

- Hc 5
1

- Br

H = Ni
l

Hc
Hs

7
- Bmax

W{
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--

E I 1 F H 1 2
K3 H s

E H F
W Bm
K B

4J 3 H

Br
H = 0

K
K

E B = 0 F B E H F

H c 5J 4 H c
K

E + H F7 J 6J 5

3J 7J 6J 5J 4J 3K3J 7
H B K

B 0 H = 0 W

K B H c H
WJ

E H F I K

KK

FK
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--

KE

B =

f ( H )

V k h ph = k h V Bnm f W
1.5 n Bm

K2.5

J {

R ie

R
ie2 R ie

K
W

E 4 0 0 F J

k e pe = k e Bm2 f t 3 W
t f Bm
2

K 5mm 0.5

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--

p + p W P
h

WJ
W

48cm

200
K 220 12 cm2
K 0 = 4X 107 H / m

lc =48cm

A = 12 cm 2

i
220

W{

WJ

Rc J {
1.1T I 1 J {

J
1cm

Rmtotal 1.2
K I 2 2.2

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--

Rc1 =

W
c1

= 1591549 A.t / Wb =

0.48
7

200 x 4x10 x12 x10

W1.1

{
Bc = 1.1T

= Bc Ac Rc1

N I 1 = Rc1

Rc1
N

= 9.55 A

1.1x12 x10 x1591549

220

W2.1
Rc 2 =

c2

W l c 2 = 0.48 0.01 = 0.47m l c2

Rc 2 =
200 x 4x

0.47
7

10

x12 x10

= 1558392 A t / Wb
W Rg =

A
0

Ag = Ac
0.01m l g
R g =
4x

0.01
7

10

x12 x10

= 6631456 A t / Wb
WJ
Rtotal = Rc 2 + R g
= 1558392 + 6631456

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--

= 8189848 A t / Wb

W 2.2
I2 =
=

= 49.14 A =

Rtotal
N

B A R
c

1.1x12 x10

total

N
x8189848

220

WJ

N I 1 = 220 x9.55
= 2101A t
WJ
N I 2 = 220 x49.14
= 10811A t

K
W

rm

2
r o=

m
5c

ri =20cm

N=250

KW{

K 250

K r o = 25cm r i = 20cm

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--

W 2.5 A

K -1

-2
K

W r m H -1
H = NI
l

l N = 250
N
r m = 1 (r i + r o) = 1 (0.25 + 0.20) = 0.225m l = 2 r m r m
2
2

H =

250 x 2.5
= 442.3 A t / m
2x0.225

K B = 1.225T H = 442.3 A t / m B

r Ac = r 2 = B Ac L = N
-2
I

Ac = x (0.025)

= 625x10

m r = 2 (r r ) = 2 (0.25 0.20) = 0.025m

2

L=

250 x 24.04 x10

2.5

= 1.225 x625x10 = 24.04 x10 Wb

6

= 0.2404 H = 240.4mH

r = 2000

0.07cm 0.05cm 7cm

E 5 0 0 F

N = 300

W I = 1A

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--

7cm

30cm

7cm

30cm

7cm

7cm

30cm

i
300
lg 2 =0.07cm

7cm

lg 1=0.05cm

KW{

-
-1

K-2
W

R3 =

A
r

WJ
2

(30 + 3.5 + 3.5) x10

7

= 30044 A t / Wb

2000 x 4x10 x(7 x7) x10

W
R1 = R2 =

A
r

(3.5 + 30 + 3.5 + 3.5 + 30 + 3.5 + 3.5 + 30 + 3.5) x10

7

2000 x 4x10 x 49 x10

= 90134 A t / Wb
W
R g1 = l g1

A
0

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--

0.05 x10

4x10 x(1.05 x 49 x10 )

= 77335 A t / Wb

R g 2 = l g 2

A
0

0.07 x10

4x10 x(1.05 x 49 x10 )

= 108269 A t / Wb
W R4 R g1 R1

R4 = R1 + R g1
= 90134 + 77335

= 167469 A t / Wb
W R5 R g 2 R2
R5 = R2 + R g 2
= 90134 + 108269

= 198403 A t / Wb
R6
R5 R4

x
R6 = R4 R5
+

R R
4

R6 = 167469 x198403
167469 + 198403
= 90814 A t / Wb
W
W

NI

R3 + R 6

300 x1

30044 + 90814

= 2.5mWb = 0.0025Wb
W
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--

1 = x

R +R
4

198403
= 0.0025 x
167469 + 198403

= 1.36 x103Wb
= 1.36mWb
W
2 = x

R 4 + R5

= 0.0025 x

167469

167469 + 198403

= 1.14 x103Wb
= 1.14mWb
(-2
WEF
B g1 = 1

1.36 x10

1.05 x 49 x10

= 0.264T
WEF
B g 2 = 2

= 0.222T =

1.14 x10

1.05 x 49 x10

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--

{
W

(i ) (e ) K

K (n ) (T )

(e,i)

( T,wm )

V
-

W{

KEF

KE{F

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--

EF

WE{F

T wm = v i
Eradians/secondF wm EN.mF T

KEamperesF i EvoltF v

K
W e

e = Blu sin

e = N d
dt

= Bl u E{F

d
(Li ) E{F
dt

l E{FE{F

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--

E{FK e = Blu E{F = 90o

E{FK

X
X
X

e
B

X
X
X

+ X
X
e
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
U

l
X
X

X
B X
- X

X
X
X

W{

e u l B e = Blu
KEFlemingF

W f
I

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
lX
X
X
X
B
X
X
X
X

I
B

W{

E{F

f K
Laplace

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--

= Bil sin

ENFE{F

( )

f = Bil ENF sin = 1 = l , B = 90

K f
K f e

W-1

KE{F

W{

W( stator )-1.1

K
K

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--

KESFENF

5 0 0 3 0 0 2

If

W{

W( rotor or armature) -2.1

K
K
K

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--

W( commutator) -3.1

K
K

W( brushes) -4.1
W-1.4.1

-1.1.4.1

-2.1.4.1

-3.1.4.1

K-4.1.4.1

W-2.4.1

W-5.1

K-1.5.1

F-2.5.1
KE

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--

-3.5.1

K
K

-4.5.1
K

EF-6.1

K
W-2

l

a +
eab
Sa

b -

B1

B2
Sb
b

+ e12

W{

KE{F

l ba

B2B1KsbsaK
K

K e = B( )lu

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--

eab K eab = 2 B( )lu W

KES N F
B()
N

W{

e12
e=
ab

=2B()lv

CbCa

KE{FB2B1

KCbbaCa

B1S

KEFB2EF

e12 eab W

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--

bf

f B1

B2

B2

B1

a
2

()

()

bf

f B1

B2

()

W{

KErippleF

E F
KE{F

baa-bW

K
K
K

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--

eab

e12

E 12(avg)

()

e12

e t1 e t2 e t3

e t4

()

(
)

(
)

W{
W( armature winding ) -3

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--

W ( turn ) G

KW( coil ) G

W( coil side ) G
K

W(armature winding or armature circuit ) G

K

K
K

F
( 2 m.r 360 m.d

: . ( 2x2=4 e.r 2x360=720 e.d )

Emechanical degreesF m.d
Eelectrical degreesF e.d
Enumber of polesF

e.d

E{F
2 m.d

180 ( pole pitch ) G

. Y p

360
m.d

e.d

( back pitch coil pitch ) G

Y 1
K

F Efull coil pitchF *

E180 ed

K Y 1 = Y p

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--

Efront pitchF G
K Y 2

: Y Eresultant pitchF G
Y = Y1 Y 2

()
KH

( commutator pitch ) G

K Y c

E number of armature parallel paths ) G

W(Lap winding) 1.3

Y1

Y2

1 2 3 4
Yc

K K
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--

K A = P

C P C
P

K P

4 4
K

W I c I a

I c = I a E{F
A
K A

A = P E{F

I c = I a
P

Y c = 1 Y = Y 1 Y 2 W
KH

Eprogressive lap windingFJ

Y c = +1
Eretrogressive lap windingFJ

Y c = 1 K

K
WJ

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--

Y 2 = 5 Y 1 = 7 EFEF 24

Y c = +1
Y = Y 1 Y 2 = 7 5 = 2
W

a
c

c
1

e
12

23
19 21
17
22 24
20
16 18

11
13 15
10 12
14

10

11

W{

WEseries or wave windingF-2.3

(Y c = 1)
H P C
Y c = 2(C 1)
P

Y 1

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--

Y 2

K Y = Y 1 + Y 2

Y1
Y
N

Y2
N

Yc

W{

P
2

K

P
2

P Eprogressive wave windingF

2

KE retrogressive wave windingF

1 P 1 1

2

2 P

K 2

KE A = 2 FE{F

I c = I a
2

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--

KEF C C
2

F4EF21

K21 Y 2 = 13 Y 1 = 9 E
Y = Y 1 + Y 2 = 9 + 13 = 22 W

W
2(c + 1) 2(21 + 1)
=
=
= 11
4

KE{F

a
c

c
1

e
d
g
f

d
e
f
g
12

23
19 21
17
22
20
24
16 18

11
13 15
10 12
14

10

11

W{

WW
2(c 1) 2(21 1)

=
=
= 10

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--

E a Eelectromotive force (e.m.f ) equationF-4

-1

wm -2
k a -3

KK E a

K ( A)

WKK

KK WEF
K

W
EF
KKK

KKK

l KK
W u (m s )

wm = 2

n
rd / s E{F
60

W B( ) n

ec = B( )lu E{F
r
u = r wm

ec = B( )lr wm E{F

KK
W

K B( ) e1 = 2 B( )lr wm

B( ) e1 = 2 B( )lr wm e1
K

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--

Ap
Ap = 2rl W (P ) E r l F
P

W e1 B( ) =

=
p

2rl

e1 = 2 P lr wm
2rl

w
m

K E a

A N
W N

E a = N e1
A
= NP wm
A

k a = NP
A

E a = k a wm E{F

k a wm radians (waber ) E a (Volt ) W

sec onds

N = Z Z = 2 N Z k a
2

W k a

NP ZP
=
=
ka
A 2A E{F
E a = k a wm KK W

Egenerated voltageF E a
K
KEback e.m.fFKK

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--

W T e Eelectromagnetic torque equation F-5

l f c
W I c B( )

= B( )l I c = B( )l

I
a

EF I a

K A

Tc = f cr
W

B( ) =

P
2rl

T c = B( )l I a r
A

P I a
l
r
2rl A
= P I a
2A

W T e

k a ZP
2A

T e = ZT c
= ZP I a
2A

W
T e = k a I a E{F

E E a I a F

E T e wm F
KEshaftF

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--

EI
a

= k a wm I a = T e wm

W-6

(23.1)

K12.5cm 25cm W1

33 K 75 0 0

K 0.75T K 33 7

WJ

k a EF
1000 E a EF

I c EF

I a = 400 A
Pa EF

KE F -2

K
W

W-1
Z A = P = 4 P = 4 k a =

ZP
EF
2A

t c
k a = 462 4 = 73.53 Z = 2ct = 2 33 7 = 462
2 4

wm E a = k a wm EF
Ap = Ap B wm = 2

1000
n
rd
= 2
= 104.72
s
60
60

W
2

2 12.5 10 25 10
3
2
Ap = 2rl 075 =
0.75 = 36.8 10 m
P
4

= 36.8 10 0.75 = 0.0276Wb W

3

E a = 73.53 0.0276 104.72 = 212.5Volt W

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--

I c = I a = I a WEF
A
P
=

400
= 100 A
4

T e = k a I a W

= 73.53 0.0276 400 = 811.8 N m

= 212.5 400 = 85000W = 85 Kw

Pa = E a I a WEF
Pa = T e wm W
= 811.8 104.72 = 85000W

= 85 Kw

W-2

A = 2 2

k a = ZP WEF
2A
= 462 4 = 147.06
2 2

E a = k a wm WEF
= 147.06 0.0276 104.72 = 425Volt
I c = 100 A WEF
I a = A I c = 2 100 = 200 A W
T e = k a I a W

= 147.06 0.0276 200 = 811.8 N m

Pa = E a I a WEF
= 425 200 = 85000W = 85Kw
72 K
6 W2
400

0.039 WbK12

KEF

KEF

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--

A = P = 6 WEF
E a = k a wm WEF
k a = ZP W
2A

Z = 2ct = 2 72 12 = 1728 W

k a = 1728 6 = 275.02
2 6

wm = 2 n = 2 400 = 41.89 rds sec W

60
60
E a = 275.02 0.039 41.89 450Volt W

14412W3

0.05 Wb0.011 K10

K200

KEF

KEF

KEF

K EF

KEF

K A = 2 2 EF
Z = 2ct = 2 144 10 = 2880 W

k a = ZP = 2880 12 2750 W
2A
2 2
wm = 2 n = 2 200 W
60
60
rds
= 20.94 sec

E a = k a wm W
= 2750 0.05 20.94 2880Volt
144 = 72 EF
2

N = 72 10 = 720 W10
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--

R1 = R2 = 720 0.011 = 7.92 W

W

R R = R = 7.92 = 3.96
R +R 2 2
R = 1000 EF
I = E = 2880 = 2.88 A W R
R 1000
T = k I W
R

= 2750 0.05 2.88 = 396 N m

W-7

KE

KK

F F p
KE

2
KK = F p = F p
2 Rg

KK K

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--

res
Fp

W{

res EF
K

wm

K E a = k a wm W

K E a
F F p KK

KE I f

Ea res

If

E a = f (F p )W{

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--

E a = f (F p )

KE I f FKK

W-8

KEF

KK
EF

I f

K

W I f
-1.8

KE{FEseparate excitationF

Ra
+

Rfw

Ea

If
R fc

Vf

Ia

Vt

W{

-2.8
www.almohandiss.com

--

res KEself-excitationF

WEF

Eshunt-excitationFW-1.2.8
KE{F
If
R fc

Ra
I
+ a
Ea

Rfw

IL

Vt

W{

KEseries excitationFW -2.2.8

+
Ra
+
Ea

Ia

Vt
R sr

W{

F
W

KE5%

FEcompound excitationFW-3.2.8

KE
K

KK
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--

Ecummulatively compounded excitationF

If

IL
Ra
I
+ a

R fc

Ea
Rfw

R sr

Vt

W{

If

IL

Ia
Ra

R fc

Vt

Ea
Rfw

R sr

W{

Edifferentially compounded excitationF

K

If
R fc

Ra
+ Ia
Ea

Rfw

IL

Vt
R sr

W{

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--

If

R fc

Ra
+

Vt

Ea
Rfw

IL

Ia

R sr

W{

WJ 9

K( prime mover )

KEF

E a I a

K I 2 R

K


K

WJ {

E I 2 R FG
G
G
G
G

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--

EF

W(copper losses ) -

EF
KEFEF

P F = I 2f R fw P A = I 2a Ra
K R fw I f Ra I a

W( brush losses )J

I a V BD P BD = V BD I a

KE2 VF
W( core losses ) J

W( mechanical losses )J

KW

K
K

W( stray losses )J

K 1 0 0

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--

W( power- flow diagram ) J {

KE{FK

K Pcon
Pcon = E a I a Pcon = T e wm

Pmech + Piron

Pin

Ea I a

Pout = Vt IL

2
Ia R a

2
I f R fw

2
IL R sr

W{

E{F

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--

Pmech +Piron

Pin = V I
t L

Ea I a

Pout

2
I f R fw

2
IL R sr

2
Ia R a

W( efficiency )J {

P
P

out
in

100 E{F
K

00 =

0 0 =

P P
P
in

losses

in

P
P +P

100 E{F

out

out

losses

100 E{F

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--

J {

E F

KEF
K

+
Ra

Ia

Vt

Ea
If

Rfw

W{

R fc

R fw
R f = R fc + R fw

RL
V t V L V f I L I a I f

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--

WJ {

Plosses = Pi.loss + Pm.loss + Pc.loss E{F E a = k a wm E{F

Pc.loss = I 2f R f + I a2 Ra E{FV t = E a I a Ra E{F

Pout = V L I L E{F = I L R L
= I 2L R L I a = I L
Pin = Pout + Plosses E{FV f = I f R f E{F
0 0 = Pout 100 E{F Pe = E a I a E{F

in

WJ {

W -1.2.1

I f

EF

(I a = 0) K

K E a,0
(I a = I L )

KE{F(armature quadrature axis field )

KE{F ( original neutral axis )

K( armature reaction )

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--

S
)(
()

)(

( )

()

)(

W{

W-

E{F

(E a = 0) KK
K

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--

KKK

K
WJ {{

K (V L ,0 = E a,0 ) (I a = I L = 0)

E E a = k a wm F
K ( V L = E a I a Ra ) I a Ra

a
a 0 =Vt 0
a

Vt + Ia Ra

I f(A.R)

Ea res

I f(effective) I f (actual)

W{

www.almohandiss.com

--

If

I a K E a,0 I f (actual )
E{F

F E a E a ,0 K E a = V L + I a Ra
K I f (actual ) E

E{F
K I f (effective ) E a

I f (effective ) = I f (actual ) I f ( A.R ) I f ( A.R ) = I f (actual ) I f (effective )

K I f ( A.R )

WJ {
W

KK
K

W -{{

WEFJ {{{

()

Ia

Ia

W{
www.almohandiss.com

--

W -

()

W{

www.almohandiss.com

--

KE{FK

KK
Ia

Ia

W{

J {{{

WJ {

Ra

Ia

+
Ea
If

Rfw

Vt

W{
www.almohandiss.com

--

V L ,0 = E a,0 = f (I f )J {{
(I a = I L = 0) I f

KV L,0 = E a ,0 = f (I f )

If

W{

I f I f E a

KK

K KK

KK

EhysteresisF

E a ,0 = k a wm KK
KL
n wm = 2

n rds

sec
60

KE{F

www.almohandiss.com

--

a
n1
n1 > n 2
n2

If

W{

V L = f (I L ) J {{

I f n = cons tan t

K I a I L V L
V L = E a,0 V A.R I a Ra W
+
Ra

Ia

Vt

Ea
If

Rfw

W{

www.almohandiss.com

--

Vt
a

I aRa
VAR

t=

IL

IL

W{

E E a F I a Ra

K Ra
V A.R K

K

E{F

V L E a,0

Ra K V A.R + I a Ra = E a V L
V A.R I a Ra
K

: I a = f (I f ) J {{
I a I f I a = f (I f )
KV L

K
www.almohandiss.com

--

V t1< V t2
Ia

If

W{

: J {{

I f I L V L = f (n ) G
I f V L I a = f (n ) G

n I L V L = f (I f ) G
K

: J {

KEFE
KEF

K I L V L

EV L = I L R L F (V , I ) K

V L = E a ,0 V A.R I a Ra

K I L V L
www.almohandiss.com

--

WJ {

K E a

V L E a V L = E a I a Ra
E a = k a wm KV L E a
K

wm J {{
V L E a wm
I f J {{

V f I f = V f R f

KV L E a

WJ {

L 1200

K 0.04 125 V200 A

WJ

EF

EF

WL1000J

EF

KEF
www.almohandiss.com

--

WEFJ
E a = V L + I a Ra V L = E a I a Ra
(I a = I L = 200 A) = Ra = 0.04 V L = 125V

E a = 125 + 200 0.04 = 133V KK

R L = 125 = 0.625 R L = V L V L = I L R L R L EF
200

WL1000 J

n1 wm1 = 2 n1 E a1 = k a wm1 EF
60

n2 wm 2 = 2 n2 E a 2 = k a wm 2
60

K k a E a 2 =

a1

2 n2
60 =
2 n1

60

E a 2 = E a1 n2 = 133 1000 = 110.8V

1200

n
n

111V

KK

I a 2 R L = E a 2 I a 2 Ra V L 2 = I a 2 R L V L 2 = E a 2 I a 2 Ra WEF

a2

R +R
a

a2
L

111
= 166.9 167 A
0.04 + 0.625

0.1 EL1800 200 A 20 KwF

K95.5 0 R fc 133
K200 V
WL 1200

I ( A)
E (V )
f

0.00

0.375

0.50

0.75

0.875

1.00

1.125

1.25

1.50

1.75

5.0

33.5

67.0

134.0

160.0

175.0

190.0

200.0

214.0 223.0

K E a min E a max J
W200V (R fc ) J

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--

R fc J {
WEFJ {
J {{

I f ( A.R ) = 0.125 A J {{
W

E a = k a wm J
R fc = 0 I f

R fc + R fw

K E a max = 214V I f

200
= 1.5 A
133

R fc = 95.5 KK
K E a min = 160V I f

200
= 0.875 A
95.5 + 133

V L ,0 = E a I a Ra = E a = 200V I a = I L = 0 J

K I f = 1.25 A
W R fc J {
R fc R fw I f V f R fc + R fw = V f

K R fc = 27 R fc + 133 = 160 R fc + 133 = 200

1.25
WV L ( full load ) J {
Ia ( rated current ) = Pa ( rated )/VL ( rated )L=
K I a ( F .L ) = 20000 = 100 A
200

E a = 200V KK I f

= 1.25 A J

{{

V L (F .L ) = 190V V L (F .L ) = 200 100 0.1 V L (F .L ) = E a I a ( F .L ) Ra

W I f ( A.R ) = 0.125 A J {{

KK I f (eff ) = 1.25 0.125 = 1.125 A I f (eff ) = I f (act ) I f ( A.R )

E a (eff ) = 190V

V L (F .L ) = 180V V L (F .L ) = 190 100 0.1 V L (F .L ) = E a (eff ) I a ( F .L ) Ra

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--

WJ

K res

J {

I f
K

E{FW

K res

V L = I f R f
WJ {{

a
Vt

Ea = f(If)
X

I f sw

Vt = Rf I f = f(If)

R fc

Ra
+ Ia
Ea

a2

Rfw

a1
ar

()

Ifn.L

If

W{
www.almohandiss.com

--

Vt

()

I f1 I f2

IL

swK E ar
K

EF

K I f 1

E a1 I f 1

E a1 KV L = I f 1 R f E a1

KK E a 2 I f 2
V L = I f R f V L = E a I a Ra W

E Ra R f F I a Ra

{F
E a = I f R f = V L E
E a I f
K I f
K

E{F

a
Vt

R f4

R f3

R f2
Vt2

R f1
Vt1

t3

Vt4

If

W{

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--

R f 3

KEcritical field circuit resistanceF

KV L 4 R f 4
KV L 2 V L1 R f 2 R f 1

K res EF

F F = N f I f EF
KE

KEF

J {{
W

+
If
R fc

Ra
I
+ a

IL

Vt

Ea
Rfw

RL

W{

W
V L = E a ,0 I a Ra V A.R E{F

E aeff = E a,0 V A.R E{F

I f (eff ) = I f (act ) I f ( A.R ) E{F

V L = I f (R fw + R fc ) = I f R f E{F
V L = I L RL
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--

I a = I f + I L E{F
(0 0 ) =

P
P

out
in

100 =

out

=V L I L

out

Pout + Plosses

100

P +P +P
P =I R +I R

losses

cu

iron

cu

V A.R :

E a,0 KK I a
KK I f

V L = f (I L ) J {{

KV L EF

J {{{

V L = E a ,0 I a Ra W
KKK E a,0 V L = E a ,0 I L = 0

K I a = I f + I L I L
I a Ra I a

V L = E a ,0 I a Ra

I f = V L V L

K E a = k a wm =

N I f

Rm

K V L = E a I a Ra E a
KE{F

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--

Vt

Ian

I as.c

I amax

Ia

W{

E a ,0 KK E{F

K I a (S .C ) = I L E ar V L = I L R L = 0 R L = 0 K
Ra

EF

J {{{

I a Ra I a

KE{F V A.R

J {{

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--

wm J {{{
R fc W R f J {{{
K

KV L

R fc R fw (R f = R fw + R fc ) R f

I f

V
R
L

E a E a = k a wm

K V L = E a I a Ra

WJ {{

KJ {{{

KJ {{{

KJ {{{
KJ {{{

W -{{
W

200 100 A
K40.025 WbL 500

K80 0.1

W1660 W

J
J

EFJ

J
J

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--

E a = k a wm E a J
EF A = 2 k a = ZP = 264 4 = 84.03
2A

2 2

= 0.025Wb

wm = 2 n = 2 500 = 52.36rd / sec

60
60
E a = 110V E a = 84.03 0.025 52.36 KK
V L J
V L = 100V V L = 110 100 0.1 V L = E a I a Ra
I f J
If

= 1.25 A I f =

100
I f =
80

V
R

L
fw

I L J
I L = 98.75 A I L = 100 1.25 I L = I a I f

Pout J
Pout = 9875W Pout = 100 98.75 Pout = V L I L

Pcu J
2
2
Pcu = 1125W Pcu = (1.25) 80 + (100) 0.1 Pcu = I 2f R f + I a2 Ra

Plosses = Piron + Pmech + Pcu 0 0 =

www.almohandiss.com

--

0 0 = 78 0 0 0 0 =

0 0 J

out

Pout + Plosses

100

9875
100
9875 + 1660 + 1125

K80 0.1100 V

KEFL 1000

L1000

100 V R fc J

R fc R f (crit ) J
:
E a = k a wm J
K R fc = 0 I f

R fc + R fw

K R f = R fw = 80 V L = 80 I f V L = R fw I f
K Ra pp R f V L = E a I a Ra E a

V L = 80 I f E a = f (I f )
K E a max = 111V

V L E a = 100V J
100 V V L = R f I f
R fc = 100 80 = 20 R f = R fc + R fw = V L = 100 = 100 I f
1

= 1A

J
V L = R f (crit ) I f
K E a = 85V I f

= 0.5 A

K R fc = 170 80 = 90 R f (crit ) = V L = 85 = 170

0.5

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--

W
100
0.1

K100 V60 W200

W5000.02 Wb

KKJ

If = VL

fw

100
= 1A
100

J
I L1 = P L1 = 60 = 0.6 A
100

200
I L = 200 0.6 = 120 A
J
I a = I f + I L = 1 + 120 = 121A
E a = V L + I a Ra KKJ
E a = 112.1V E a = 100 + 121 0.1

A = P k a =

PZ
wm =
2A

E n = w 60 J
2
k
a

wm = 112.1 = 70.43rd / sec k a = Z

79.58 0.02
2

500
= 79.58
2

n = 70.43 60 = 672.5 L
2

www.almohandiss.com

--

WJ {

KK F = NI

K
K

WE{F
+
Ra
+

Ia

Ea

Vt

R sr

W{

(I a = I f = I L ) I L I f I a
EF

WJ {{
E a = k a ser wm
V L = E a I a (Ra + R s )

E{F

V A.R V L = E a V A.R I a (Ra + Rs )

I a = I f = I L E{F
I f (eff .) = I f (act.) I f ( A.R )

P
www.almohandiss.com

out

=V L I L =

--

I R
L

P
00 =

losses

P
P

out

iron

+ Pcopper + Pmech.

100 =

in

out

Pout + Plosses

100

W E a = f (I f ) EF J
K
E a (res.) V L

K E a K res

E a I a (Ra + Rs )

E a KV L
E{FKV L

KEF

WV L = f (I L ) -{{

+
Ra
+
Ea

Ia

Vt

RL

R sr

W{

(Ra + Rs )

K I a (Ra + Rs )
K I a V L = E a I a (Ra + R s )

K
KE{F

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--

V L = I L R L R L

E{FP K RL

R L K
K

Ea

Ea
Vt

I a(Ra + R sr ) + V

AR

Vt

Ia

W{

WJ {{

K

E{F

KEF

WJ {


(I a Ra )
K

www.almohandiss.com

--

E{{FE{{F
ser K

( cumulative compound machine ) sh

If

IL

Ia
Ra

R fc

If

IL

Vt

Ea

Ra
I
+ a

R fc

Rfw

Ea

R sr

Rfw

Vt

R sr

()

()

W{

(differential compound machine )

If

IL

Ia

If

Ra

R fc

R fc

Vt

Ea
Rfw

Ra
I
+ a
Ea

R sr

Rfw

IL

Vt
R sr

()

W{
www.almohandiss.com

--

()

K (V A.R ) (I a Ra )
( short shunt connection )J {{

If

IL

Ra
I
+ a

R fc

Vt

Ea
Rfw

RL

R sr

W{

E{F
K

E I R E{F =
V E I R I R E{F
R
P = I R + I R + I R E{F I = I + I E{F

R f = R fc + R fw I f
2

cu

sr

sr

( long shunt connection )J {{

E{F
K

I f = V L V L = E a I a (Ra + R sr )

www.almohandiss.com

--

Pcu = I 2f R f + I a2 (Ra + R sr ) I a = I f + I L

+
If

R fc

IL

Ia
Ra
+

Vt

Ea
Rfw

RL

R sr

W{
J {{

sh E a = k a ( sh sr )

sr
H
KJ

F sh
F sr

N f I f (eff ) = N f I f N sr I sr N f I f ( A.R ) F eff = F sh F sr F A.R

N f
N sr
F A.R

I a I L I sr
W
www.almohandiss.com

--

K I f ( A.R ) I f (eff ) = I f N sr I sr I f ( A.R )

WV L = f (I L ) J {{

KE{F

( overcompound )

( undercompound )

KK( flat compounding )

Vt

Ea,0

IFL

IL

W{

K E{F
K

www.almohandiss.com

--

Vt
Ea,0

IL

W{

WJ {{
W

476
0.015 WbL1800101.3 A

0.04 150 0.1

1827 WK
W

KKJ

J
J
J

J
www.almohandiss.com

--

A = P k a =

PZ
Z
=
2A 2

wm = 2

n
E a = k a wm KKJ
60

wm = 2 1800 = 188.5rd / sec k a = 476 = 75.75

60
2

E a = 214.2V E a = 75.75 0.015 188.5

V L = 200V V L = 214.2 101.3 (0.1 + 0.04) V L = E a I a (Ra + R sr ) J

V J
R
I = 101.3 1.3 = 100 A I = I I J
P = 200 100 = 20000W = 20Kw P = V I J
P = P + P + P J
P + P = 1827W
P = (1.3) 150 + (101.3) (0.1 + 0.04) P = I R + I (R + R )
K P = 1703W
P = 1827 + 1703 = 3530W
P
= 20000 100 = 85 =
100 J
20000 + 3530
+

P
P
If

200
= 1.3 A I f =
150

fw

out

out

losses

iron

iron

mech

cu

mech

cu

cu

sr

cu

losses

out

out

losses

50 A320

0.025 WbL900

K0.1 57 0.1

W375 W

KKJ

EFJ

EFJ
www.almohandiss.com

--

J
:
Z
J
=

k a = 320 = 50.93 A = P k a = PZ
2A
2

2
900
n
wm = 2 60 = 94.25rd / sec wm = 2 60

E a = 50.93 0.025 94.25 = 120V E a = k a wm KK

E I R J
R
I = 50 2 = 48 A I = I I WJ
V = 120 50 0.1 48 0.1 = 110.2V V = E I R I R J
P = 110.2 48 = 5290W P = V I J
P + P = 375W P = P + P + P J
I f

120 50 0.1
= 2 A I f =
57

fw

out

iron

losses

out

mech

iron

sr

mech

cu

Pcu = I 2f R f + I 2a Ra + I 2L R sr

Pcu = (2) 57 + (50) 0.1 + (48) 0.1 = 708.4W

Plosses = 375 + 708.4 = 1083.4W
2

0 0 =

5290
100 = 83 0 0 0 0 =
5290 + 1083.4

EL 1800200 V20

out

Pout + Plosses

100 J

KwF

K0.04 150 0.1

L1800 K1200
W

I ( A)
E (V )
f

0.00

0.375

0.50

0.75

0.875

1.00

1.125

1.25

1.50

1.75

33.5

67

134

160

175

190

200

214

223

www.almohandiss.com

--

200 V N sr

R fc = 10 K

I f ( A.R ) = 0.15 A
:

I a ( F .L ) = 20000 = 100 A I a (F .L ) = Pa (rated )

200

L ( rated )

(1) KKKKKKKKKK100 = I f + I L I a = I f + I L

(2) KKKKKKKKK I f

200 + 0.04 I L

16000 = 200 + 0.04 I L + 160 I L 100 =

10 + 150

+
I f = V L Rsr I L

200 + 0.04 I L
160

fc

+ R fw

+ I L (1) (2)

(1) I L = 98.7 A

K I f = 100 98.7 = 1.3 A

(3) KKKKKKKKKKKK E a (eff ) = V L + I a Ra + I L Rsr
E a (eff ) = 200 + 100 0.1 + 98.7 0.04 214V
I f (eff ) = 1.5 A E a (eff ) 214V

(4) KKKKKKKKKKK I f (eff ) = I f (act ) + N sr I L I f ( A.R ) W

+ I sr = I L

1.5 = 1.3 +

sr

1200

98.7 0.15 W N sr

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--

N sr = 4.25

{
WJ

K

K E

(If)

(If)

W{

EF

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--

J
J
J

EF

T e = k a I a E a = k a wm WK
K

W
E a = V t + R I a V t = E a R I a WJ
E a = V t R I a V t = E a + R I a WJ

Ra R = Ra G
K Rs R = (Ra + Rs ) G
WJ

Ra

Ia

Rfw

Ea

If
R fc

Vt

f
+

W{

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--

K
K

If
R fc

Ra
+ Ia
Ea

Rfw

IL

Vt

W{

KV t
: -
E a = k a wm E{F
wm = 2 n rd / sec
60

V t = E a V A.R + I a Ra E{F
K V A.R

V t = (R fc + R fw )I f = R f I f E{F
I f = V t E{F

I L = I a + I f E{F
I a
Plosses = Piron + Pmech + Pcu
Pcu = I 2f R f + I a2 Ra

www.almohandiss.com

--

EF P1 = V t I L E{F

Pm = E a I a E{F

T m = Pm E{F

w
EF P = P P
T = P E{F
w

P
P
100 E{F
= P 100 =
100 = 1

P
P +P
P

K w I :
m

losses

losses

losses

( ) -
W

KK

K
K

V t T 2 = 0 n0 = f (I f ) : J

n0
nmax

If
Ifmax

W{
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--

I a ,0 V t (I a ,0 + I f )
W

V t k a 0 wm,0 E a ,0 = k a 0 wm,0 V t = E a ,0 + I a ,0 Ra E a,0

wm,0 V t

k
a

(rd/sec)

n0 V t (r.p.m)LE{F

k
k =k
0

2
ZP 2
ZP
=

=
60 2A 60 60 A

F I f 0
E E 0 A.R F

R fc 0 I f
W

K I f

+
R fc R fw

k 3 = k 1 k 2 n0 V t LW 0 = k 2 I f

kI
3

n0 V t

kI
3

E{FK I f
f (I a ) : -

I V n =

n = V I R w = V I R
k
k

n V n = V 1 I R W
k
k V
f

n = n0 1

I R LE{F
V
a

(I a Ra ) n0
I a Ra

E{FKV t

www.almohandiss.com

--

K
K

E{F

U1

U2 < U1

Ia

I a,0

W{
T 2 = f (I a ) T m = f (I a ) WJ {{

Tm

T2

I a,0

Ia

W{
www.almohandiss.com

--

T m = k a 0 I a WEF

T m = E a ,L I a Pm = T m wm = E a ,L I a W

W 0 (I f )
T m = k a 0 (I f )I a = K I a E{F
K 0 I a

W T f EFG

Pmech EF
K

n V t Piron EF

K (P f = Pmech + Piron ) K
T f
KE T 2 T m F T 2 = T m T f W T 2

P f V t I a,0 T f

P
w
f

K I a ,0
W T 2

T 2 = T m T f

E I P + P
w
w

= E I V I
w
( )
E I I E{F
w
=

mech

iron

a ,0

a ,0

T 2 = f (I a )

KE{F I a ,0 T m = f (I a )
E{F (0 A.R )

www.almohandiss.com

--

P2 = f (I a ) WJ {{

P2

P2 = T 2 wm = V t (I a + I f )W
I a ,0 I a P2

F KE{F

KE
K

I f P2 I a

I a = I a ,0 = P2 =

= f (I a ) WJ

+
+
P P P
2

cu

KE{F
T2

P2

I FL

IL

W{
www.almohandiss.com

--

T2 = f (n ) W{{
T r

T 2

E a = k a wm

T m = k a I a I a = V t E a

R
K T = T T = T T
a

T2

U2 < U1

W{

T 2 n I a
I a n = f (T 2 )
W

W T m = k a I a I a = V t k a wm wm = V t I a Ra

W T m = k a V t k a wm

w = 2 n rd / sec T = T T w = V R T
60
k (k a )
n = k k T E{FW
m

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--

k 4 = 60 V t + Ra T f W k 5 k 4 L n
2

V t

60 R a

(k a )

V t n = k 4 k 5T 2
E{FK

n = f (T 2 )
K

KE{F

W -

wm = V t

R
T E{F
(k a )
V J {{
a

K R fc J {{

KJ {{

n0 I f
P2 I a
K

www.almohandiss.com

--

WJ {

KK
: -

KEF

K
: -

V
R

KE w = V R T F
k (k a )
E = k w
E
T = k I I = V

R
T T = T T
I f

res

res

K
WJ {

63 A W
0.12 120 V
KK0.02 Wb

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--

WJ
I f 1 J {
I a1 J {

E a1 J {
n1 J {

T J {

% R fc = 8 J

I f 2 J {
I a 2 J {

E a 2 J {
n2 J {

:
WJ

f1

V
R

t
fw

120
= 3 J
40

I a1 = I L1 I f 1 = 63 60 = 60 J {
E a1 = V t I a1 Ra = 120 60 0.12 = 112.8V J {
A = P k a =
wm1 = E a1

338
ZP
Z
=
=
= 53.79 J
2A 2
2

112.8
= 104.85rd / sec
53.79 0.02

=
1

m1

60

104.85 60
= 1000 L
2

%J
I f2 =

R fc + R fw

120
= 2.5 J
8 + 40

k 2 = k a I f 1 T 1 = k a I a = k 2 I f 1 I a1 = k 1 I f 1 J {
www.almohandiss.com

--

T 2 = %=0.6 T 2 = I f 2 I a 2 T 2 = k 2 I f 2 I a 2

T I I
T
I = I T I = 60 0.6 3 = 43.2
2 .5
T I
E = V I R = 120 43.2 0.12 = 114.8V J {
k = k k 2 E = k w = k I n J {
60
E = I n E = k I n
E I n
1

a2

f1

f2

f1

a1

a2

a1

a2

a2

m2

a2

f2

a1

f1

f2

a1

f1

W
n2 = n1 E a 2 I f 1 = 1000 114.8 3 1220 L
112.8 2.5

a1

f2

(12 Kw , 100 V , 1000 r.p.m)

W
K80 0.1 K 100 V

K6 A L
WL

I ( A)
E (V )
f

0 0.2
8.5

31.4

0.4 0.6
65

77.1

0.83

0.86

0.99 1.2

1.32 1.4

93.5

94.4

99.4 108.5

110 114.2

E R fc FJ
L EFJ

EFJ

WEF

FJ {
KE

5% J {

www.almohandiss.com

--

150%
J

J {

I f ( A.R ) = 0.16 J {
:
I a,o = 6 ENo-Load FJ

E a ,0 = V t I a ,0 Ra = 100 6 0.1 = 99.4V W

L E a ,0 = 99.4V KK
K I f

= 0.99

R f = R fc + R fw = V t = 100 = 101
0.99

R fc = 101 R fw = 101 80 = 21 W
WEFJ
Pmech + Piron = E a ,0 I a ,0 = 99.4 6 = 596.4W
WEFull-LoadWF J
I a = I a rated = Pa rated

12000
= 120
100

V
= J {
E = 99.4V W
t rated

F .L

a ,0

E a F .L = V t I a F .L Ra = 100 120 0.1 = 88V W

wm,0 = 2 1000 = 104.72rd / sec E a F .L = k a F .L wm,F .L = wm, F .L

60

kw

a,0

m,0

m,0

wm,F .L = wm,0 E a F .L = 104.72

a,0

88
= 92.71rd / sec
99.4

W
T m = k a F .L I a F .L = E a F .L

n
I

F .L

a F .L

m, F .L

www.almohandiss.com

--

60 wm , F . L
2

60 92.71
= 885.31r. p.m
2

88 120
= 113.9 N .m
92.71

T f T 2 = T m T f W
Tf

mech

+ Piron

m, F .L

596.4
= 6.43N .m
92.71

T 2 = 113.9 6.43 = 107.47 N .m

P2 = E a F .L I a F .L (Pmech + Piron ) = 88 120 596.4 = 9963.6W W
P2 = T 2 wm, F .L = 107.47 92.47 = 9963.6W W
WEF
P1 = V t I L = V t (I a F .L + I f ) = 100(120 + 0.99) = 12099W

P 100 = 9963.6 100 = 82.35 W

12099
P
= 1 = 0.95 = 0.95 J {
0.95
w = w E = 104.72 88 1 = 97.59rd / sec
99.4 0.95
E
60
n = w = 60 97.59 = 931.91r. p.m W
2
2

F .L

F .L

F .L

m,F .L

a F .L

a,0

F .L

m,0

F .L

F .L

T m = E a F .L I a F .L = 88 120 = 108.2 N .m W
97.59

m,F .L

T 2 = T m T f W
EF T f = 596.4 = 6.11N .m W
97.59
T 2 = 108.2 6.11 = 102.09 N .m

= P2 100 0 0 = 9963.6 100 0 0 = 82.35 0 0 W

12099

I a F .L 150%J
WJ {
K

k a F .L = k a 0 = 0.949V / rad / sec E a ,0 = 99.4 = k a 0 wm,0 = k a 0 104.72

I a start = 1.5 I a F .L = 1.5 120 = 180 W
www.almohandiss.com

--

T m start = k a F .L I a start = 0.949 180 = 170.82 N .m W

WJ {
I a start = 180 W I f (act ) = 0.99 W
I f ( A.R ) = 0.16 W
I f (eff ) = I f (act ) I f ( A.R ) = 0.99 0.16 = 0.83 W
W0.83 A
L E a (eff ) = 93.5V (= k a wm )

k a = 93.5 = 0.893V / rad / sec

104.72

T m start = k a I a start = 0.893 180 = 160.71N .m W

-
WJ {

K Rae

+
Ra
+

Ia
Vt

Ea

R sr

I L I f I a

E I a = I f = I L F
KEF


KE F
www.almohandiss.com

--

J {

T m = k a I a E a = k a wm
K

KV t = E a + I a (Ra + R sr + Rae ) E{F

k a = k sr I a W
E I a F

)
( +
+
K wm = V t I a Ra Rsr Rae

k a = k sr I a T m = k a I a
W

K k sr T m = k sr I 2a E{F

T f T 2 = T m T f W
K I a ,0 T f

www.almohandiss.com

--

mech

+ Piron

V I
w
t

a,0

WJ {
V t n = f (I a ) J {{

k 1 =

Ia

W{

)
( +
ZP
n = V t I a Ra R sr L
60 A
k1

I a

E = k 2 I a F

K k 3 = V t n = V t = k 3 E{F

kk
1

K n = k 3

K
n = f (I a ) {

EF K

K
K
T 2 = f (I a ) T m = f (I a ) -

www.almohandiss.com

--

Tm

T2

Tm

Tm

T2

Ia

W{

(parabola F T m = k sr I a2 W

T m k 5 I a

k 5 = k a

KE{F
K

T 2

K T 2 = T m T f W T f

K
K{ T 2 = f (I a )K T f

P2 = f (I a ) : -
P2 = 2nT 2 W
= V t I L Pcu Pmech Piron
= V t I L

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--

P2

K{

I a = I a ,0 = P2 =

= f (I a )WJ

P2 + Pcu + P f

{{

KE{F

KE{F

n0
n max

Vt I a

P2
T2
n
0

Ia

I a,0

I aFL

W{

www.almohandiss.com

--

n = f (T 2 ) WJ

{{

n
n0
n max

T2

W{

K
E a = k sr I a wm E a = V t I a (Ra + Rae + Rsr ) W

T =
V I (R + R + R )
=

w
T k I
k
k I
k
+
+R
R R
W
w = V
k
k T
W n T
+
+R
V
LE{F
n=
R R
2
2
60 k T
60 k
I a = T m

sr

sr

sr

sr

ae

ae

sr

sr

sr

sr

sr

ae

sr

sr

Rae

T 2 T 2

E{F

www.almohandiss.com

--

KK

J {
W

EV t F R1 {{

W n ' n I a K

n' V t I a (Ra + R sr + R1)

=
n
V t I a (Ra + Rsr )

T m = k sr I a2 J
'
)J
P'2 = 2n'T m (P'mech + Piron

R1 J
J

EFV t J {{
I a

T m J

n ' n V t' V t J

)
( +
n' = V t I a Ra R sr W
n V t I a (R a + R sr )
'

P1 J

P2 J
P2 V t J

n T m

K KV t
www.almohandiss.com

--

EV t FJ {{

I 'a Rsr Rh
K = 0 Rh I a

sr

+ Rh

'

EF n' = ' I a I a
n
Ia
T
T

'
m
m

=
'

T 2 (n' n )

J {

J {

WJ {

W
K60 AK500 V

0.10.15
K0.0255 Wb

www.almohandiss.com

--

WJ

E a1 J {
n1 J {

T m1 J {
60% J
W

I a 2 J {
E a 2 J {

n2 J {
W

WJ

I a = I f = I L W
E a1 = V t I a1 (Ra + Rsr ) = 500 60 (0.1 + 0.15) = 485V WKKJ {

k a =

ZP 400 2
=
= 63.66 WJ
2A 2 2

EFA=2
485
wm1 = E a1 =
= 298.77rad / sec W
63.66 0.0255

n1 =

60 wm1
2

60 298.77
= 2853r. p.m W
2

T m1 = k a I a1 = 63.66 0.0255 60 = 97.4 N .m WJ {

I a 2 = I a1 T m 2

= 60 0.6 = 46.47

m1

T
T

m2
m1

k I
k I

sr

a2
2

sr

a1

I a2 T

I a1 T

m2
m1

= 0.6 J

W I a2 J {

E a 2 = V t I a 2 (Ra + R sr ) = 500 46.47 (0.1 + 0.15) = 488.4V WKKJ {

n2 = n1 E a 2 I a1 = 2853 488.4 60 = 3710r. p.m WJ {

485 46.47
E a1 I a 2

WJ

220 VL 25 A
www.almohandiss.com

--

KK ( Rae = 0)
K0.4 0.6
K

E a J
P2 J

T 2 J
K (Rae ) L J
W

J {
K (Rae ) J {
W

E a = V t I a (Ra + R sr + Rae ) = 220 25(0.6 + 0.4 + 0)195V KKJ

WJ

P = E I (P + P ) = 195 25 0 = 4875W
T = P = 4875 = 155.18 N .m WJ
w 2 300
2

mech

iron

60

K (Rae ) LJ

T f = 0 T 2 = T m = k sr I 2a WJ {
k sr = 0.248 155.18 = k sr 252
2
C T 2 200 rpm = C (200) W

=C
2 300 rpm

(300)
2

WL200
2

T 2 200rpm = T 2 300rpm

200

300

200
= 155.18

300

= 68.97 N .m

WJ {
P2 = T 2 wm = 68.97 2 200 = 1445.5W
60

www.almohandiss.com

--

W (Rae ) J {
W

wm =

k T
sr

200
=
60

t
m

220

R +R
k
a

ae

+ R sr

sr

0.6 + 0.4 + Rae

0.248
0.248 68.97
1 + Rae

20.94 = 53.19
0.248
1 + Rae
= 53.19 20.94 = 32.25
0.248

1 + Rae = 0.248 32.25 8

Rae = 7
W
T 2 = T m = k sr I 2a WL
68.97 = 0.248 I 2a

68.97
= 16.68
0.248
200
E a = k sr I a wm = 0.248 16.68 2 60 = 86.64V WKK

Ia =

E a = V t I a (Ra + R sr + Rae )
86.64 = 220 16.68(0.6 + 0.4 + Rae )

16.68(1 + Rae ) = 220 86.64 = 133.36

1 + Rae =

133.36
= 8
16.68

Rae = 7

www.almohandiss.com

--

-
WJ {K

EF

EF
K

K{{

net J
KE{F f sr

J
KE{F

If

Ra
I
+ a

R fc

Rfw

If

+
Ea

R sr

Rfw

Vt
R sr

IL

Ia
Ra

R fc

Vt

Ea

EFW{
If

R fc

Rfw

IL

Ia

Ra
Vt

IL

Rfw

EFW{
--

R sr

Vt

www.almohandiss.com

Ra
+ Ia
Ea

R sr

If
R fc

+
Ea

IL

W -

J {{

E = k w
V = E + I (R + R )
R = R + R I = V V = V = I R
R

net

sr

fc

fw

{{

E = k w
V =E +I R +I R
V = I R = E + I R =V I R

net

sr

sr

W
IL = Ia + I f

A.R net = f sr A.R

T 2 = T m T f T m = k a net I a
F net = F f F sr F A.R

I f (act ) I f (eff ) = I f (act ) N sr I sr I f ( A.R )

N
I = I I

sr

sr

I
a

J H

f net

net = f + sr sr
K

V t n = f (I a ) {{J
EV t F I f net
I a n0 n = f (I a )
www.almohandiss.com

--

E{F
n
n0

I aFL

Ia

W{

T 2 = f (I a ) T m = f (I a ) -

T2

I aFL

I a,0

Ia

W{

T 2 = f (I a ) T m = f (I a )
E{F

www.almohandiss.com

--

W = f (I a ) P2 = f (I a ) -

EF
n = f (T 2 ) : -

n
n0

T2FL T2

W{

FE

KE

KEF

K
WJ {

Rh R H

www.almohandiss.com

--

WJ {


K

WJ {
f sr
K net

K
KE{{ F

KK

E{F

n max
n0

Ia

I aFL

W{

www.almohandiss.com

--

n max
n0

0
T2FL

T2

W{

Tm
T2

Ia

I aFL

W{

www.almohandiss.com

--

WJ {

K6 AL

KK120

K xJ

KL EF

J
K

I f (act ) = 0.99 W{{J

L E a (eff ) = V t I a Ra = 100 120 0.1 = 88V W

E{{F E a (eff ) I f (eff )

L E a (eff ) =
E f (eff ) = 94.4V

88
1000 = 94.4V
932

WL E a (eff )

I f (eff )

I f (eff ) = 0.86 WL
I f ( A.R ) = I f (act ) I f (eff ) = 0.99 0.86 = 0.13 W

N f I f ( A.R ) = 1200 0.13 = 156t / pole W

LL E a (eff ) = 88V J
L E a (eff ) =

88
1000 = 110V
800

I f (eff ) = 1.32 E f (eff ) = 110V

I f (eff ) = I f (act ) + N sr I L I f ( A.R ) W

N f N sr I L =

I +I
a

f ( act )

I f (eff ) = I f (act ) + N sr (I a F .L + I f (act )) I f ( A.R )

www.almohandiss.com

--

1.32 = 0.99 +

120.99 N sr
1200

N (120 + 0.99) 0.13

sr

1200

= 1.32 + 0.13 0.99 = 0.46

N sr = 1200 0.46 = 4.56 L

120.99
WJ

I f (eff ) = I f (act ) N sr (I a F .L + I f (act )) I f ( A.R ) W

= 0.99

4.56
(120 + 0.99) 0.13
1200

= 0.4 A
W0.4 AL

EF E a = 88V E a = 65V
W n
65 = k 1000

88 = kn
n = 88 1000 = 1353.9rpm
65

www.almohandiss.com

--

WJ

I a start
K I a F .L

K I a = V t E a W

K (E a = k a wm )

I a start = V t W

Rae J
K I a start =

Ra + Rae

K (V t ) J
W T m start = k a I a start WG
KE I a F .L {{F I a F .L I a start J

K (R fc = 0) J
K

E a KK Rae G
I a = V t E a W I a
+

R R
a

ae

www.almohandiss.com

--

WG
Ia

Ra
+

R fw

If

Ea
If
-

()

+
Vt

Ea

Ra

Ia

Rfw

Vt

Rae
-

()

EFW{

EF

R4

R3
R2
3

R1

Ia
5

Ra

F If

Ea

off

+
-

Vt

()

EF{

E{F

www.almohandiss.com

--

K I a min I a max
R4 R3 R2 R1

K
K I f K
W *

K100 VE100 V10 KwF

. 0.1

K I a start -

(Rae ) J
K

KJ

200%

K
W

W (Rae = 0) J
I a start = V t

100
= 1000
0 .1

I a F .L = Pa F .L = 10000 = 100 W
100

I a start = 10 I a F .L
W I a start = 2 I a F .L = 2 100 = 200 Rae J
I a start =

200 =

Ra + Rae
100
0.1 + R ae

Rae = 0.4
www.almohandiss.com

--

Rae3 Rae2 Rae1 J

K

R1

R2

R3 4 Ra
Rae3
3

Rae2

Rae1

W{

K100 A
K I a

Ia
200A
100A

t1

t3

t2
Rae1

Rae2

t4

Rae3

W{

K Rae1 = 0.4
(E a = k a wm ) KK

E E a = E +a F t + t

(Ra + Rae ) E a V t V t = E a + I a (Ra + Rae )W

WEF t = t 2 J

www.almohandiss.com

--

Rae1 = 0.4 E a 2 = ? I a = 100

E a 2 = V t I a (Ra + Rae1) = 100 100(0.1 + .4) = 50V
WEF t = t +2 J

Rae 2 = ? E +a 2 = 50V I a = 200

+

I = V E
R +R
WEF t = t J
R = 0.15 E = ? I = 100
E = V I (R + R ) = 100 100(0.1 + 0.15) = 75V
WEF t = t J
R = ? E = 75V I = 200

R = 0.025 200 = 100 75 I = V E

0 .1 + R
R +R
WEF t = t J
R = 0.025 E = ? I = 100
E = V I (R + R ) = 100 100(0.1 + 0.025) = 87.5V
WEF t = t J
R = ? E = 87.5V I = 200

R = 0.0375 200 = 100 87.5 I = V E

0. 1 + R
R +R
F t = t K R = 0 R
100 50
Rae 2 = 0.15 200 = 0.1 +
Rae2

a2

ae 2

ae 2

a3

a3

ae 2

ae 3

a3

a3

ae 3

ae 3

ae 3

ae 3

a4

a4

ae 3

+
4

ae 4

a4

a4

ae 4

ae 4

ae 4

ae 4

ae 4

K200 AE

K I a = 100 87.5 = 125 W t = t 4 I a

0.1
W
R1 = Rae1 Rae 2 = 0.4 0.15 = 0.25

R =R
R =R
2

ae 2

ae 3

Rae3 = 0.15 0.025 = 0.125

Rae 4 = 0.025 0 = 0.025

W Rae = 0.4
R1 + R2 + R3 = 0.25 + 0.125 + 0.025 = 0.4
www.almohandiss.com

--

{
J {{
2 103 m2 J {{{

K5.1 cm

H = 110 A t / m J

r4x10-4 WbJ
K 0 = 4X 107 H / m
r = 1440 = 1.81 103 H / m EF I = 0.044 A EFW

40 J
K 12 cm cm
2

K 0 = 4X 107 H / m

WJ

Rc J {
0.5 T I 1 J {

0.05 cm 2J

Rmtotal J {
K I 2 J {
Rm tot = R g + Rc 2 = 382232 A t / Wb E{F I 1 = 0.1A E{F Rc1 = 66300 A t / Wb E{FW
I 2 = 0.6 A E{F

W J
4L1500120 VWJ
4L1500240 VWJ

5 A4 V

W ECF

J
www.almohandiss.com

--

WWEFW

WWEF

2.4 KwW2.4 KwWEF

(12 Kw , 100 V , 1000 r.p.mFJ

K I f rated = 1 K800.1
KL

I ( A)
E (V )
f

0 0.2
8.5

31.4

WL

0.4 0.6

0.83

0.86

65

93.5

94.4

77.1

0.94

1.2

1.32

98 108.5

1.4

110 112

KV t J

W I f ( A.R ) = 0.06 J
V t {J
V t = 100V I f (act ) {J

1.46 AE{F86 VE{F88 VEFW

0.2EL1200120 A6 KwF -

K1500 R fc 100

K120 V

I ( A)
E (V )
f

WL 1200

0.00

0.

0.

0.

5.0

K E a min E a max 1J

W120V (R fc ) 2J

R 2.1fc

WEF 2.2 2.2.1-

I f ( A.R ) = 0.1 2.2.2J

www.almohandiss.com

--

fc

= 20 () .

E
t

a min

= 89.3V

= 97V ()

E = 125V () W
V = 110V ()
a max

720101.8 AJ

K0.02 WbL1000

K126.5 0.12

W877 W
1J

2J
3J
4J

EF5J
6J
7J

= 100 ()

= 1.8 ()

0 0 = 90 0 0 ()

V = 227.8V () E = 240V
P = 1654W () P = 22780V
a

cu

()W
()

0.3 J

K300

K450 V105 A

K0.025 WbL690
J

J
3J
J

www.almohandiss.com

--

a A. R

= 1.5 A ()

= 35V ()

P
E

= 47.25Kw ()

a F .L

= 482V ()

a ,0

= 517V EF W

= 106.5 A ()

0.2 ( 1000 rpm 250 V 10 Kw )

-

K E a ,0 = V t rated K133

I ( A)
E (V )
f

WL

0.

0.

0.

L E a = f (I f ) 1 J

E a max J
EV t F .L = 250V F (R fc ) J
R fc (critical ) R f (critical ) J
R fc = 23.25 EF E a max = 262V EF E a ,0 = 10V EFW

fc (crit )

= 267

f (crit )

= 400 ()

0.02 WbL900194.9 A

K 0.03 55 0.05

W3200 W
KK1J

2J
3J
4J

5J
6J

7J

www.almohandiss.com

--

= 190.4 A ()

= 4 A ()

% = 85.5% ()

losses

= 220V () E a = 235.6V EF W

= 7.12 Kw ()

= 42 Kw ()

0.021 WbL60 A

K 0.04 250 0.06

W 4.5 Kw
KK1J
2J
3J

4J

5J
6J

7J

= 1002.16V ()

= 55.98 A ()

% = 86.3% ()

losses

= 4.02 A ()

= 8875W ()

E = 1008V
P = 56.1Kw
a

()W
()

EL1000100 V12 KwF -

K0.01 80 0.1

L1000K1200

I ( A)
E (V )
f

0.00

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.00

1.2

1.4

35

60

80

90

100

105

110

W
1.45

1.5

113.2

120

100 V N sr

R fc = 20 K

I f A.R = 0.06 A
N sr = 5.04turns / pole W

www.almohandiss.com

--

L0.25 E440 VFJ
W60 A

= 324.7 N .m EF E a = 425V

EFW

10 AJ

K0.02 Wb

T m = 18.3N .m W
60 A-

0.5 K550 V
K0.032 WbK220
J

{J
{J

{J
{J
{J

60% 55 J

W
{J
{J

{J
{J

n1 = 488.6rpm E{F E a1 = 521.25V E{F I a1 = 57.5 A E{F I f 1 = 2.5 A E{FW

E a 2 = 532.5V E{F I a 2 = 35.9 A E{F I f 2 = 2 A E{F

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--

m1

= 585.7 N .m E{F

n2 = 624.4rpm E{F

111.9 Kw13J

550 V L

W275 0.1 91%

J

I a = 221.6 A I L = 223.6 A I f = 2 A EF P1 = 122967W EFW

T m = 1163.3N .m T 2 = 1113N .m EF Pmech + Piron = 5056W EF

14J

K52 A220V

K0.10.2

K0.018 Wb

WJ

{J
{J

{J

W60%J
{J
{J
{J

T m1 = 187.7 N .m E{F n1 = 540.8rpm E{F E a = 204.4V E{FW

n2 = 709.7rpm E{F E a = 207.9V E{F I a 2 = 40.3 A E{F

54 A 15J

230 V L
KK (Rae = 0)

www.almohandiss.com

--

K0.05

0.15

KLJ

{J

{J

K (Rae ) {J
T 500 = 226 N .m EF P2 500 = 11836.8W EF E a = 219.2V EFW
Rae = 4.46 E{F P2 300 = 2556W E{F T 300 = 81.36 N .m E{F
40 AL J
K0.1 0.25 K230 V

WEF
J

F20 AJ
T m 40 = 68.75 N .m EF Pm 40 = 8640W EF E a 40 = 216V EFW
T m 20 = 17.19 N .m E{F Pm 20 = 4460W E{F E a 20 = 223V E{F
K250 V E250 V87.5 KwFJ

K0.05

(Rae = 0) I a start J

(Rae ) J K
K

www.almohandiss.com

--

KJ

200%

R3 = 0.0392 R2 = 0.0893 R1 = 0.1785 EF Rae = 0.307 EF I a start = 5000 A EFW

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--

TRANSFORMERS

W
E F

:J

www.almohandiss.com

- -

TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION

KEJ F

W
KEJ F

EJ F

KK

www.almohandiss.com

- -

COREJ J

G K

K
{

K
W

EJ F

K
KK

KEJ F
KEJ F

EJ F

KE J F

KEF
www.almohandiss.com

- -

EF

KEF

K
Windings J J

K E J F

EFEJ F

K
www.almohandiss.com

- -

KEJ F

KE J F

EJ F

EJ F

EJ F

Single- Phase TransformersJ

E J F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

EJ F

K
K

S
K

S = V1 I 1 V2 I 2

W
EF

KE
F

EKKK
WK

V =

d
dt

EF

W N
V = N ddt EF
www.almohandiss.com

- -

J E

KE

WEJ F
V = N ddt EF
K

V = 4.44

f N m

EJ F

m f rms ) , FV
K

KJ
WEJ F

d
dt

d
dt
v1 N 1
=
=a
v2 N 2

EF

EJ F

= N2

= N1

EJ F
K a

VV

1
2

www.almohandiss.com

WrmsEJ F
=

N1
=a
N2

EJ F
- -

The Ideal TransformerJ

EJ FKEF

I1
V1

v1

N1

N2

v2

V2

EJ F
1

d
dt
d
v2 = N 2
dt

I2

EJ F

= N1

EJ F

W v 2 EJ FEJ F

= v1

N2
N1

EJ F

v 2 = V2

= V1

www.almohandiss.com

= I1

N1
N2

EJ F

EJ F
- -

EJ F

V1
I1
V
Z2 = 2
I2

Z1 =

= V1

EJ F

N2
N1

Z 2 Z1
K

WEJ FEJ F

N
Z 1 = Z 2 1
N2

EJ F

KEJ FEJ FEJ FW

KEJ F

I
I
2

V1

N1

V2

N2

EJ F

EJ FKVA-480-120 vWJ

Kv

5KVA , 480-120 V

I1

I2

V = 120

V1

Load

EJ F
www.almohandiss.com

- -

E I 2 F

I2 =

S
V

5000
= 41.67 A
120

N 1 V1 480
=
=
=4
N 2 V2 120

WJ

I1 =

1
(41.67) = 10.42 A
4

K480V

WJ

60Hz 240 /120V

6 m wb

WJ

N1 =

V1
240V
=
= 180
4.44 f m (4.44)(60 Hz )(5 10 3 )

N2 =

N 2

V2
120V
=
= 90
4.44 f m (4.44)(60 Hz )(5 10 3 )

N 1 180
=
= 90
a
2
V
240
= 2
a= 1 =
V2 120

N2 =

ZLEJ F

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- -

I2

I1

()

V1

V2

N1
I1

()

ZL

N2
I2

Z'L

V1

N1

N2

ZLEJ F

ZL EPhasorsF

ZL =

V2
I2

EJ F

WEFJ

Z' =
L

V1
I1

V1 = aV2

www.almohandiss.com

EJ F
EJ F

- -

I1 = I 2 EJ F
a

EJ FEJ FEJ F

Z' =
L

V1 aV2
V
=
= a2 2
I1 I 2 a
I2

EJ F

Z L = a Z L = N1 Z L EJ
N2
'

KEJ F

Z'L

V1

Z L' = a 2 Z L

EJ F
W

Z N
Z = 21 = 2 Z1 EJ
a
N1
'
1

WJ

24000/240 v , 250 KVA , 60 HzW

K a EF J

K
I1

K J
www.almohandiss.com

- -

a=

N 1 V1 2400
=
=
= 10
N 2 V2
240

WK

S = V1 I1 = V2 I 2
S 250000
I2 =
=
= 1041.67 A
V2
240

WK
I1 =

I 2 1041.67
=
= 104.167 A
a
10

I1 =

S 250000
=
= 104.167 A
V1
2400

WK
ZL =

240V
V2
=
= 0.2304
I 2 1041.67 A

N
Z = 1 Z L = a 2 Z L = 10 2 0.2304 = 23.04
N2
'
L

The Real Transformer (F

K
EJ F

K R2

R1

K L L
2

K m

KEJ F

K X L 2 X L
1

www.almohandiss.com

- -

R2 I1
+
V1

I2

l1

R2
+
v2

l2

()

R1

X l1

X l2

R2

+
N1

V1

V2

N2

()

EJ F

W I1 EJ F

I 1 = I 2' + I e EJ

I 2' =

N2
I
I2 = 2
N1
a

EJ F

I m V1 I C W I e
I m I C m

EJ F I m I C K

E F RC

KEF X m

www.almohandiss.com

- -

I1 R1 + j X l1

R1 + j X l1

I'2

Ie
Ic

V1

E1

E2

V2

Im

X l1

R1

N2

N1

I2

EJ F

EJ F

EJ F

I1

V1

I 2' =

a 2 R2 + ja 2 X 2

R1 + j X 1

Ie
Ic

Im

Rc

Xm

I2
a

E1 = aE2 = E2'

V2' = aV2

Z L' = a 2 Z L

EJ F
V2' = aV2

E2' = aE2
I 2' = I 2
a

R2 + ja 2 X 2

KEJ F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

I1

R1
a2

X1
a2

V1' =

aI e

V1
a

I 2' =

R2 + jX 2

aI C

aI m

Rc
a2

Xm
a2

E2 =

I2
a

E1
a

V2

ZL

EJ F E

V1' = V1

a
R1
X1
2 + j 2
a
a

I1' = aI1

aI e = aI C + aI m

(The Equivalent Circuit of A Real Transformer )J

EJ FEJ F

EJ F

I e
I e KE R1 + jX 1 F

EJ F

KEJ F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

R1 + jX 1

I1

E1 = aE2

aV2

Im

RC

V1

Xm

Req1 = R1 + a 2 R2

I1

I2
a

X eq1 = X 1 + a 2 X 2

Ie
IC

Im

RC

V1

()

I2
a

Ie
IC

()

a 2 R2 + ja 2 X 2

Xm

aV2

()

V1

aV2

I2
a

Z eq1 = jX eq1

I1

()

I2
a

Z eq1 = Req1 + jX eq1

I1

V1

aV2

EJ F

WEJ F

Z eq = Req + jX eq EJ
1

www.almohandiss.com

- -

Req1 = R1 + a 2 R2 EJ

X eq1 = X 1 + a 2 X 2 EJ

Z eq = Req + jX eq

Req2 =

WEJ F

EJ F

R1
+ R2 EJ
a2
X
= 21 + X 2 EJ
a

X eq2

F
F

I e

KEJ FEJ F

X eq Req

EJ FEJ F Req X eq
W

Z eq = jX eq
1

EJ F

Z eq = jX eq
2

www.almohandiss.com

EJ F

- -

R1
X
+ j 21
a2
a

aI1

R2 +

I2

aI e

V1
a

jX 2

aI C

aI m

RC
a2

Xm
a2

E2 =

E1
a

V2

Req1 =

aI1

R1
+ R2
a2

X1
+ X2
a2

I2

aI e

V1
a

X eq1 =

aI C

aI m

RC
a2

Xm
a2

V2

aI1

Z eq2 = Req2 + jX eq2

I2

V1
a

V2

aI1

Z eq2 = jX eq2

I2

V1
a

V2

www.almohandiss.com

- -

EJ F E

KK
The Open-Circuit Test J J

Ye (

1
)
Re jX m

EF

KEJ F
pOC

I OC
A

W
V1 = VOC

.
Ie
Ic

VOC

Im

RC

Xm

EJ F
www.almohandiss.com

- -

cos OC = PFOC =

POC
VOC I OC

EJ F
W

PFOC
OC

Ye = YOC =

I OC
1
1
OC =
j
VOC
RC
Xm

EJ F

Ye

1
GC
1
Xm =
Bm
RC =

EJ F
EJ F
W

GC GOC = POC2 EJ F
VOC

2 12
Bm BOC = (YOC2 GOC
) EJ F

The Short Circuit Test J J

KEJ F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

pSC

I SC
A

VSC

Close Circuit

.
Req2 +

I SC

jX eq2

VSC

EJ F

VSC
EJ F
I SC
P
PFSC = SC EJ F
VSC I SC

Z SC = Z eq1 =

Z eq1 =

Req1 = R1 + a 2 R2 EJ

VSC
SC = Req1 + jX eq1 EJ
I SC

X eq1 = X 1 + a 2 X 2 EJ

Req1 RSC =

PSC
2
I SC

F
W

EJ F

X eq1 X SC = (Z eq2 Req2 )

www.almohandiss.com

12

EJ F

- -

R1 = a 2 R2 =
X1 = a2 X 2 =

Req1

2
X eq1
2

EJ F
EJ F
WJ

(O.C.T)K15 KVA , 7500/480V- 60 Hz

W(S.C.T)

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter

VOC = 7500V

VSC = 366V

I OC = 0.2006 A

I SC = 2 A

POC = 180W

PSC = 300W

PFOC = cos OC =

POC
180
=
= 0.1196
VOC I OC 7500 0.2006

WJ

I OC
cos 1 PFOC
VOC
0.2006
Ye =
cos 1 (0.1196)
7500
= 0.0000267 38.129
S
Ye = YOC =

= 0.0000032 j 0.0000265

1
1
j
RC
Xm

W
www.almohandiss.com

- -

1
= 312500 312.5k
0.0000032
1
Xm =
= 37735.85 37.736k
0.0000265
RC =

PFSC = cos sc =

PSC
VSC I SC

300
= 0.41
366 2

WEJ F

Z eq1 = Z SC =

VSC
cos 1 PF
I SC

366
cos 1 0.41 = 18365.81

2
= 75 + j166.93

Transformer Efficiency

Pout
Pin + Ploss

Pout
Pin

EJ F
W

Pout

Pin
Ploss

WEJ F

=
= 1

Ploss
Pin

Pin Ploss
Pin

EJ F

Pin

Pin = Pout + Pcore + PCu EJ

www.almohandiss.com

- -

Pcore

PCu

Pout = V2 I 2 cos = S out cos EJ

cos

V2 I 2 cos
V2 I 2 cos + Pcore + PCu

EJ F
W

PCu = I12 R1 + I 22 R2
= I12 Req1 EJ

= I 22 Req2 = PSC

Pcore = POC EJ F

Pcore = POC

Voltage Regulation of a TransformerJ

K
V (no load ) V2 ( full load )
100 EJ F
Voltage Re gulation = 2
V2 ( full load )
V2 (no

load ) =

V1

V1
V2 ( full load )
% Voltage Re gulation = a
100 EJ
V2 ( full load )

V1 = aV2 + I1Z eq1 EJ

V1 = aV2 + I1 Req1 + jI1 X eq1 EJ

www.almohandiss.com

- -

V1
= V2 + I 2 Z eq2 EJ
a

V1
= V2 + I 2 Req2 + jI 2 X eq2 EJ
a

W
K

WJ

K100KVA ,200/240V-60Hz
W

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter

VOC = 7500V

VSC = 250V

I OC = 0.65 A

I SC = 13.889 A

POC = 425W

PSC = 1420W

W{
K

KW

Req1

2
2
X eq1 = Z SC
RSC

VSC
250
=
= 18
I SC 13.889
P
1420
= SC =
= 7.36
I SC (13.889)2
Z eq1 =

12

= 182 7.36 2

12

= 16.43

WK
www.almohandiss.com

- -

I 1=

S 100000VA
=
= 13.89 A
V1
7200V

WEJ F

PCu = I 12 Req1 = 13.89 2 7.36 = 1419.98 W

WEJ F

Pcore = POC = 425 W

W

Ploss = PCu + Pcore

= 1419.98 + 425 = 1844.98 W

W Pout EJ FK

Pout = S cos = 100 KVA 0.9 = 90kW

WEJ F

Pin = 90000 + 1844.95 = 91844.98W

WEJ F

= 1

Ploss
1844.98
= 1
= 0.9799
Pin
91844.98

WEJ FK

V1 = aV2 + I1 (Req + jX eq )
1

= 720000 + (13.89 25.840 )(7.36 + j16.43)

= 7393.191.250 V

%V Re q =

V1 aV2
100
aV2

7393.19 7200
100 = 2.68
7200

V Re q = 2.68 %

www.almohandiss.com

- -

WEFJ J

EJ F

E FEF

EFJ

EFJ
K

WJ J

W
K K

K K
www.almohandiss.com

- -

K R

KK
WJ {{

KE FE F

WEJ F
EaFEJ F
EbFEJ F

EcFEJ F
EdFEJ F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

EJ F

ENFE F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

E FJ

K
J

K60KV

EJ F

KEFK

KK 30

K 30

VL L = VP P EJ

I L = 3 I P 30 EJ

K L P

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- -

30

I L = I P E J

VL L = 3 VL N 30 EJ

W
P =

Q =

S =

3 VL L I L cos

3 VL L I L sin
3 VL L I L*

VL L (rms)

I L (rms)

I L Is the conjugate of I L*
J J
WEF

K 120 V 5KVA , 240-120 V

WEF

2.4 KV13.8 KV
K100 KVA

K J

K J
K J

K J

WEF

60Hz 75KVA ,2400/240

Z eq = 0.009318 + j 0.058462
W
1

www.almohandiss.com

- -

0.85

KK0.85

J
J

W500KVA , 2300-208 V , 60 Hz

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter

208 V

95 V

85 A
1800 W

217.4 A
8200 W

K J

J
K208V 0.8

K J

WEF

60Hz 75KVA ,2400/240

Z eq = 0.009318 + j 0.058462
W
1

0.85

K0.85

J
J

WEF

K15 MVA 138/13.8 KV

WEF
J
J J

www.almohandiss.com

- -

EF
Three Phase Induction Motors
J {

WJ {

KEF

KEJ F

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- -

EJ J F
K

EJ F

EJ F
J

Rotating Magnetic Field

J {

?Three Phase Supply?

www.almohandiss.com

- -

K
J W

1 = m cos t
2 = m cos(t 120 )
3 = m cos(t 240)

J W

t = m cos t cos

+ m cos(t 120) cos( 120)

+ m cos(t + 120) cos( + 120)

cos A cos B =

1
1
cos( A B ) + cos( A + B )
2
2

3
2

t = m cos(t )

www.almohandiss.com

t = 0

- -

t =

t
K t

nS

KSynchronous Speed

W
n
f = P 60
s

c/s

EJ FW

n S

ns =

60 f
P

rpm

EJ F

??

AT = 1.35

T ph
P

I ph K w

Amper )turn / pole EJ

KEJ F

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- -

J WJ {

??J

KL nS

m
K

E1 EJ FKK
W

E1 = 4.44 f1 m N 1

Volts EJ

f1

N1

E 20 KK

E 20 = 4.44 f 1 m N 2

Volts EJ

N 2

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- -

I 20 =

E 20
=
Z 20

E 20
R22 + X 202

EJ F

EJ FEJ F

E1
N
= 1
E 20 N 2

EJ F
WJ

K?Slip Speed ? n

Slip speed = n s n EJ

?Slip ?S

S = n s n
ns

S % = ns n 100 EJ F
ns

K
KK

E 2 KK

E 2 = 4.44 f 2 m N 2

www.almohandiss.com

EJ F

f 2 ns n
=
= S EJ
f1
ns

f 2 = Sf 1 EJ

- -

WKK

n n
E2
= s
= S EJ
E 20
ns

E 2 = SE 20

EJ F

KK
{{F

KE{

KEJ F

KEFEJ F
W

KK

KK
K S

EJ F

EJ F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

J WJ

S n

E 2 = SE 20
KK

I 2 0 EJ F

KEJ F
S

EJ F

EJ F

W
I 21 N 2
=
EJ
I 2 N1
E1
N
= 1 EJ
E 20 N 2

I 1 = I 21 + I o EJ

I = I o cos o EJ

I o = I + I m EJ

I = I o sin o EJ

X o Ro

a =

N1
N2

Ro =

V1
Im

EJ F

Xo = Xm =

V1
Im

EJ F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

R21 = R2 .a 2 EJ

1
EJ
a

1
E 20
= E1 EJ

X 21 = X 2 .a 2 EJ
I 21 = I 2 .

R2 R2
S

S
R21 R21

=
+ R21 R21
S
S
= R21 + R21 1 1
S

1
R2
1 S
= R21 + R21
EJ F
S
S

( -)

1
E1 = E 20

I 21 =

(R / s ) + (X )
1
2

www.almohandiss.com

- -

1 2
2

EJ F

I 1 = I 21 + I o EJ

V1 = E1 + I 1 Z 1

I o = I 2 + I m2

EJ F

I1 X 1
V1
I1 R 1
E1
I1

I2
F1
Io
F
I2I R I2
s

F2

I2

I2 X 2

E1= E 2

S EJ

Power Relations For I.M.

W -

? P1 ?

P1 = 3V1 I 1 cos 1 EJ

K I 1 V1

?
? R1

www.almohandiss.com

Pcu1 = 3I 12 R1 E J

- -

Pi Ro

? Pst ?
Pst = Pcu1 + Pi EJ

P1

P12 = P1 Pst E J

Pcu 2

Pcu 2 = 3I 22 R2 EJ

Pm = P12 Pcu 2 EJ

Pm

Pm

P2

P2 = Pm PF EJ

PF

EJ F

W

WEJ F P12 W

EJ F
www.almohandiss.com

- -

P12 = 3I 21 E1 cos 2

cos 2 =

I 21 R21 / s

E1

EJ F

EJ F
EJ F

R2
S

P12 = 3I 22

EJ F

WEJ FEJ F

Pm = 3I 22 R2

R2
3I 22 R2
S

(1 S )
S EJ

P12

Pm = 3I 22

3I 22
1

R2
S

Pm

: 3I 22

R2
(1 S ) :
S

1 S

Pcu 2

3I 22 R2
:

EJ F

K S

TorqueJ {

?Total Torque?

T=

Pm

Pm
n
2
60

Or
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- -

N .m

EJ F

T=

P12

P12
ns
2
60

N .m EJ F

EJ F P12
T=

3E1 I 2 cos 2
n
2 s
60

N .m EJ F

E1

I 21 =

EJ F

(R / s ) + (X )

1 2
2

1
2

R2 / s

cos =

(R / s ) + (X )
1
2

1 2
2

EJ F

EJ FEJ FEJ F

T=

3E12 R21 / s
2
ns R21
+ X 21
2
60 s

( )

N .m EJ F

R21
X 21

EJ F

T=

3E12
S
2
ns
S + 2
2
X 21
60

T = KT

S
S + 2
2

N.M EJ F

EJ F
K T

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3E12
ns
X 21
2
60
- -

KT =

EJ F

V1 E1 S
K

K T

le
stab

R21

R21
X 21

W
EJ F S = 1 Tst J

Tst = K T

1+ 2

EJ F

K Tmax J
EJ F

S 2 + 2 s 0.25
dT
= 0 = KT
EJ
2
dS
S 2 + 2

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S m2 = 2 EJ

- -

S m = EJ

EJ F

Tmax = K T

Sm
2

K
=

T
2 + 2
S m2 + 2
1
Tmax = K T EJ F
2

Tm S m n = ns

n = ns E 1 S F

S = 1 n = ns E1 S F?Stable Operation?
Unstable ?K n = 0
K?Operation

1
TF L = Tmax
2

EJ F

K R21

EJ F

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- -

EJ F

K R21

J WJ {

K
V

KEJ F

EJ F

EJ F

EJ F
Req = R1 + R21

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- -

N
= R1 + R2 1
N2

EJ F

X eq = X 1 + X 21

N
= X 1 + X 2 1
N2

EJ F

R1 (1 s )
2

J {

No-load Test J

EJ F
KZ

Z S = 0

Po = W1 + W2

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Po = 3Vo I o cos o EJ

- -

cos o =

Po
3Vo I o

EJ F

I = I o cos o EJ

I m = I o sin o EJ

Ro =

Vo
I

Xo =

EJ F

Vo
Im

EJ F

EJ F

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- -

Short Circuit Test

Blocked ?

EJ F?Rotor Test

R21

(1 S ) = 0
S

S = 1

K n = 0

K K

EJ FK
X eq Req

Psc = 3I s2cph Req EJ

Req

Psc
3I s2c ph

EJ F

Z eq =

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Vsc
I sc

EJ F

Z eq = Req2 + X eq2

X eq = Z eq2 Req2

EJ F

- -

Ps.c Po

% =

P2
100
P1

% =

P2
100 EJ
P2 + Po + Psc

PF

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- -

WJ {

c /s EF
r.p.m
K

ns =

60 f 60 60
=
= 1800
P
2

rpm

rpm

n = 1740

n = ns n

= 1800 1740 = 60

S=

rpm

ns n

ns
60
=
= 0.033

1800

= 3 .3 %

c/s {c/s
K

S=

f 2 2 .5
=
= 0.05 W
f 1 50

ns =

60 50
= 1000
3

rpm

n = 1000 (1 0.05)

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n = n s (1 S )

= 950

- -

rpm

Kw c/sv

WELFc /m

J J

FJ J

KJ
W

S=

f2
100
=
= 0.033
f1 60 50

ns =

60 f 60 50
=
= 1000
P
3

n = n 2 (1 S )

= 1000 (1 0.033) = 967

rpm

Pcu 2 = sP12 = 0.033 80

= 2.67

Pm = 80 2.67 = 77.33

rpm

Kw
Kw

Pcu 2 = 3I 22 R2

R2 =

Pcu 2 2.67 10 3
0.2
=
2
3I 22
3 (65)

hpr.p.m

r.p.m EF

Kw
www.almohandiss.com

- -

Pm = 5 746 = 3730

n s n 1000 935
=
= 0.065
1000
ns

S=

Pm = P12 (1 S )

P12 =

Pm
3730
3730
=
=

1 s 1 0.065 0.935

= 3990

P1 = P12 + Pst

= 3990 + 400 = 4390W

P
3730
= m =
= 0.85
P1 4390

c/s v

{ r.p.mhp

hp

J J

KJ
W

ns =

www.almohandiss.com

60 f 60 50
=
= 1000
P
3
S=

rpm

ns n
50
=
= 0.05
1000
ns

P2 = 20 746 = 14920

- -

I =

Pm = P2 + Pf = 21 746 = 15666

P12 =

Pm
15666
=
= 16500
1 s
0.95

P1 = P12 + Pst

= 16500 + 1500 = 18000

Pcu 2 = sP12 = 0.05 16500 = 825

P = 3VI cos

3V cos

18000

3 500 0.86

= 24.15

P2 14920
=
= 0.83
P1 18000

r.p.m Kw

Kwc/sv

Kw

J J

EFJ J

ns =

60 f 60 50
=
= 1000
P
3

rpm

S=

n s n 1000 975
=
= 0.025 2.5% J
1000
ns

P12 = P1 Pst
= 40 1 = 39
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- -

Kw

Pcu 2 = sP12 = 0.025 39 = 0.975 J

Pm = P12 Pcu 2
= 39 0.975 = 38.025

Kw

P2 = Pm Pf
= 38.025 2 = 36.025

P2 (hp ) =

36025
50
746

hP J

36.025
= 0.90 90% J
40

vpole

{{K c/s

r.p.m
K Tmax
W

2 P = 24 Poles f = 50 c / s

R2 = 0.016 X 2 = 0.265 n = 247

ns =

60 f 60 50
=
= 250
P
12
S=

rpm

n s n 250 247
=
= 0.012
250
ns

S f l = 1.2%

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T f l = K T

- -

S f l

2 + S 2f l

2
1
KT
2 + S 2f l
2

=
=
S f l
2 S f l
KT 2
+ S 2f l

Tmax = K T

Tmax
T f l

R2 0.016
=
= 0.06
X 2 0.265

(0.06)2 + (0.012)2

2.5

2 0.06 0.012

nm = ns (1 S m )

= 250 (1 0.06 )

= 235

rpm

= 1 = S max

R2 + Rext
= 1 R2 + Rext = X 2
X2

Rext = X 2 R2

= 0.265 0.016
= 0.249

J Wc/shp

vAwW
vAwW

K N1

N2

= 4 R1 = R21

K X 1 = X 201

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- -

Po = 3V1 I 1 cos o

20000

cos o =

3 6000 14

= 0.138

o = 82.07 sin o = 0.99

I = I o cos o =

14

I m = I o sin o =

14

Ro =

0.138 = 1.12 Amp

3
3

0.99 = 8 Amp

V
6000
=
= 5357
I 1.12

Xo =

V
6000
=
= 750
I
8

Z = V

I2

1000
= 24.7
70
3

Req =

70

3
3

X eq = Z eq2 Req2 =

= 6.22

(24.7 )2 (6.22)2

R1 = R21 =

X 1 = X 21 =

X eq
2

Req

= 23.94

= 3.11

23.94
= 11.97
2

X 21 11.97
= 0.748
X2 = 2 =
a
(4)2

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30500

R2 =

R21 3.11
=
= 0.194
a 2 (4)2

- -

WJ {

Z 2 = R2 + JX 2

S = 1

KEJ F

I st =

(R

V1
+ R + Rst
1
2

) + (X
2

+X

1 2
2

EJ F

EJ F

R2 + Rst
X 20

EJ F

www.almohandiss.com

- -

Sm

= 1 ==

R21 + Rst
1
X 20

EJ F

Rst = X 21 R21

S m = 1 =

EJ F

K
: ( )
WEF

EJ F

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- -

Auto TransformerJ

EF

Star/ Delta SwitchLJ

1

3

WJ {

WJ {{

K P12

S
1 S

Pcu 2
K

www.almohandiss.com

- -

WJ {{
W

J W

K
K

KEF

EHarmonicsF

K A

60 f
P

L f J ns
ns =

K P J

K n ns
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- -

EF

K?Dahalander Connection ?

EConverter InverterF

f =

1
T T

V
f

K ns D

T
V=1

00%

0%
V=8
0%
V=6
0%
V=4

n4 n3 n2 n1 ns n

K
www.almohandiss.com

- -

WJ {

L J

KKL

E1 = 4.44 f1 m N 1

E1 = V1

KEF

60 60
60 50
ns =
P
P

T=

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- -

EF
Synchronous Machines
W J {

Synchronous K

Speed

pns
60

EJ F
L ns
P

Lf

KL

EStator F K

K

N t E S F

Nt =

Z
2

EJ F

W C

C=

Nt
Z
=
N 2N

EJ F

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- -

W
Salient PoleWJ

K
Non Salient PoleWEFJ

WJ {

EPhaseFE F

q ? 2 P ?

q=

3 2 P

EJ F

T ph

T ph =

N
Z
= t
23 3

EJ F

K
K

KK

Concentric CoilsWJ

EJ F

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- -

EJ F

EJ F

WJ

E FE FK

K
K I C

Ic =

Ia
2a

K 2a
K

KConcentric Winding

s
24
=
= 6
2p
4
s
24
q=
=
= 2
3 2P 3 4
y=

EJ F
K

www.almohandiss.com

- -

EJ F

WJ {

ec = 22.2 P
60
f = pn
60

EJ F

EJ F

ec = 4.44 f Volt / turn

EJ F

K W EWinding FactorF
E ph

= 4.44 fVolt / turn

EJ F

K d

www.almohandiss.com

- -

Kd =

sin (q 2 )

q sin ( 2 )

EJ F

q
S

2 p 180

K C

K C

K C = cos

2

EJ F

K
KZ K C

K W = K C K d

= 1

K W

EJ F

KL{

e.m.f

KK

f =

pn 8 375
=
= 50
60
60

q=

144
= 3
16 3

C S

= 360 P = 360 8 = 20
S

144

www.almohandiss.com

- -

3 20
q
sin
2 =
2
Kd =

20

q sin
3 sin
2
2
sin 30

Kd =
= 0.96
3 sin 10
sin

144 144
=
= 9 J
2P
16

y=

K C = 1.0 cos 0 = 1

K w = K c K d = 0.96 = K d

Z T ph

Z
23

= 144 10 = 1440
turn T ph = 1440 = 240 EF
23
= 4.44 FT ph K w

Z = S Z slot

E ph

E ph

= 4.44 50 0.03 240 0.96

= 1534volt

Eline = 3E ph = 3 1534

= 2655volt
J WJ {

www.almohandiss.com

- -

2 P

ERotating FieldF

m.m. f av = 1.35

T ph
p

I .K w

EJ F

WEFJ {

I a F

T ph E
m.m. f a

= 1.35

T ph
p

KKKK

I a .K w

EJ F

m.m. f P

m.m. f P = N f .I f

m.m . f total = m .m . f a + m.m . f P

R
K

E ph

Ra EF V

I a EPhase Leakage ReactanceF X l

www.almohandiss.com

- -

E ph = V ph + I a (Ra + jX l )

EJ F

Eo

E o = 4.44 fT ph . .K W

EJ F

Eo V

Eo V
V

Eo V
V

EJ F

K J

KEF J

K J
K J
W

EJ F
Z

Et

= E + E a

EJ F

K a t

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- -

EJ F

EJ F

I a Ea

K I a

(4-18)
E a Ia
EF Ea

K X a

X a Ra EJ F

Z s = ra + j ( x a + X a )
= ra + jX s

= x a + X a

X s

EJ F

EJ F

EJ FEJ F
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- -

EJ F EJ F

X s E V Et
X s

= X a + x a

% =

E V
100
V

EJ F

EJ F

EFJ {

No Load Test

EF
EJ F

EJ F

EJ FK

( O.C.C ) " Open Circuit Charact "

EJ F

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- -

Short Cir. Test J

KEJ F

EJ F

E
Z S
Ia

EJ F
Z S I F

KEJ F
P
x

x
x
x
x
x

Piron

Ia

EJ F

W
H

E Z S F

K X S

= Z S

www.almohandiss.com

- -

Voltage Regulatim

?Protection?

KEParallel OperationF

% =

Eo V
100 EJ
V

Eo

K
K

Syn.Impedence MethodJ

Ra Z S

X s = Z s 2 Ra 2
I E EJ F

% =

IRa cos + IX s sin

V

100 EJ

Ampere-turn Method

KK

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- -

WJ {

I
P0 = 3VI cos

EJ F

K V I

E + F E I E

P1 = 3EI cos( + )

EJ F

Ra

P1 = 3EI cos( + ) = 3I (V cos + IRa ) EJ

= 3[VI cos + I 2Ra ]

EF I Ra
2

P1 Po

EJ F

3EV
sin Po
Xs

EJ F

P1 =

T=

T =

EJ F

E s F

3EV
1
sin .
Xs
ws

EJ F

E EJ FEJ F

Ksin T P

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- -

Parallel Operation of S.M.J {

E1 Z1 Z
E2 Z 2

I
I 2 I1

KEJ F

Z1

I1

E1
Is

I
Z2

I2

E2

EJ F

E1 = E 2 z1 = Z 2

I 1 = I 2

E
E
2
1

Z1 Z1

V = E1 I 1 Z1 = E 2 I 2 Z 2 E1 = E 2 = E

V = E I 1 Z 1 = E I 2 Z 2

I 1 Z 1 = I 2 Z 2 I = I 1 + I 2

I2 = I

I1 = I
Z1
Z1 + Z 2

Z2
Z1 + Z 2

EJ F

EJ F

K J
K J

www.almohandiss.com

- -

KE 1 C C 1 B B 1 AAFJ
KEPhase Shift FJ

I S

Synch. powerF K

KE

Ps E1 I s E 2 I 2

EJ F

KK
EJ F X S

I = I1 + I 2

Is =

F1 E 2
Z1 + Z 2

I S

Z2Z1

W J {
A Synchronous Machine On Infinite Bus-Bars

W
K J
KJ
KJ
KJ

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- -

EJ F

J W

J F
J
E
K

VS

= 0 Vm = Vb

K
K S

SynchroscopeJ

www.almohandiss.com

- -

EJ F

Synchroscope

EJ F

Synchronous MotorsEFJ {

ns =

60 f
P

EJ F

K
EJ F (sin )
T=

3EV
1
sin .
Xs
ws

K K

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J {{

Damping CoilsJ

K
K

W?The V-Curves?VJ {{

KV-CurvesEJ F

V-F.L

KEJ FK V Curves

Lag Lead

Unity P.F. line

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- -

EJ FEJ F

EfficiencyEFJ {{

K
J W

K
K

Po = 3VI cos
Pi = 3VI cos

% =
% =

Po
100
Po + losses
EJ

Po losses
100
Po
EJ

F
F

J WJ {{

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- -

The Syn.Capacitor ( compensator )J

K
Power-Factor Correction

KK
WJ {{

5
4.8 10 K 6
6

KL (0.048)

K C J K d J W

KJ
W

1200
pn
= 3
= 60 c s
60
60

K c = cos
= 180 180
6
2

F=

30
= 0.967
K c = cos
2

www.almohandiss.com

= 180 150 = 30

- -

q=

72

=
3 6

=4

6 180
= 15
72

sin (q 2) sin (4 15 2)
Kd =
=
q sin ( 2)
4 sin (15 2)
=

K d = 0.95 K w = K d .K c

2 20 72
= 480Turn
23

20 72
=
= 480Turn
3

T ph N =

E ph = 4.44 fT ph K w

= 4.44 60 0.048 480 0.95 0.917

E ph = 5347Volt

K
W

K c = cos

www.almohandiss.com

144
=3
3 16

375
n
= 8
= 50 c s
f =p
60
60

= 180 160 = 20
q=

= cos

20
= 0.985
2

2
180
=
= 20
3 3

sin (q 2 ) sin (3 20 2 )
Kd =
=

20
q sin
3 sin
2
2
- -

K d = 0.96

Z = 144 7 = 1008
Z
1008
N=
=
= 84Turn
2 3 2
12

E ph = 4.44 fNK c K d

= 4.44 50 0.0389 84 0.985 0.96

= 6859

Eline = 3 6859 = 11880

KL

KL

{E{F q = 3

pn
60 50
P =
=
60
375

3300
V =
= 1905V
3

Eo V
% = 25 =
V

E o 1905
0.25 =
1905 E o = 2381.25Volt
f =

E = 4.44 fNK w 2381.25 = 4.44 50 0.0581 N ph 0.96

www.almohandiss.com

N ph = 192turn

cond =

192 2
= 8cond
3 16

- -

{{

K{
KW
W

V ph

I ph

V ph =

2300
3

= 1328

I ph = 200 A

1
60 60 cos 0.5

(V cos IR )2 + (V sin + IX )2

E ph =

E ph =

(1328 0.5 200 0.2)2 + (1328 0.868 + 200 2.2)2

E ph 1708volt

E ph

WK

KK

cos = 1.0

P = VI cos I 2 R
4000 = 250 I 0.4 I 2

0.4 I

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I=

250

250 I + 4000 = 0

(250)2 4 0.4 4000

2 0.4

I = 16.5 Amp
- -

www.almohandiss.com

E=

(V cos IR )2 + (V sin + IX )2

(250 16.5 0.4)2 + (16.5 4)2

E = 252.2V

- -

Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics
P.c sen
Electrotechnique industrielle
Guy Seguier
Francis Notelet
Technologies et schemas d'electricite'
Henry Ney
Machines Electriques , Electronique de puissance
Alain Hebert
Claude Naudet
Michel Pinard
Dino Zorbas, "Electric machines "
West publishing company st. Paul, 1989.
Turan Gonen, "Electrical machines "
Power international. Press. Garmichael, California, 1998.

??

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W
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